[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money <t>flows</t> into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%2:38:01:: | definition=move or progress freely as if in a stream | synonyms=flux | examples=The crowd flowed out of the stadium
2. sense_key=flow%2:38:00:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=run, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
3. sense_key=flow%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to flow | examples=The artist flowed the washes on the paper
4. sense_key=flow%2:42:00:: | definition=be abundantly present | examples=The champagne flowed at the wedding
5. sense_key=flow%2:35:04:: | definition=fall or flow in a certain way | synonyms=hang, fall | examples=This dress hangs well; Her long black hair flowed down her back
6. sense_key=flow%2:30:00:: | definition=cover or swamp with water
7. sense_key=flow%2:29:00:: | definition=undergo menstruation | synonyms=menstruate | examples=She started menstruating at the age of 11

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The target word is "flows". The sentence is: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."
    *   Subject: "The new money".
    *   Verb: "flows".
    *   Direction/Location: "into the already top-heavy administrative structure".
    *   Meaning: Money is moving or transferring into a system (administration). It's an abstract movement, not liquid, but metaphorically similar to a stream or current.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `flow%2:38:01::` | definition=move or progress freely as if in a stream | synonyms=flux | examples=The crowd flowed out of the stadium.
        *   *Analysis:* This fits well. Money is not a liquid (Sense 2), nor is it menstruation (Sense 7) or a dress hanging (Sense 5). It's moving freely/continuously into a location. The crowd example shows movement of a mass entity. "Money flows" is a standard metaphor fitting "move or progress freely as if in a stream".

    *   **Sense 2:** `flow%2:38:00::` | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=run, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave...
        *   *Analysis:* Specific to liquids. Money is abstract. While metaphorical, WordNet usually distinguishes between the literal liquid sense and the general movement sense. Sense 1 covers the "as if in a stream" aspect, which captures the metaphor better than the strict "of liquids" definition of Sense 2.

    *   **Sense 3:** `flow%2:38:02::` | definition=cause to flow.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a causative verb (someone flows something). The sentence is intransitive ("money flows"), not transitive ("someone flows money"). Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `flow%2:42:00::` | definition=be abundantly present | examples=The champagne flowed at the wedding.
        *   *Analysis:* This implies a large quantity or abundance. "The new money flows into..." focuses on the *movement* or *direction* of the funds into the structure, rather than just the abundance of it being present everywhere. While there is abundance involved, the core meaning here is the movement of funds from source to destination (administrative structure). Sense 1 captures the movement aspect better. However, let's look closer. "Champagne flowed" implies plenty was drunk/spilled. "Money flows" implies movement/transfer. Sense 1 is the standard definition for the circulation or movement of abstract things (like conversation, money, traffic).

    *   **Sense 5:** `flow%2:35:04::` | definition=fall or flow in a certain way | synonyms=hang, fall | examples=This dress hangs well...
        *   *Analysis:* Related to physical appearance/hair/clothing. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 6:** `flow%2:30:00::` | definition=cover or swamp with water.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect context.

    *   **Sense 7:** `flow%2:29:00::` | definition=undergo menstruation.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect context.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 (and Sense 4):**
    *   Sense 2 is specific to liquids.
    *   Sense 1 is "move or progress freely as if in a stream". This is the general sense used for abstractions (traffic, money, conversation, crowds).
    *   Sense 4 is "be abundantly present". The context sentence says "The new money flows into... the administrative structure". The preposition "into" strongly suggests movement/direction, which aligns with Sense 1 ("move... as if in a stream"). Sense 4 usually appears in contexts like "Compliments flowed freely" or "Wine flowed", focusing on the plenty/supply, often without a specific directional destination "into" a container in the sense of a transfer of resources. Here, the transfer of money is the key.

    *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy/definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: move or progress freely as if in a stream.
        *   "Money flows" fits this perfectly. It moves through a system.
    *   Sense 2: move along, of liquids.
        *   "Money" is not a liquid.
    *   Sense 4: be abundantly present.
        *   While money is being spent, the verb "flows into" emphasizes the act of moving/going into the structure.

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the abstract motion metaphor.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pile
Target surface form: piling
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself <t>piling</t> more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pile%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange in stacks | synonyms=stack, heap | examples=heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves
2. sense_key=pile%2:38:00:: | definition=press tightly together or cram | synonyms=throng, mob, pack, jam | examples=The crowd packed the auditorium
3. sense_key=pile%2:35:03:: | definition=place or lay as if in a pile | examples=The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   Sentence: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself <t>piling</t> more and more paper work on the teachers."
    *   Subject: "administrative structure" (metonymically, the administrators).
    *   Action: "piling".
    *   Object: "more and more paper work".
    *   Target: "on the teachers".
    *   Meaning: The administrators are adding a large amount of paperwork, creating a burden for teachers. The paperwork is accumulating.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `pile%2:35:00::` | Definition: "arrange in stacks" | Synonyms: "stack, heap" | Examples: "heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves".
        *   *Analysis*: This implies physical arrangement. While "paperwork" is physical in a literal sense, the context here is metaphorical or semi-metaphorical (burdening with tasks). The specific phrase "piling ... on" fits well, but does it mean literally stacking papers, or metaphorically adding burden? The example "stack your books up on the shelves" is physical arrangement.
    *   **Sense 2**: `pile%2:38:00::` | Definition: "press tightly together or cram" | Synonyms: "throng, mob, pack, jam" | Examples: "The crowd packed the auditorium".
        *   *Analysis*: This is about crowding people or things into a space. This doesn't fit "piling paperwork on teachers".
    *   **Sense 3**: `pile%2:35:03::` | Definition: "place or lay as if in a pile" | Examples: "The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested".
        *   *Analysis*: The definition "place or lay as if in a pile" allows for the metaphorical extension often found in burdens. The example provided is almost identical to the context sentence: "The teacher piled work on the students". The context sentence is "piling ... paper work on the teachers". This sense captures the idea of heaping a burden upon someone, whether physical or abstract.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3**:
    *   Sense 1 is about *arranging* in stacks (transitive, physical organization).
    *   Sense 3 is about *placing or laying as if in a pile*, specifically used in the construction "piled [object] on [recipient]".
    *   The example for Sense 3 ("The teacher piled work on the students") matches the context ("piling ... paper work on the teachers") perfectly in syntax and semantic nuance (adding burden/work).
    *   Sense 1's examples are about storage ("shelves", "around the fireplace").
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the intended specific nuance for the "piling X on Y" construction involving work/burdens.

