[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's <t>program</t> to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence is: "But the council's <t>program</t> to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."
    *   The "council" refers to a group managing bell ringing (likely the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers).
    *   The goal of the "program" is "to attract and train ringers".
    *   It's an organized effort or initiative to solve a problem (lack of ringers).

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `program%1:09:00::` - "a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished" (synonyms: plan, programme).
        *   *Fit:* The context mentions a "program to attract and train ringers". This sounds like a plan or a set of goals. However, is it just a "plan" (mental or paper) or an operational system? The text implies an active effort ("is only partly successful").
        *   *Critique:* This sense is often used for abstract plans (e.g., "a six-step plan").

    *   **Sense 2:** `program%1:09:01::` - "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" (synonyms: programme).
        *   *Fit:* This sense involves a "system of projects or services". The context describes an initiative by a council to solve a public/social need (maintaining bell ringers for churches). The phrase "council's program to attract and train ringers" fits the idea of an organized service or initiative intended to meet a need.
        *   *Critique:* This sense captures the organizational aspect better than Sense 1. Sense 1 is a "plan" (a set of steps). Sense 2 is a "program" (an operational initiative/system). The fact that the council is running it, and it has a retention rate ("keep one new ringer out of 10"), suggests an active system or service rather than just a theoretical plan.

    *   **Sense 3:** `program%1:10:01::` - "a radio or television show".
        *   *Fit:* No. The context is about bell ringing, not a TV show.

    *   **Sense 4:** `program%1:10:04::` - "a document stating the aims and principles of a political party".
        *   *Fit:* No. Not political.

    *   **Sense 5:** `program%1:10:00::` - "an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event".
        *   *Fit:* No. Not a schedule/brochure.

    *   **Sense 6:** `program%1:10:05::` - "an integrated course of academic studies".
        *   *Fit:* No. It involves training, but it's not an academic curriculum at a university.

    *   **Sense 7:** `program%1:10:02::` - "(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute".
        *   *Fit:* No. Not software.

    *   **Sense 8:** `program%1:04:00::` - "a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation".
        *   *Fit:* No. It's an initiative to recruit people, not a performance schedule.

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 (plan) vs Sense 2 (system of projects/services meeting a public need).
    *   The context involves a council (an organization).
    *   The goal is to "attract and train ringers". This is a service to the community (churches need ringers).
    *   Is it a "plan" or a "program" in the sense of an ongoing initiative?
    *   Example for Sense 1: "they drew up a six-step plan". This feels static.
    *   Example for Sense 2: "working mothers rely on the day care program". This feels like an active service/initiative.
    *   The text says the program "is only partly successful... we keep one new ringer out of 10". This implies an active, ongoing system of recruitment and training, not just a document with steps.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the better fit for an organizational initiative designed to meet a specific need (staffing churches with ringers).

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the correct choice. It denotes an organized effort/system to address a need, which aligns with the council's initiative to recruit bell ringers.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attract
Target surface form: attract
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to <t>attract</t> and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attract%2:35:00:: | definition=direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes | synonyms=pull, pull in, draw, draw in | examples=Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers
2. sense_key=attract%2:37:00:: | definition=be attractive to | synonyms=appeal | examples=The idea of a vacation appeals to me; The beautiful garden attracted many people
3. sense_key=attract%2:35:01:: | definition=exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach or prevent it from moving away | examples=the gravitational pull of a planet attracts other bodies

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `attract`
    *   Target surface form: `attract`
    *   Context snippet: "But the council's program to <t>attract</t> and train ringers is only partly successful..."
    *   Full context: The text discusses the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers trying to get new people (ringers) involved because there is a lack of them. The program aims to bring people in.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `attract%2:35:00::`
        *   Definition: "direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes"
        *   Synonyms: pull, pull in, draw, draw in
        *   Examples: "Her good looks attract the stares of many men"; "The ad pulled in many potential customers"
        *   Analysis: This sense involves actively drawing someone in, often used in contexts of advertising, recruiting, or enticing someone to join a group or look at something. The example "The ad pulled in many potential customers" is very similar to the context of a "program to attract... ringers" (recruiting).

    *   **Sense 2:** `attract%2:37:00::`
        *   Definition: "be attractive to"
        *   Synonyms: appeal
        *   Examples: "The idea of a vacation appeals to me"; "The beautiful garden attracted many people"
        *   Analysis: This sense often implies a state of being appealing rather than an active program of recruitment (though they overlap). Usually, the subject is an object/concept/quality, and the object is the person feeling the attraction. Here, the subject is a "program". While the program appeals to people, the phrase "program to attract" suggests active recruitment/drawing in. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 carefully.
        *   Sense 1 examples: "The ad pulled in many potential customers" (Active recruitment/result). "Stares of many men" (drawing attention).
        *   Sense 2 examples: "The idea... appeals to me" (Subjective feeling of liking).
        *   In the context "program to attract and train ringers", the goal is to bring people in (recruit them). This aligns strongly with Sense 1's "pull in/draw in" dynamic of bringing new members/customers.

    *   **Sense 3:** `attract%2:35:01::`
        *   Definition: "exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach or prevent it from moving away"
        *   Examples: "the gravitational pull of a planet attracts other bodies"
        *   Analysis: This is the physical/scientific sense (magnetism, gravity). Not applicable here.

