[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with <t>national</t> issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *national* (adjective).
    *   Context: "...dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large)..."
    *   The phrase is "national issues".
    *   The parenthetical explanation defines "national issues" as actions like "casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large".
    *   This contrasts with "local issues" mentioned immediately after ("attending to local issues").

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (national%3:01:00::):** "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country". Examples: "national hero", "national anthem".
        *   This is very broad. It fits almost any use of "national".

    *   **Sense 2 (national%3:00:00::):** "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation". Examples: "national interests", "isolationism is a strictly national policy".
        *   This implies a limitation or restriction ("limited to"). The context discusses issues affecting the whole population vs. local issues. It's not necessarily about limitation in an isolationist sense.

    *   **Sense 3 (national%3:00:01::):** "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country". Examples: "the national government", "national elections".
        *   Key phrase: "applicable to ... an entire nation".
        *   Context matches: The text contrasts "national issues" with "local issues". The definition of national issues is legislation affecting the "population at large" (the whole nation). This fits the contrast perfectly. "National issues" affect the entire country, whereas "local issues" affect specific constituencies.

    *   **Sense 4 (national%5:00:00:public:00):** "owned or maintained for the public by the national government". Examples: "national parks".
        *   Not about ownership/maintenance. Issues aren't "owned".

    *   **Sense 5 (national%5:00:00:domestic:00):** "inside the country". Synonyms: "home, interior, internal". Examples: "internal politics".
        *   This refers to "domestic" vs "foreign". The context is about federal/nation-wide vs local/constituency. While "inside the country" is technically true, the contrast here is scope (nation-wide vs local), not geopolitical boundaries (domestic vs international). Sense 3 captures the scope element ("entire nation") better than Sense 5, which usually contrasts with international/foreign affairs. The text contrasts with "local".

    *   **Sense 6 (national%3:01:02::):** "characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation". Examples: "a national trait".
        *   Not about character traits.

    *   **Sense 7 (national%3:01:01::):** "of or relating to nationality". Examples: "national origin".
        *   Not about citizenship/ethnicity.

3.  **Compare the best candidates (Sense 1, Sense 3, and Sense 5):**
    *   Sense 1 is a generic "of or relating to". It's a fallback.
    *   Sense 5 is "inside the country" (Domestic/Internal). In politics, "national issues" can sometimes mean domestic issues vs foreign policy. However, the text specifically contrasts "national issues" with "local issues" (constituency service and pork barrel). The definition "programmatic actions... benefits on the population at large" strongly suggests scope across the whole country (Sense 3) rather than just "not foreign" (Sense 5).
    *   Sense 3 is "concerned with or applicable to ... an entire nation". The context defines "national issues" as those conferring benefits on the "population at large" (the whole nation) vs "local issues" (specific constituency). This precise definition matches the usage of "national" in the phrase "national issues" where the scale is the entire country.

    Let's check the examples for Sense 3: "the national government", "national elections". These refer to entities/events covering the whole country.
    Let's check the context: "national issues" (legislation affecting the population at large).
    This is a perfect fit for Sense 3.

    Let's double check Sense 2. "Limited to...". This often implies specific interests (national interest) or isolationism. The context here is about the *breadth* of the issue (population at large vs local). Sense 3 ("applicable to an entire nation") captures the breadth/scope contrast with "local" much better than Sense 2.

    Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice. It captures the specific nuance of "nation-wide" vs "local", whereas Sense 1 is too general and Sense 5 implies the wrong contrast (domestic vs foreign).

    Final check:
    Gloss Sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country"
    Context: "national issues... confers benefits on the population at large"
    Contrast: "national issues" vs "local issues"
    Result: Matches perfectly.

    JSON formatting required.

provider: Together


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: issue
Target surface form: issues
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national <t>issues</t> -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01:: | definition=an important question that is in dispute and must be settled | examples=the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues
2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=number | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, matter | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
4. sense_key=issue%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity) | synonyms=issuing, issuance | examples=a new issue of stamps; the last issue of penicillin was over a month ago
5. sense_key=issue%1:21:01:: | definition=supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government | synonyms=military issue, government issue
6. sense_key=issue%1:21:00:: | definition=the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property | synonyms=return, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff | examples=the average return was about 5%
7. sense_key=issue%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
8. sense_key=issue%1:18:00:: | definition=the immediate descendants of a person | synonyms=offspring, progeny | examples=she was the mother of many offspring; he died without issue
9. sense_key=issue%1:11:00:: | definition=the becoming visible | synonyms=emergence, egress | examples=not a day's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins
10. sense_key=issue%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening that permits escape or release | synonyms=exit, outlet, way out | examples=he blocked the way out; the canyon had only one issue
11. sense_key=issue%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of issuing printed materials | synonyms=publication

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "issues" in a specific context.
Target lemma: issue
Target surface form: issues
Context: "...dealing with national <t>issues</t> -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB-..."