4.  **Select the Index**:
    *   Sense 1 -> Index 1
    *   Sense 2 -> Index 2
    *   Sense 3 -> Index 3

    The best match is Sense 3.

5.  **Final Output Formatting**:
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 3}`.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target is "more" in the phrase "piling more and more paper work on the teachers."
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."
    *   Grammatical function: "More" modifies "paper work".
    *   Noun type: "Paper work" is an uncountable noun (mass noun). You cannot say "one paperwork, two paperworks". It represents an amount or volume of work.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** Definition: "(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree". Examples: "more land", "more support".
        *   Matches: "Paper work" is a mass noun. "More paper work" means a greater amount of paper work. This fits perfectly.
    *   **Sense 2:** Definition: "(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number". Examples: "a hall with more seats", "we have no more bananas".
        *   Matches: "Paper work" is *not* a count noun. We are not counting distinct units of paperwork in a discrete sense (like "papers" or "documents"), but rather the volume of the task "paperwork".
4.  **Compare senses against context:**
    *   Is "paper work" a count noun or a mass noun in this context? Mass noun.
    *   Therefore, it refers to amount/degree (Sense 1), not number (Sense 2).
    *   The phrase "more and more" emphasizes the increasing *amount* of the burden (paperwork).
5.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 is the correct choice because it specifies the comparative of 'much' used with mass nouns, and "paper work" is a mass noun.

**Final check:**
*   Context: "more ... paper work"
*   "Paper work" = mass noun (amount/substance).
*   Sense 1 = mass nouns (amount).
*   Sense 2 = count nouns (number).
*   Result: Sense 1.

Wait, let me double-check the index.
The user provided:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: (mass nouns)
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: (count nouns)

I need to return {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and <t>more</t> paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `more`
    *   Target surface form: `more`
    *   Context: "...piling more and <t>more</t> paper work on the teachers..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1: `(comparative of 'much' used with mass nouns) ... greater in size or amount...`
        *   Sense 2: `(comparative of 'many' used with count nouns) ... greater in number...`
    *   Task: Choose the single best indexed sense and return JSON `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and <t>more</t> paper work on the teachers."
    *   The phrase is "more and more paper work".
    *   What is "paper work"? It is an uncountable noun (mass noun) in this context. You don't say "a paperwork", you say "some paperwork" or "a lot of paperwork". It refers to the quantity or amount of work, not a countable set of items (though individual documents exist, "paperwork" acts as a mass noun aggregate here).
    *   The structure is "more and more" modifying "paper work".
    *   Since "paper work" is a mass noun (uncountable), the quantifier must be the comparative of "much", not "many".

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `(comparative of 'much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree`. Examples: "more land", "more support".
        *   "Paper work" fits the category of mass nouns (like "land" or "support"). It denotes amount/quantity.
        *   This matches perfectly.
    *   **Sense 2:** `(comparative of 'many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number`. Examples: "more seats", "more bananas".
        *   "Paper work" is not countable in this usage (we aren't counting "a paperwork", "two paperworks"). If the sentence were "piling more and more papers", then "papers" would be countable, and Sense 2 might apply. But here the object is "paper work" (mass noun).

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The target word modifies "paper work".
    *   "Paper work" is a mass noun.
    *   Therefore, the sense is the comparative of "much".
    *   This corresponds to Sense 1.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the <t>teachers</t>. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is discussing education, classrooms, and educational expenditures. The target word "teachers" appears in the sentence: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."

This is clearly referring to actual human beings who work as educators in schools - people whose occupation is teaching. The context talks about classrooms, pupils, academic performance, and paperwork being piled on these teachers by administrators.

Sense 1 (teacher%1:18:00::) - "a person whose occupation is teaching" with synonym "instructor" - this is the correct sense. It refers to actual human teachers in schools.

Sense 2 (teacher%1:09:00::) - "a personified abstraction that teaches" with examples like "books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher" - this refers to metaphorical teachers like experience or books. This is not applicable here.

The teachers mentioned are professional educators in schools who are dealing with paperwork from administrators. This is clearly sense 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mystery
Target surface form: mystery
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither <t>mystery</t> nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mystery%1:09:00:: | definition=something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained | synonyms=enigma, secret, closed book | examples=how it got out is a mystery; it remains one of nature's secrets
2. sense_key=mystery%1:10:00:: | definition=a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie | synonyms=mystery story, whodunit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "mystery"
    *   Context snippet: "There is neither <t>mystery</t> nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures... have increased sharply... educational performance has declined."
    *   Meaning in context: The author is arguing that the decline in performance despite increased spending is not unexplainable or puzzling. It's not something that baffles understanding. It's actually quite clear ("The reason is simple", "That is the way the system works"). The negation "neither mystery nor paradox" implies that one might expect it to be mysterious, but it isn't.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1:**
    *   sense_key: mystery%1:09:00::
    *   definition: something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained
    *   synonyms: enigma, secret, closed book
    *   examples: "how it got out is a mystery"; "it remains one of nature's secrets"
    *   Fit: This definition fits perfectly. The sentence says there is *no* "mystery" (nothing that baffles understanding). The phenomenon (spending up, performance down) is explained by the preceding sentences (money goes to admin, not classrooms). Therefore, it is not an "enigma" or "something that baffles understanding."

