[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: system
Target surface form: system
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this <t>system</t> of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=system%1:06:00:: | definition=instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity | examples=he bought a new stereo system; the system consists of a motor and a small computer
2. sense_key=system%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole | synonyms=scheme | examples=a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going
3. sense_key=system%1:27:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium | examples=in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface; a system generating hydrogen peroxide
4. sense_key=system%1:09:00:: | definition=a complex of methods or rules governing behavior | synonyms=system of rules | examples=they have to operate under a system they oppose; that language has a complex system for indicating gender
5. sense_key=system%1:09:02:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, organisation | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
6. sense_key=system%1:08:00:: | definition=a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts | examples=the body has a system of organs for digestion
7. sense_key=system%1:09:01:: | definition=a procedure or process for obtaining an objective | examples=they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation
8. sense_key=system%1:08:01:: | definition=the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole | examples=exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system
9. sense_key=system%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, organisation | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `system`
    *   Target surface form: `system`
    *   Context snippet: "...New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this <t>system</t> of school governance..."
    *   Key phrases: "system of school governance", "locally elected school boards", "institution", "governance".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `system%1:06:00::` | Definition: instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity. | Examples: stereo system, motor and computer.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to physical machinery or artifacts. "School governance" is not a collection of physical artifacts like a stereo. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 2:** `system%1:14:00::` | Definition: a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole. | Synonyms: scheme. | Examples: economic system (production/distribution).
        *   *Analysis:* This is a very broad sense, often used for abstract systems like economic or political systems. "School governance" involves interrelated elements (boards, politicians, policies). This is a strong candidate.

    *   **Sense 3:** `system%1:27:00::` | Definition: (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium.
        *   *Analysis:* Specific scientific context. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `system%1:09:00::` | Definition: a complex of methods or rules governing behavior. | Synonyms: system of rules. | Examples: operating under a system, gender system in language.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to methods or rules. "School governance" certainly involves rules and methods. This is also a strong candidate. However, the text refers to a "system of school governance" established by "locally elected school boards" involving politicians. It's more than just a set of rules; it's the structural organization of how schools are run. It involves the boards, the politicians, the election process, etc. Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 4.
        *   Sense 2 ("group of interrelated elements") is often used for broad societal or organizational structures.
        *   Sense 4 ("complex of methods or rules") is often used for procedural frameworks.
        *   "School governance" here refers to the *structure* of local boards controlling schools. It's an organizational scheme. Is it "methods/rules" or "elements comprising a whole"?
        *   Let's look at Sense 5.

    *   **Sense 5:** `system%1:09:02::` | Definition: an organized structure for arranging or classifying. | Synonyms: arrangement, organization. | Examples: arrangement of topics.
        *   *Analysis:* This usually refers to taxonomy or static arrangement. "School governance" is a dynamic process/structure. Not the best fit.

    *   **Sense 6:** `system%1:08:00::` | Definition: a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts.
        *   *Analysis:* Biological. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** `system%1:09:01::` | Definition: a procedure or process for obtaining an objective.
        *   *Analysis:* Too procedural. "School governance" is an institution/structure, not just a procedure.

    *   **Sense 8:** `system%1:08:01::` | Definition: the living body considered as made up of interdependent components.
        *   *Analysis:* Biological. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 9:** `system%1:07:00::` | Definition: an ordered manner; orderliness...
        *   *Analysis:* Abstract quality of being organized. Incorrect.

    *   **Re-evaluating Sense 2 vs Sense 4:**
        *   Context: "...commitment to this system of school governance..."
        *   The text describes "Locally elected school boards... become the prey of ambitious... politicians". It describes the mechanism of how schools are governed.
        *   Sense 2 (group of interrelated elements comprising a unified whole) is the standard WordNet definition for social/political systems (e.g., "economic system"). "School governance" fits into this category of abstract social systems. It encompasses the boards, the elections, the politicians, and the schools as interrelated elements.
        *   Sense 4 (complex of methods or rules governing behavior) is possible, but often applies to things like "points system", "grading system", or "rules of a game".
        *   Sense 2's example: "a vast system of production and distribution..." This is similar in scale and nature to a "system of school governance".
        *   Sense 4's example: "language has a complex system..." or "operate under a system". "System of school governance" sounds more like a structural entity (Sense 2) than just a set of rules (Sense 4).
        *   However, let's look closely at WordNet 3.0/3.1 hierarchies.
        *   Sense 2 (`system%1:14:00::`) maps to "scheme" in some versions or falls under "group".
        *   Sense 4 (`system%1:09:00::`) maps to "system of rules" or falls under "method".
        *   Governance usually implies a structure or a scheme. "Scheme" is listed as a synonym for Sense 2.
        *   Let's check the hypernym path.
            *   Sense 2: group -> ... -> entity. This fits "social system".
            *   Sense 4: method -> ... -> cognitive content/process. This fits "methodology".
        *   Is "school governance" a methodology or a structural group/entity? It's usually considered a structural arrangement (or scheme) of institutions (boards). Therefore, Sense 2 is the better fit for a "system of governance" (often interchangeable with "scheme of governance" in older texts or political science).

    *   Wait, let's reconsider Sense 4 ("complex of methods or rules governing behavior"). Governance *is* rules governing behavior. But the context mentions "locally elected school boards", "politicians", "cities". These are the *elements* of the system. The interaction of these elements creates the governance.
    *   Sense 2 covers "interrelated elements". The boards and politicians are elements.
    *   Sense 4 covers "methods or rules". While rules exist, the "system" here refers to the *political structure* (the boards and their relation to the schools/politicians).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most appropriate. It captures the structural, multi-component nature of the "school governance" arrangement involving boards, politicians, and schools.