Let's analyze the context.
The text discusses political science, congressional representatives, and their responsibilities.
One responsibility is "dealing with national issues".
The parenthetical explanation defines "national issues" as "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation...".
These are matters of public policy, topics of debate, subjects of legislation.
Examples given: legislation imposing costs or conferring benefits.
Contrast is made with "local issues" (constituency service and pork barrel).

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. `sense_key=issue%1:09:01::` | definition: "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled" | examples: "the issue could be settled...", "politicians never discuss the real issues".
   - This fits the political context very well. Political "issues" are usually matters of dispute or policy questions that need addressing.

2. `sense_key=issue%1:10:00::` | definition: "one of a series published periodically" | synonyms: number.
   - Does not fit. The context is politics, not magazines or journals.

3. `sense_key=issue%1:09:00::` | definition: "some situation or event that is thought about" | synonyms: topic, subject, matter.
   - This is a broader sense than sense 1. Sense 1 specifies "in dispute and must be settled". Sense 3 is just "thought about".
   - In the context of "national issues" in Congress, these are definitely topics/subjects. However, usually, in political contexts, "issues" implies a problem or a matter of debate (Sense 1).
   - Let's look closely at Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
   - Sense 1: "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled". Examples mention politicians. This seems the most specific fit for "national issues" like legislation.
   - Sense 3: "some situation or event that is thought about". Synonyms: topic, subject.
   - The parenthetical gloss in the text "programmatic actions... votes on legislation" suggests these are matters of business/questions to be resolved.
   - WordNet hierarchy: Sense 1 (issue%1:09:01) is a hyponym of "question". Sense 3 (issue%1:09:00) is a hyponym of "content/cognitive content" (or similar upper node). Sense 1 is often used for political issues. Sense 3 is more general "topic of conversation".
   - In political science, "national issues" refers to policy questions (e.g., healthcare, defense). These are "questions in dispute".
   - Sense 1 seems more precise for the political domain. "Real issues" is the example for Sense 1. The context is explicitly political ("voting booth", "Congressional representatives").

4. `sense_key=issue%1:04:01::` | definition: "the act of providing an item..."
   - Does not fit.

5. `sense_key=issue%1:21:01::` | definition: "supplies... issued by the government".
   - Does not fit.

6. `sense_key=issue%1:21:00::` | definition: "income or profit...".
   - Does not fit.

7. `sense_key=issue%1:19:00::` | definition: "phenomenon that follows...".
   - Does not fit.

8. `sense_key=issue%1:18:00::` | definition: "immediate descendants...".
   - Does not fit.

9. `sense_key=issue%1:11:00::` | definition: "becoming visible".
   - Does not fit.

10. `sense_key=issue%1:06:00::` | definition: "an opening...".
   - Does not fit.

11. `sense_key=issue%1:04:00::` | definition: "act of issuing printed materials".
   - Does not fit.

Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 3.
Context: "dealing with national issues (programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation...)".
The text distinguishes "national issues" from "local issues".
"National issues" are defined as programmatic actions involving legislation.
Legislation resolves matters of dispute. "Issue" in politics usually means a matter that is in dispute between parties.
Sense 1 definition: "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled". Examples: "politicians never discuss the real issues".
This matches the collocation "national issues" in a political context perfectly.
Sense 3 definition: "some situation or event that is thought about". Synonyms: topic, subject.
While "national issues" can be "national topics", Sense 1 captures the "problem/question" aspect inherent in political "issues".
Let's check the indexing.
Candidate senses are numbered 1 to 11.
1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01::
2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00::
3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00::
...

If I choose Sense 1, the output is {"sense_index": 1}.
If I choose Sense 3, the output is {"sense_index": 3}.