3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2:**
    *   sense_key: mystery%1:10:00::
    *   definition: a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie
    *   synonyms: mystery story, whodunit
    *   Fit: This refers to a genre of fiction. The context is an essay/opinion piece about educational policy and school governance. It is not referring to a novel or play.

4.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct meaning. It refers to a puzzling situation or an unexplainable phenomenon. The context uses the negation to emphasize that the situation is *not* unexplainable.
    *   Sense 2 is clearly incorrect.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the <t>fact</t> that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "fact" in this passage.

The sentence with "fact" is:
"There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."

In this context, "fact" is used to refer to the observed situation/reality that as educational expenditures have increased, performance has declined. It's being used to refer to something that has been observed to happen or is the case.

Let me analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
This sense refers to a piece of information about existing circumstances or past events. The example shows collecting facts of a case.

2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
This sense refers to a statement or assertion of verified information.

3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
This sense refers to an event known to have happened or something known to have existed.

4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts
This sense refers to a concept whose truth can be proved.

In the context, "fact" is being used to refer to the observed situation - the fact that as educational expenditures increased, performance declined. This is being presented as an established reality or piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.

The author is saying there's no mystery or paradox in this observed relationship - it's presented as an established fact, a piece of information about a circumstance/phenomenon that has been observed.

Looking at the senses:
- Sense 1 (a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred) seems most fitting. The fact here is a piece of information about the circumstance/phenomenon of educational spending versus performance.
- Sense 2 emphasizes a "statement or assertion" - while the fact is being stated, the focus seems more on the information itself rather than the statement of it.
- Sense 3 emphasizes "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - this is close, but seems more about historical events or existence rather than a current/state of affairs.
- Sense 4 emphasizes "a concept whose truth can be proved" - this is more abstract and scientific; not the best fit.

I think Sense 1 is the best fit. The "fact" in this context is a piece of information about the circumstance that as educational expenditures increased, performance declined. It's presented as an established piece of information about a circumstance.

So my answer is: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as <t>educational</t> expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target word is "educational" (adjective).
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "That is the way the system works... as **educational** expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply... educational performance has declined."
    *   Broader Context: The text discusses "education", "school governance", "expenditures on education", "classroom", "academic performance", "pupils", "teachers", and the "administrative structure". It contrasts money spent on administration vs. the classroom.
    *   Specific Phrase: "**educational** expenditures".
    *   Meaning in Context: Here, "educational" modifies "expenditures". It refers to money spent *on* the process of education (schools, teaching, administration, etc.). It relates to the system or field of education. It is not describing the quality of the expenditures (i.e., whether the expenditures themselves are "instructive" or "providing knowledge" to the observer).
3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `educational%3:01:00::` | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology.
        *   *Fit:* This definition ("relating to the process of education") fits perfectly with "educational expenditures" (expenditures relating to the process of education). The example "educational psychology" parallels "educational expenditures" as a field/domain modifier.
    *   **Sense 2:** `educational%5:00:00:instructive:00` | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film.
        *   *Fit:* This definition refers to something being informative or instructive (e.g., a film that teaches you something). Can an expenditure be "educational" in the sense of "providing knowledge"? No. The text is talking about funding the school system, not about expenditures that teach a lesson to someone. Therefore, this sense is incorrect for this context.
4.  **Conclusion:** The context refers to the system/field/process of education, not the quality of being instructive. Sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational <t>expenditures</t> (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The lemma is "expenditure", and the surface form is "expenditures" (plural). This indicates a count noun usage, referring to specific instances or amounts of money spent, rather than the abstract act of spending itself (though the act sense can sometimes be pluralized, usually it's "expenditure" as a mass noun or specific acts).

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence 1: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education..."
    *   Sentence 2: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."
    *   Sentence 3: "...as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil..."
    *   Context clue: "increasing expenditures", "expenditures have increased sharply", "we now spend more per pupil".
    *   The text contrasts money spent ("expenditures") with educational performance.
    *   It talks about the *amount* of money being spent increasing ("sharply").

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (expenditure%1:21:00::):**
        *   Definition: "money paid out; an amount spent"
        *   Synonyms: outgo, spending, outlay
        *   Usage: This refers to the *amount* of money or the funds themselves. It fits the plural form "expenditures" (amounts spent). "Increasing expenditures" = increasing the amounts paid out. "Expenditures have increased" = the amounts paid out have gone up. This matches "we now spend more per pupil".

    *   **Sense 2 (expenditure%1:04:00::):**
        *   Definition: "the act of spending money for goods or services"
        *   Synonyms: expending
        *   Usage: This refers to the *action* or process. While one can say "expenditures of energy", referring to money, usually "increasing expenditures" in a budgetary context refers to the *amounts* (Sense 1) rather than increasing the *acts* of spending. However, Sense 1 is the noun corresponding to the specific financial amounts. Sense 2 is often an abstract mass noun ("expenditure of funds") or a count of acts ("several expenditures"). But the context emphasizes the *volume* or *quantity* of money ("we now spend more per pupil"). Sense 1 ("an amount spent") is the specific semantic type for money. Sense 2 is "the act". "Increasing the act of spending" sounds awkward compared to "increasing the amounts spent". WordNet often distinguishes between the act (Process) and the result/amount (Possession/State). The phrase "increasing expenditures" strongly suggests the monetary value.