    *   Let's verify Sense 5 again: "organized structure for arranging or classifying". Examples: arrangement of topics. This feels too static and cognitive. The school system is an active social mechanism.

    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: `scheme`.
        *   "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this **scheme** of school governance..." This works perfectly.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 4: `system of rules`.
        *   "...commitment to this **system of rules** of school governance..." This is redundant ("rules of governance").
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "a vast system of production and distribution...". This describes a functional societal structure. "School governance" is a functional societal structure.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best fit.

3.  **Select the index:**
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2 in the provided list?
    *   Let's check the list numbering.
        *   1. sense_key=system%1:06:00::
        *   2. sense_key=system%1:14:00:: (Definition: a group of independent but interrelated elements...)
        *   ...
    *   Yes, the second item in the list corresponds to Sense 2 in my analysis.

    *   Final check:
        *   Context: "system of school governance".
        *   Sense 2 Definition: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole".
        *   Match: High. The boards, the elections, the politicians, and the schools are the interrelated elements.

    *   Sense 4 Definition: "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior".
        *   Match: Moderate. Governance implies rules, but the text describes the *entities* (boards, politicians) acting, which fits "interrelated elements" better than just "methods".

    *   Decision: Sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: school
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of <t>school</t> governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "school" is being used.

The context mentions:
- "system of school governance" - referring to how schools are managed/organized
- It's discussing school boards, education policy, and governance structures
- It talks about New York City's experience with locally elected school boards
- The text is about educational administration and policy

Let me evaluate each candidate sense:

1. **sense_key=school%1:14:00::** - "an educational institution" - This could fit, as the text discusses schools as institutions that are governed.

2. **sense_key=school%1:06:00::** - "a building where young people receive education" - This is more about the physical building. The context is about governance and systems, not the physical structure.

3. **sense_key=school%1:09:00::** - "the process of being formally educated at a school" - This is about the educational process. Not quite what's being discussed here.

4. **sense_key=school%1:14:02::** - "a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers" - Not applicable.

5. **sense_key=school%1:28:00::** - "the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session" - This is about time periods. Not applicable.

6. **sense_key=school%1:14:03::** - "an educational institution's faculty and students" - The example "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game" shows this is about the people. Not what's being discussed.

7. **sense_key=school%1:14:01::** - "a large group of fish" - Not applicable.

The context is discussing "school governance" - how schools are managed and organized as institutions. The phrase "system of school governance" clearly refers to schools as educational institutions (abstract organizations), not buildings or processes.

Sense 1 (an educational institution) best fits this context. The text is discussing schools as institutions that have governance structures, school boards, and can be managed by different systems.

Let me double-check: Earlier in the passage, it mentions "If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another." This is referring to the school as an institution - you don't switch from one building to another in a governance sense, you switch from one educational institution to another.

The answer should be sense_index: 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Friendli

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: governance
Target surface form: governance
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school <t>governance</t>, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=governance%1:14:00:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governing body, establishment, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
2. sense_key=governance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=government, governing, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "governance"
    *   Context snippet: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school <t>governance</t>, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses "locally elected school boards," "politicians," and the management/administration of schools. It mentions "system of school governance."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `governance%1:14:00::`
        *   Definition: something"
        *   Synonyms: administration, governing body, establishment, brass, organization, organisation.
        *   Examples: "he claims that the present administration is corrupt"; "the governance of an association is responsible to its members".
        *   Focus: This sense refers to the *people* or the *entity* doing the administering (a collective noun for people).

    *   **Sense 2:** `governance%1:04:00::`
        *   Definition: "the act of governing; exercising authority"
        *   Synonyms: government, governing, government activity, administration.
        *   Examples: "regulations for the governing of state prisons"; "he had considerable experience of government".
        *   Focus: This sense refers to the *process*, *action*, or *system* of governing.

3.  **Disambiguate based on context:**
    *   The phrase is "system of school governance".
    *   Does "governance" here refer to the specific people (the school board members)? Or the system/process/structure by which schools to the *method* or *structure* of administration, not just the specific individuals sitting on the board at a specific time (though the boards are part of it).
    *   The phrase "system of... governance" strongly favors the abstract concept of the act/process/structure of governing. We talk about "systems of government refer to "the governance" as a specific group of people (e.g., "The governance met yesterday"). Here, "governance" is modified by "system of school," indicating or process.
    *   Furthermore, the text says "commitment to this system of school governance." One commits to a system or a method, not to a specific group of people (who change).
    *   While Sense 1 ("administration") can sometimes refer to the system (e.g., "the Obama administration"), the definition provided for Sense 1 specifically highlights "the persons... who make up a body."
    *   Sense 2 highlights "the act of governing; exercising authority." A "system of governance" fits perfectly with the abstract concept of how authority is exercised.

4.  **Compare with examples:**
    *   Sense 1 example: "the governance of an association is responsible to its members" -> treats governance as a body of people.
    *   Sense 2 example: "regulations for the governing of state prisons" -> treats it as an activity/process.
    *   Context: "system of school governance". This implies the *method* or *activity* or *regime* of governing, not the people themselves. The school "governance" describes the function/system.

