[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: side
Target surface form: side
Context:
The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his <t>side</t>. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=side%1:15:02:: | definition=a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location | examples=they always sat on the right side of the church; he never left my side
2. sense_key=side%1:14:00:: | definition=one of two or more contesting groups | examples=the Confederate side was prepared to attack
3. sense_key=side%1:08:00:: | definition=either the left or right half of a body | examples=he had a pain in his side
4. sense_key=side%1:15:00:: | definition=a surface forming part of the outside of an object | synonyms=face | examples=he examined all sides of the crystal; dew dripped from the face of the leaf
5. sense_key=side%1:06:00:: | definition=an extended outer surface of an object | examples=he turned the box over to examine the bottom side; they painted all four sides of the house
6. sense_key=side%1:09:00:: | definition=an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect) | examples=he was on the heavy side; he is on the purchasing side of the business
7. sense_key=side%1:15:01:: | definition=a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure | examples=the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side
8. sense_key=side%1:14:01:: | definition=a family line of descent | examples=he gets his brains from his father's side
9. sense_key=side%1:13:00:: | definition=a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food | synonyms=side of meat
10. sense_key=side%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=position | examples=there are two sides to every question
11. sense_key=side%1:17:01:: | definition=an elevated geological formation | synonyms=slope, incline | examples=he climbed the steep slope; the house was built on the side of a mountain
12. sense_key=side%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=English

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    The sentence is: "History, after all, is not on his **side**."
    The speaker is Mr. Hammond, who is worried about the diminishing ranks of bell ringers.
    The phrase is an idiom: "on [someone's] side".
    Meaning: supporting someone, favorable to someone, acting in someone's favor.
    History is personified as an opposing force or an ally. In this case, history is *not* supporting his cause (keeping the bells pealing).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (side%1:15:02::):** "a place within a region identified relative to a center..." (e.g., right side of the church).
        *   *Analysis:* Physical location. Doesn't fit the abstract meaning of History supporting him.

    *   **Sense 2 (side%1:14:00::):** "one of two or more contesting groups" (e.g., the Confederate side).
        *   *Analysis:* This is close in terms of "teams" or "sides" in a conflict. However, "History is not on his side" doesn't mean History is a distinct *group* battling another group. It implies support/alliance. But often, in WordNet, idioms like "on one's side" (supportive) are mapped to specific senses. Let's look further.

    *   **Sense 3 (side%1:08:00::):** "either the left or right half of a body".
        *   *Analysis:* Anatomical. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 4 (side%1:15:00::):** "a surface forming part of the outside of an object".
        *   *Analysis:* Physical surface. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5 (side%1:06:00::):** "an extended outer surface of an object".
        *   *Analysis:* Physical surface. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6 (side%1:09:00::):** "an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect)".
        *   *Analysis:* Abstract, but usually refers to facets of an issue (e.g., "the business side", "the heavy side"). "History is not on his side" isn't about an aspect of history, but rather history's stance/attitude.

    *   **Sense 7 (side%1:15:01::):** "a line segment forming part of the perimeter...".
        *   *Analysis:* Geometry. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 8 (side%1:14:01::):** "a family line of descent".
        *   *Analysis:* Genealogy. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 9 (side%1:13:00::):** "a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass".
        *   *Analysis:* Food. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 10 (side%1:10:00::):** "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a point of view or a stance in an argument (e.g., "his side of the story"). In the phrase "on one's side", the meaning leans towards support or alignment. While Sense 2 talks about "contest groups", Sense 10 talks about "opinion/stance". However, looking at the specific phrase "on one's side" (meaning supportive), standard dictionaries often link this to the concept of being part of one's party or faction (Sense 2) or holding a shared opinion (Sense 10).

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 10 vs Sense 6.
        *   *Context:* "History ... is not on his side."
        *   *Meaning:* History is not favorable to him; history is not helping him.
        *   *WordNet mappings:* WordNet 3.0/3.1 sometimes handles idioms specifically or maps them to the most basic sense available.
        *   Let's look at the provided examples for Sense 2: "the Confederate side was prepared to attack". This is a faction.
        *   Let's look at Sense 10: "an opinion that is held in opposition to another...".
        *   Let's look at Sense 6: "an aspect of something". Example: "he was on the heavy side".

    *   Let's check how WordNet defines "on one's side".
        *   Usually, this concept maps to **Sense 2** (one of two or more contesting groups) or sometimes Sense 10 (opinion).
        *   If X is "on my side", X is part of my faction/alliance.
        *   In the phrase "History is not on his side", History is treated as a powerful force/entity. If it were "on his side", it would be part of his "team" or faction helping him succeed.
        *   Compare to Sense 2: "one of two or more contesting groups". If History is not on his side, it implies there is a struggle (the struggle to keep bells ringing). Mr. Hammond is one side; the forces of history/change are the other. If history were "on his side", it would be in his group.
        *   Therefore, the core meaning is allegiance in a conflict/contest.
        *   Let's look at Sense 10 again. "an opinion that is held in opposition to another". "History is not on his side" isn't saying history has an opinion. It implies support/power dynamics.
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 ("one of two or more contesting groups") is the closest fit for the idiom "on one's side" when it implies support in a struggle or endeavor.

    *   Wait, let me double-check if there's a specific mapping for "take sides" or "on one's side".
    *   In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "on one's side" is often tagged with the sense related to factions or contesting groups.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "one of two or more contesting groups".
    *   Context: Mr. Hammond is fighting a battle against time/change. He wants History to be in his group (fighting for him). It is not.
    *   This fits the "contest group" schema better than "opinion" (Sense 10) or "aspect" (Sense 6).

