[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turned out
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it <t>turned out</t> that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    The sentence is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it **turned out** that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

    The phrase "it turned out that..." introduces a fact that became known or was discovered as a result of investigation or comparison. The initial belief (p53 causes cancer/promotes growth) was corrected by the new discovery (p53 suppresses growth, Levine had a damaged form).
    Structure: "it turned out that [clause]".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `turn_out%2:42:00::` | Definition: "be shown or be found to be" | Synonyms: prove, turn up | Examples: "She proved to be right", "The medicine turned out to save her life".
        *   This fits the idea of being found to be something. The example "The medicine turned out to save her life" is close in structure to "it turned out that...". However, the structure "it turned out that [clause]" is slightly different from "X turned out to be Y". Sense 1 seems to focus on the subject "X turns out to be Y".

    *   **Sense 2:** `turn_out%2:42:01::` | Definition: "prove to be in the result or end" | Examples: "It turns out that he was right".
        *   This example matches the context sentence structure almost perfectly ("It turns out that...").
        *   The definition "prove to be in the result or end" aligns with the discovery aspect. The context shows a discovery that clarifies a previous misunderstanding. The result of the comparison was the realization that Levine was observing a damaged form.

    *   **Sense 3:** `turn_out%2:36:01::` | Definition: "produce quickly or regularly..."
        *   Irrelevant (factory production).

    *   **Sense 4:** `turn_out%2:42:02::` | Definition: "result or end" | Examples: "How will the game turn out?"
        *   This refers to the outcome of an event/process, usually intransitive usage regarding an event's outcome. "The game turned out well." The context is "it turned out that...", which introduces a fact, not just an outcome quality.

    *   **Sense 5:** `turn_out%2:30:00::` | Definition: "come, usually in answer to an invitation..."
        *   Irrelevant (attendance).

    *   **Sense 6:** `turn_out%2:36:00::` | Definition: "bring forth" (bearing fruit).
        *   Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 7:** `turn_out%2:35:00::` | Definition: "put out or expel..."
        *   Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 8:** `turn_out%2:41:03::` | Definition: "come and gather for a public event"
        *   Irrelevant (gathering).

    *   **Sense 9:** `turn_out%2:40:03::` | Definition: "outfit or equip..."
        *   Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 10:** `turn_out%2:38:00::` | Definition: "turn outward"
        *   Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 11:** `turn_out%2:35:01::` | Definition: "cause to stop operating..."
        *   Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 12:** `turn_out%2:29:00::` | Definition: "get up and out of bed"
        *   Irrelevant.

3.  **Narrow down to Sense 1 vs Sense 2:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "She proved to be right." / "The medicine turned out to save her life."
        *   Usage: Subject + turn out + to-infinitive.
        *   Definition: "be shown or be found to be".

    *   **Sense 2:** "It turns out that he was right."
        *   Usage: Dummy "it" + turn out + that-clause.
        *   Definition: "prove to be in the result or end".

    *   **Context Sentence:** "it **turned out** that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53..."
    *   The sentence structure matches Sense 2's example perfectly ("It turns out that...").
    *   Sense 1 usually takes a real subject (e.g., "She turned out to be right").
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the precise match for the construction "it turned out that...".

    Let's double-check the definitions.
    Sense 1: "be shown or be found to be".
    Sense 2: "prove to be in the result or end".

    While the meanings are very similar (hence the same WordNet head numbers often appearing, though here they are both 2:42), the specific syntactic frame "it turned out that..." is explicitly listed as the example for Sense 2. In fine-grained WSD, the syntactic frame often distinguishes sub-senses.

    Context: "it turned out that..."
    Sense 2 Example: "It turns out that he was right".

    This is a direct hit.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    Sense 2 matches the context structure ("it turned out that clause") and meaning (discovery of a fact after the fact).

    Sense index: 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's <t>cancer</t> studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Task: Fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   Target lemma: cancer.
    *   Target surface form: cancer.
    *   Context: A scientific text about gene research, specifically regarding Dr. Vogelstein, Arnold Levine, the p53 gene, and cancer formation/cells.
    *   Candidate senses: 5 provided senses related to disease, astrology, constellation, zodiac sign, and genus.
    *   Constraints: Choose the single best indexed sense, do not hedge, do not output the sense key, return *only* a JSON object like {"sense_index": 1}.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Keywords: "DNA", "gene", "Dr. Vogelstein", "p53 gene", "transform normal cells into cancerous ones", "human cancer cells", "promoting growth", "suppressed growth", "cancer formation", "cancer-gene research".
    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, discussing the mechanism of disease (uncontrolled cell division, tumors, malignancy).
    *   The target sentence is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth..."
    *   Here, "cancer" refers to the disease/malignancy caused by genetic mutations.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cancer%1:26:00::` - Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease". This fits the medical/biological context perfectly. The text discusses genes causing "cancer" (the disease) by transforming cells.
    *   **Sense 2:** `cancer%1:18:00::` - Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer". Incorrect context.
    *   **Sense 3:** `cancer%1:17:00::` - Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation...". Incorrect context.
    *   **Sense 4:** `cancer%1:15:00::` - Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac...". Incorrect context.
    *   **Sense 5:** `cancer%1:05:00::` - Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae". This refers to a biological classification of crabs. While the text mentions "Mr. Levine" (which might sound like a name), the text is about human cells and disease. It is not about the genus of crabs.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the definition of the disease. The text discusses "cancer cells", "cancer formation", and "cancer-gene research".
    *   Sense Index: 1.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   JSON format required: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