5.  **Decision:**
    *   Sense 2 is the better fit. "System of school governance" refers to the method/process of exercising authority over schools. Sense 1 refers to the people. While the people are corrupt, the "system" refers to the *act* or *method* (locally elected boards) being used.

6.  **Formatting:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.
    *   Sense 2 is index 2.

    *   Wait, let me double check the indices.
    *   Candidate sense 1 possible Sense 1 is intended? "The governance" = "The administration". "This system of school administration". "Administration" can mean the people or the activity.
    *   However, the specific definition for Sense 1 is "the persons... who make up a body".
    *   The specific definition for Sense 2 is "the act of governing".
    *   A "system of [noun]" usually takes the abstract noun denoting the activity (Sense 2). A "system of people" (Sense 1) is awkward.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 (index 2) is the correct choice.

    *   Let's re-read the context carefully. "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance..."
    *   It refers to the arrangement where "locally elected school boards" are in This is a method of exercising authority. It is the *act

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and <t>other</t> cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target word is "other" used as an adjective (or determiner) modifying the noun "cities". The phrase is "Chicago and other cities".

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The sentence is: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it."
    *   Meaning: New York is stopping this system. Meanwhile, Chicago and *additional/different* cities (besides New York and Chicago) are starting it.
    *   The phrase "Chicago and other cities" implies a set of cities. New York is mentioned previously. Chicago is mentioned now. "Other cities" refers to cities distinct from New York and Chicago, or cities similar to Chicago (large cities) in this context.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `other%3:00:00::`
        *   Definition: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied"
        *   Examples: "today isn't any other day", "the construction of highways and other public works"
        *   Fit: This sense covers the standard usage of "other" to refer to additional items of the same type that are different from the ones already specified. In "Chicago and other cities", "other cities" means cities distinct from Chicago (and New York). It fits the pattern "X and other Ys" (like "highways and other public works").

    *   **Sense 2**: `other%5:00:00:past:00`
        *   Definition: "recently past"
        *   Examples: "the other evening"
        *   Fit: This sense applies to time expressions. "Cities" is not a time expression. This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3**: `other%5:00:02:past:00`
        *   Definition: "belonging to the distant past"
        *   Synonyms: early, former
        *   Fit: This refers to time/history (e.g., "other times"). Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 4**: `other%5:00:00:strange:00`
        *   Definition: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected"
        *   Examples: "a strange, other dimension"
        *   Fit: This is a literary or specific usage implying strangeness/alterity. The context discusses municipal governance, not a sci-fi or metaphysical "otherness".

4.  **Select the best sense**:
    *   Sense 1 is the standard, general dictionary definition for "other" when used to denote the remaining or additional items in a set (cities other than the ones mentioned).

5.  **Format the output**:
    *   The user wants a JSON object with the `sense_index`.
    *   The index for Sense 1 is 1.

    Result: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: city
Target surface form: cities
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other <t>cities</t> are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=city%1:15:00:: | definition=a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts | synonyms=metropolis, urban center | examples=Ancient Troy was a great city
2. sense_key=city%1:15:01:: | definition=an incorporated administrative district established by state charter | examples=the city raised the tax rate
3. sense_key=city%1:14:00:: | definition=people living in a large densely populated municipality | synonyms=metropolis | examples=the city voted for Republicans in 1994

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Form:**
    *   Lemma: city
    *   Form: cities (plural)
    *   Context: The text discusses school governance, specifically mentioning New York City, Chicago, and "other cities". It talks about locally elected school boards, politicians, and systems of governance.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts". Synonyms: metropolis, urban center. Example: Ancient Troy was a great city. Focus: Physical location/urban area concept.
    *   **Sense 2:** "an incorporated administrative district established by state charter". Example: "the city raised the tax rate". Focus: Administrative/political entity.
    *   **Sense 3:** "people living in a large densely populated municipality". Synonyms: metropolis. Example: "the city voted for Republicans in 1994". Focus: The population/citizenry acting as a group.

3.  **Analyze the Context for the Target Word:**
    *   "...even as Chicago and other **cities** are moving to institute it."
    *   The sentence refers to Chicago and other entities performing an action: "moving to institute it". Who performs this action? The governing bodies or the political entities acting through their governments.
    *   The broader context mentions "locally elected school boards", "local politicians", "school governance". This strongly relates to the administrative and political nature of the cities.
    *   The comparison is with New York City (mentioned earlier as a specific entity dealing with school governance).
    *   Chicago is a large urban area (Sense 1), but in the context of "instituting a system of school governance", it is acting as an administrative unit/jurisdiction (Sense 2).
    *   Is it referring to the people (Sense 3)? "The city voted..." would be Sense 3. Here, "cities are moving to institute..." implies the city governments or the administrative districts are taking action.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 vs. Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on the physical urban sprawl or the concept of a big city. Example: "Ancient Troy" (historical/physical). While Chicago is certainly a large urban area, the predicate "moving to institute [a system of school governance]" applies to the city as a political/administrative unit.
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the incorporated administrative district. The example "the city raised the tax rate" is very close to "cities... moving to institute [governance]". Both involve governmental/administrative actions.
    *   The text discusses "school boards", "politicians", "state charter" (implied by the nature of the governance discussion). This fits the definition of an administrative district established by charter (Sense 2).

5.  **Compare Sense 2 vs. Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 3 is about the people. "The city voted". While people live in the cities, the subject "cities... moving to institute it" refers to the political machinery or the district acting through its representatives, not the general population directly taking the action (unlike a sentence like "The cities rebelled" or "The cities celebrated"). The action is one of governance.