    *   **Sense 3 (expenditure%1:04:01::):**
        *   Definition: "the act of consuming something"
        *   Synonyms: consumption, using up
        *   Usage: This is broader, often used for energy or resources in a non-financial or abstract way. While education spending consumes resources, Sense 1 is specifically "money paid out". Sense 3 is less precise for a financial context than Sense 1.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   The text says "increasing expenditures on education".
    *   If it meant Sense 2 (the act), it might be phrased as "increasing expenditure" (mass noun) or imply the process.
    *   However, Sense 1 defines it as "money paid out; an amount spent". The phrase "expenditures ... have increased sharply" is most naturally interpreted as the *sums of money* increasing. "We now spend more per pupil" confirms the focus is on the *quantity of money*.
    *   WordNet hierarchy: Sense 1 is under "possession" (money paid out). Sense 2 is under "act" (the act of spending).
    *   When discussing budgets, "expenditures" usually refers to the financial amounts (Sense 1). For example, "government expenditures" are the amounts of money the government spends.
    *   Context check: "educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased". "Real terms" refers to monetary value adjusted for inflation. This confirms we are talking about the *amount of money* (Sense 1), not the *act* of spending (Sense 2).

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 fits best because the context discusses specific amounts of money increasing ("amount spent"), confirmed by the phrase "we now spend more per pupil". Sense 2 refers to the action, but the text focuses on the financial magnitude/value. Sense 3 is irrelevant (consumption).

6.  **Format Output:** Return JSON `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: real
Target surface form: real
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in <t>real</t> terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=real%3:00:00:: | definition=being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory; ; ; ; ; ; - Longfellow | synonyms=existent | examples=real objects; real people; not ghosts
2. sense_key=real%3:00:02:: | definition=no less than what is stated; worthy of the name | examples=the real reason; real war
3. sense_key=real%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=not to be taken lightly | examples=statistics demonstrate that poverty and unemployment are very real problems; to the man sleeping regularly in doorways homelessness is real
4. sense_key=real%5:00:00:concrete:00 | definition=capable of being treated as fact | synonyms=tangible | examples=tangible evidence; his brief time as Prime Minister brought few real benefits to the poor
5. sense_key=real%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something; ; - G.K.Chesterton | synonyms=actual, genuine, literal | examples=her actual motive; a literal solitude like a desert
6. sense_key=real%3:00:01:: | definition=of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation | examples=real prices; real income
7. sense_key=real%3:00:03:: | definition=having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary; ; ; - Shakespeare | synonyms=substantial, material | examples=the substantial world; a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical
8. sense_key=real%5:00:00:tangible:02 | definition=(of property) fixed or immovable | examples=real property consists of land and buildings
9. sense_key=real%5:00:02:realistic:00 | definition=coinciding with reality; - F.A.Olafson | synonyms=veridical | examples=perceptual error...has a surprising resemblance to veridical perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully:

The sentence is: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century..."

The phrase "in real terms" is an economic/financial phrase. When economists talk about "real terms" or "real prices" or "real income," they mean amounts that have been adjusted for inflation, as opposed to "nominal" values which are not adjusted.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=real%3:00:00:: | definition=being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory - This is about something being actual/factual, not imaginary.

2. sense_key=real%3:00:02:: | definition=no less than what is stated; worthy of the name - This is about emphasis, like "the real reason."

3. sense_key=real%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=not to be taken lightly - About seriousness of problems.

4. sense_key=real%5:00:00:concrete:00 | definition=capable of being treated as fact - About tangible/concrete things.

5. sense_key=real%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something - About genuineness.

6. sense_key=real%3:00:01:: | definition=of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation | examples=real prices; real income - This is specifically about inflation-adjusted amounts.

7. sense_key=real%3:00:03:: | definition=having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary - Similar to sense 1 and 4.

8. sense_key=real%5:00:00:tangible:02 | definition=(of property) fixed or immovable - About real estate/property.

9. sense_key=real%5:00:02:realistic:00 | definition=coinciding with reality - About veridical perception.

The phrase "in real terms" is clearly an economic term referring to inflation-adjusted values. The author is contrasting the real (inflation-adjusted) increase in educational expenditures with the decline in educational performance.

Sense 6 is the clear choice here: "of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation" with examples "real prices; real income."

This is index 6 in the list (counting from 1).

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have <t>increased</t> sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.         *   Sense 1: `increase%2:30:00::` (intransitive) - "become bigger or greater in amount". Example: "The amount of work increased."
        *   Sense 2: `increase%2:30:02::` (transitive) - "make bigger or more". Example: "The boss finally increased her salary."
    *   Output format: JSON `{"sense_index": X}`. No hedging.

2.  **Analyze the Context Sentence:**
    *   Sentence: "...as educational expenditures (in real terms) have **increased** sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century..."
    *   Subject: "educational expenditures"
    *   Verb: "have increased" (present perfect tense).
    *   Adverbial phrase: "sharply".
    *   Context clues: The sentence structure is "expenditures have increased". There is no direct object following the verb. The subject "expenditures" is the entity undergoing the change.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (Intransitive):** Definition: "become bigger or greater in amount".
        *   Fits the grammatical structure: "Expenditures became bigger/greater." (Subject + Verb).
        *   Matches the definition: Expenditures (amount) became greater.
    *   **Sense 2 (Transitive):** Definition: " or more".
        *   Grammatical structure usually: Agent/Subject + Verb + Object (Patient).
        *   Example: " number of students."
        *   In the context sentence, "made" the expenditures bigger? It's not stated. The expenditures themselves *went up* (intransitive usage).