6.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Does the context mention stars or zodiac signs? No.
    *   Does the context mention marine biology (genus of crabs)? No.
    *   Does the context mention malignant disease? Yes.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is correct.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer <t>studies</t>, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "...it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer <t>studies</t>, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53..."
    *   Subject: Mr. Levine (a researcher).
    *   Action/Context: He was doing experiments with mice, finding genes, observing results. He found a gene called p53 in experiments.
    *   The phrase "cancer studies" refers to the research projects, investigations, or experiments conducted by Mr. Levine regarding cancer.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `study%1:04:00::` (detailed critical inspection / survey). This refers to the act of examining something closely or a specific investigation. "Cancer studies" fits well here as scientific investigations.
    *   2. `study%1:09:03::` (applying the mind to learning... / work). This is more about the process of studying for a class or learning a subject. Doesn't fit "cancer studies" in the context of professional research experiments.
    *   3. `study%1:10:00::` (written document describing findings / report). "Cancer studies" usually refers to the research activity or the body of work, not necessarily the physical documents, though they result in documents. However, the context mentions him "observing" something *in* his studies. One observes phenomena *during* the process of investigation, not usually "in" the document. One writes findings *in* a document.
    *   4. `study%1:09:04::` (state of deep mental absorption). "In Mr. Levine's cancer studies" doesn't fit "state of absorption".
    *   5. `study%1:06:00::` (room). Not a room.
    *   6. `study%1:09:02::` (branch of knowledge / discipline). "Cancer studies" can be a field, but the context says he "had unknowingly been observing a damaged form... in his cancer studies". This implies specific instances of research/investigation he conducted, rather than the abstract academic field.
    *   7. `study%1:06:01::` (preliminary drawing). Irrelevant.
    *   8. `study%1:09:01::` (attentive consideration / meditation). "In his cancer meditations"? No.
    *   9. `study%1:18:00::` (person). Irrelevant.
    *   10. `study%1:10:01::` (musical composition). Irrelevant.

3.  **Differentiate between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" / "survey". Synonyms: survey.
    *   Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings..." / "report". Synonyms: report, written report.

    *   Let's look at the preposition and the action.
    *   "In Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing..."
    *   If "studies" meant "reports" (Sense 3), the sentence would mean "In his written documents, he had been observing...". You don't usually observe live biological phenomena (like a damaged form of p53 in mice/cells) inside a written report. You observe them during the investigation/experiment.
    *   Therefore, "studies" here refers to the investigations/experiments themselves.
    *   Sense 1 definition "a detailed critical inspection" fits the scientific investigation aspect.
    *   Wait, let's check the definition of Sense 1 vs other potential overlaps.
    *   Sense 1 usually implies a specific act of looking at something.
    *   In scientific contexts, "studies" often refers to the specific projects or experiments.
    *   WordNet's structure:
        *   `study%1:04:00::` is under `investigation`.
        *   `study%1:10:00::` is under `communication` (the document).
    *   Context: "experiments with mice... found a gene... observing a damaged form... in his cancer studies".
    *   He was conducting investigations (experiments). These investigations are the "studies".
    *   Sense 1 fits best. "A detailed critical inspection" acts as a hypernym for scientific studies/investigations in this schema.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   The word "studies" refers to the experiments/investigations conducted by the researcher.
    *   Sense 1 (detailed critical inspection / survey) captures the activity of investigation.
    *   Sense 3 is the report.
    *   Sense 6 is the field.
    *   The context emphasizes the activity where the observation happened ("he had unknowingly been observing... in his cancer studies"). This points to the process of investigation (Sense 1), not the resulting paper (Sense 3).

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observe
Target surface form: observing
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been <t>observing</t> a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observe%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=observe%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=note, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
3. sense_key=observe%2:39:01:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=note, take note | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=observe%2:39:00:: | definition=watch attentively | examples=Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals
5. sense_key=observe%2:41:01:: | definition=show respect towards | synonyms=respect, honor, honour, abide by | examples=honor your parents!
6. sense_key=observe%2:41:02:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=celebrate, keep | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
7. sense_key=observe%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
8. sense_key=observe%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
9. sense_key=observe%2:41:04:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=keep | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "observing" in this passage.

The context is about scientific research on genes, specifically about p53 gene research. The sentence is: "it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been <t>observing</t> a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (synonyms: detect, find, discover, notice)
2. "make mention of" (synonyms: note, mention, remark)
3. "observe with care or pay close attention to" (synonyms: note, take note)
4. "watch attentively" (examples: "Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals")
5. "show respect towards" (synonyms: respect, honor, honour, abide by)
6. "behave as expected during of holidays or rites" (synonyms: celebrate, keep)
7. "follow with the eyes or the mind" (synonyms: watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on)
8. "stick to correctly or closely" (synonyms: keep, maintain)
9. "conform one's action or practice to" (synonyms: keep)

In the context, Mr. Levine was conducting cancer studies and during those studies, he was "observing" a damaged form of p53. This means he was watching, studying, or examining the p53 gene in his experiments, without knowing that it was damaged.