    *   Let's check Sense 1 again. "a place within a region". "On his side" could mean "next to him" (physical). Example: "He never left my side".
        *   Does the text mean History is not standing physically next to him? No, it's metaphorical.
        *   Metaphorical usage of "side" usually derives from either physical proximity (Sense 1) or factional alignment (Sense 2).
        *   When we say "Luck is on my side", we mean Luck is allied with me. Alliance -> Faction -> Sense 2.

    *   Let's verify Sense 6. "an aspect of something". "He was on the heavy side." "He is on the purchasing side of the business."
        *   "History is not on his side" doesn't fit the "aspect" meaning. History isn't an aspect of Mr. Hammond. Mr. Hammond is trying to achieve a goal.

    *   Let's verify Sense 10. "an opinion...". "There are two sides to every question."
        *   While Mr. Hammond might have an opinion, saying History is "not on his side" refers to support/favorability, not an opinion held by History.

    *   Conclusion: The phrase "on [someone's] side" meaning "supportive of/favorable to" maps most logically to the concept of being in the same group/faction as that person in a contest/endeavor. This corresponds to **Sense 2**.

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Some dictionaries might separate "support" from "contest group", but within the provided candidate list:
        *   Sense 2 is "one of two or more contesting groups".
        *   Sense 10 is "opinion in an argument".
        *   Idiom "on my side": means allied with me.
        *   Allied with me -> Sense 2.

    *   Let's check the example for Sense 1: "they always sat on the right side of the church; he never left my side".
        *   "He never left my side" uses "side" in the sense of physical proximity/location relative to a person. This is Sense 1.
        *   Is "History is not on his side" a metaphor for "History is not standing next to him"? No. It is a metaphor for "History is not fighting with him". "Fighting with him" implies joining his "side" (Sense 2).

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    *   Let's double check Sense 10 one more time.
        *   Definition: "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute".
        *   Synonyms: position.
        *   Example: "there are two sides to every question".
        *   If the sentence was "Mr. Hammond explained his side of the story," it would be Sense 10.
        *   But the sentence is "History is not on his side." This implies History is an actor or a force. If it is "on his side", it acts as an ally. An ally belongs to one's faction/party.
        *   Sense 2 covers "party" or "faction".

    *   Decision: Sense 2.

provider: Baidu


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survey
Target surface form: survey
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide <t>survey</t> taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survey%1:04:02:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=study
2. sense_key=survey%1:10:00:: | definition=short descriptive summary (of events) | synonyms=sketch, resume
3. sense_key=survey%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of looking or seeing or observing | synonyms=view, sight | examples=he tried to get a better view of it; his survey of the battlefield was limited

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: "survey"
    *   Context: A paragraph about church bell ringers in East Anglia, difficulties in maintaining numbers, and a specific reference to a "nationwide survey" regarding the state of church bells in England.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Definition: "a detailed critical inspection" (Synonyms: study).
        2.  Definition: "short descriptive summary (of events)" (Synonyms: sketch, resume).
        3.  Definition: "the act of looking or seeing or observing" (Synonyms: view, sight).
    *   Constraint: Choose the single best indexed sense. Return JSON only.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence containing the target word: "According to a nationwide **survey** taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."
    *   The word "survey" refers to a study or investigation conducted across the nation to gather data (statistics) about church bells.
    *   It involves collecting information (that nearly a third of bells are silent).
    *   It is a noun referring to the product of an investigation or study.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "a detailed critical inspection" (Synonyms: study).
        *   Does this fit? Yes. A nationwide collection of data about the status of church bells is a study or inspection. It provides specific results ("nearly a third..."). It fits the pattern of "conducting a survey" or "a survey taken". This sense captures the idea of a formal gathering of data/analysis.

    *   **Sense 2:** "short descriptive summary (of events)" (Synonyms: sketch, resume).
        *   Does this fit? No. This usually refers to a survey of history, a survey course, or a summary of a sequence of events (like a resume or a historical sketch). While the survey result is summarized in the text, the word itself refers to the data collection process ("taken a year ago"), not just a summary of a timeline of events.

    *   **Sense 3:** "the act of looking or seeing or observing" (Synonyms: view, sight).
        *   Does this fit? No. This sense refers to the physical act of looking at something (e.g., a battlefield, a landscape). While a survey involves looking, Sense 1 ("detailed critical inspection" / "study") is the standard term for a statistical or systematic investigation (like a poll or questionnaire). Sense 3 is more about the visual act (like "surveying the land"). The context implies a formal study or poll.

4.  **Refine the Choice:**
    *   The context mentions "a nationwide survey taken...". Surveys are instruments for gathering data (detailed critical inspection/study).
    *   Sense 1 (study/inspection) is the standard WordNet definition for a statistical survey or poll.
    *   Sense 2 is for things like "a survey of 19th-century literature" (overview).
    *   Sense 3 is for "he surveyed the scene" (visual act).

    The text discusses statistics ("nearly a third"), which implies a quantitative study. Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct match.

5.  **Construct Output:**
    *   Selected index: 1.
    *   Format: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey <t>taken</t> a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "taken" in the context: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."

Let me analyze this:
- The phrase is "a nationwide survey taken a year ago"
- This refers to a survey that was conducted/carried out a year ago
- The meaning here is "conducted" or "carried out" - the survey was performed/executed

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
   - This is about carrying out actions. "Take action" and "take steps" are similar to "take a survey" meaning to conduct it.

2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up
   - Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere
   - Not relevant.

4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically
   - Not relevant.

5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect
   - Not relevant.

6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way
   - Not relevant.

7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere
   - Not relevant.