4.  **Compare Sense 1 vs.**
    *   The usage here is clearly intransitive. The expenditures are the subject, and they are rising/becoming greater. There is no agent causing the increase mentioned as the subject of the clause.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to the intransitive usage (ergative verb usage where the subject is the patient/theme undergoing the change).
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to the transitive usage (causative).

5.  **Conclusion:**
    *   "Expenditures have increased" = Expenditures have become greater.
    *   This matches Sense 1.

6.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   Selected sense: 1.
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sharply
Target surface form: sharply
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased <t>sharply</t> in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sharply%4:02:00:: | definition=in an aggressive manner | synonyms=aggressively | examples=she was being sharply questioned
2. sense_key=sharply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a well delineated manner | synonyms=crisply | examples=the new style of Minoan pottery was sharply defined
3. sense_key=sharply%4:02:02:: | definition=changing suddenly in direction and degree | synonyms=sharp, acutely | examples=the road twists sharply after the light; turn sharp left here
4. sense_key=sharply%4:02:03:: | definition=very suddenly and to a great degree | synonyms=precipitously | examples=conditions that precipitously increase the birthrate; prices rose sharply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target is "sharply" (adverb).
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased **sharply** in the past quarter-of-a-century... educational performance has declined."
    *   Subject: "educational expenditures".
    *   Verb: "have increased".
    *   Modifier: "sharply".
    *   Timeframe: "in the past quarter-of-a-century".
    *   Comparison: It contrasts increasing expenditures with declining performance.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "in an aggressive manner" (synonyms: aggressively). Example: "she was being sharply questioned". -> This describes a manner of acting/behaving (usually a person or interrogation). Expenditures don't increase in an aggressive manner. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: "in a well delineated manner" (synonyms: crisply). Example: "the new style of Minoan pottery was sharply defined". -> This describes visual clarity or definition. Not applicable to a quantity increasing. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: "changing suddenly in direction and degree" (synonyms: sharp, acutely). Example: "the road twists sharply...". -> This describes physical movement or direction. While expenditures change degree, this sense focuses on "direction" (like a road) or suddenness of a turn. It's close regarding "degree" but usually implies a physical turn or a drastic change in course.
    *   Sense 4: "very suddenly and to a great degree" (synonyms: precipitously). Example: "prices rose sharply". -> This describes quantitative changes (prices, rates, expenditures). The context is about "expenditures... have increased". This fits the pattern of prices or statistics rising/falling rapidly and significantly. The synonym "precipitously" fits the context of economic indicators. The example "prices rose sharply" is semantically parallel to "expenditures have increased sharply".
4.  **Compare Sense 3 and Sense 4**:
    *   Sense 3 mentions "changing suddenly in direction and degree". The "direction" aspect often dominates the examples (twists, turns).
    *   Sense 4 mentions "very suddenly and to a great degree". The example is "prices rose sharply".
    *   The context here is an increase in a quantity (expenditures) over time. This is a change in degree/magnitude. Sense 4 is the standard WordNet sense for rapid/significant quantitative changes (rise, fall, increase, decrease). Sense 3 is usually reserved for physical trajectories or metaphorical turns.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit.
5.  **Final Selection**: Sense 4.

JSON format: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:**
    *   Lemma: `past`
    *   Surface form: `past`
    *   Context snippet: "...in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century..."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence is: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century..."
    *   The phrase is "past quarter-of-a-century".
    *   Here, "past" modifies "quarter-of-a-century". It refers to the time period leading up to the present.
    *   Meaning: "the quarter-of-a-century that has just happened or is immediately preceding the present."

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `past%3:00:00::`
        *   Definition: "earlier than the present time; no longer current"
        *   Examples: "time past", "his youth is past"
        *   Synonyms: (Not explicitly listed, but implied by definition).
        *   Fit: This sense refers to time. "Past quarter-of-a-century" means the quarter century earlier than the present time. This fits perfectly.

    *   **Sense 2:** `past%5:00:00:outgoing:00`
        *   Definition: "of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office"
        *   Examples: "a retiring member of the board"
        *   Synonyms: preceding, retiring
        *   Fit: This sense applies to people holding offices (e.g., "past president"). It does not apply to time periods or general temporal relations in this specific context.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 relates to time ("earlier than the present time").
    *   Sense 2 relates to people ("of a person who has held...").
    *   The context "past quarter-of-a-century" refers to a time period.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The index corresponds to the numbered list.
    *   Choice: Index 1.

    Double check:
    Context: "in the past quarter-of-a-century".
    Is "past" describing a person? No.
    Is "past" describing time? Yes.
    Sense 1 definition: "earlier than the present time". Matches "past quarter-of-a-century" (the 25 years preceding now).

    Result: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "now" in the context: "we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world"

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is talking about current educational spending
- It says "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world"
- This is comparing current spending to past spending and to other countries
- The context discusses educational expenditures that "have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century"
- The author is making a statement about the current state of affairs

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: - "in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events" - Examples like "President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard" - This is for narrating historical events as if they're happening now. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: - "in these times; - Nancy Mitford" with synonyms "nowadays, today" - Examples about how "the upper classes nowadays are distinguished" - This refers to the current era/period, as opposed to the past. This could fit - "we nowadays/in these times spend more per pupil"

3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: - "used to preface a command or reproof or request" - Examples like "now hear this!" - Not applicable here.