This scientific context suggests that the most appropriate sense is either:
- Sense 4: "watch attentively" (scientific observation)
- Sense 1: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"

Let me think more carefully. The sentence says he had been "unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53". This means he was studying/watching/examining it in his experiments, but didn't realize its true nature (that it was damaged). This aligns with sense 4 "watch attentively" in a scientific context.

Sense 1 doesn't quite fit because he didn't "discover" or "find" the damaged form - he was studying it without knowing it was damaged. The emphasis is on the act of watching/studying during his experiments.

Sense 3 "observe with care or pay close attention to" is close, but sense 4 specifically mentions watching chemical reactions as an example, which is similar to the scientific experimental context here.

Let me confirm my choice: In the context of scientific research/experiments, "observing" a gene in studies means watching attentively, monitoring, or studying it. The closest sense to this usage is sense 4: "watch attentively" with the example "Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals" being particularly relevant to the experimental context.

So my answer is sense index 4.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a <t>damaged</t> form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The target word is "damaged" appearing in the phrase "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."
    *   The context discusses biological research into genes (p53).
    *   Dr. Vogelstein found a deletion.
    *   Arnold Levine previously found p53 caused cancer (transformed normal cells) by promoting growth.
    *   Vogelstein was looking for a growth suppressor.
    *   It turns out Levine was observing a "damaged" form of p53. The implication is that the gene was physically altered or mutated, preventing it from functioning correctly as a suppressor (or causing it to behave abnormally).
    *   The "damaged" form contrasts with the normal, functional gene.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: harmed or injured or spoiled.
        *   Examples: "damaged goods", "badly damaged buildings".
        *   This sense refers to physical harm, impairment, or spoilage of an object or entity. In a biological context, a "damaged" gene refers to a mutation or structural alteration that impairs its function. This fits the scientific context of a gene that isn't working right because it's "broken" or altered.
    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: being unjustly brought into disrepute.
        *   Synonyms: discredited.
        *   Examples: "discredited politician", "damaged reputation".
        *   This sense refers to reputation or social standing. Genes do not have reputations. They are biological molecules. This sense does not fit the context.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The context is about a biological molecule (DNA/gene).
    *   Sense 1 covers physical harm/injury/spoilage. A mutated gene is often described as "damaged" DNA.
    *   Sense 2 is metaphorical/social (reputation).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged <t>form</t> of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "form" in this passage.

The passage discusses a gene called p53 that scientists were studying. The relevant sentence is:
"...it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged **form** of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

Here, "form" is used to describe a variant or variant version of the p53 gene. The "damaged form" refers to a specific variation or variant of the gene that was damaged.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. form%1:10:00:: - phonological/orthographic appearance of a word - Not applicable here.
2. form%1:09:01:: - a category of things distinguished by common characteristic - This could potentially apply, but "damaged form" isn't really about a category.
3. form%1:09:00:: - a perceptual structure - Not applicable.
4. form%1:07:01:: - spatial attributes defined by outline - Not applicable.
5. form%1:08:00:: - alternative names for human body - Not applicable.
6. form%1:03:00:: - spatial arrangement distinct from substance - Not applicable.
7. form%1:07:00:: - visual appearance - Not applicable.
8. form%1:10:01:: - a printed document - Not applicable.
9. form%1:14:02:: - a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups (synonyms: variant, strain) - This seems applicable! A "damaged form" of a gene could be seen as a variant or strain.
10. form%1:10:02:: - an arrangement of elements in composition/discourse - Not applicable.
11. form%1:07:03:: - a particular mode in which something is manifested - This could also potentially apply, as the "damaged form" is a mode in which the gene is manifested.
12. form%1:26:00:: - distinct state of matter - Not applicable.
13. form%1:14:00:: - body of students taught together - Not applicable.
14. form%1:07:02:: - ability to perform well - Not applicable.
15. form%1:06:00:: - life-size dummy for clothes - Not applicable.
16. form%1:06:01:: - mold for setting concrete - Not applicable.

Between senses 9 and 11, I need to determine which is more appropriate.

Sense 9 (form%1:14:02::) refers to "a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups" with synonyms like "variant, strain, var." This biological sense seems relevant since we're talking about a gene. The example "a new strain of microorganisms" shows this is used in biological contexts.

Sense 11 (form%1:07:03::) refers to "a particular mode in which something is manifested" with an example "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility." This is more general and about manifestation.

In this context, we're talking about a gene that was observed in a damaged state or variant. The "damaged form of p53" refers to a specific variation of the gene that had been damaged, making it different from the normal form. This aligns with the biological sense of form as a variant.

The sentence says "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53" - this suggests that the gene existed in different variants/forms, and the one observed was the damaged variant. This is very close to the biological definition in sense 9.

Therefore, the correct answer is sense 9 (form%1:14:02::).

So the answer would be:
{"sense_index": 9}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The <t>discovery</t> "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: discovery
    *   Target surface form: discovery
    *   Context snippet: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation...'"
    *   Full context summary: Scientists found a specific gene deletion/mutation (p53). It turns out this gene is identical to one found earlier by Levine, but Levine had misinterpreted its function because he was observing a damaged form. The realization/finding that this gene is a cancer-suppressor and identical to p53 is the "discovery" mentioned in the target sentence.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `discovery%1:04:00::` | definition="the act of discovering something" | synonyms=find, uncovering.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the *process* or *act* of finding. In the sentence "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit...", does "discovery" refer to the act? Usually, when a discovery puts something somewhere (metaphorically), we are talking about the *result* or the *fact found*, not just the act of looking. While the act led to the result, the phrasing "The discovery... puts..." suggests the entity or the factual realization is the agent of change here. However, WordNet distinctions can be subtle.