8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession
   - Not relevant.

9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation
   - Not relevant.

10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives
    - Not relevant.

11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered
    - Not relevant.

12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles
    - Not relevant.

13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes
    - Not relevant.

14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper
    - Not relevant.

15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to
    - "Take a test" could be similar but this is about surveys, not tests.

16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something
    - Not relevant.

17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete
    - Not relevant.

18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly
    - Not relevant.

19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly
    - Not relevant.

20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose
    - Not directly relevant.

21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force
    - Not relevant.

22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on
    - Not relevant.

23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community
    - Not relevant.

24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial
    - Examples: "take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors"
    - This is close! "A survey taken" could fit this pattern - surveys involve measurements, readings, data collection.

25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject
    - Not relevant.

26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence
    - Not relevant.

27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction
    - Not relevant.

28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go towards
    - Not relevant.

29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way
    - Not relevant.

30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person
    - Not relevant.

31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract
    - Not relevant.

32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly
    - Not relevant.

33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select
    - Not relevant.

34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having
    - Not relevant.

35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use
    - Not relevant.

36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea
    - Not relevant.

37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take
    - Not relevant.

38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing
    - Not relevant.

39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit
    - Not relevant.

40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle
    - Not relevant.

41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning
    - Not relevant.

42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness
    - Not relevant.

Looking at the two most promising options:

Option 1: sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
- This means to execute, perform, or carry out an action
- "Take a survey" = carry out a survey = conduct a survey
- This fits the context well - a survey was conducted/carried out

Option 24: sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
- This is more about measurements and readings specifically
- A survey does involve measurement/data collection, but the sense here seems more focused on physical measurements like taking a pulse or readings from instruments

The context "a nationwide survey taken a year ago" clearly means a survey was conducted/administered/carried out. The sense that best captures "carry out" or "execute" is sense 1.

"Take a survey" is analogous to "take action" - it's about performing or carrying out an activity.

Therefore, the best match is sense 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a <t>year</t> ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "year" in the context: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago..."

Let me analyze this context:
- The phrase is "taken a year ago"
- This refers to a period of time - specifically, the survey was taken one year (12 months) before the current time being discussed
- It's using "year" as a unit of time measurement, referring to a period of approximately 365 days

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920

2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year

3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days

4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Analysis:
- Sense 4 is about a group of students - clearly not applicable here.
- Sense 3 is about the astronomical definition of a year (planetary revolution) - too technical, not relevant to this context about a survey timeframe.
- Sense 2 is about a specific activity-related portion of a year (like a school year) - not applicable here.
- Sense 1 is the general definition of a year as a period of 365/366 days - this fits perfectly with "a year ago" meaning one calendar year (approximately 365 days) before now.

The context "taken a year ago" uses "year" to indicate a time period of approximately 365 days. This is the most basic and common sense of "year" as a unit of time measurement.

Sense 1 is the correct choice here.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's <t>church</t> bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: church
    *   Target surface form: church
    *   Context: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's <t>church</t> bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."
    *   Key phrase: "England's <t>church</t> bells".
    *   Surrounding context: The text talks about bell ringers driving from "church to church", trying to keep bells sounding in "belfries". The specific instance refers to the bells belonging to the churches.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `church%1:14:00::` | Definition: "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship" | Synonyms: Christian church.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to denominations (e.g., the Catholic Church, the Anglican Church). While the bells might belong to the Anglican Church broadly, the phrasing "England's church bells" usually refers to the physical buildings distributed across the landscape where the bells are housed. Also, Sense 1 is usually an abstract collective entity, whereas bells are physical objects attached to physical structures.

    *   **Sense 2:** `church%1:06:00::` | Definition: "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" | Synonyms: church building | Examples: "the church was empty".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the physical building. Church bells are physically located in the belfries of church buildings. The text mentions driving from "church to church" (places) and "belfries" (part of buildings). The phrase "England's church bells" strongly implies the bells associated with the physical structures found throughout England.

    *   **Sense 3:** `church%1:04:00::` | Definition: "a service conducted in a house of worship" | Synonyms: church service | Examples: "don't be late for church".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to an event. Bells do not belong to a service in a possessive sense ("England's service bells" doesn't fit the idiom well, though they ring *for* services). The target sentence talks about the bells themselves, which are permanent fixtures of the buildings.

    *   **Sense 4:** `church%1:14:01::` | Definition: "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church" | Examples: "our church is hosting a picnic next week".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the congregation. Bells are not possessed by the congregation in the way the sentence implies (physical attachment). They are fixtures of the tower/building.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The sentence refers to "church bells". Bells are physical objects housed in belfries (mentioned earlier in the text).
    *   The bells are associated with the physical locations (buildings).
    *   The earlier context mentions driving "from church to church", which clearly implies movement between physical locations/buildings.
    *   Therefore, the sense referring to the physical building is the best fit.
    *   Sense 2 fits best.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Sentence: "nearly a third of England's [church building] bells..."
    *   Does it make sense? Yes.
    *   Sentence: "nearly a third of England's [denomination] bells..." No.
    *   Sentence: "nearly a third of England's [service] bells..." No.
    *   Sentence: "nearly a third of England's [congregation] bells..." No.

    The correct sense is Sense 2.

    Index 1 corresponds to `church%1:14:00::`.
    Index 2 corresponds to `church%1:06:00::`.
    Index 3 corresponds to `church%1:04:00::`.
    Index 4 corresponds to `church%1:14:01::`.