3.  **Differentiate between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 2 (`appeal`) is often used intransitively or transitively with a focus on the quality of being appealing. "The garden attracted many people" is listed under Sense 2 in this schema, but Sense 1's "direct toward itself... by means of some psychological power" also fits "Her good looks attract the stares". Wait, let me look at the specific examples provided in the prompt again.
    *   Sense 1 Example: "The ad pulled in many potential customers". This is a recruitment/business context.
    *   Sense 2 Example: "The idea of a vacation appeals to me". This is about liking/preference.
    *   The context sentence: "program to attract and train ringers".
    *   The goal is to get people to become ringers. This is analogous to an ad pulling in customers. It involves an active effort to direct people toward the organization/activity.
    *   Sense 1 fits better because "program to attract" implies an active process of drawing people in (recruiting), synonymous with "drawing in" or "pulling in". Sense 2 is more about the inherent appeal. While the program needs to be appealing, the act of "attracting ringers" is the act of drawing them into the fold.
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: "direct toward itself... by means of some psychological power". The program uses its offerings to direct potential ringers toward the activity.
    *   Sense 2: "be attractive to". If I say "The program attracts me", it might be Sense 2. But "program to attract ringers" suggests the action of *recruiting* or *bringing in*, which fits the "pull in" synonym of Sense 1.
    *   Common usage distinction: In "attract new members/customers/ringers", the meaning is usually Sense 1 (draw in/pull in). In "That color attracts me", it's Sense 2 (appeals to).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   Context: Recruiting ringers (people).
    *   Analogy: "The ad pulled in many potential customers" (Sense 1 example).
    *   Match: Sense 1.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: train
Target surface form: train
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and <t>train</t> ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=train%2:31:01:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=develop, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
2. sense_key=train%2:31:00:: | definition=undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role, function, or profession | synonyms=prepare | examples=She is training to be a teacher; He trained as a legal aid
3. sense_key=train%2:41:02:: | definition=develop (children's) behavior by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control | synonyms=discipline, check, condition | examples=Parents must discipline their children; Is this dog trained?
4. sense_key=train%2:41:00:: | definition=educate for a future role or function | synonyms=prepare, groom | examples=He is grooming his son to become his successor; The prince was prepared to become King one day
5. sense_key=train%2:41:01:: | definition=teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment | synonyms=educate, school, cultivate, civilize, civilise | examples=Cultivate your musical taste; Train your tastebuds
6. sense_key=train%2:33:00:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, take, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
7. sense_key=train%2:32:00:: | definition=teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports | synonyms=coach | examples=He is training our Olympic team; She is coaching the crew
8. sense_key=train%2:29:00:: | definition=exercise in order to prepare for an event or competition | examples=She is training for the Olympics
9. sense_key=train%2:41:03:: | definition=cause to grow in a certain way by tying and pruning it | examples=train the vine
10. sense_key=train%2:38:00:: | definition=travel by rail or train | synonyms=rail | examples=They railed from Rome to Venice; She trained to Hamburg
11. sense_key=train%2:35:04:: | definition=drag loosely along a surface; allow to sweep the ground | synonyms=trail | examples=The toddler was trailing his pants; She trained her long scarf behind her

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Lemma:** train
    *   **Context Sentence:** "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."
    *   **Broader Context:** The text discusses an organization trying to recruit and teach people how to ring church bells. It mentions "trained bellringers" earlier (past participle used as adjective). The current instance is the infinitive form: "to ... train ringers".
    *   **Subject:** The council/organization (via a program).
    *   **Object:** "ringers" (people who ring bells).
    *   **Goal:** To teach these new recruits the specific skill of bell ringing so they can perform the role.

2.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (create by training and teaching):**
        *   *Definition:* create by training and teaching.
        *   *Synonyms:* develop, prepare, educate.
        *   *Examples:* "The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future."
        *   *Analysis:* This sense focuses on the *result* being a specific type of person (violinists, leaders). Here, the council is teaching people to *be* ringers. It fits reasonably well ("train ringers").

    *   **Sense 2 (undergo training...):**
        *   *Definition:* undergo training or instruction...
        *   *Analysis:* This is intransitive (subject undergoes training). The context is transitive: "train ringers" (subject acts on object). Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3 (develop behavior... discipline):**
        *   *Definition:* develop (children's) behavior by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control.
        *   *Synonyms:* discipline, check, condition.
        *   *Analysis:* This is about behavior modification/discipline. Bell ringing is a skill, not necessarily about self-control or discipline in this specific sense. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4 (educate for a future role...):**
        *   *Definition:* educate for a future role or function.
        *   *Synonyms:* prepare, groom.
        *   *Examples:* "He is grooming his son to become his successor."
        *   *Analysis:* This is similar to Sense 1. It emphasizes preparation for a role. However, "grooming" implies a long-term succession plan or specific destiny, often used for high-status roles (Prince, successor). Bell ringing is a hobby/skill.

    *   **Sense 5 (refine taste/judgment):**
        *   *Definition:* teach or refine to be discriminative in taste...
        *   *Analysis:* Not about taste or judgment. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 6 (point/aim):**
        *   *Definition:* point or cause to go...
        *   *Analysis:* Physical aiming. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7 (coach, sports):**
        *   *Definition:* teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports.
        *   *Synonyms:* coach.
        *   *Examples:* "He is training our Olympic team."
        *   *Analysis:* This is a strong contender. Bell ringing is an organized activity, often physical, requiring technique. While not strictly an "Olympic sport," it is a specialized skill taught by a coach/instructor. The example "training our Olympic team" is analogous to training a team of ringers. However, WordNet often distinguishes between "vocational/professional training" and "sports coaching".

    *   **Sense 8 (exercise for event - intransitive):**
        *   *Analysis:* Intransitive. Context is transitive. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 9 (plants):**
        *   *Analysis:* Horticulture. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 10 (travel):**
        *   *Analysis:* Travel by rail. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 11 (drag):**
        *   *Analysis:* Drag along surface. Incorrect.

3.  **Refine the Choice (Sense 1 vs. Sense 7 vs. Sense 4):**

    *   Let's look closer at **Sense 1**: "create by training and teaching". Examples: "training world-class violinists".
    *   Let's look closer at **Sense 7**: "teach and supervise... as in sports". Examples: "training our Olympic team".
    *   Let's look closer at **Sense 4**: "educate for a future role". Examples: "grooming his son".

    *   *Comparison:* The context is "train ringers". Bell ringing is a skill. Is it a sport (Sense 7) or a general skill/profession/role (Sense 1)?
    *   Bell ringing is often referred to as an art or exercise, but in the context of "attract and train", it's about teaching the skill to perform the function.
    *   Sense 1's example "training world-class violinists" involves a specific, highly skilled art form. Bell ringing is similar—it's a specialized manual/aural skill.
    *   Sense 7 restricts the domain to "sports". While bell ringers might compete, it is primarily a church service/hobby/art form. Sense 1 is broader ("create by training and teaching").
    *   Sense 4 ("groom") implies succession or preparation for high office/status ("Prince", "successor"). This doesn't fit the context of recruiting volunteers for a church activity.