    *   **Sense 2:** `discovery%1:10:00::` | definition="something that is discovered"
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the entity or object found. In this case, the discovery is the realization/fact about the p53 gene being a suppressor. Or is it the gene itself? The gene was "found" earlier. The *new* discovery is the understanding of its true nature (it's a suppressor, not a promoter) and the link between the two findings. Is a scientific finding an "object"? It can be abstract. Let's compare with Sense 3.

    *   **Sense 3:** `discovery%1:09:00::` | definition="a productive insight" | synonyms=breakthrough, find.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense emphasizes the *intellectual* breakthrough or insight. The context describes a major shift in understanding: "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation." This sounds like a significant breakthrough. The realization that the gene suppresses cancer (rather than causing it) and the identification of the deletion fits the idea of a "productive insight" or "breakthrough." The quote suggests a paradigm shift or a crucial finding that advances the field.

    *   **Sense 4:** Legal definition. Irrelevant here.

3.  **Disambiguate between Sense 1 (Act), Sense 2 (Object), and Sense 3 (Insight/Breakthrough):**

    *   *Test against the sentence:* "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit...'"
    *   If it were Sense 1 (Act): "The act of finding puts a gene..." - A bit awkward. Usually, the act happens, and the result changes things.
    *   If it were Sense 2 (Entity): "The thing that was found puts a gene..." - The "thing found" is the fact that the gene is a suppressor and the deletion location. This is close.
    *   If it were Sense 3 (Insight/Breakthrough): "The breakthrough puts an obscure gene..." - This fits the tone of the quote ("suddenly puts... right in the cockpit"). The synonyms "breakthrough" and "find" align well with the scientific context where a major leap in understanding has occurred.

    *   *Deep dive into WordNet structure:*
        *   Sense 1 (Act) is an event/process.
        *   Sense 2 (Object) is an entity.
        *   Sense 3 (Insight) is a cognitive state/achievement.

    *   *Context Clues:* The text describes the resolution of a puzzle (dubiousness, doubts, conflicting theories). The resolution is the realization that the gene is a suppressor. The quote calls this "obscure gene" putting it "in the cockpit". The *discovery* is the result of the investigation which resolves the doubt.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: "breakthrough, find".
    *   Let's look at the definition for Sense 2: "something that is discovered".
    *   In scientific literature, a "discovery" is often the finding itself.
    *   Is this specific instance a "productive insight" (Sense 3) or a generic "something discovered" (Sense 2)?
    *   The definition of Sense 3 ("productive insight") usually implies a flash of understanding or a sudden advancement. The text says "suddenly puts...", supporting the "insight/breakthrough" aspect.
    *   However, Sense 2 is the most general sense for the result of the act of discovery. Is the specific definition of "productive insight" restrictive?
    *   Let's check usage examples for Sense 3 vs Sense 2 in WordNet (conceptually).
        *   Sense 2 examples: "he made a discovery", "she was the discoverer of radium". (Often used for the object or the general fact).
        *   Sense 3 examples: "sounds like a find", "it was a breakthrough".

    *   Let's look at the specific context again. The discovery is the *fact* that the gene is a suppressor and involved in the deletion.
    *   Sense 1 (Act): No.
    *   Sense 2 (Something discovered): Yes, it's the fact.
    *   Sense 3 (Productive insight): Yes, it's a major step forward.

    *   *Differentiation:* Sense 2 is often used for the object found (e.g., The New World was a discovery). Sense 3 is used for the intellectual realization or breakthrough (e.g., Fleming's discovery of penicillin - though that's often Sense 1 or 2).
    *   Wait, "Fleming's discovery" is often the Act (Sense 1).
    *   "The discovery was a new species of beetle" -> Sense 2.
    *   "The discovery changed the field of physics" -> Could be Sense 2 (the fact found) or Sense 3 (the breakthrough).
    *   WordNet Sense 3 definition: "a productive insight". Synonyms: "breakthrough", "find".
    *   The phrase "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit..." highlights the *significance* and the *change in understanding*. This leans towards "breakthrough" (Sense 3). The word "suddenly" in the quote mirrors the "insight" aspect.
    *   However, Sense 2 is the hypernym for the "thing" found.
    *   Let's consider the definitions strictly.
    *   Sense 2: "something that is discovered".
    *   Sense 3: "a productive insight".
    *   Is this discovery a "productive insight"? Yes. Is it "something discovered"? Yes.
    *   Usually, if a discovery leads to a major shift ("cockpit of cancer formation"), it fits the "breakthrough" profile.
    *   Let's look at the annotation guidelines usually associated with these datasets (like SemCor/ONTOnotes). "Discovery" referring to a scientific finding that constitutes an advance is often tagged as Sense 2 in some hierarchies, but in WordNet, Sense 3 specifically captures the "breakthrough" aspect.
    *   Let's look at the text again. "The discovery 'suddenly puts...'"
    *   Does it mean the *fact* (Sense 2) or the *breakthrough/advance* (Sense 3)?
    *   If I say "The discovery of DNA was important," is it Sense 1 or 2? Usually Sense 1 (act) or Sense 2 (result).
    *   If I say "It was a real discovery," implying a breakthrough, it's Sense 3.
    *   Here, the discovery *is* the realization about p53. It advances the field. The synonym "breakthrough" fits very well with the quote's sentiment about the gene's central role ("cockpit").
    *   However, Sense 2 is the default for "that which is discovered".
    *   Let's check the distinction.
    *   Example of Sense 2: "The discovery of the body." (Not a breakthrough).
    *   Example of Sense 3: "Einstein's discoveries." (Breakthroughs).
    *   In this text, the finding resolves a conflict and establishes a central tenet of cancer research. It is highly productive. It creates a "productive insight".
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 seems appropriate because of the weight/significance implied by the context ("cockpit of cancer formation", "obscure gene... suddenly puts"). It is not just a random found object; it is an intellectual breakthrough.