Why Sense 1 over Sense 3?
Sense 1 includes "politicians never discuss the real issues". The context is about politicians (Congressional representatives).
Sense 1 mentions "in dispute and must be settled". Legislation settles disputes.
Sense 3 is "some situation... thought about". This is too broad and weak for "national issues". "National issues" implies policy problems or agenda items.
Sense 1 is the specific political sense.

Therefore, the best index is 1.

Wait, let me double-check the definition of Sense 1 again.
"an important question that is in dispute and must be settled"
Is legislation always a "question in dispute"? Yes, bills are debated.
Does the text support "must be settled"? Yes, "dealing with national issues" implies handling/resolving them. The definition of the action is "casting roll call votes on legislation". Votes settle legislative questions.
Sense 3 ("topic", "subject") is a hypernym of Sense 1. WSD prefers the most specific sense that fits.
Is Sense 1 specific enough? Yes, it fits the domain (politics) and the usage (legislation, voting, agents).

Let's consider if Sense 3 might be preferred by some annotators because it is broader.
However, "issue" meaning "topic" (Sense 3) is usually distinct from "issue" meaning "problem/matter of dispute" (Sense 1).
"Climate change is a big issue" -> Sense 1 (problem).
"We discussed several issues" -> Could be Sense 1 or 3.
"National issues" in a political science text refers to policy problems/questions (Sense 1). "Local issues" (pork barrel) are often about specific benefits, but "national issues" are usually about policy disputes (Sense 1).
Sense 1 is the standard definition for "political issue".

Let's check the sense keys.
issue%1:09:01:: corresponds to WordNet 3.0 sense 1? Or one of the top senses.
Usually, WordNet lists senses by frequency.
Sense 1: issue -- (an important question that is in dispute and must be settled; "political issues"; "the issue could be settled...")
Sense 3: issue, topic, subject, matter -- (some situation or event that is thought about; "he kept drifting off the topic...")

Given the text is about political agents and voting, Sense 1 is the intended meaning. The presence of "politicians never discuss the real issues" in the example for Sense 1 is a strong signal.

Final decision: Sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: action
Target surface form: actions
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic <t>actions</t> such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions
2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea
4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action
6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action
7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action
8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law
9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues
10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic <t>actions</t> such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB-..."
    *   Target word: "actions" (plural noun).
    *   Meaning in context: The text discusses what representatives do in office. Specifically, "programmatic actions" like "casting roll call votes on legislation". This refers to specific deeds, things done, or acts performed by government officials (representatives).
    *   Key phrases: "programmatic actions", "casting roll call votes". These are specific deeds performed by an entity (government/representatives).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `action%1:04:02::` | definition="something done (usually as opposed to something said)" | examples="there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions".
        *   *Fit:* This is a very general sense. "Casting votes" is definitely "something done". However, is there a more specific sense?

    *   **Sense 2:** `action%1:26:00::` | definition="the state of being active" | synonyms="activity, activeness".
        *   *Fit:* No, the text refers to specific instances of acts (voting), not the state of being active.

    *   **Sense 3:** `action%1:04:03::` | definition="a military engagement".
        *   *Fit:* No context of war or military.

    *   **Sense 4:** `action%1:22:00::` | definition="a process existing in or produced by nature".
        *   *Fit:* No, this is human/political activity.

    *   **Sense 5:** `action%1:10:00::` | definition="the series of events that form a plot".
        *   *Fit:* No, not a story/narrative context.

    *   **Sense 6:** `action%1:07:00::` | definition="the trait of being active and energetic and forceful".
        *   *Fit:* No, this describes a personality trait ("man of action"), not specific deeds.

    *   **Sense 7:** `action%1:06:00::` | definition="the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism".
        *   *Fit:* No, mechanical context.

    *   **Sense 8:** `action%1:04:01::` | definition="a judicial proceeding...".
        *   *Fit:* No, "programmatic actions" refers to voting and legislation, not a lawsuit.

    *   **Sense 9:** `action%1:04:04::` | definition="an act by a government body or supranational organization" | examples="recent federal action undermined the segregationist position...".
        *   *Fit:* This looks very promising. The context is about "Congressional representatives", "voting in office", and "programmatic actions". These are acts performed by government officials/bodies. The definition specifically mentions "an act by a government body". The example "recent federal action..." aligns well with "programmatic actions [of representatives]".