4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: - "at the present moment" with synonym "at present" - Examples like "goods now on sale" - This refers to the present moment. This could also fit.

5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: - "without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening" with synonyms like "immediately, instantly" - Examples like "he answered immediately" - This is about doing something right away. Not applicable here.

6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: - "(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity" - Examples like "Now the next problem is..." - Not applicable here.

7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: - "in the immediate past" - Examples like "told me just now" - Not applicable here.

The main contenders are senses 2 and 4:
- Sense 2 (now%4:02:00::): "in these times" / "nowadays" - This refers to the current period/era
- Sense 4 (now%4:02:04::): "at the present moment" / "at present" - This refers to the present moment

The sentence says: "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world"

This is describing a current state of affairs that has developed over time ("educational expenditures... have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century"). The comparison is between the current era and the past.

The meaning is closer to "nowadays" or "in these times" - we are describing what is currently true as a general state, not what is happening at this exact moment.

Sense 2 seems more appropriate because:
- The context is about a sustained state/period (spending patterns over recent years)
- It's comparing current times to the past
- "Nowadays" or "today" would be appropriate substitutes: "we nowadays spend more per pupil"

Sense 4 "at the present moment" seems more about something happening right at this instant, like "goods now on sale" or "the now-aging dictator" - more of a punctual reference.

The best fit is sense 2 (now%4:02:00::).

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spend
Target surface form: spend
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spend%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=pass | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
2. sense_key=spend%2:40:00:: | definition=pay out | synonyms=expend, drop | examples=spend money
3. sense_key=spend%2:40:01:: | definition=spend completely | examples=I spend my pocket money in two days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target lemma: `spend`
    *   Target surface form: `spend`
    *   Context snippet: "...we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil than any other country in the world..."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses "educational expenditures", "increasing expenditures on education", "money flows", and compares spending per pupil. The phrase is explicitly about money ("more per pupil").

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `spend%2:42:00::`
        *   Definition: "pass time in a specific way"
        *   Synonyms: "pass"
        *   Examples: "how are you spending your summer vacation?"
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to the usage of time (spending time). The context is about money ("expenditures", "per pupil"), not passing time.

    *   **Sense 2**: `spend%2:40:00::`
        *   Definition: "pay out"
        *   Synonyms: "expend, drop"
        *   Examples: "spend money"
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to the disbursement of money. The context discusses financial expenditures and the amount of money used per pupil. The sentence "we now spend more per pupil" is synonymous with "we pay out more money per pupil".

    *   **Sense 3**: `spend%2:40:01::`
        *   Definition: "spend completely"
        *   Examples: "I spend my pocket money in two days"
        *   Analysis: This sense implies exhausting a resource completely. The context talks about the *amount* spent (quantitative comparison: "more per pupil"), not the exhaustion of funds. It fits the general financial transaction sense better than the specific "spend completely" aspect.

3.  **Match context to senses**:
    *   The context is about education financing.
    *   "Expenditures" is a key word in the surrounding text.
    *   The phrase "spend more per pupil" means paying out more money.
    *   Sense 2 definition "pay out" and synonym "expend" matches perfectly.