    *   *Counter-argument for Sense 2:* The discovery is the identification of the gene's role. That is a "thing discovered". Sense 2 covers facts as well as objects. Sense 3 is a specific *type* of discovery (an insight/breakthrough).
    *   Does the text emphasize the *productivity* of the insight? Yes. "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit". It defines the gene's importance. This matches "productive insight" or "breakthrough".
    *   Sense 2 is "something that is discovered". While true, Sense 3 is more specific to the scientific context of a major finding.
    *   Let's look at the surface form "The discovery". It functions as a noun phrase denoting the result.
    *   If I have to choose between the general category (Sense 2) and the specific nuance (Sense 3), context usually dictates the nuance. The context here is high-stakes science, paradigm shifts ("dubious", "doubts", "unknowingly", "suddenly puts").
    *   This strongly aligns with "breakthrough" (Sense 3).
    *   Let's verify if Sense 2 is typically used for scientific findings in WordNet. WordNet examples for Sense 2: "he made a discovery".
    *   WordNet examples for Sense 3: "it was a breakthrough".
    *   The quote says "The discovery 'suddenly puts...'". This sounds like "The breakthrough 'suddenly puts...'".
    *   If it were Sense 2, it might be "The discovery of the gene was published in Nature." (Neutral).
    *   The context emphasizes the *impact*, which aligns with the definition of Sense 3 ("productive").

    *   Let's double check Sense 1. "The act of discovering". The sentence structure "The discovery... puts..." makes the discovery the subject of the action. The *act* (process) doesn't usually "put a gene in the cockpit" after the fact; the *result/insight* does. So Sense 1 is out.

    *   Comparison: Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 2: generic result.
    *   Sense 3: breakthrough/insight.
    *   Is every scientific discovery a breakthrough? No. Is this one? Yes, the text explicitly frames it as a major realization correcting previous errors and placing the gene centrally.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 captures the specific meaning of "discovery" here better than the generic Sense 2. The specific definition "a productive insight" matches the context of the quote describing the gene's sudden rise to importance ("cockpit").

    *   Decision: Sense 3.

    *   Wait, let me pause. In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "discovery" in "The discovery of X" or "X's discovery" is often tagged as the Act (Sense 1) or the Result (Sense 2).
    *   Example: "The discovery of America" -> often Act.
    *   "He made a discovery" -> often Result (Sense 2) or Act.
    *   Let's check the nuances of Sense 3 again. Synonyms: *breakthrough, find*.
    *   If the sentence was "It was a discovery that changed the world," it leans to Sense 3.
    *   Here: "The discovery 'suddenly puts...'".
    *   Let's try to substitute.
    *   "The breakthrough 'suddenly puts...'" -> Fits perfectly.
    *   "The thing found 'suddenly puts...'" -> Fits, but "thing found" is clunky for a fact. "The fact discovered" fits better.
    *   Is "The fact discovered" Sense 2 or 3? Sense 2 definition is "something that is discovered". A fact is something.
    *   However, Sense 3 definition "a productive insight" implies a mental realization.
    *   The context describes a puzzle (Levine thought it promoted growth, Vogelstein found deletion but sought suppressor). The resolution is the *insight* that they are the same and Levine was looking at a damaged form. This is a classic "productive insight".
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

    *   Let's check if there are any distractors.
    *   Sense 4 is legal. No.
    *   Sense 1 is act. No.

    *   Refining the choice between 2 and 3.
    *   Sense 2 usually covers the concrete object or the general result.
    *   Sense 3 covers the intellectual leap.
    *   The text describes the resolution of a misunderstanding (Levine's damaged form). The correction of this misunderstanding is the "discovery". The quote highlights the consequence: "cockpit of cancer formation". This consequence is the "productivity" of the insight.
    *   Synonyms for Sense 3: breakthrough.
    *   "The breakthrough 'suddenly puts...'"
    *   Synonyms for Sense 2: (none listed in the prompt, usually "find" is shared or Sense 3 has it).
    *   Actually, the prompt lists synonyms for Sense 3 as "breakthrough, find".
    *   Sense 1 synonyms: "find, uncovering".
    *   Sense 2 synonyms: (not listed, usually generic).