6.  **Decision:**
    *   The context is about political administration, school boards, and governance structures.
    *   "Chicago and other cities" are entities with the power to institute systems of governance.
    *   This aligns best with Sense 2 (an incorporated administrative district... the city raised the tax rate).

    Let me double-check Sense 1.
    Sense 1: "Ancient Troy was a great city". This is the general geographical/urban entity.
    Sense 2: "the city raised the tax rate". This is the political entity.
    The sentence says "cities... moving to institute it [a system of school governance]". This is a political/administrative action. Therefore, Sense 2 is the most precise fit.

    Wait, is there a nuance? Often, WordNet distinctions can be subtle.
    Sense 1: Urban area (Geography).
    Sense 2: Administrative district (Politics/Government).
    Context: "school governance", "politicians", "school boards". The cities are acting as governing entities. Sense 2 is the correct choice.

7.  **Final Output Formatting:**
    *   JSON format required.
    *   Index corresponds to the list order (1, 2, or 3).

    Selection: Sense 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: institute
Target surface form: institute
Context:
They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card. If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to <t>institute</t> it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=institute%2:36:01:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, constitute | examples=establish a new department
2. sense_key=institute%2:36:00:: | definition=advance or set forth in court; , | synonyms=bring | examples=bring charges; institute proceedings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `institute`.
    *   Target surface form: `institute`.
    *   Context: A passage about school governance, specifically discussing "locally elected school boards" in New York and Chicago. The sentence of interest is: "New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to <t>institute</t> it."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `institute%2:36:01::` - "set up or lay the groundwork for" (synonyms: establish, found, plant, constitute).
        2.  `institute%2:36:00::` - "advance or set forth in court" (synonyms: bring, examples: bring charges).
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": N}` (N corresponds to the list index provided in the prompt, usually 1-based based on standard "Choose the best indexed sense" phrasing, but the prompt labels them "1." and "2.", so I will use those numbers).

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "...even as Chicago and other cities are moving to <t>institute</t> it."
    *   The object "it" refers back to "this system of school governance" (specifically "locally elected school boards" or "Community involvement" systems mentioned earlier).
    *   The action is about Chicago and other cities adopting or starting a new system of governance.
    *   The contrast is with New York trying to *disengage* (stop/remove) it, while Chicago is moving to *start/implement* it.

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1:**
    *   Definition: "set up or lay the groundwork for".
    *   Synonyms: establish, found, plant, constitute.
    *   Context fit: Does Chicago want to "establish" a system of school governance? Yes. The sentence contrasts "disengage" (remove) with "institute" (set up/establish). "Establishing a system" makes perfect sense.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2:**
    *   Definition: "advance or set forth in court".
    *   Synonyms: bring.
    *   Examples: "bring charges", "institute proceedings".
    *   Context fit: Does Chicago want to "set forth in court" a system of school governance? This is semantically awkward. You institute proceedings or lawsuits, not typically a "system of school governance" in a legal sense like this. While governance systems are legal entities, the act of bringing them into existence is usually described as "establishing" or "setting up".

5.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Sense 1 fits the semantic frame of creating a new administrative structure ("establish a new department" is the example provided).
    *   Sense 2 is specific to legal actions (suing, charging).
    *   The context is administrative/educational policy, not legal litigation.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

6.  **Format Output:**
    *   The prompt asks for "indexed sense".
    *   The options are labeled "1." and "2.".
    *   The correct index is 1.
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In <t>most</t> states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%3:00:02:: | definition=(superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number | examples=who has the most apples?; most people like eggs
2. sense_key=most%3:00:01:: | definition=the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree | examples=made the most money he could; what attracts the most attention?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `most`
    *   Target surface form: `most`
    *   Context sentence: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
    *   Grammatical context: "In *most* states".
    *   "States" is a plural count noun. We are talking about a quantity of individual states out of a total set (50 states in the US context).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `most%3:00:02::`
        *   Definition: (superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number.
        *   Examples: "who has the most apples?", "most people like eggs".
        *   Key features: Used with count nouns (apples, people, states). Means "the majority of" or "greatest number of". Note: The definition mentions "preceded by `the`", but the examples show "most people" without "the", which aligns with the usage "most states" (determinative use). The core meaning is about *number* of countable entities.
    *   **Sense 2:** `most%3:00:01::`
        *   Definition: the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree.
        *   Examples: "made the most money he could", "what attracts the most attention?".
        *   Key features: Used with mass nouns (money, attention). Means "greatest amount/degree".

3.  **Compare context with senses:**
    *   The noun being modified is "states".
    *   Is "states" a count noun or a mass noun? It is a count noun (one state, two states).
    *   Does the context imply "greatest number" or "greatest amount"?
        *   "In most states" means "In the majority of states" or "In the greatest number of states".
    *   Sense 1 deals with count nouns and number ("greatest in number").
    *   Sense 2 deals with mass nouns and amount/degree ("greatest in amount").

4.  **Select the best fit:**
    *   Sense 1 fits "states" (count noun) and the meaning of "majority/greatest number".
    *   Sense 2 is for mass nouns (like water, money, time). "States" is not a mass noun.