4.  **Formulate the output**:
    *   The correct sense is Sense 2.
    *   Output format: JSON `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target word is "more" (adverb/adjective/determiner).
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world"
    *   Grammar: "spend" is a verb. "more" functions as an adverb or quantifier modifying "spend" (or the implied object of spend, money/resources). It is part of a comparative construction "more ... than".
    *   Meaning: We spend a greater quantity of money/resources per pupil.
    *   Contrast: It compares the amount spent by the US to the amount spent by any other country.
3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `more%4:02:00::`
        *   Definition: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs"
        *   Synonyms: "to a greater extent"
        *   Examples: "more interesting", "more beautiful"
        *   *Critique:* This sense is specifically about the *morphological* function of creating comparatives for long adjectives/adverbs (e.g., "more beautiful"). The context here is not about making an adjective comparative. We aren't saying the pupil is "more per" or "more spent". "More" is standing alone as a quantifier/adverb of degree relative to the previous mention of "educational expenditures" or simply meaning "a greater amount".
    *   **Sense 2:** `more%4:02:01::`
        *   Definition: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent"
        *   Synonyms: (implied: "to a greater degree")
        *   Examples: "he works more now", "they eat more than they should"
        *   *Critique:* This sense treats "more" as the comparative form of "much". In the context "spend more", it functions similarly to "they eat more". It refers to quantity or degree. "We spend a greater amount." This matches the function of "more" as a standalone quantifier/adverb indicating a greater degree or quantity.
4.  **Evaluate the Fit:**
    *   Is it sense 1? "Spend more" isn't like "more interesting". "More" is not forming the comparative of an adjective here.
    *   Is it sense 2? "Spend more" is very similar to "eat more" (example provided). It means we spend a greater amount (comparative of much/many).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.
5.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object with the index. Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupil
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per <t>pupil</t> than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "pupil". The target surface form is "pupil".
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses "school governance", "education", "expenditures on education", "classroom", "smaller classes", "academic performance", "teachers", "educational expenditures", "educational performance".
    *   Specific sentence: "we now spend more per <t>pupil</t> than any other country in the world".
    *   The context is clearly about the education system, schools, and money spent per student.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `pupil%1:18:00::` | Definition: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" | Synonyms: student, educatee. This is the general sense of a student.
    *   Sense 2: `pupil%1:08:00::` | Definition: "the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye...". This is the anatomical sense. The context is clearly not about anatomy or eyes.
    *   Sense 3: `pupil%1:18:01::` | Definition: "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)" | Synonyms: schoolchild, school-age child. This sense emphasizes youth/school-age status specifically.
4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   The context mentions "smaller classes", "academic performance", "spending more per pupil".
    *   The phrase "per pupil" is a standard educational metric (per-pupil spending).
    *   Sense 1 defines a learner enrolled in an educational institution. This is the standard definition used in educational statistics and general discourse regarding school funding (spending per pupil). It covers all students (K-12 and potentially higher ed, though usually K-12 in this context).
    *   Sense 3 restricts it to "young person attending school (up through senior high school)". While the context implies K-12 schooling (smaller classes, teachers, school governance), Sense 1 is the broader, standard definition for "student" used in these administrative contexts.
    *   However, let's look closer at the WordNet hierarchy.
        *   Sense 1 (`pupil%1:18:00::`) maps to `student` (often synonym).
        *   Sense 3 (`pupil%1:18:01::`) maps to `schoolchild`.
    *   In the phrase "spend more per pupil", is the term referring specifically to a "young person" or just an "enrolled learner"? In educational economics, "per pupil" usually refers to the unit of attendance, generally implying K-12.
    *   Let's check the nuances. Is a university student called a "pupil"? Usually, they are called "students". "Pupil" strongly connotes K-12. Sense 3 (`schoolchild`) seems to capture the semantic connotation better in many contexts. However, Sense 1 (`learner who is enrolled`) is the direct hypernym often used in WordNet to distinguish from the eye.
    *   Let's check the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution".
        *   Sense 3: "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)".
    *   The text discusses "school governance", "smaller classes", "teachers". This is K-12 context.
    *   However, in WordNet (Princeton), the distinction is often:
        *   `pupil%1:18:00::` corresponds to the general concept often overlapping with student.
        *   `pupil%1:18:01::` corresponds to schoolchild.
    *   Actually, let's verify the WordNet 3.1 or 3.0 entries for 'pupil'.
        *   WN 3.0:
            *   1. student, pupil, educatee (a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution)
            *   2. pupil (the contractile aperture...)
            *   3. schoolchild, school-age child, pupil (a young person attending school...)
    *   So Sense 1 corresponds to "student" broadly. Sense 3 corresponds to "schoolchild".
    *   In standard English usage, "pupil" is rarely used for university students (who are "students"). "Pupil" is almost exclusively used for K-12 students. Therefore, Sense 3 seems semantically more precise regarding the age group, but often Sense 1 is treated as the primary sense for "student/pupil" relationship in generic disambiguation tasks if the distinction isn't strict.
    *   However, Sense 1 explicitly lists "student" as a synonym. Sense 3 lists "schoolchild".
    *   The context is about "school governance" and "smaller classes". This is the school system.
    *   Many WSD systems map "pupil" in education contexts to the "student" sense (Sense 1 here based on the index).
    *   Let's look at the frequency and generic usage. "Spending per pupil" is a fixed phrase.
    *   If I have to choose between Sense 1 (Student) and Sense 3 (Schoolchild):
        *   Sense 1 is defined as "a learner who is enrolled...". This is true of a pupil.
        *   Sense 3 restricts it to "young person".
        *   Since "pupil" implies youth in almost all native usage outside of legal/technical phrasing (and even then usually restricted to schools under the control of local authorities), Sense 3 is the "correct" semantic fit for the word "pupil" as opposed to "student".
        *   However, Sense 1 includes "student" as a synonym. Is Sense 1 the hypernym?
        *   WordNet Sense 1: Synonyms = {student, pupil, educatee}. Definition = "a learner who is enrolled...".
        *   WordNet Sense 3: Synonyms = {schoolchild, school-age child, pupil}. Definition = "a young person...".
        *   The word "pupil" appears in both synonym sets.
        *   In this context ("spend more per pupil"), it refers to the children in the school system.
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the most specific and accurate definition for the word "pupil" in this context, distinguishing it from the broader "student" (which could include adults/university). Since the context is clearly K-12 ("smaller classes", "teachers", "school governance"), Sense 3 fits best.

    *   Wait, let me double-check typical WSD annotations.
        *   In SemCor, "pupil" usually maps to the 'student' synset or the 'schoolchild' synset?
        *   Synset 1 (student/pupil): usually broader.
        *   Synset 3 (schoolchild): specifically young.
        *   Context: "academic performance of the pupils", "spend more per pupil".
        *   Usage: "pupil" is almost always a child in school.
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 (schoolchild) is the better match for the specific word "pupil". Sense 1 is better for the word "student".
        *   If the target word was "student", I would pick Sense 1 (or equivalent).
        *   Since the target word is "pupil", and it refers to school children, Sense 3 is the intended specific sense.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1. Sense 1: "student, pupil, educatee". Is this a hypernym?
        *   WordNet structure often puts the more general sense first.
        *   The definition of Sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled...".
        *   The definition of Sense 3 is "a young person attending school...".
        *   Given the context of "school governance" and "smaller classes", the subjects are children.
        *   Sense 3 captures the "young person" aspect which is intrinsic to the word "pupil" (vs "student").
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice.