    *   **Sense 10:** `action%1:04:00::` | definition="the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field".
        *   *Fit:* No, this is usually idiomatic ("where the action is").

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 9:**
    *   Sense 1 is the hypernym (general): "something done".
    *   Sense 9 is the hyponym (specific): "an act by a government body".
    *   The context involves *Congressional representatives* engaging in *programmatic actions* (voting on legislation).
    *   WordNet sense granularity usually prefers the specific sense if it fits. Sense 9 explicitly covers "acts by a government body" or similar entities. The representatives are acting as government agents.
    *   Let's check the examples.
        *   Sense 1: "murders and other unnatural actions". General deeds.
        *   Sense 9: "recent federal action undermined...". Government acts.
    *   The text says: "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes". These are official government acts.
    *   Therefore, Sense 9 is the precise match for acts performed in an official capacity by government representatives. Sense 1 is too broad, though technically correct in a general semantic field. WSD tasks usually require the most specific appropriate sense defined in the inventory.
    *   Is "programmatic actions" covered by Sense 9? Yes. It refers to the official acts/votes of Congress members.

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Sometimes Sense 1 is used for general acts even if done by government if the focus is on the "deed" rather than the "government act" status. However, "programmatic actions" implies specific legislative activities. Sense 9 is defined as "an act by a government body...". Representatives voting is an act by a government body (or members thereof). Sense 1 is usually reserved for physical actions or general deeds without the institutional specification. Sense 9 seems the best fit.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 9 matches the domain (government/political) and the specific nature of the acts (official duties).

    *   Target: "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes".
    *   Definition 9: "an act by a government body or supranational organization".
    *   Match is high.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 9}`

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cast
Target surface form: casting
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as <t>casting</t> roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cast%2:36:02:: | definition=put or send forth | synonyms=project, contrive, throw | examples=She threw the flashlight beam into the corner; The setting sun threw long shadows
2. sense_key=cast%2:40:13:: | definition=deposit | examples=cast a vote; cast a ballot
3. sense_key=cast%2:36:01:: | definition=select to play,sing, or dance a part in a play, movie, musical, opera, or ballet | examples=He cast a young woman in the role of Desdemona
4. sense_key=cast%2:35:00:: | definition=throw forcefully | synonyms=hurl, hurtle
5. sense_key=cast%2:41:14:: | definition=assign the roles of (a movie or a play) to actors | examples=Who cast this beautiful movie?
6. sense_key=cast%2:38:01:: | definition=move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment | synonyms=roll, wander, swan, stray, tramp, roam | examples=The gypsies roamed the woods; roving vagabonds
7. sense_key=cast%2:36:00:: | definition=form by pouring (e.g., wax or hot metal) into a cast or mold | synonyms=mold, mould | examples=cast a bronze sculpture
8. sense_key=cast%2:35:01:: | definition=get rid of | synonyms=shed, cast off, shake off, throw, throw off, throw away | examples=he shed his image as a pushy boss; shed your clothes
9. sense_key=cast%2:33:00:: | definition=choose at random | synonyms=draw | examples=draw a card; cast lots
10. sense_key=cast%2:32:00:: | definition=formulate in a particular style or language | synonyms=frame, redact, put, couch | examples=I wouldn't put it that way; She cast her request in very polite language
11. sense_key=cast%2:29:00:: | definition=eject the contents of the stomach through the mouth | synonyms=vomit, vomit up, purge, sick, cat, be sick | examples=After drinking too much, the students vomited; He purged continuously

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "cast" and the surface form is "casting".
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large". The context is about voting behavior in a legislative body (Congress).
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "put or send forth" (e.g., light, shadows). Not relevant to voting.
    *   Sense 2: "deposit" -> examples: "cast a vote; cast a ballot". This looks very promising. The context explicitly mentions "casting roll call votes".
    *   Sense 3: "select to play... a part". Not relevant.
    *   Sense 4: "throw forcefully". Not relevant.
    *   Sense 5: "assign the roles of". Not relevant.
    *   Sense 6: "move about aimlessly". Not relevant.
    *   Sense 7: "form by pouring". Not relevant.
    *   Sense 8: "get rid of". Not relevant.
    *   Sense 9: "choose at random". "cast lots" is the example. While "casting lots" is an idiom, "casting votes" is not random selection in the sense of gambling, though it is a formal act of recording a choice. However, Sense 2 is specifically "deposit" with the example "cast a vote". This is a direct match.
    *   Sense 10: "formulate in a particular style". Not relevant.
    *   Sense 11: "eject the contents of the stomach". Not relevant.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and others**: Sense 2 is defined as "deposit" and the examples are "cast a vote; cast a ballot". The target context is "casting ... votes". This matches perfectly. Sense 9 ("choose at random") has the example "cast lots", which is a different collocation. The act of voting is depositing one's choice.