    Selected Index: 2.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church <t>bells</t> are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence discusses "ringers" (bell ringers), "belfries," "pealing," "church," and the action of "ringing." It explicitly mentions "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung." The context is about church bells, specifically the physical objects that are rung manually by people pulling ropes or handles in a church tower.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck". This is the generic definition of a bell, specifically fitting large church bells found in belfries.
    *   **Sense 2:** "a push button at an outer door..." (doorbell). This doesn't fit "belfries" or "ringers" or the act of keeping them sounding on Sundays.
    *   **Sense 3:** "the sound of a bell being struck". The text refers to the physical objects that need to be rung ("ring the bells", "bells are no longer rung"), not the abstract sound itself, although the sound is produced. In "keep the bells sounding," "bells" refers to the instruments. In "Aslacton bells pealing," it refers to the instruments. In "church bells are no longer rung," it refers to the instruments. Sense 3 is usually reserved for usage where "bell" stands in for the sound (e.g., "I heard a bell"). Here it refers to the countable objects in the belfry.
    *   **Sense 4:** "(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units...". Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 5:** "the shape of a bell". Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 6:** "a phonetician...". Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 7:** "English painter...". Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 8:** "United States inventor...". Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 9:** "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells...". This refers to orchestral chimes/tubular bells. While related, church bells in a belfry are distinct from orchestral chimes.
    *   **Sense 10:** "the flared opening...". Not applicable.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 defines the physical object ("hollow device made of metal").
    *   Sense 3 defines the sound ("the sound of a bell being struck").
    *   Context: "keep the bells sounding", "Aslacton bells pealing", "church bells are no longer rung".
    *   When we say "ring the bells," we are treating "bells" as the instrument (Sense 1). If the text meant the sound, it would likely use "toll" or just "sound." The reference to "belfries" confirms these are the large metal objects hanging in the tower.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the physical church bells being rung by ringers.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Target: bells (plural noun).
    *   Context: Church bells in belfries, rung by ringers.
    *   Sense 1: A hollow device made of metal... (Church bells).
    *   Match: Perfect.

5.  **Construct Output:**
    *   Index: 1
    *   Format: JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: no
Target surface form: no
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are <t>no</t> longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=no%4:02:02:: | definition=referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present | synonyms=no more | examples=he was no heavier than a child
2. sense_key=no%4:02:01:: | definition=not in any degree or manner; not at all | examples=he is no better today
3. sense_key=no%4:02:00:: | definition=used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement | examples=no, you are wrong

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are **no** longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."
    *   Target word: "no".
    *   Construction: "no longer" (adverbial phrase).
    *   Meaning: The phrase "no longer" indicates that a previous state (bells being rung) has ceased or is not continuing into the present. It negates the continuation of the action "rung". It implies "not anymore" or "not now".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present"
        *   Synonyms: "no more"
        *   Examples: "he was no heavier than a child"
        *   Analysis: This sense often appears in comparative constructions like "no [comparative adjective] than" (e.g., no better, no heavier). It suggests a limit to a degree. However, "no longer" fits slightly differently. "No longer" means "not anymore". Let's check the synonyms. "No more" can mean "not anymore" (e.g., "he is no more" - archaic/dramatic, or "we go there no more" - poetic). Let's look at the example "he was no heavier than a child". This is a specific comparative degree usage.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "not in any degree or manner; not at all"
        *   Synonyms: (not listed in prompt, but usually distinct from degree comparison).
        *   Examples: "he is no better today"
        *   Analysis: This example "he is no better today" looks very similar to the example in Sense 1 ("he was no heavier than a child"). This suggests a subtle distinction in WordNet's organization or a potential overlap that needs careful checking.
        *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present".
        *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "not in any degree or manner; not at all".
        *   Let's look at the phrase "no longer".
            *   "No longer" = "not now" or "not anymore".
            *   Does it fit "not in any degree or manner"? "Not in any degree longer"? That feels awkward.
            *   Does it fit "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present"? "No longer" quantifies the time/duration aspect.

    *   **Sense 3:**
        *   Definition: "used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement"
        *   Examples: "no, you are wrong"
        *   Analysis: This is the interjection/standalone usage. Clearly incorrect here.

3.  **Deep Dive into Sense 1 vs. Sense 2:**
    *   WordNet (Princeton) often splits "no" into different adverbial usages.
    *   Let's look at the specific mapping for "no longer".
    *   In WordNet 3.1/3.0:
        *   `no%4:02:01::` is often cited for "not at all" or "not in any degree".
        *   `no%4:02:02::` is often associated with "no more" (as an adverb).
    *   Let's check the specific examples provided in the prompt again carefully.
        *   Sense 1 (index 1): Synonyms "no more". Example "he was no heavier than a child".
        *   Sense 2 (index 2): Example "he is no better today".
        *   Context: "no longer".

    *   Wait, "no longer" is a fixed phrase. Let's see how WordNet treats it.
    *   "no longer" is often a synonym or directly mapped to `no%4:02:02::` (meaning "no more"). "No more" in the sense of "not anymore" (e.g., "he is no more" or "I go there no more").
    *   However, the example for Sense 1 is "he was no heavier than a child". This is a degree comparison. But the synonym is "no more".
    *   The example for Sense 2 is "he is no better today". This is also a degree comparison.

    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present".
    *   Sense 2 definition: "not in any degree or manner; not at all".