    *   *Differentiation between Sense 1 and Sense 7:*
        *   Sense 1 (`train%2:31:01::`): "create by training and teaching". Synonyms: develop, prepare, educate.
        *   Sense 7 (`train%2:32:00::`): "teach and supervise... as in sports".
        *   In WordNet, `2:31` usually refers to "cognition" or "creation/communication" (actually `2:30` or `2:31` are often linked to communication/teaching). `2:32` is often linked to "competition" or "sport". `2:41` is often "social" (behavior).
        *   Actually, let's check the mapping.
            *   `2:31` (Creation/Teaching): "create by training and teaching". Examples: "The old master is training world-class violinists."
            *   `2:32` (Competition/Sport): "teach and supervise... as in sports". Examples: "training our Olympic team".
    *   Bell ringing is technically a hobby/art form, not strictly an athletic sport (though it requires physical stamina). The example in Sense 1 "training world-class violinists" aligns better with "training bell ringers" (skilled practitioners of an art/hobby) than "training our Olympic team" (athletes for competition).
    *   Also, the text mentions "100,000 trained bellringers" (past participle). Sense 1 fits "creating" a trained person (violinist/ringer). Sense 7 fits coaching a team.
    *   The phrase "attract and train" suggests skill acquisition for a role. Sense 1 ("create by training and teaching") covers the acquisition of the skill to *become* the thing (a ringer). Sense 7 is often "train [someone] [for something]" or "train [the team]". "Train ringers" (object = result) fits Sense 1 better ("training world-class violinists" -> creating violinists). You don't "create ringers" in the sense of manufacturing, but you create the *capacity* or the person in that role through training.

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 4 ("educate for a future role or function").
        *   Synonyms: prepare, groom.
        *   Example: "grooming his son to become his successor".
        *   This sense often carries a connotation of molding someone for a specific destiny or high office.
        *   Sense 1 examples ("develop the leaders for the future", "training world-class violinists") also fit "educate for a role". However, Sense 1's definition "create by training and teaching" seems more active and skill-based rather than status-based. The gloss "create by training and teaching" fits the mechanical skill acquisition of bell ringing.

    *   Let's look at the distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 4 in WordNet hierarchies.
        *   Sense 1 (hypernym: `create`). The violinist example implies turning a student into a violinist.
        *   Sense 4 (hypernym: `educate`). The "groom" example implies preparation for a position.
        *   "Ringers" here is a functional role (someone who rings bells), similar to "violinists" (someone who plays violin) in Sense 1.
        *   Sense 7 is explicitly "as in sports". Bell ringing isn't standardly a sport.

    *   Decision: Sense 1 is the best fit. It captures the transitive usage where the object is the person being transformed into a skilled practitioner ("ringers", "violinists"). The definition "create by training and teaching" encompasses the process of teaching the necessary skills to perform the task.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 7.
        *   "He is training our Olympic team."
        *   "She is coaching the crew."
        *   These are specific to sports. While bell ringing has "teams" (bands), the primary context here is the technical skill of handling a rope and bells, similar to a musical instrument (Sense 1 example: violinists) rather than athletic coaching.

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *   Let's check Sense 4 again just in case.
        *   "educate for a future role or function".
        *   "He is grooming his son..."
        *   "Train ringers".
        *   Is there a nuance of "grooming"? No. It's just teaching them how to ring.
        *   Sense 1 definition "create by training and teaching" (combined with the violinist example) is the closest analog to teaching a technical skill (instrument/art).

    *   Final check of Sense 1:
        *   "create by training and teaching"
        *   "The old master is training world-class violinists"
        *   "We develop the leaders for the future"
        *   Context: "train ringers".
        *   This aligns perfectly. The council wants to take recruits and turn them into "trained bellringers".

    *   Resulting Index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train <t>ringers</t> is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form:**
    *   Lemma: ringer
    *   Surface form: ringers (plural noun)

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses "theological colleges", "joys of bell ringing", "booklet for every vicar... 'The Bells in Your Care'", "church life", "lack of ringers", "trained bellringers", "ring... in small, rural parishes".
    *   The target word "<t>ringers</t>" appears in the phrase "attract and train <t>ringers</t>".
    *   The context explicitly mentions "trained bellringers" just sentences before.
    *   The activity described is "bell ringing".

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)". Synonyms: *toller, bell ringer*.
    *   **Sense 2:** "a person who is almost identical to another". Synonyms: *dead ringer, clone*.
    *   **Sense 3:** "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses".
    *   **Sense 4:** "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg".

4.  **Match Context to Senses:**
    *   Sense 2 (lookalike) doesn't fit. The text talks about training people and people living where bells are rung.
    *   Sense 3 (fake contestant) doesn't fit. There is no competition mentioned in that sense.
    *   Sense 4 (horseshoes game) doesn't fit. The context is explicitly about church bells.
    *   Sense 1 (church bell ringer) fits perfectly. The text mentions "bell ringing", "vicar", "church", "parishes", and "trained bellringers". The phrase "attract and train ringers" refers to people who perform the action of ringing bells in a church context.

5.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The context is entirely about the activity of ringing church bells and the people who do it.
    *   This matches Sense 1 exactly.

6.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The instruction requires a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Since Sense 1 is the correct match, the index is 1.

    *   Wait, let me double-check the numbering.
    *   Candidate 1: church bell ringer.
    *   Candidate 2: lookalike.
    *   Candidate 3: fake contestant.
    *   Candidate 4: horseshoes throw.

    The correct match is Candidate 1.

    JSON output: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is <t>only</t> partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is <t>only</t> partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."
    *   The target word is "only" used as an adverb modifying "partly successful".
    *   The context implies limitation. The program is successful, but *merely* or *just* partly successful, not fully successful. It sets a boundary on the extent of success.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `only%4:02:02::`
        *   Definition: "and nothing more"
        *   Synonyms: "merely, simply, just, but"
        *   Examples: "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time"
        *   Analysis: This sense means "nothing more than", "simply", "merely". In the context "is *only* partly successful", the meaning is that the extent is limited to "partly" and nothing more (not fully). "It is *merely* partly successful" fits perfectly. It emphasizes the smallness or limitation of the degree.

    *   **Sense 2:** `only%4:02:01::`
        *   Definition: "without any others being included or involved"
        *   Synonyms: "entirely, exclusively, solely, alone"
        *   Examples: "was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children"
        *   Analysis: This sense usually applies to exclusivity (e.g., "only children allowed", "solely responsible"). The context here is about degree/extent ("partly successful"), not exclusivity of agent or object. "Exclusively partly successful" doesn't make sense.

    *   **Sense 3:** `only%4:02:00::`
        *   Definition: "with nevertheless the final result"
        *   Examples: "He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round"
        *   Analysis: This is the "only to [verb]" construction indicating an ironic or subsequent outcome. The target text does not use this construction ("is only partly successful").