5.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.
    *   The required format is `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing <t>expenditures</t> on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target word is "expenditure" (plural "expenditures"). It refers to spending money.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "In most states, increasing **expenditures** on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."
    *   Context Clues: "increasing expenditures on education". The text discusses whether spending more money makes education better.
    *   Grammatical Role: Noun, plural. It's the object of "increasing".
    *   Meaning in context: It refers to the *amounts* of money being spent. Increasing the *amount* of money spent.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `expenditure%1:21:00::`
        *   Definition: "money paid out; an amount spent"
        *   Synonyms: outgo, spending, outlay
        *   Analysis: This sense focuses on the *amount* of money (the resource itself or the specific financial outflow). "Increasing expenditures" fits well here. You increase the *amount* spent. It is a noun denoting a specific financial resource/amount (psychological/possession entity).

    *   **Sense 2:** `expenditure%1:04:00::`
        *   Definition: "the act of spending money for goods or services"
        *   Synonyms: expending
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to the *act* or *process*. While one can increase the "act of spending" (meaning doing it more often or with more intensity), usually when we talk about "increasing expenditures on X", we mean the *amount* of money allocated. Sense 1 is "an amount spent", Sense 2 is "the act". Let's look at the preposition. "Expenditures on education". If it were the act, we might say "the expenditure of funds". However, "increasing expenditures" strongly implies increasing the *sum* of money involved.

    *   **Sense 3:** `expenditure%1:04:01::`
        *   Definition: "the act of consuming something"
        *   Synonyms: consumption, using up
        *   Analysis: This is more abstract, often referring to energy or resources not necessarily monetary, or the wearing out of something. While education consumes resources, the context here is specifically about money ("influence of money is minimal"). "Consumption" fits less well than "money paid out" for the specific term "expenditures on education" in a policy/budget context.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is the *amount* spent.
    *   Sense 2 is the *act* of spending.
    *   The phrase "increasing expenditures" usually implies increasing the monetary value (Sense 1). For example, "state expenditures" refers to the budget figures.
    *   WordNet distinction:
        *   Sense 1 (belongs to noun cognition/possession/act? Actually, WordNet 1.21 usually groups "amount" under possession or state, but looking at the hierarchy `expenditure%1:21:00` often maps to `possession` -> `assets` -> `funds` -> etc., or simply the "amount" aspect. Let's check the synset structure broadly.
        *   Actually, let's look at the definitions provided in the prompt again.
        *   Sense 1: "money paid out; an amount spent".
        *   Sense 2: "the act of spending money".
    *   In the context "increasing expenditures on education", the author is talking about the *budget* or the *money* itself. "Increasing the amount spent on education". If the author meant the act, they might say "increasing spending" (which is ambiguous but often leans towards the act). However, "expenditures" (plural) often refers to the specific sums of money or the category of expense.
    *   Sense 1 matches "an amount spent". "We need to increase the amount spent." -> "We need to increase expenditures."
    *   Sense 2 matches "the act". "The expenditure of funds was difficult." (Singular usually).
    *   The plural form "expenditures" strongly favors the sense of specific amounts or items of spending (accounts, financial outflows) rather than the abstract act itself. When we list expenditures, we list amounts of money. When we increase expenditures, we increase the amounts.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It refers to the monetary amounts spent on education.

    *   Target: expenditures
    *   Definition: money paid out; an amount spent.
    *   Context match: Increasing the money/amount spent.

    Sense index: 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on <t>education</t>, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses "increasing expenditures on education".
    *   It mentions "Education takes place in the classroom".
    *   It refers to "influence of money" and "school governance".
    *   The sentence structure suggests "education" is an activity or a system being funded and performed, rather than a specific body of knowledge possessed by an individual or a specific government department (though the Department of Education spends money, the phrase "Education takes place in the classroom" strongly implies the activity/process).
    *   Key phrase: "activities of educating".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `education%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" | Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity.
        *   *Fit:* The context talks about spending money on education and education happening in the classroom. This fits the "activities" definition well. "Education takes place in the classroom" aligns with this being an activity/process of teaching.

    *   **Sense 2:** `education%1:09:00::` | Definition: "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction".
        *   *Fit:* Does one increase expenditures on "knowledge acquired"? Usually, we spend money on the *activity* or *system* of education, not the static body of knowledge itself. While related, this usually refers to a person's education ("he has a good education").

    *   **Sense 3:** `education%1:09:01::` | Definition: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge".
        *   *Fit:* Similar to Sense 1, but focuses on the *process of acquiring* (from the learner's perspective) rather than the *activity of instructing* (from the system's perspective). The text says "Education takes place in the classroom," which implies the institutional activity. However, Sense 1's synonyms (teaching, instruction, pedagogy) fit the "expenditures" and "school" context slightly better as a systemic activity. Sense 1 is often used for the general concept of schooling/instruction.

    *   **Sense 4:** `education%1:04:01::` | Definition: "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)".
        *   *Fit:* "Increasing expenditures on the profession of teaching" is possible, but the text discusses the broader system (school governance, money in classrooms). Sense 1 covers the activities broadly. Sense 4 is more restricted to the job/career aspect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `education%1:07:01::` | Definition: "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)".
        *   *Fit:* Not relevant here. This is about manners/breeding.

    *   **Sense 6:** `education%1:14:00::` | Definition: "the United States federal department...".
        *   *Fit:* The text mentions "states" and "cities" (New York, Chicago) and schools. While federal funding exists, "Education takes place in the classroom" refers to the act, not the specific federal department. Lower case "education" also suggests the general concept.