    *   This is tricky because the examples look like they belong to the same category (degree comparison with adjectives).
    *   However, let's look at the phrase "no longer".
        *   "Longer" is a comparative adjective.
        *   "No longer" means "not anymore" or "not now".
    *   Does "no" in "no longer" function as "not in any degree" (Sense 2)?
        *   "He is no better" -> He is not better to any degree. (Negation of degree).
        *   "Bells are no longer rung" -> Bells are not rung anymore.
    *   Does it function as "referring to the degree..." (Sense 1)?
        *   Sense 1 synonyms include "no more".
        *   "No longer" is semantically equivalent to "no more" in the temporal sense.
        *   If Sense 1 has the synonym "no more", it is the strong candidate for "no longer".
        *   Why? Because "no more" acts as the direct lexical substitute for "no longer" in many contexts (archaic/poetic: "He is no more" = dead; "I go there no more" = I go there no longer).
        *   Sense 2 example "he is no better today" focuses on the negation of the quality 'better'.
        *   Sense 1 definition "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present" feels like it covers "no [comparative]". BUT, the synonym "no more" is the key differentiator provided in the prompt data.

    *   Let's re-evaluate the WordNet structure for "no" (adverb).
    *   WordNet 3.0:
        *   Sense 1: `no%4:02:00::` (interjection).
        *   Sense 2: `no%4:02:01::` (negation). "not in any degree...".
        *   Sense 3: `no%4:02:02::` (degree). "referring to the degree...".
    *   Wait, the prompt indices might be custom or specific to the version used.
        *   Prompt Sense 1: key `no%4:02:02::`. Def: "referring to the degree...". Syn: "no more".
        *   Prompt Sense 2: key `no%4:02:01::`. Def: "not in any degree...". Ex: "he is no better today".
        *   Prompt Sense 3: key `no%4:02:00::`. Def: "refusal...".

    *   Okay, the Prompt's Sense 1 corresponds to WordNet sense `no%4:02:02::`.
    *   The Prompt's Sense 2 corresponds to WordNet sense `no%4:02:01::`.

    *   Let's analyze "no longer" against `no%4:02:02::` (Prompt Sense 1).
        *   WordNet entry for `no%4:02:02::`: "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present".
        *   Synonyms listed in WN: `no_more`.
        *   Examples in WN: "he was no heavier than a child".
    *   Let's analyze "no longer" against `no%4:02:01::` (Prompt Sense 2).
        *   WordNet entry for `no%4:02:01::`: "not in any degree or manner; not at all".
        *   Examples in WN: "he is no better today".

    *   Crucial distinction: The prompt assigns "no more" as a synonym ONLY to Sense 1 (`no%4:02:02::`).
    *   "No longer" is semantically synonymous with "no more" (temporal sense).
        *   "They are no longer rung." = "They are rung no more."
    *   Therefore, since "no more" is listed as a synonym for Sense 1, and "no longer" is paraphrased by "no more", Sense 1 is the intended target.

    *   Let's double check the definition of Sense 1: "referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present".
        *   Does "no longer" fit this definition?
        *   "Longer" is a comparative degree of "long" (time). "No" qualifies the degree of "longer".
        *   The quality is "being rung" (duration/continuance).
        *   "No longer" sets the degree of this temporal quality to zero (negative).
        *   It fits the schematic definition provided, even if the example "no heavier" is a physical quality. The synonym "no more" bridges the gap to temporal usage.

    *   Let's check Sense 2: "not in any degree or manner; not at all".
        *   Example: "he is no better today".
        *   Could "no longer" fit here?
        *   "They are not at all longer rung"? No, that sounds wrong.
        *   "They are not in any manner longer rung"? No.
        *   "They are not in any degree longer rung"? This is grammatically possible but semantically strained. "No longer" is a phrasal negation of time/continuance.
        *   In WordNet, `no%4:02:01::` usually doesn't have "no more" as a direct synonym. It handles the "not" negation of adjectives (no different, no better).
        *   However, `no%4:02:02::` includes the synonym "no more".

    *   Conclusion: The presence of "no more" as a synonym for Sense 1 is the deciding factor. "No longer" and "no more" are interchangeable in the context of "not anymore". Even though the example "no heavier" suggests degree comparison, the definition "referring to the degree..." is broad enough to cover the temporal degree ("longer"), and the synonym mapping confirms it.

    *   Selection: Index 1.

    *   Let me sanity check the indices provided in the prompt.
        *   1 -> `no%4:02:02::` (degree/quality, syn: no more)
        *   2 -> `no%4:02:01::` (not in any degree/manner)
        *   3 -> `no%4:02:00::` (interjection)

    *   Wait, standard WordNet sense ordering (based on sense key numbering):
        *   `no%4:02:00::` is usually the interjection (Yes/No).
        *   `no%4:02:01::` is usually "not in any degree".
        *   `no%4:02:02::` is usually "referring to the degree".
    *   The prompt follows this numbering in the list (1, 2, 3).
    *   Target: "no longer".
    *   Mapping:
        *   Sense 1 (`no%4:02:02::`): Synonym "no more".
        *   Sense 2 (`no%4:02:01::`): Example "no better".
    *   "No longer" = "not anymore".
    *   "No more" = "not anymore".
    *   Synonyms match Sense 1.

    *   Is there any ambiguity with Sense 2?
        *   Sense 2 definition "not in any degree or manner; not at all".
        *   Usage: "He is no friend of mine" (not at all). "He is no better".
        *   Usage of "no longer": "They are *no longer* rung."
        *   If we treated "longer" as an adjective, "no longer" could fit "not in any degree longer". But "no longer" is a set phrase meaning "formerly but not now".
        *   WordNet treats "no longer" as a separate entry (satellite adj `no_longer`), pointing back to "no" as an adverb.
        *   Specifically, "no_longer" (adv) is defined as "not anymore" and points to "no" in the sense of `no%4:02:02::` (referring to degree/quality, syn: no more).
        *   Source check (mental model of WN relations): The adverb "no" in the sense "no more" (syn: no longer) is usually assigned to the sense key `no%4:02:02::`.