    *   **Sense 4:** `only%4:02:04::`
        *   Definition: "in the final outcome"
        *   Examples: "These news will only make you more upset"
        *   Analysis: This sense often predicts a result (often negative). "The program is only partly successful" is a statement of fact about the current state/degree, not necessarily a prediction of a final outcome in the sense of "eventually". However, Sense 1 ("merely") is a much stronger fit for the limiting function on an adjective/adverb phrase like "partly successful".

    *   **Sense 5:** `only%4:02:05::`
        *   Definition: "except that"
        *   Examples: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better"
        *   Analysis: This acts as a conjunction or transition. In the text, "only" modifies "partly", acting as an adverb of degree/limitation.

    *   **Sense 6:** `only%4:02:06::`
        *   Definition: "never except when"
        *   Synonyms: "only if, only when"
        *   Examples: "call me only if your cold gets worse"
        *   Analysis: Conditional usage. Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 7:** `only%4:02:07::` (Wait, the prompt lists 7 senses, but the provided list goes up to index 7? Let's check the indices in the prompt.)
        *   Actually, let's look at the prompt's list carefully.
        *   1: and nothing more
        *   2: without any others...
        *   3: with nevertheless the final result
        *   4: in the final outcome
        *   5: except that
        *   6: never except when
        *   7: as recently as
        *   Wait, sense 7 is labeled `only%4:02:05::` in the prompt text? No, sense 7 corresponds to definition "as recently as".
        *   Let's re-read the prompt's list.
        *   Item 1: `only%4:02:02::` | definition=and nothing more
        *   Item 2: `only%4:02:01::` | definition=without any others...
        *   Item 3: `only%4:02:00::` | definition=with nevertheless the final result
        *   Item 4: `only%4:02:04::` | definition=in the final outcome
        *   Item 5: `only%4:02:05::` | definition=except that
        *   Item 6: `only%4:02:03::` | definition=never except when
        *   Item 7: `only%4:02:06::` (Wait, the prompt numbering is 1 to 7. Let me stick to the prompt's numbering index).
        *   Actually, let's check Sense 7 in the prompt:
            *   `7. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago` (Wait, I see the prompt lists Sense 7 as `as recently as`).
            *   Wait, let me look at the text provided in the prompt.
            *   "7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=except that..." -> No, the prompt text is:
                *   1. `only%4:02:02::` (and nothing more)
                *   2. `only%4:02:01::` (without any others)
                *   3. `only%4:02:00::` (with nevertheless...)
                *   4. `only%4:02:04::` (in the final outcome)
                *   5. `only%4:02:05::` (except that) -> Wait, let me check the text again.
                *   Text: `5. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=except that`
                *   Text: `7. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=as recently as`
                *   Wait, the prompt has `only%4:02:06::` for "never except when"? No, `only%4:02:03::` is usually "never except when".
                *   Let's look at the specific text block provided in the prompt:
                    1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more...
                    2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others...
                    3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result...
                    4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome...
                    5. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when... (This is usually index 6 in standard WordNet, but here it is listed as item 5? No, look at the list numbers).
                    Let's copy the list from the prompt to ensure I map the correct index:
                    1. ... definition=and nothing more
                    2. ... definition=without any others...
                    3. ... definition=with nevertheless the final result
                    4. ... definition=in the final outcome
                    5. ... definition=except that
                    6. ... definition=never except when (sense_key=only%4:02:03::)
                    7. ... definition=as recently as (sense_key=only%4:02:06::)

                    *Correction*: I need to read the prompt's list numbers exactly.
                    1. `only%4:02:02::` -> and nothing more
                    2. `only%4:02:01::` -> without any others
                    3. `only%4:02:00::` -> with nevertheless the final result
                    4. `only%4:02:04::` -> in the final outcome
                    5. `only%4:02:05::` -> except that
                    6. `only%4:02:03::` -> never except when
                    7. `only%4:02:06::` -> as recently as (Wait, the prompt text says: `7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as` NO. Let me look really closely at the prompt text provided).

                    Prompt text:
                    1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more ...
                    2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others ...
                    3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result ...
                    4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome ...
                    5. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=except that ... (Wait, sense key 05 with definition except that?)
                    6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when ...
                    7. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=as recently as ...

                    Okay, the list numbers are 1 through 7.
                    I need to select the index number.

                    Target sentence: "...program... is **only** partly successful..."

                    Does it mean "and nothing more"? Yes. It implies limitation. "It is merely partly successful." "It is simply partly successful."
                    Synonyms for sense 1: merely, simply, just.
                    Context: The program is *limited to* being partly successful. It is not fully successful.
                    This matches Sense 1 definition: "and nothing more".
                    Example: "I was merely asking".
                    The usage "only partly" is a classic example of this sense. "I'm only joking," "It's only fair," "It was only partly successful."

                    Let's check Sense 4: "in the final outcome".
                    Examples: "These news will only make you more upset".
                    Sometimes "only" implies a limiting consequence. But here, "only partly successful" modifies the adjective phrase directly. It restricts the degree. Sense 1 is the standard "limiting" adverb sense (WordNet 4.02.02 usually maps to "merely, simply").

                    Let's check Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result".
                    Examples: "arrived only to find". This is a syntactic construction "only to [verb]". Not applicable.

                    Let's check Sense 2: "without any others being included".
                    Synonyms: solely, exclusively.
                    "It was exclusively partly successful" - incorrect meaning.
                    "It was solely partly successful" - incorrect meaning.
                    Sense 2 is for things like "only children allowed" or "he was the only one".

                    Let's check Sense 6: "never except when". Conditional. "Only if". Not applicable.

                    Let's check Sense 7: "as recently as". Temporal. "I saw him only yesterday". Not applicable.

                    Let's check Sense 5: "except that". "I would go, only I am tired." Not applicable.

                    Comparison of Sense 1 vs Sense 4:
                    Sense 1 (and nothing more): This is the general restrictive adverb. "It's only a scratch". "He's only a child". "It is only partly successful". This sets a bound on the extent. It means *merely* partly successful.
                    Sense 4 (in the final outcome): This usually carries a nuance of inevitable consequence or counter-expectation. "You will only hurt yourself".
                    In "only partly successful", the meaning is pure limitation/restriction of degree. It does not imply a future outcome or final result in the narrative sense. It describes the current state of the program.
                    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

                    Refining the Sense 1 definition match:
                    Sense 1: "and nothing more".
                    Synonyms: "merely", "simply".
                    "But the council's program... is **merely** partly successful." -> Fits perfectly.
                    "But the council's program... is **simply** partly successful." -> Fits well.
                    "But the council's program... is **just** partly successful." -> Fits well.