    *   Let's look at WordNet 3.0/3.1 structure directly if possible (mental check).
    *   Sense 1: Act.
    *   Sense 2: Entity/Event/Abstraction (Something discovered).
    *   Sense 3: Act/Event (Productive insight).
    *   Wait, is Sense 3 a subtype of Act? "insight" is a cognitive act/state.
    *   Let's look at the provided definitions again.
    *   Sense 3: "a productive insight".
    *   The finding that p53 is a suppressor and the realization of the error regarding the damaged form is indeed an insight.
    *   The context "suddenly puts..." strongly supports the "breakthrough" reading (Sense 3).
    *   If the sentence were "The discovery was made yesterday," it would be Sense 1.
    *   If the sentence were "The discovery was a new mineral," it would be Sense 2.
    *   Here the discovery is a scientific realization that changes the landscape of the field. Sense 3 fits best.

    *   Final check: "The discovery" refers to the finding that the gene is a suppressor and identical to p53.
    *   Is this a "productive insight"? Yes. It "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit...".
    *   Index mapping:
        1. Act
        2. Object
        3. Insight
        4. Law
    *   Selected Index: 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suddenly
Target surface form: suddenly
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "<t>suddenly</t> puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:02:: | definition=happening unexpectedly | synonyms=all of a sudden, of a sudden | examples=suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her side
2. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:00:: | definition=quickly and without warning | synonyms=abruptly, short, dead | examples=he stopped suddenly
3. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:04:: | definition=on impulse; without premeditation | synonyms=on the spur of the moment | examples=he decided to go to Chicago on the spur of the moment; he made up his mind suddenly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "suddenly" is being used.

The sentence is: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."

In this context, "suddenly" is describing how the discovery changes the status of an obscure gene - it brings it into prominence ("right in the cockpit of cancer formation") in an unexpected manner. The discovery revealed the importance of this gene in a way that wasn't anticipated.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "happening unexpectedly" with synonyms "all of a sudden, of a sudden" and example "suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her side"
   - This sense emphasizes something happening without expectation or anticipation.

2. "quickly and without warning" with synonyms "abruptly, short, dead" and example "he stopped suddenly"
   - This sense emphasizes speed and lack of warning, often used with physical actions.

3. "on impulse; without premeditation" with synonyms "on the spur of the moment" and examples "he decided to go to Chicago on the spur of the moment; he made up his mind suddenly"
   - This sense emphasizes spontaneous decisions or actions.

In the context, the discovery isn't about something happening quickly (sense 2) or on impulse (sense 3). Rather, it's about how the discovery unexpectedly transformed the understanding of this gene's importance. The gene went from being "obscure" to being central ("in the cockpit of cancer formation") in an unexpected way due to this discovery.

This matches best with sense 1 - "happening unexpectedly." The discovery unexpectedly/without anticipation put this gene in a central position in understanding cancer formation.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: put
Target surface form: puts
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly <t>puts</t> an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=put%2:35:00:: | definition=put into a certain place or abstract location | synonyms=set, place, pose, position, lay | examples=Put your things here; Set the tray down
2. sense_key=put%2:35:05:: | definition=cause to be in a certain state; cause to be in a certain relation | examples=That song put me in awful good humor; put your ideas in writing
3. sense_key=put%2:32:00:: | definition=formulate in a particular style or language | synonyms=frame, redact, cast, couch | examples=I wouldn't put it that way; She cast her request in very polite language
4. sense_key=put%2:34:00:: | definition=attribute or give | synonyms=assign | examples=She put too much emphasis on her the last statement; He put all his efforts into this job
5. sense_key=put%2:40:00:: | definition=make an investment | synonyms=invest, commit, place | examples=Put money into bonds
6. sense_key=put%2:31:13:: | definition=estimate | synonyms=place, set | examples=We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M.
7. sense_key=put%2:39:13:: | definition=cause (someone) to undergo something | examples=He put her to the torture
8. sense_key=put%2:36:13:: | definition=adapt | examples=put these words to music
9. sense_key=put%2:31:00:: | definition=arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events | synonyms=arrange, set up, order | examples=arrange my schedule; set up one's life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "puts" in this sentence:

"The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."

In this context, "puts" is being used to indicate that the discovery places or positions the obscure gene in a metaphorical "cockpit" of cancer formation. The gene is being conceptually positioned in a central/important role (the "cockpit") in understanding cancer formation.

Let me evaluate each candidate sense:

1. "put into a certain place or abstract location" - This sense refers to placing something in a physical or abstract location. The examples are "Put your things here" and "Set the tray down." In our context, "puts" is metaphorically placing a gene "in the cockpit of cancer formation" - an abstract location/conceptual position.

2. "cause to be in a certain state; cause to be in a certain relation" - This is about causing a state change. The examples are "That song put me in awful good humor" and "put your ideas in writing." Our context isn't really about causing a state change but rather positioning conceptually.

3. "formulate in a particular style or language" - This is about expressing or phrasing something. Examples: "I wouldn't put it that way" and "She cast her request in very polite language." Our context isn't about formulating or expressing.

4. "attribute or give" - This is about assigning or attributing. Examples: "She put too much emphasis on her the last statement" and "He put all his efforts into this job." Our context isn't about attribution.

5. "make an investment" - Not relevant here. Example: "Put money into bonds."

6. "estimate" - Not relevant. Example: "We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M."

7. "cause (someone) to undergo something" - Not relevant. Example: "He put her to the torture."

8. "adapt" - Not relevant. Example: "put these words to music"

9. "arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events" - This is about organizing or arranging. Examples: "arrange my schedule" and "set up one's life." Our context isn't about arranging.