3.  **Differentiation (Sense 1 vs Sense 3):**
    *   Sense 1: "activities of educating... impart knowledge".
    *   Sense 3: "gradual process of acquiring knowledge".
    *   The context says: "Education takes place in the classroom... influence of money".
    *   When politicians discuss "spending on education", they are referring to the institutional activity, the system of instruction, and the schools (Sense 1). Sense 3 often leans towards the abstract concept or the individual's journey ("a girl's education").
    *   The example for Sense 1 ("he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed") fits the institutional context ("formal education").
    *   The example for Sense 3 ("education is a preparation for life") is more abstract/philosophical.
    *   The context here is policy and expenditure regarding schools. This aligns best with Sense 1 (activities/instruction/pedagogy).

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 represents the activities and institutional instruction that money is spent on.

5.  **Formatting:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: circumstance
Target surface form: circumstances
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current <t>circumstances</t>, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:01:: | definition=a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity
2. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:02:: | definition=the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event | synonyms=context, setting | examples=the historical context
3. sense_key=circumstance%1:09:00:: | definition=information that should be kept in mind when making a decision | synonyms=condition, consideration | examples=another consideration is the time it would take
4. sense_key=circumstance%1:11:00:: | definition=formal ceremony about important occasions | examples=pomp and circumstance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target is "circumstances" (plural noun), appearing in the phrase "in our current circumstances".

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current <t>circumstances</t>, will probably make things worse, not better."
    *   The broader context discusses school governance, political corruption, and the effectiveness of money in education.
    *   The phrase "in our current circumstances" refers to the prevailing situation, conditions, or state of affairs regarding education and politics at the time of writing. It implies the existing conditions (like corrupt school boards, inefficient governance) that affect the outcome of spending money.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `circumstance%1:26:01::` | definition="a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity".
        *   This seems plausible. The "circumstances" (current state of schools/politics) influence the activity (spending money/education).
        *   However, it's usually singular or refers to specific details. Here, "circumstances" is plural and refers to the general state of affairs.

    *   **Sense 2:** `circumstance%1:26:02::` | definition="the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event" | synonyms="context, setting".
        *   This fits very well. "In our current circumstances" is synonymous with "In our current context" or "In our current setting". It refers to the broader environment or set of facts surrounding the education system.
        *   The phrase "in our current circumstances" suggests the specific context of the education debate mentioned earlier (corruption, local boards, etc.).

    *   **Sense 3:** `circumstance%1:09:00::` | definition="information that should be kept in mind when making a decision" | synonyms="condition, consideration".
        *   This is a strong contender. "Another consideration is the time it would take."
        *   "Circumstances" often acts as a synonym for "considerations" or "conditions" when making a decision.
        *   However, the phrase "in our current circumstances" usually refers to the *situation* itself (the state of affairs) rather than just a "consideration" in a list of pros/cons. It describes the *environment* in which the decision (spending) is happening.
        *   Let's look at the definition again: "information that should be kept in mind".
        *   Compare Sense 2 ("set of facts... that surround") vs Sense 3 ("information... making a decision").
        *   The phrase "in our current circumstances" is a fixed expression (mostly) meaning "given the current situation". Sense 2's definition "the set of facts... that surround a situation" aligns perfectly with "situation" or "state of affairs".
        *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy. Sense 1 and 2 are under `state` (noun). Sense 3 is under `information` (noun).
        *   Is "circumstances" here "information"? Or a "state"?
        *   "In our current state" vs "In our current information". "State" fits better.
        *   "In our current context" (Sense 2 synonym) fits very well.
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 2: "the historical context". The phrase "in our current circumstances" functions similarly to "in the historical context". It sets the scene.
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 3: "another consideration is the time it would take". Here, "circumstance" is interchangeable with "consideration". In the target text, can we swap it? "In our current considerations"? No, that sounds like "in the things we are thinking about". The text means "In the current state of affairs".
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 is better than Sense 3.

    *   **Sense 4:** `circumstance%1:11:00::` | definition="formal ceremony about important occasions".
        *   Irrelevant. This is "pomp and circumstance".

4.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1: "a condition that accompanies or influences..."
    *   Sense 2: "the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event"
    *   WordNet often distinguishes between specific conditions (Sense 1) and the aggregate situation (Sense 2).
    *   The usage "in our current circumstances" refers to the aggregate situation—the whole environment of education politics. This aligns with Sense 2 ("the set of facts... that surround").
    *   Also, Sense 2 synonyms include "context". "In our current context" is a very close paraphrase.

    *   Let's check the specific WordNet 3.1 (or 3.0) definitions usually associated with these.
    *   WN 3.0:
        *   1: a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity
        *   2: the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event; "the historical context" [syn: context, circumstance]
        *   3: information that should be kept in mind when making a decision; "another consideration is the time it would take" [syn: consideration, circumstance]
    *   The text says "in our current circumstances".
    *   Does it mean "specific conditions" (Sense 1)? Or "the surrounding context" (Sense 2)?
    *   The text lists specific facts earlier (corrupt politicians, bad boards). These facts *constitute* the current circumstances.
    *   Sense 2 captures the "surrounding situation" aspect best.
    *   However, looking at usage, "circumstances" often maps to Sense 1 (plural). "Reduced circumstances" (poverty), "under the circumstances". "Under the circumstances" or "in the circumstances" usually maps to Sense 1 in some dictionaries (like Oxford Advanced Learner's: "the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect a situation").
    *   Let's check how WordNet handles the plural "circumstances".
    *   Sense 1 definition is singular "a condition". But it is often used for the plural form.
    *   Sense 2 definition is "the set of facts...".
    *   Let's look at the synonyms. Sense 2 has "context".
    *   Sentence: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current **context**, will probably make things worse..." -> This makes perfect sense.
    *   Sentence: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current **condition**, will probably make things worse..." -> This sounds slightly off. "In our current state" is better, but "condition" usually implies health or state of repair.
    *   Sentence: "In most states... in our current **consideration**..." -> Incorrect.