                    The context expresses a limitation: the success is real but limited to "partly". The word "only" here restricts "partly successful" to exclude "fully successful".
                    This aligns exactly with definition "and nothing more" (meaning: nothing more than partly successful).

                    Final check:
                    Target: only
                    Definition: and nothing more
                    Synonyms: merely, simply, just, but
                    Context: "is only partly successful".
                    Replacement: "is merely partly successful".
                    Matches.

                    The correct index is 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, <t>says</t> Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "says" in the context: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

Let's analyze the context:
Mr. Baldwin is stating a fact or reporting something. "says Mr. Baldwin" means he is expressing in words or reporting/maintaining a fact.
Wait, let's look at the candidates.
Sense 1: express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
Sense 2: report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war

"The council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."
Does Mr. Baldwin report/maintain this? Yes.
Does he express it in words? Yes.
But "says" followed by a clause expressing a proposition (often a report or something maintained) leans towards Sense 2 if it's reporting a fact, or Sense 1 if it's just expressing in words.
Wait, Sense 2 has the example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war", which is a report/maintain. "says Mr. Baldwin" reporting a fact. Let's look closely at Sense 2 vs Sense 1.
Sense 1 is "express in words" (state, tell). "He said that he wanted to marry her". This is the most basic, general sense.
Sense 2 is "report or maintain" (allege, aver). "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war".

Wait, the earlier sentence: "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers..." Here "survey says" is Sense 4? "What does the law say? What does the survey say?" A survey doesn't speak, it reports/indicates. Wait, "survey says" is often Sense 4 (have or contain a certain wording or form) or Sense 11 (indicate). But the target is "says Mr. Baldwin".

Target: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."
Here Mr. Baldwin is making a statement, reporting a fact.
Let's consider Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
Sense 1: express in words. He expressed in words that the program was only partly successful.
Sense 2: report or maintain. He reported that the program was only partly successful.
"allege, aver" implies stating a fact, often with authority or as an assertion.
Actually, in WordNet, `say%2:32:00::` is the most general "express in words".
`say%2:32:01::` is "report or maintain".
Is Mr. Baldwin expressing in words, or reporting/maintaining? "says Mr. Baldwin" is just a quotative frame. Quotative uses are generally Sense 1 (express in words). "He said that he wanted to marry her" (Sense 1).
Wait, let's look at Sense 2's example: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war". This is also a that-clause.
What distinguishes them? "allege, aver" vs "state, tell".
If it's just "says Mr. Baldwin", it's a statement. Is he reporting or just expressing?
Wait, Sense 1 has synonyms "state, tell". Sense 2 has "allege, aver".
Often, "say" with a that-clause can be either. But reporting a situation ("the program is only partly successful") might be Sense 2?
Actually, Sense 1 is the default for uttering something. Let's reconsider Sense 2. "report or maintain" - reporting or maintaining a fact.
But Sense 1 is "express in words".
Let's check Sense 1. "express in words" is 2:32:00. In SemCor, "say" as a quotative verb (like "says Mr. Baldwin") is often tagged as 2:32:00 (express in words).
Let's check Sense 2. It is typically used when "say" means "claim" or "assert" (allege, aver), e.g., "People say he is a liar" or "He is said to be...". But "says Mr. Baldwin" is just direct speech/thought introduced. "But the council's program... is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin." This introduces a proposition that Baldwin states.
I will bet on Sense 1. "Express in words" is the most common and basic sense. "Says Mr. Baldwin" is equivalent to "Mr. Baldwin states". "state" is a synonym for Sense 1.
Wait, "state" is a synonym for Sense 1. "allege" is a synonym for Sense 2. "aver" is Sense 2.
Mr. Baldwin is stating a fact, not really alleging or averring in a formal sense.
Let's look at Sense 1: synonyms=state, tell. Examples=He said that he wanted to marry her.
This is exactly the structure of the target sentence: "[Clause], says [Subject]". It's equivalent to "[Subject] says that [Clause]".
So Sense 1 seems the best fit.

Let's double check Sense 2. "report or maintain". "One survey says..." could be Sense 2 or 11 (indicate). But the target is "says Mr. Baldwin". A person saying something they believe/know.
I'll go with Sense 1.

Let's review the candidate senses again:
1. express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her
This fits perfectly.

{"sense_index": 1}

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: Right
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "<t>Right</t> now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:**
    *   Target lemma: `right`
    *   Target surface form: `Right`
    *   Context: "... the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "<t>Right</t> now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The phrase "Right now" appears in the text.
    *   The speaker is talking about the current situation regarding bellringers.
    *   "Right now" means "at this very moment" or "currently" or "immediately at this time".

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   Sense 1: `precisely, exactly` (example: "stand right here!"). This refers to spatial or temporal precision (right here, right then). "Right now" fits this slightly in the sense of "exactly now", but let's look for a better match.
    *   Sense 2: `immediately` (example: "she called right after dinner"). This refers to temporal closeness or immediacy. "Right now" often implies "immediately" or "at this exact moment".
    *   Sense 3: `exactly` (synonyms: flop; example: "he fell flop on his face"). This seems to refer to a manner of action (suddenness/completeness).
    *   Sense 4: `toward or on the right`. Directional. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: `in the right manner`. Manner of doing something properly. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6: `interjection expressing agreement`. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 7: `completely`. Intensifier (example: "right at home"). "Right now" isn't an intensifier for a state of being in that sense.
    *   Sense 8: `Southern regional intensive`. "Mighty". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 9: `in accordance with moral or social standards`. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 10: `in an accurate manner`. Not applicable.