    *   Therefore, the correct index is 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: rung
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer <t>rung</t> on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: *ring*
    *   Target surface form: *rung* (past participle).
    *   Context snippet: "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer *rung* on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses "ringers", "church bells", "belfries", "East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing", "ancient art". It talks about the physical action of causing bells to sound.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `ring%2:39:00::` | Definition: "sound loudly and sonorously" | Synonyms: peal | Examples: "the bells rang".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense usually refers to the bell itself sounding (intransitive usage mostly, though sometimes used transitively in archaic/poetic contexts). Here, "bells are no longer *rung*" is a passive construction. The bells are the object. Someone rings the bells.
    *   **Sense 2:** `ring%2:39:04::` | Definition: "ring or echo with sound" | Synonyms: resound, echo, reverberate | Examples: "the hall resounded with laughter".
        *   *Analysis:* This is definitely intransitive ("The hall rang with laughter"). The context here requires a transitive sense (passive voice: "bells are rung").
    *   **Sense 3:** `ring%2:39:01::` | Definition: "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification" | Synonyms: knell | Examples: "Ring the bells", "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church".
        *   *Analysis:* This is the transitive sense. It explicitly mentions "make (bells) ring". The context sentence is "bells are no longer *rung*". This fits perfectly. The active equivalent is "no one rings the bells". The example "My uncle rings every Sunday" shows the activity related to church bells, which matches the text's focus on "ringers" and Sunday services.
    *   **Sense 4:** `ring%2:32:00::` | Definition: "get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone" | Synonyms: call, telephone...
        *   *Analysis:* Telephone context. Not relevant here.
    *   **Sense 5:** `ring%2:35:03::` | Definition: "extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle" | Synonyms: surround...
        *   *Analysis:* Spatial context. Not relevant.
    *   **Sense 6:** `ring%2:35:00::` | Definition: "attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify" | Synonyms: band...
        *   *Analysis:* Ornithology context. Not relevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Context: "...bells are no longer *rung*..."
    *   Passive voice construction requires a transitive verb.
    *   Sense 1 ("sound loudly and sonorously") is typically intransitive ("The bells rang"). While WordNet sometimes lists glosses that can be tricky, Sense 3 explicitly defines the action of *making* the bells ring ("make (bells) ring").
    *   The example for Sense 3 ("Ring the bells") matches the syntax of the context (passive form of "ring the bells").
    *   The broader context is about "ringers" (people who ring), "training youngsters", "ancient art" of campanology. This is the specific act of pulling ropes to sound bells. Sense 3 covers the agentive, transitive action.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The target word *rung* in "bells are no longer rung" is the past participle of the transitive verb meaning to operate a bell to produce sound.
    *   This corresponds to Sense 3.

5.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   Format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   X = 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sunday
Target surface form: Sundays
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on <t>Sundays</t> because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sunday%1:28:00:: | definition=first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians | synonyms=Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun
2. sense_key=sunday%1:18:00:: | definition=United States evangelist (1862-1935) | synonyms=Billy Sunday, William Ashley Sunday

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `sunday`
    *   Target surface form: `Sundays`
    *   Context: A text about church bell ringers in East Anglia. They drive from church to church on Sundays. The survey mentions bells aren't rung on Sundays.
    *   Candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1: "first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians" (synonyms: Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun).
        *   Sense 2: "United States evangelist (1862-1935)" (synonyms: Billy Sunday, William Ashley Sunday).
    *   Constraints: Choose the single best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Return only JSON `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses a schedule: "...drive every Sunday from church to church...".
    *   It discusses a specific timeframe for religious services: "...ring for even one service...".
    *   It mentions "discos and their dances" happening at other times, conflicting with this specific time.
    *   The target sentence: "...nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on <t>Sundays</t> because there is no one to ring them."
    *   The usage here refers to a recurring day of the week associated with religious observance (church services).

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (The day of the week):** Matches perfectly. The context is about church services, rest, and worship time (ringing bells). The phrase "on Sundays" refers to the day of the week.
    *   **Sense 2 (Billy Sunday, the person):** Incorrect. "Billy Sundays" would be plural proper noun referring to multiple people named Billy Sunday, or perhaps multiple instances of the person (which doesn't make sense). The context is about a time/day, not a person. The capitalization fits the day of the week convention (though the person's name is also capitalized). The preposition "on" strongly suggests a time/day.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is clearly the correct choice.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants `{"sense_index": 1}` (assuming 1-based indexing based on the list provided).

    *   List provided:
        1. sense_key=sunday%1:28:00:: ...
        2. sense_key=sunday%1:18:00:: ...

    *   Therefore, sense index is 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: ring
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to <t>ring</t> them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target word: "ring" (verb, indicated by the context "no one to <t>ring</t> them").
    *   Context snippet: "...nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."
    *   Subject: "no one" (people).
    *   Object: "them" (referring to "church bells").
    *   Scenario: People causing bells to make sound in a church setting.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `ring%2:39:00::` - "sound loudly and sonorously" (intransitive use mostly, "the bells rang"). The context here is transitive ("to ring them").
    *   Sense 2: `ring%2:39:04::` - "ring or echo with sound" (intransitive/ergative use, "the hall resounded"). Doesn't fit the transitive structure "ring them" (bells).
    *   Sense 3: `ring%2:39:01::` - "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification". Gloss explicitly mentions "make (bells) ring". Example: "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church". This fits the context perfectly (Sunday church bells, ringers causing bells to sound).
    *   Sense 4: `ring%2:32:00::` - "get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone". Synonyms: call, phone. Incorrect context (church bells, not telephones).
    *   Sense 5: `ring%2:35:03::` - "extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle". Synonyms: surround. Incorrect context.
    *   Sense 6: `ring%2:35:00::` - "attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify". Synonyms: band. Incorrect context (ornithology vs. campanology).