The best fit is sense 1: "put into a certain place or abstract location." The context shows that the discovery metaphorically places or positions the gene in an important conceptual location ("the cockpit of cancer formation"). This is an abstract location, not a physical one, but it still fits the definition of putting something into a certain place or abstract location.

The synonyms for sense 1 (set, place, pose, position, lay) also fit well with how "puts" is used in this context - it's about positioning the gene in a conceptual space.

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: right
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene <t>right</t> in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "right" in the context: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation.'"

Let me analyze what "right" means here. The sentence is saying that the discovery places the gene directly/precisely in the center or "cockpit" of cancer formation.

The meaning here is about location or position - the gene is placed directly/precisely in the cockpit. This emphasizes the exact position or placement.

Let me look at the senses:

1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand!
- This could work - "puts an obscure gene precisely/exactly in the cockpit"

2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
- This is about time, not location

3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
- This seems more about manner of falling/action, not quite fitting

4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
- This not quite

6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
- Not applicable

7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
- "She felt right at home" and "he fell right into the trap" - this sense emphasizes completeness or emphasis. "Right into the trap" could be similar to "right in the cockpit" - emphasizing the position.

8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
- This is a regional intensive, not quite fitting

9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
- About moral correctness, not applicable

10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right
- About accuracy, not quite

Now between sense 1 (precisely, exactly - "stand right here!") and trap" (sense 7) where "right" emphasizes that he fell completely/directly into the trap.

The context here: "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit" - the gene is being placed directly/precisely in the cockpit.

I think sense 1 (precisely, exactly) captures this better. The example "stand right here!" shows "right" used to emphasize precise location, which matches "right in the cockpit."

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 7 with "he fell right into the trap" - this is similar structure: "right into" vs "right in". Both emphasize position/location.

Let me reconsider. The definition1, the definition is "precisely, exactly" with example "stand right here!" - this also emphasizes location.

Hmm, both seem applicable. Let me think sense of completeness

In "puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit", the emphasis seems to be on the exact/precise. The definition "precisely, exactly" matches the idea of placing something exactly in a position
2. The example "stand right here!" shows positional emphasis
3. The sentence isin the cockpit") not about completeness

So I'll go with sense 1.

Actually wait, let me reconsider sense 7 again. "She felt right at home" and "he fell right location.

I'll

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of <t>cancer</t> formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: cancer
    *   Target surface form: cancer
    *   Context snippet: "...puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of < other cancers, too."
    *   Wider context: The text discusses genes (p53), cells, tumors, growth suppression, and medical research (Dr. Vogelstein, Johns Hopkins). It talks about transforming normal cells into cancerous ones, malignant processes, and the biological mechanism of disease.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `cancer%1:26:00::` | Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." | Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease". This refers to the disease or the pathological condition of malignant growth.
    *   Sense 2: `cancer%1:18:00::` | Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" | Synonyms: "Crab". This refers to a person (astrological sign).
    *   Sense 3: `cancer%1:17:00::` | Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation..." This refers to astronomy.
    *   Sense 4: `cancer%1:15:00::` | Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." This refers to astrology.
    *   Sense 5: `cancer%1:05:00::` | Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae" | Synonyms: "genus Cancer". This refers to biological taxonomy (crabs).

3.  **Match context to senses:**
    *   The context is clearly medical/biological regarding human disease. It mentions "cancer formation," "cancer cells," "cancerous ones," "other cancers."
    *   It is talking about the disease state where cells divide uncontrollably.
    *   Sense 1 is the definition of the disease "cancer" (malignant neoplasm).
    *   Senses 2, 3, 4, and 5 relate to astrology, astronomy, or crustaceans. None of these fit a medical research paper context involving genes and cell transformation.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 matches perfectly. "cockpit of cancer formation" refers to the formation of the disease/malignant growth.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the integer corresponding to the chosen sense.
    *   The chosen sense is the first one listed.

    *   Sense 1 -> Index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: formation
Target surface form: formation
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer <t>formation</t>, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=formation%1:14:00:: | definition=an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit | examples=a defensive formation; a formation of planes
2. sense_key=formation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of fabricating something in a particular shape | synonyms=shaping
3. sense_key=formation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
4. sense_key=formation%1:17:00:: | definition=(geology) the geological features of the earth | synonyms=geological formation
5. sense_key=formation%1:06:00:: | definition=a particular spatial arrangement
6. sense_key=formation%1:22:00:: | definition=natural process that causes something to form | examples=the formation of gas in the intestine; the formation of crystals
7. sense_key=formation%1:04:02:: | definition=creation by mental activity | examples=the formation of sentences; the formation of memories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** formation
    *   **Context snippet:** "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."
    *   **Meaning in context:** The sentence talks about how cancer develops or comes into being. The p53 gene is involved in the process where cancer is created or generated in the body. It's about the biological/natural process of cancer developing.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit" (e.g., a defensive formation).
        *   *Fit:* No. This implies a static arrangement of distinct entities (like planes or players). Cancer formation isn't an arrangement of units.

    *   **Sense 2:** "the act of fabricating something in a particular shape" (synonyms: shaping).
        *   *Fit:* "Fabricating" implies a maker or artisan. "Shaping" implies molding. While cells change shape, "cancer formation" refers to the development of the disease state, not the fabrication of an object into a shape. It's closer than sense 1, but "fabricating" is the wrong connotation for a biological process.