4.  **Disambiguating between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**

    *   Sense 1 definition: "precisely, exactly".
    *   Sense 2 definition: "immediately".
    *   The phrase "Right now" is a temporal adverbial phrase.
    *   In "stand right here", "right" modifies "here" to mean "precisely at this location".
    *   In "she called right after dinner", "right" modifies "after dinner" to mean "immediately following dinner".
    *   In the text: "Right now". "Right" modifies "now".
    *   Does "Right now" mean "precisely now" or "immediately"?
    *   Usually, "right now" is defined as "at the present time; immediately".
    *   Let's look at the glosses again.
    *   Sense 1 ("precisely, exactly"): Often used with spatial or temporal deixis ("right here", "right there", "right then").
    *   Sense 2 ("immediately"): Often used with time references ("right away", "right after").
    *   WordNet often distinguishes "right now" under the "immediately" sense or the "precisely" sense depending on the specific entry.
    *   Let's check WordNet structure intuition. "Right now" usually implies a temporal immediacy.
    *   If I look at the examples provided:
        *   Sense 1: "stand right here!" (Spatial precision).
        *   Sense 2: "she called right after dinner" (Temporal immediacy).
    *   "Right now" is temporal. Is it "precisely now" or "immediately"?
    *   Actually, "right now" is very often associated with the sense of "just at this moment" or "immediately".
    *   Some dictionaries conflate these. In WordNet 3.1, "right now" is often linked to the "immediately" sense (Sense 2 here) or "at once".
    *   Let's look closer at the specific definitions provided in the prompt.
    *   Sense 1: `precisely, exactly`. "Right now" = "Exactly now"? This works.
    *   Sense 2: `immediately`. "Right now" = "Immediately"? This works too (e.g., "Do it right now").
    *   However, the context is "Right now, we're lucky...". This refers to the current state of affairs. "At this moment".
    *   Sense 1 covers "right then", "right here", "right now" in the sense of pinpointing the exact time/place.
    *   Sense 2 covers "right after", "right away". "Right after dinner" is an interval starting immediately after. "Right now" in the imperative ("Do it right now") means immediately.
    *   But in declarative "Right now, we are lucky...", it describes the current moment.
    *   Let's look at the sense keys provided.
        *   Sense 1: `right%4:02:04::` (precisely, exactly).
        *   Sense 2: `right%4:02:08::` (immediately).
    *   Let's consult the typical WordNet grouping. `right%4:02:04::` usually corresponds to WN 3.0 `right%4:02:03::` "precisely, exactly". (The indexing in the prompt might be shifted or specific to a version).
    *   Let's assume the prompt's numbering corresponds to the provided text.
    *   Example "stand right here" aligns with spatial precision. "Right now" is temporal precision.
    *   Example "right after dinner" aligns with temporal sequence/immediacy.
    *   In the sentence "Right now, we're lucky...", the speaker is emphasizing the current timeframe.
    *   Many WSD systems map "right now" to the "immediately" sense because it stresses the immediacy of the time. However, "immediately" usually implies action or sequence ("Call me immediately"). "Right now" often just anchors the time.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms.
    *   Sense 1: None listed.
    *   Sense 2: None listed.
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: precisely, exactly.
    *   Sense 2: immediately.
    *   "Right now" means "at the present moment".
    *   If I say "I want it right now", I mean immediately.
    *   If I say "Right now, it is raining", I mean at this precise moment.
    *   There is a subtle difference. "Immediately" often implies a connection to a command or an event following another. "Precisely/Exactly" emphasizes the specific point in time/space.
    *   In the context "Right now, we're lucky...", it is functioning as a temporal focus.
    *   Let's check the WordNet 3.0 definitions (as this seems to be derived from it).
        *   WN3.0:
            *   `right#4#2#1`: "immediately".
            *   `right#4#2#3`: "precisely, exactly".
        *   Prompt list:
            *   Sense 2 is "immediately".
            *   Sense 1 is "precisely, exactly".
    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 2: "she called right after dinner". This implies the interval between dinner and the call was zero.
    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 1: "stand right here!". This implies the location is specific/exact.
    *   Does "Right now" behave like "Right here" or "Right after"?
    *   "Right now" = "Right at this moment". It behaves like "Right here".
    *   However, "right now" is often synonymous with "immediately" (e.g., "Come here right now").
    *   In the specific sentence: "Right now, we're lucky..." This is not a command. It is a statement of current status. It means "Currently" or "At this exact moment".
    *   Is "Currently" mapped to "immediately"? Usually "immediately" is for actions (Do it immediately). "At once".
    *   "Right now" in "Right now, we're lucky" is an adverbial of current time.
    *   WordNet sense `right%4:02:04::` (prompt Sense 1) corresponds to "precisely, exactly". "Right now" can be glossed as "Exactly at this moment".
    *   WordNet sense `right%4:02:08::` (prompt Sense 2) corresponds to "immediately". "Right now" can be glossed as "Immediately".
    *   Which is a better fit?
    *   If the sentence was "We need help right now", Sense 2 (urgency/immediately) is strong.
    *   The sentence is "Right now, we're lucky...". It describes a state at a specific time.
    *   Let's consider Sense 1 ("precisely, exactly"). "He is right here" -> "He is exactly here". "It is right now" -> "It is exactly now".
    *   Let's consider Sense 2 ("immediately"). "I did it right now" (archaic/awkward, usually "I did it just now" or "I will do it right now"). "Do it right now".
    *   The usage "Right now, [declarative sentence]" acts as a temporal topic. "At this precise moment".
    *   This aligns better with "precisely, exactly" (pinpointing the time) than "immediately" (which usually implies haste or sequence).
    *   However, some WSD resources tag "right now" as `immediately` (Sense 2) because time is involved and "right now" is the most immediate time.
    *   Let's check standard mappings (e.g., SemCor).
    *   In SemCor, "right now" instances are often annotated.
    *   Example: "Right now I have to go to the bathroom." -> often annotated as `immediately`? Or `precisely`?
    *   Actually, let's look at the Sense 1 example again: "stand right here!" This is "right" + spatial deictic.
    *   "Right now" is "right" + temporal deictic.
    *   If WordNet separates spatial precision ("right here") and temporal immediacy ("right after"), where does "right now" fall?
    *   "Now" is a temporal deictic, similar to "here" spatial.
    *   "Right" modifies "now" to intensify the immediacy of the present moment.
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: precisely, exactly.
        *   Sense 2: immediately.
    *   If I say "It's happening right now", I mean "It is happening at this exact moment".
    *   If I say "I'll do it right now", I mean "I'll do it immediately".
    *   Context: "Right now, we're lucky..."
    *   The speaker is situating the state of affairs in time.
    *   Let's look at the structure of the sense keys.
    *   `right%4:02:04::` (Sense 1 in prompt) -> corresponds to WN 3.0 `right%4:02:04::`? No, WN 3.0 indices vary.
    *   Let's assume the prompt order.
    *   Sense 1: `precisely, exactly`.
    *   Sense 2: `immediately`.
    *   Often, "right now" is treated as an idiomatic chunk, but here we are disambiguating "Right".
    *   In many dictionaries, "right now" is defined as "at this very moment" or "immediately".
    *   "At this very moment" is closer to "precisely/exactly" (Sense 1) than "immediately" (Sense 2) if we consider "immediately" to denote rapid succession or urgency.
    *   However, "immediately" also means "without delay". "Right now" means "without delay"? In "Right now, we're lucky", there is no delay involved.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 "precisely, exactly" fits the meaning "exactly at this moment".
    *   Let's check the Sense 1 example "stand right here!". "Right here" means "precisely here".
    *   "Right now" means "precisely now".
    *   Let's check the Sense 2 example "she called right after dinner". This is a sequence.
    *   The sentence "Right now, we're lucky" is not a sequence. It is a state existing at a pinpointed time.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 seems the better choice.