3.  **Evaluate fit:**
    *   The sentence structure is "to [verb] [object]", where the object is "church bells".
    *   Sense 1 defines the bell sounding itself ("The bells rang").
    *   Sense 3 defines an agent causing the bell to sound ("make (bells) ring"). The example "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church" aligns almost perfectly with the text's subject matter (Sunday service ringing).
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice. It captures the causative action of a ringer acting upon a bell.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   Request requires a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 3}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: easy
Target surface form: easy
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is <t>easy</t> to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=easy%3:00:01:: | definition=posing no difficulty; requiring little effort | examples=an easy job; an easy problem
2. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:unhurried:00 | definition=not hurried or forced | synonyms=easygoing, leisurely | examples=an easy walk around the block; at a leisurely (or easygoing) pace
3. sense_key=easy%3:00:02:: | definition=free from worry or anxiety | examples=knowing that I had done my best, my mind was easy; an easy good-natured manner
4. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=affording pleasure | examples=easy good looks
5. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:light:08 | definition=having little impact | synonyms=gentle, soft | examples=an easy pat on the shoulder; gentle rain
6. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:impressionable:00 | definition=readily exploited or tricked | examples=an easy victim; an easy mark
7. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:rich:00 | definition=in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich | synonyms=comfortable, prosperous, well-fixed, well-heeled, well-off, well-situated | examples=they were comfortable or even wealthy by some standards; easy living
8. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:gradual:02 | definition=marked by moderate steepness | synonyms=gentle | examples=an easy climb; a gentle slope
9. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:comfortable:00 | definition=affording comfort | examples=soft light that was easy on the eyes
10. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:unchaste:00 | definition=casual and unrestrained in sexual behavior | synonyms=light, loose, promiscuous, sluttish, wanton | examples=her easy virtue; he was told to avoid loose (or light) women
11. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:available:00 | definition=less in demand and therefore readily obtainable | examples=commodities are easy this quarter
12. sense_key=easy%5:00:00:abundant:00 | definition=obtained with little effort or sacrifice, often obtained illegally | examples=easy money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "It is <t>easy</t> to see why the ancient art is on the ropes."
    *   The broader context discusses the difficulty of maintaining bell-ringing groups due to a lack of interest from youth and the aging population.
    *   The specific phrase "It is easy to see" is an idiomatic construction meaning "It is not difficult to understand" or "The reason is readily apparent."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `posing no difficulty; requiring little effort` (examples: "an easy job", "an easy problem").
        *   *Analysis:* This fits "easy to see". Seeing/understanding the reason poses no difficulty. It aligns with the general definition of "not hard".

    *   **Sense 2:** `not hurried or forced` (synonyms: easygoing, leisurely).
        *   *Analysis:* Does not fit. The context is about understanding, not speed or pace.

    *   **Sense 3:** `free from worry or anxiety`.
        *   *Analysis:* Does not fit. This refers to a state of mind (e.g., "my mind was easy"), not the nature of an action or perception.

    *   **Sense 4:** `affording pleasure`.
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** `having little impact` (synonyms: gentle, soft).
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** `readily exploited or tricked`.
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 7:** `in fortunate circumstances financially`.
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 8:** `marked by moderate steepness`.
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 9:** `affording comfort`.
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 10:** `casual and unrestrained in sexual behavior`.
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 11:** `less in demand and therefore readily obtainable`.
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 12:** `obtained with little effort or sacrifice, often obtained illegally`.
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The phrase "It is easy to see" implies that understanding the situation requires little effort or poses no difficulty.
    *   Sense 1 defines "easy" as "posing no difficulty; requiring little effort".
    *   While the examples for Sense 1 are physical tasks ("an easy job"), the core semantic meaning (lack of difficulty) applies perfectly to mental tasks like understanding or seeing.
    *   None of the other senses (unhurried, worry-free, pleasurable, gentle, exploitable, rich, gradual, comfortable, promiscuous, available, illegal) fit the context of cognitive ease.

4.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: "It is [no difficulty] to see why..." matches Sense 1.
    *   Index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: see
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to <t>see</t> why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes."
    *   Phrase: "It is easy to see why..."
    *   Meaning: The text discusses the decline of bell-ringing in England due to a lack of interest from youth. The sentence states that understanding the reason for this decline (the art being "on the ropes") is straightforward.
    *   "See" here means to understand, grasp, or perceive mentally the reasons or logic behind a situation.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   1. `see%2:39:00::` (perceive by sight): Physical vision. Not the primary meaning here; the writer isn't looking at an object, but understanding a concept/reason.
    *   2. `see%2:31:01::` (perceive (an idea or situation) mentally; understand, realize): This fits perfectly. "Now I see!", "I just can't see your point". The context "easy to see why" implies mental comprehension of the cause.
    *   3. `see%2:39:02::` (perceive or be contemporaneous with; witness): "You'll see a lot of cheating". This is about witnessing events. Not exactly understanding logic.
    *   4. `see%2:36:00::` (imagine; conceive of): "I can see what will happen". This is about mental visualization. While close, the context is about understanding a logical conclusion derived from facts (survey results, youth culture), not just imagining a scene.
    *   5. `see%2:31:00::` (deem to be; consider): "I consider her to be shallow". This is an opinion/judgment. "It is easy to consider why" doesn't fit the idiom as well as "It is easy to understand why".
    *   6. `see%2:31:02::` (get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally; learn, hear): "I see that you have been promoted". This is acquiring knowledge. The context implies the conclusion is obvious/logical, fitting "understand" better than just "learning" a fact.
    *   7. `see%2:39:03::` (see or watch): Viewing a show. Irrelevant.
    *   8. `see%2:38:00::` (come together; meet): Social meeting. Irrelevant.
    *   9. `see%2:32:00::` (find out, learn, or determine with certainty): "See whether it works". This involves an action of checking. Here, the understanding is passive/immediate ("It is easy to see").
    *   10. `see%2:31:03::` (be careful or certain to do something): "See that the curtains are closed". Imperative usage. Irrelevant.
    *   11-16. (Professional visit, social visit, entertainment visit, take charge, receive guest, date): Irrelevant to the context of understanding a reason.
    *   17. `see%2:39:05::` (see and understand, have a good eye): Artistic context. Irrelevant.
    *   18. `see%2:31:08::` (deliberate or decide): "let's see". Irrelevant.
    *   19-24. (Observe with eye, examine, experience, escort, match, interpret): None fit the mental comprehension aspect as well as sense 2.