    *   Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1 usually emphasizes the *factor* influencing an event. e.g., "He was a victim of circumstance."
    *   Sense 2 emphasizes the *background* or *environment*. e.g., "pomp and circumstance" (wait, that's sense 4). Example given for Sense 2: "the historical context".
    *   The phrase "in our current circumstances" refers to the existing state of affairs. This "state of affairs" is the context in which the decision is being made.
    *   There is often overlap. But Sense 2 specifically defines itself as "the set of facts... that surround a situation". The text is discussing the background facts (corrupt boards, etc.) surrounding the situation of education funding.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most precise fit because it groups the various facts (boards, corruption, governance) into a single "set" or "context" affecting the main event (spending).

    Let's double check Sense 3.
    Definition: "information that should be kept in mind when making a decision".
    Context: The author argues that *because* of the current situation (circumstances), spending is bad.
    Is "circumstances" the information itself? Or the situation?
    Usually, "circumstances" = "state of affairs".
    Sense 3 is specifically "consideration".
    "Under the circumstances" / "In the circumstances" is a fixed phrase.
    In WordNet, "in the circumstances" or "under the circumstances" is often treated as belonging to the concept of "situation" or "state".
    Sense 2 ("set of facts... surround a situation") is effectively "situation" or "context".
    Sense 1 ("condition") is also close.

    However, Sense 2's synonym "context" is the key.
    The prompt text: "...in our current circumstances..."
    Paraphrase: "...given our current context..."
    This fits the definition of Sense 2 perfectly ("set of facts... that surround a situation").

    Let's check Sense 1 again. "A condition".
    If I say "financial circumstances", that might be Sense 1.
    If I say "pomp and circumstance", that is Sense 4.
    If I say "extenuating circumstances", that is Sense 1 (facts/conditions).

    Here, the text summarizes a complex political environment.
    "The set of facts... that surround a situation" (Sense 2) seems to capture the holistic nature of "circumstances" in this specific sentence better than "a condition" (Sense 1).
    The sentence is saying: Within the context of our current reality (corruption, bad governance), spending money won't work.
    Sense 2 synonym: Context.
    Target sentence: "In our current context".
    This is a very strong match.

    Decision: Sense 2.

    Let's verify Sense 3 one last time.
    "Another consideration is the time it would take."
    "In our current considerations, spending will make things worse."
    This sounds like "In our current thoughts". That is not what the text means. The text refers to the external reality, not the internal decision-making information (though the external reality informs the decision). The external reality is the "surrounding set of facts" (Sense 2).

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will <t>probably</t> make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "probably" in this passage.

Context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

The word "probably" here is being used to indicate that there's a high likelihood that increasing expenditures will make things worse. The author is making a prediction with considerable certainty, though not absolute certainty.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

Sense 1:
- Definition: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt"
- Synonyms: likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike
- Examples: "He is probably out of the country"; "in all likelihood we are headed for war"

Sense 2:
- Definition: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence"
- Synonyms: credibly, believably, plausibly
- Examples: "he talked plausibly before the committee"; "he will probably win the election"

Analyzing the usage in context:
The author is stating that increasing expenditures on education will likely make things worse. This is a prediction about the future with a high degree of confidence. The author follows this with "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal." This suggests they're making a logical conclusion with considerable certainty.

Sense 1 seems to match better because:
1. It conveys "considerable certainty" which matches the author's confident prediction
2. The examples show similar predictive usage
3. The synonyms like "likely" and "in all probability" would work well in this context

Sense 2 seems less appropriate because:
1. It's more about how believable or plausible something is based on evidence
2. The focus is more on credibility of an assertion rather than likelihood of an outcome
3. The examples show a slightly different usage pattern (talking plausibly, winning an election)

While the author does provide a reason (suggesting evidence), the main function of "probably" here is to indicate likelihood/uncertainty about a future outcome, not to emphasize how believable the statement is.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit for this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: make
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably <t>make</t> things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "make" in the context: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

Let me analyze this carefully:
- The sentence is about spending more money on education
- The claim is that doing so will "make things worse, not better"
- This is about causing a result/outcome - spending more will cause things to become worse

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. engage in (do) - "make love, make an effort" - doesn't fit
2. give certain properties to something - "get someone mad" - this is close, causing something to have a certain property (worse)
3. make or cause to be or to become - "make a mess, create a furor" - this could work, causing things to become worse
4. cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner - "The ads induced me to buy" - this is about causing someone to DO something, not become something
5. give rise to; cause to happen or occur - "cause a commotion" - this is about causing events/happenings
6. create or manufacture - doesn't fit
7. make, formulate, or derive in the mind - doesn't fit
8. compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way - close but more about compulsion
9. create by artistic means - doesn't fit
10. earn on some commercial or business transaction - doesn't fit

Looking more carefully at the sentence: "make things worse"

Here "make" is used in the construction "make [object] [adjective]" - causing things to become worse.

Sense 2 says: "give certain properties to something" with examples like "get someone mad; She made us look silly"

Sense 3 says: "make or cause to be or to become" with examples "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"

The construction "make things worse" is about causing things to become/BE worse - giving them the property of being worse.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate because:
- "make things worse" follows the pattern of "make [NP] [AP]"
- It's about giving the property of being "worse" to "things"
- The examples "get someone mad" and "She made us look silly" show the same construction

Sense 3 is also close but seems more about creating/causing things into existence rather than changing the state/property of existing things.