    *   *Alternative View*: In WordNet, sense keys often group "right" + time word as "immediately". e.g. `right%4:02:08::` (immediately).
    *   Let's look at the specific sense key provided in the prompt for Sense 2: `right%4:02:08::`.
    *   And Sense 1: `right%4:02:04::`.
    *   In WordNet 3.0 database:
        *   `right%4:02:04::` gloss: "precisely, exactly". Examples: "stand right here!"
        *   `right%4:02:08::` gloss: "immediately". Examples: "she called right after dinner".
    *   There is a specific mapping issue with "right now".
    *   Is "right now" temporally "precise" or "immediate"?
    *   Usually, "right now" is synonymous with "immediately" in imperative contexts ("Come here right now").
    *   In declarative contexts ("Right now, I am happy"), it means "at this exact moment".
    *   Sense 1 "precisely, exactly" captures "at this exact moment".
    *   Sense 2 "immediately" captures "without delay".
    *   "Right now" in the text: "Right now, we're lucky..."
    *   It's a statement of current fact. "At this precise moment".
    *   If I have to choose between Sense 1 and Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1 ("precisely, exactly"): "Right now" -> "Exactly now".
    *   Sense 2 ("immediately"): "Right now" -> "Immediately".
    *   "Right now" acts as an adverb of time.
    *   Common usage: "Right now" = "presently".
    *   If we look at the example for Sense 1: "stand right here". This is emphasizing the location.
    *   "Right now" emphasizes the time.
    *   I believe Sense 1 (precisely, exactly) is the intended correct sense for modifying a deictic like "now" or "here". Sense 2 (immediately) is usually for modifying an event or duration/sequence marker like "after" or "away".
    *   "Right after" (Sense 2).
    *   "Right here" (Sense 1).
    *   "Right now" is analogous to "Right here" (Deictic modification).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    Let's double check Sense 7 (completely).
    "Right now" could mean "completely now"? No.
    "Right at home" -> "Completely at home".
    "Right now" is not an intensifier for a state in that way.

    Let's check Sense 3.
    "Exactly" (Sense 3 example "flop"). Not relevant.

    Conclusion rests between Sense 1 and Sense 2.
    Context: "Right now, we're lucky..."
    Meaning: At this precise moment.
    Mapping:
    Sense 1: precisely, exactly. Matches "precise moment".
    Sense 2: immediately. Matches "without delay".
    While "right now" implies urgency in commands, here it is a temporal anchor.
    "Exactly now" is a valid paraphrase.
    "Immediately now" is not standard English (it would just be "Immediately").
    So, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Let's verify the indices provided in the prompt.
    1. right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
    2. right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner

    "Stand right here" -> Spatial precision.
    "Right now" -> Temporal precision.
    The analogy holds.
    "Right after dinner" -> Temporal sequence/immediacy.
    The distinction seems to be between modifying a point (Sense 1) and modifying an interval/sequence (Sense 2). "Now" is a point. "After dinner" is a relationship/interval start.
    Therefore, Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right <t>now</t>, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "now" used in the phrase "Right now" in the context: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10".

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. in the historical present - Not applicable here.
2. in these times; nowadays, today - "Right now" means at this very moment, not just "nowadays".
3. used to preface a command - Not applicable.
4. at the present moment; at present - "Right now" means at the present moment. This fits perfectly.
5. without delay or hesitation - "Right now" doesn't mean immediately in this context, but rather at the current time.
6. prefatory or transitional - Not applicable.
7. in the immediate past - Not applicable.

"Right now" corresponds to "at the present moment", which is sense 4.
Sense 2 is "nowadays" or "today" (e.g., "nowadays, we rarely see..."). But "Right now, we're lucky..." means at the present moment. Sense 4 matches "at the present moment".

Let's double check sense 4:
definition: at the present moment
synonyms: at present
examples: goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator

Yes, "Right now" in "Right now, we're lucky..." means "at the present moment". So sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lucky
Target surface form: lucky
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're <t>lucky</t> if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lucky%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=occurring by chance | examples=a lucky escape; a lucky guess
2. sense_key=lucky%3:00:00:: | definition=having or bringing good fortune | examples=my lucky day; a lucky man
3. sense_key=lucky%5:00:00:propitious:00 | definition=presaging or likely to bring good luck | synonyms=golden, favorable, favourable, prosperous | examples=a favorable time to ask for a raise; lucky stars

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "lucky" in this passage.

Context:
"Right now, we're <t>lucky</t> if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10," he adds.

Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=lucky%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=occurring by chance | examples=a lucky escape; a lucky guess

This sense refers to something happening by chance. In the context, Mr. Baldwin is saying that they are "lucky" if they keep one new ringer out of 10 after five years. This doesn't quite match the "occurring by chance" definition - he's not talking about chance occurrence, but about having good fortune.

2. sense_key=lucky%3:00:00:: | definition=having or bringing good fortune | examples=my lucky day; a lucky man

This sense refers to having good fortune or being blessed. In the context, Mr. Baldwin is saying they are "lucky" (fortunate) if they retain one new ringer out of 10 after five years. This seems to fit well - they would be fortunate/have good fortune if they achieved this retention rate.

3. sense_key=lucky%5:00:00:propitious:00 | definition=presaging or likely to bring good luck | synonyms=golden, favorable, favourable, prosperous | examples=a favorable time to ask for a raise; lucky stars

This sense refers to something that presages or is likely to bring good luck. In the context, Mr. Baldwin is not talking about something that brings good luck, but rather about being fortunate if they achieve a certain retention rate.

The best fit seems to be sense 2. Mr. Baldwin is saying that they would be fortunate (have good fortune) if they managed to keep one new ringer out of 10 after five years. This aligns with the definition "having or bringing good fortune" and examples like "my lucky day; a lucky man".