3.  **Compare the Top Contenders:**
    *   Sense 1 (Visual): "It is easy to perceive by sight why..." - Possible metaphor, but usually "see why" maps to "understand why".
    *   Sense 2 (Mental perception/Understand): "It is easy to understand why..." - This is the standard idiomatic meaning of "see why". The synonym "understand" is explicitly listed. The example "Now I see!" fits the cognitive realization found in the text.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The phrase "see why" indicates cognitive understanding of a cause-and-effect relationship.
    *   Sense 2 defines this as "perceive (an idea or situation) mentally" with synonyms "understand, realize".
    *   Index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ancient
Target surface form: ancient
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the <t>ancient</t> art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire | examples=ancient history; ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians
2. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:old:02 | definition=very old | examples=an ancient mariner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 2}

content: sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
1.  to see why the ancient art is on the ropes." The context discusses bell-ringing in English churches. Mr. Hammond talks about the difficulty of keeping the tradition alive because young people drift away. The text mentions "History... is not on his side" and refers to a survey about church bells no longer being rung.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: `belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire`. Examples: "ancient history", "ancient civilizations". This refers to the specific historical era (Ancient History).
    *   Sense 2: `very old`. Examples: "an ancient mariner". This refers to something that has existed for a very long time.
4.  **Disambiguate**:
    *   Is bell-ringing an art belonging to the era before the fall of the Western Roman Empire? No. Change ringing (the specific English style mentioned as distinct from continental carillons) developed in the 17th century (early modern period). While bells are old, the specific art form described here is not "ancient" in the archaeological/historical sense of Ancient Rome or Greece.
    *   Is bell-ringing a "very old" art? Yes. In the context of the article, it's a tradition passed down through generations, struggling to survive. The text implies it has been around for a long time ("keeps the Aslacton bells pealing", "history... is not on his side"). It fits the general meaning of being very old or existing for a long time, rather than the specific technical period of "Ancient History".
    *   The phrase "anc 2 corresponds object `{"sense_index": 2}`.

Wait, let me double-check the indexing.
Candidate senses listed:
1. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:past:00 (Ancient History sense)
2. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:old:02 (Very old sense)

The version... as do the carillons of continental Europe..."
Change ringing is distinct.
Change ringing started "Ancient History" sense (Sense 1) usually implies BC or very early AD.
The "Very old" sense (Sense 2) applies to things that have just been around a long time relative to human lifespans.
Therefore, Sense 2 is correct.

Result: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ancient
Target surface form: ancient
Context:
"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the <t>ancient</t> art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire | examples=ancient history; ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians
2. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:old:02 | definition=very old | examples=an ancient mariner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes."
    *   Subject: "the ancient art" (referring to change ringing, ringing church bells).
    *   Contextual details: The text discusses a dying tradition in England. Mr. Hammond mentions "youngsters... drift away." There's a comparison to "continental Europe" and a distinction made by the English. The art has history, but the key focus is on the difficulty of keeping it alive now because it's old-fashioned or fading, and the practitioners are aging.
    *   Is the art "ancient" in the sense of "belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire"? Change ringing developed in England around the 17th century (early modern period). It is not "ancient" in the classical sense (Roman Empire, antiquity).
    *   Is the art "ancient" in the sense of "very old"? Yes. It dates back several centuries. It is an old tradition.

2.  **Analyze Sense 1:**
    *   Definition: "belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire"
    *   Examples: "ancient history", "ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians"
    *   Fit: Change ringing is not from the time of the Roman Empire or antiquity. It is a post-medieval development (roughly 1600s). Therefore, this specific technical definition (often associated with 'ancient history') is historically inaccurate for the subject matter described, even if the word "ancient" is used colloquially.

3.  **Analyze Sense 2:**
    *   Definition: "very old"
    *   Examples: "an ancient mariner"
    *   Fit: Change ringing is a "very old" art form in the context of modern society (hundreds of years old). When people refer to an "ancient art" like bell ringing or a specific craft, they usually mean it has been practiced for a very long time, not necessarily that it dates back to 500 BC. The text emphasizes the age of the tradition and the difficulty of sustaining it against modern distractions ("discos", "dances"). The usage aligns with the general sense of "very old" rather than the specific epoch of "Ancient History".

4.  **Compare:**
    *   Sense 1 is specific to the epoch (BC/early AD antiquity).
    *   Sense 2 is general age (very old).
    *   Change ringing is "very old" (Sense 2) but not "Ancient World" old (Sense 1).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct fit.

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The correct index is 2.