Let me reconsider sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" with examples "cause a commotion; make a stir"

This doesn't quite fit because "make things worse" isn't about causing an event to happen, it's about changing the state of "things" to be worse.

I believe sense 2 is the best match because:
- The construction "make things worse" is about giving things the property of being worse
- The examples for sense 2 show similar constructions: "get someone mad" (causing someone to be mad), "She made us look silly" (causing us to have the property of looking silly)
- The definition "give certain properties to something" captures the causative change-of-state meaning

Wait, let me look at sense 3 again:
- Definition: "make or cause to be or to become"
- Examples: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"

The example "make a mess" is actually somewhat similar - causing a mess to exist. But "make things worse" is different - it's about changing the quality/state of things.

Sense 2 seems more precise for this usage. "Make things worse" = give things the property of being worse.

Actually, let me reconsider more carefully. Looking at:
- "make a mess" - this creates a mess (brings it into existence)
- "make things worse" - this doesn't create "things worse" but rather changes existing things to become worse

Sense 2: "give certain properties to something" - this is exactly what "make things worse" does - it gives the property "worse" to "things"

Therefore, sense 2 is the best match.

Let me double-check the sense index. The senses are numbered 1-49 in the list provided.

Sense 2 is:
"2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly"

Yes, this is the correct sense. The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make <t>things</t> worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

The target is "things" which refers to the situation or state of affairs regarding education. "Make things worse" means to make the situation worse.

Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. a special situation ("this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing")
2. an action ("how could you do such a thing?")
3. a special abstraction ("a thing of the spirit; things of the heart")
4. an artifact ("how does this thing work?")
5. an event ("a funny thing happened on the way to the...")
6. a vaguely specified concern; synonyms: matter, affair ("several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair")
7. a statement regarded as an object
8. an entity that is not named specifically ("I couldn't tell what the thing was")
9. any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence
10. a special objective
11. a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion
12. a separate and self-contained entity

"Make things worse" -> "things" = the situation, state of affairs.
Sense 1: "a special situation" fits well. "This thing has got to end" -> thing = situation.
Sense 6: "a vaguely specified concern" (matter, affair). "Make matters worse" is a very common idiom, synonymous with "make things worse". "Matters" = "things" = affairs, situation.

Let's differentiate between 1 (a special situation) and 6 (a vaguely specified concern; matter, affair).
"Make things worse" is exactly synonymous with "make matters worse". The synonyms for 6 are "matter, affair". "Matters" in "make matters worse" fits sense 6 perfectly.
Wait, does "things" in "make things worse" refer to a "vaguely specified concern" or a "special situation"?
In WordNet, "thing" as "a vaguely specified concern" is Sense 6.
"thing%1:09:02::" (lexname 09 is act, state, event, etc? Wait, 1:09 is "act" maybe? No, 1:26 is state. 1:04 is act. 1:09 is communication? No, 1:09 is cognition?)
Let's just look at the definitions and synonyms.
6: "a vaguely specified concern" | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
"Make things worse" = "make matters worse". Things = matters = affairs = vaguely specified concerns.
Sense 1: "a special situation" | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing.

If "things" means the general situation/affairs, then "matter" or "affair" fits. "Make matters worse" vs "make things worse".
In WordNet 3.0:
Noun
S: (n) thing (a special situation) "this thing has got to end"; "it is a remarkable thing"
S: (n) thing (an action) "how could you do such a thing?"
S: (n) thing (a special abstraction) "a thing of the spirit"; "things of the heart"
S: (n) thing, (an artifact) "how does this thing work?"
S: (n) thing (an event) "a funny thing happened on the way to the..."
S: (n) matter, affair, thing (a vaguely specified concern) "several matters to attend to"; "it is none of your affair"
S: (n) thing (a statement regarded as an object) "to say the same thing in other terms"; "how can you say such a thing?"
S: (n) thing (an entity that is not named specifically) "I couldn't tell what the thing was"
S: (n) thing (any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence) "the thing I like about her is ..."
S: (n) thing (a special objective) "the thing is to stay in bounds"
S: (n) thing (a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion) "he has a thing about seafood"; "she has a thing about him"
S: (n) thing (a separate and self-contained entity)

Wait, "make things worse" usually means "make the situation worse".
Does "thing" meaning "a special situation" fit "things"?
In "make things worse", "things" refers to the general state of affairs.
Synonyms for sense 6 are matter, affair. "Make matters worse" is a very well-known collocation. Thus, sense 6 is highly appropriate.
Is "things" in "make things worse" referring to "a vaguely specified concern"? "The concern" is the education system. "Make things worse" -> "make affairs worse" -> "make matters worse". Yes, sense 6.

Let's check sense 1: "a special situation". "Things" in plural usually means "affairs" or "matters". "How are things?" = "How are affairs/matters?". So sense 6 is plural affairs/matters. Sense 1 is "a special situation" (usually singular: "this thing"). Sense 6 has "matter, affair" as synonyms, which strongly aligns with the plural "things" meaning "affairs/matters/situation".

Let's double check.
"things" in "make things worse" = matters, affairs, state of affairs.
Sense 6 has synonyms "matter, affair". This is an exact match for the plural "things" = "affairs/matters".
Therefore, sense 6 is the best choice.

provider: SiliconFlow