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five <t>years</t> we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "years" in the context: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10"

Let me analyze the context:
- This is talking about a period of time - five years
- It's referring to a duration of time (after five years)
- This is a standard calendar measurement of time

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920

2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year

3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days

4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Analysis:
- Sense 1 is about a basic unit of time - 365/366 days. The example "she is 4 years old" is similar to our context where we're talking about duration in years.
- Sense 2 is about a particular period within a year used for specific activities (like a school year) - not applicable here
- Sense 3 is about the astronomical definition of a year (planetary revolution) - not applicable here
- Sense 4 is about a graduating class - not applicable here

The context "after five years" is talking about a duration of time measured in years. This fits sense 1 - the basic time unit of a year.

Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one <t>new</t> ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine the best sense for "new" in this passage.

The context is about bellringers in England. The sentence in question is: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10."

The key context clues:
1. They're discussing a program to "attract and train ringers"
2. They mention "after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10"
3. This is about retention of people who have been recruited/trained as bellringers

In this context, "new ringer" refers to someone who has recently become a ringer (through the training program). The five-year timeframe suggests they're talking about people who are new to the activity of bellringing - they've recently acquired this skill or recently joined the practice.

Let me check each sense:

1. "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This could fit. The ringer has recently become a ringer (recently acquired the skill/role).

2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about a novel type of ringer.

3. "lacking training or experience" - This could also fit. The "new" ringers are those who have recently been trained, so they would lack experience compared to veteran ringers. However, the context says they've been through training ("attract and train ringers"), so they're not completely untrained. But they would still be inexperienced compared to long-time ringers.

4. "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" - Doesn't fit.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - Doesn't fit. We're not contrasting with previous ringers.

6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - Doesn't fit. This would apply to objects, not people.

7. "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new" - Doesn't fit.

8. "in use after medieval times" - Doesn't fit.

9. "used of a living language; being the current stage in its development" - Doesn't fit.

10. "(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development" - Doesn't fit.

11. "unfamiliar" - Doesn't really fit.

The main contenders are sense 1 and sense 3.

Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - The examples are "a new law; new cars" - this is about things being recently created/established.

Sense 3: "lacking training or experience" - The examples are "the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits" - this is specifically about people who are new to a role/activity and lack experience.

The context is clearly about people (ringers) who are new to this activity. The comparison with "raw recruits" in sense 3 is quite apt - these are people who have recently joined and are being trained (or have been trained) but are still new to the practice.

The phrase "after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10" suggests these are recent recruits to bellringing. They've been through training but are still considered "new" - which aligns with being inexperienced (sense 3) but also with having recently come into being as ringers (sense 1).

However, I think sense 3 is the better fit because:
1. The examples for sense 3 ("the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits") directly relate to people being new to a role/activity
2. The synonym "raw" and the mention of "recruits" fits perfectly with the context of newly recruited ringers
3. The definition specifically mentions "lacking training or experience" which aligns with the training program context
4. Sense 1's examples are about laws and cars - inanimate objects rather than people

Therefore, sense 3 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new <t>ringer</t> out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Task: Fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   Target lemma: ringer.
    *   Target surface form: ringer.
    *   Context: A text about Mr. Baldwin, the decline in church bell ringing, lack of people to ring bells, training programs, and demographics (women entering the field).
    *   Candidate senses: Four senses provided (church bell ringer, look-alike, fraudulent contestant, horseshoe throw).
    *   Constraints: Choose the single best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Return only JSON: `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers." -> "ringers" are people.
    *   "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today..." -> The text explicitly mentions "bellringers" right before talking about "ringers".
    *   "...only 40,000 of them still ring." -> They ring bells.
    *   "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung..." -> Explicit mention of bells.
    *   "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field..." -> Refers to a profession or hobby/role.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" | synonyms=toller, bell ringer.
    *   Sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another" | synonyms=dead ringer, clone.
    *   Sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses".
    *   Sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg".

4.  **Match Context to Sense:**
    *   The context talks about "church life", "bellringers", "bells need to be rung", "small, rural parishes".
    *   Sense 1 matches perfectly: It defines a ringer as someone who rings church bells. The context is entirely about church bell ringers.
    *   Sense 2 (look-alike) does not fit the context of church bells and training.
    *   Sense 3 (fake contestant) does not fit.
    *   Sense 4 (horseshoes game) does not fit.

5.  **Select the Best Index:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct definition.

6.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON format required.
    *   `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: adds
Context:
Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he <t>adds</t>. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he <t>adds</t>.
    *   Situation: Mr. Baldwin is speaking. He just made a statement about the retention rate of new bellringers. The target word "adds" is a reporting verb introducing the next statement or emphasizing the previous one within the discourse structure.
    *   Syntactic role: Reporting verb (transitive or intransitive usage often found in journalism). He says something, then "he adds" implies he is continuing his speech or providing supplementary information.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (add%2:30:00::):** "make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others..."
        *   *Examples:* "We added two students to that dorm room", "She added a personal note to her letter".
        *   *Fit:* This is physical addition or combining entities. It is not about speaking/saying.

    *   **Sense 2 (add%2:32:01::):** "state or say further"
        *   *Synonyms:* append, supply.
        *   *Examples:* "`It doesn't matter,' he supplied".
        *   *Fit:* This sense specifically refers to the communicative act of saying something more, continuing a speech or adding a comment to a previous statement. This matches the context perfectly: Mr. Baldwin makes a statement, and "he adds" indicates he is continuing to speak or adding a specific comment to the discourse.

    *   **Sense 3 (add%2:40:00::):** "bestow a quality on"
        *   *Synonyms:* lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring.
        *   *Examples:* "Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company".
        *   *Fit:* This is about abstract contribution of qualities. Not relevant here.

    *   **Sense 4 (add%2:31:00::):** "make an addition by combining numbers"
        *   *Examples:* "Add 27 and 49, please!"
        *   *Fit:* Mathematical addition. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 5 (add%2:32:00::):** "determine the sum of"
        *   *Examples:* "Add all the people in this town..."
        *   *Fit:* Mathematical calculation. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 6 (add%2:42:00::):** "constitute an addition"
        *   *Examples:* "This paper will add to her reputation".
        *   *Fit:* Intransitive usage meaning to enhance or contribute to something. Not a reporting verb usage.

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The target word "adds" functions as a reporting verb indicating that the speaker is continuing to speak or providing further information.
    *   Sense 2 defines this as "state or say further". The example "It doesn't matter, he supplied" is functionally very similar to "he adds" in the provided text.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The instructions ask for a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense is the second one in the list.

provider: Baidu