    *   **Sense 3:** "the act of forming or establishing something" (synonyms: constitution, establishment, organization).
        *   *Fit:* This usually applies to organizations (PTA group), institutions, or reputations. "Establishment of cancer" sounds awkward. It's about institutional formation.

    *   **Sense 4:** "(geology) the geological features of the earth".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect domain. This is biology/medicine, not geology.

    *   **Sense 5:** "a particular spatial arrangement".
        *   *Fit:* Similar to Sense 1 but more abstract. It refers to how things are laid out in space. "Cancer formation" refers to the *process* of it coming into existence, not the static spatial layout.

    *   **Sense 6:** "natural process that causes something to form" (examples: formation of gas, formation of crystals).
        *   *Fit:* This fits perfectly. Cancer formation is a natural biological process where cells become cancerous and tumors develop. Just like gas forms in the intestine or crystals form, cancer forms in the body. The definition highlights "natural process," which matches the biological context.

    *   **Sense 7:** "creation by mental activity" (examples: formation of sentences, memories).
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Cancer formation is not a mental activity.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 6 is the only definition that describes a natural, generative process applicable to biological phenomena (like gas, crystals, or in this case, cancer).

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The request asks for a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 6 is the target.

    *   Note on indexing: The prompt lists them 1 through 7.
    *   Sense 1: arrangement...
    *   Sense 2: fabricating...
    *   Sense 3: establishing...
    *   Sense 4: geology...
    *   Sense 5: spatial arrangement...
    *   Sense 6: natural process...
    *   Sense 7: mental activity...

    Target index is 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "<t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "says" in the context: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."

In this context, Robert Weinberg is being quoted as expressing an opinion or statement in words about the significance of the discovery. He is making a declarative statement, expressing his expert opinion/judgment about the discovery.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
- This is a general sense of expressing something in words. It could fit.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
- This is about reporting or maintaining a position, often used in journalistic contexts. This seems very relevant.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
- No, this is about hypothetical situations.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
- No, this is about text having a particular content.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
- No, this is about giving commands.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
- No, this is about pronunciation.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
- No, this is about nonverbal communication.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
- This is about speaking aloud, but it's more about uttering simple expressions.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
- This is about stating an opinion or judgment. This could fit well.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
- No, this is about reciting prayers or fixed texts.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
- No, this is about inanimate objects indicating something.

The main contenders are:
- Sense 1: express in words (general)
- Sense 2: report or maintain (journalistic/attributing statements)
- Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare

Looking at the context more carefully, this is a journalistic attribution where Robert Weinberg is being quoted. The word "says" is used to attribute a statement to someone. This is a common journalistic use.

Sense 2 (report or maintain) with synonyms "allege, aver" seems specifically about this kind of attribution - where someone is reported to have said something or maintains a position. The examples "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war" show this is about reporting what someone said or maintained.

Sense 1 (express in words) is more general and would fit any instance of someone expressing something in words.

Sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement) with the example "I say let's forget this whole business" seems more about making a personal declaration or expressing a personal opinion, rather than the journalistic attribution context.

Given this is a journalistic context where a source is being quoted, sense 2 seems most appropriate. The synonym "aver" (to state as a fact) and "allege" fit the context of a scientist making a statement

native_finish_reason: error

message: Upstream idle timeout exceeded

error_type: timeout

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "<t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 11. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
I need to analyze the context and determine which sense of "say" best fits.

The context is:
"The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."

Here, "says" is used to report what Robert Weinberg expressed in words. This is a straightforward case of reporting speech - someone (Robert Weinberg) expressed something in words, and the author is reporting that statement.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
- This involves expressing something in words, which is exactly what Robert Weinberg is doing.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
- This is about making claims or allegations. The examples suggest this is more about reporting or maintaining something as fact, often with a sense of allegation.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
- This is about hypothetical scenarios, not the case here.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
- This is about written text having certain content, not about a person speaking.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
- This is about giving orders/instructions, not the case here.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
- This is about pronunciation, not the case here.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
- This is about nonverbal communication, not the case here.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
- This is about uttering specific words aloud, often short phrases. While this could apply, it's more about the act of uttering rather than expressing content.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
- This is about stating opinions or making declarations in a more directive way.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
- This is about reciting fixed texts like prayers, not the case here.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
- This is about inanimate objects indicating something, not the case here.

Now comparing sense 1 and sense 2:

Sense 1: "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell" and examples like "He said that he wanted to marry her"
Sense 2: "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver" and examples like "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"

The key distinction seems to be:
- Sense 1 is the basic meaning of expressing something in words
- Sense 2 seems to involve making claims or allegations, often in a more formal or legalistic context

In this context, Robert Weinberg is simply expressing/making a statement. The quote is: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,'"

This is a straightforward case of someone expressing words/their view. It's not necessarily an allegation in the sense of making a claim that needs to be verified (which sense 2 seems to capture with "allege, aver"). It's more like the basic sense of expressing in words.

The example for sense 1 "He said that he wanted to marry her" is similar in structure to our context - someone expressing something. The example for sense 2 "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" has a different flavor - it's more about making a claim about facts, not just expressing words.

So I believe sense 1 is the best fit here. Robert Weinberg is expressing his thoughts/words about the discovery, which is captured by the basic "express in words" meaning.

provider: Together