    *   Let's check if there's a reason to pick Sense 1.
        *   If Sense 1 is the only sense available for "pupil" in some versions of WordNet? No, the prompt provides 3 senses.
        *   Sense 1 lists "student" as a synonym. "Pupil" is listed as a synonym there too.
        *   Sense 3 lists "schoolchild" as a synonym. "Pupil" is listed there too.
        *   Which synset does "pupil" belong to primarily?
        *   Usage dictates that "pupil" is to "schoolchild" as "student" is to "university student/learner".
        *   Actually, WordNet often lists "pupil" as a synonym in the first synset `student%1:18:00`. It also lists it in `schoolchild%1:18:01`.
        *   However, `pupil%1:18:01` (Sense 3 here) has the specific gloss "a young person attending school".
        *   The gloss for Sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled".
        *   While all pupils are learners, the use of the word "pupil" strongly implies youth and school (primary/secondary). The context confirms it.
        *   Specificity preference: Choose the most specific sense that fits the context. Sense 3 is more specific (young person) than Sense 1 (learner). Sense 3 fits the context of school children.
        *   Conclusion: Sense 3.

    *   Wait, let me look at the indices provided in the prompt.
        *   1. pupil%1:18:00:: (Student/Educatee)
        *   2. pupil%1:08:00:: (Eye)
        *   3. pupil%1:18:01:: (Schoolchild)
    *   Is it possible Sense 1 is the intended mapping?
        *   Let's check the specific "per pupil" phrasing. In educational economics, "per pupil spending" is the standard term. Does this term imply "schoolchild"? Yes, it usually refers to K-12.
        *   Is "pupil" a synonym for "student" (Sense 1)? Yes, in the synset.
        *   Is "pupil" a synonym for "schoolchild" (Sense 3)? Yes, in the synset.
        *   Which sense is the word "pupil" representing?
        *   If the text said "students", Sense 1 would be correct. If it said "schoolchildren", Sense 3 would be correct. It says "pupils".
        *   "Pupil" is a synonym for both.
        *   However, Sense 3's definition "a young person attending school" is a semantic match for the prototypical meaning of "pupil". Sense 1's definition is a match for the prototypical meaning of "student".
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct semantic match for the lexical choice "pupil".

    *   Let me verify if Sense 1 is often used for "pupil" in datasets like SemCor.
        *   In SemCor, "pupil" is often tagged as `schoolchild` (Sense 3 here).
        *   Example: "The teacher asked the pupil." -> Sense 3.
        *   Sense 1 `student` usually maps to instances of "student".
        *   The prompt asks to use the gloss and synonyms.
        *   Sense 3 synonyms: schoolchild, school-age child. Matches the context of "smaller classes", "teachers", "school".
        *   Sense 1 synonyms: student, educatee. Broader.
        *   Selection: Sense 3.

    *   One counter-argument: In some WordNet versions, `pupil` is not the head of the synset for Sense 1 (it's `student`). In Sense 3, `schoolchild` might be the head.
    *   If the sense key format `pupil%1:18:01::` indicates that `pupil` is the lemma being queried, but the synset is defined by the head word in WordNet.
    *   The definition for Sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled...". This applies.
    *   The definition for Sense 3 is "a young person attending school...". This also applies and adds the age constraint.
    *   The text mentions "academic performance of the pupils". This refers to school children.
    *   Standard WSD practice favors the most specific sense that covers the context. Sense 3 is more specific than Sense 1.
    *   Thus, I select Sense 3.

    *   Let's double check sense indices.
        *   Candidate sense 1: definition=a learner who is enrolled...
        *   Candidate sense 3: definition=a young person attending school...
    *   Context: "smaller classes", "school governance", "teachers". Definitely K-12.
    *   Word "pupil": Usually restricted to K-12.
    *   Word "student": Can be K-12 or higher ed.
    *   Since the author chose "pupil" instead of "student", the sense focusing on the "young person" (Sense 3) is the intended nuance.

    *   Decision: Sense 3.

    *   Let me confirm the JSON format. `{"sense_index": 3}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any <t>other</t> country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target word is "other" in the phrase "any other country in the world". The sentence segment is: "...we now spend more per pupil than any <t>other</t> country in the world..."

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The sentence compares the USA's spending per pupil to the spending of every country in the world.
    *   "We" (USA) spends more than "any other country".
    *   "Other" here is used to distinguish the entity being discussed ("we"/USA) from the rest of the set ("country in the world").
    *   It implies "different from the one already mentioned or implied".
    *   Specifically, the USA is one country. We are comparing it to all the *remaining* countries. These remaining countries are "other" countries—meaning countries different from the USA.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied`.
        *   Example: "today isn't any other day", "highways and other public works".
        *   Fit: This fits perfectly. The USA is the one mentioned ("we"). "Other country" refers to a country that is not the USA (not the same one mentioned). It's the standard usage for "different/distinct from the referent".
    *   **Sense 2**: `recently past`.
        *   Example: "the other evening".
        *   Fit: No temporal meaning here. "Other country" doesn't mean "country from yesterday". It's spatial/entity contrast, not temporal.
    *   **Sense 3**: `belonging to the distant past` (synonyms: early, former).
        *   Example: "former generations".
        *   Fit: Again, no temporal meaning intended.
    *   **Sense 4**: `very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected`.
        *   Example: "a strange, other dimension".
        *   Fit: This describes a specific quality of being strange or alien. "Other country" does not imply the country is strange, just that it is a distinct member of the set of countries excluding the USA.

4.  **Select the best sense**:
    *   Sense 1 is the clear winner. It describes the relationship of exclusion or distinction from the subject. "Other" marks the complement set.

5.  **Format the output**:
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X corresponds to the index in the provided list (1, 2, 3, or 4).
    *   The list provided starts with 1.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

    JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: AtlasCloud