5.  **Conclusion**: The sense refers to the act of voting. Sense 2 is the correct sense.

6.  **Format Output**: The user wants a JSON object with the index. The index for Sense 2 is 2.

Wait, let me double-check the indexing.
The list provided:
1. sense_key=cast%2:36:02:: ...
2. sense_key=cast%2:40:13:: | definition=deposit | examples=cast a vote; cast a ballot
...
The index corresponding to Sense 2 is 2.

Let's verify Sense 9 just in case.
Sense 9: "choose at random" | synonyms=draw | examples=draw a card; cast lots.
Casting a vote is not usually described as choosing at random (unless the voter is random, but the verb "cast" refers to the submission of the vote).
The definition "deposit" in Sense 2 aligns with the mechanical action of submitting a vote (or recording it), and the example "cast a vote" is a direct match for "casting ... votes".

Therefore, Sense 2 is thebest fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call <t>votes</t> on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence fragment: "...casting roll call <t>votes</t> on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits..."
    *   The phrase is "casting roll call votes on legislation".
    *   Context: Congressional representatives performing their duties. They are taking specific actions on bills (legislation).
    *   "Casting" suggests the act or the specific instance of recording a preference.
    *   "Roll call votes" refers to the recorded instance of members voting yes or no on a specific measure.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative" (synonyms: ballot, voting, balloting). Examples: "17 votes in favor", "one vote per person". This refers to the specific count or the individual instance of a choice. "Casting a vote" fits here. A roll call vote consists of many individual choices, but the phrase "casting roll call votes" usually refers to the acts of voting or the resulting counts on specific measures.
    *   Sense 2: "the opinion of a group as determined by voting". Example: "put the question to a vote". This is more abstract, referring to the collective decision-making process or result as a consensus.
    *   Sense 3: "a legal right... right to vote, suffrage". Example: "women got the vote". Clearly not the case here. Representatives aren't casting a right.
    *   Sense 4: "a body of voters who have the same interests". Example: "the Black vote". This refers to a demographic block. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "the total number of voters who participated". Example: "large vote". Refers to turnout. Not applicable.

3.  **Refine the Analysis (Sense 1 vs. Sense 2):**
    *   The text talks about "casting roll call votes".
    *   Let's look at the verb "cast". You "cast a vote" (Sense 1).
    *   A "roll call vote" is a specific event where the "ayes" and "nays" are counted.
    *   Sense 1 definition highlights "a choice... counting...". It handles the individual units (one vote per person) or the resulting count on a specific motion.
    *   In a legislative context, "casting votes" refers to the specific instances of recording one's choice. Representatives cast votes (plural instances of choices or the collective count for a specific bill).
    *   Sense 2 is more about the collective opinion or the abstract mechanism of deciding ("put to a vote").
    *   Sense 1 examples "17 votes in favor" aligns well with "roll call votes" (where the count is the key result).
    *   Is it the act or the result? "Casting... votes" implies the act of making the choice. Sense 1 covers "a choice". Sense 2 covers "the opinion of a group". Representatives cast individual choices that make up the whole.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor..." - strictly speaking, the *count* is the result, but the vote is the unit of choice. The example "they allowed just one vote per person" confirms the count/unit sense.
    *   In "casting roll call votes", the representatives are making choices. The result of a roll call is a count.
    *   Does Sense 1 fit "roll call votes"? Yes. A roll call vote is the aggregation of these choices/units.
    *   Does Sense 2 fit? "The opinion of a group". A roll call vote determines the opinion of the group, but usually, we say "the vote was 50-50" (Sense 1 count) rather than "the vote was happy". Sense 2 examples "put the question to a vote" refers to the event. However, Sense 1 is the most standard definition for the specific instances of choice recorded.
    *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 distinctions often hinge on countability. Sense 1 is usually the countable noun (a vote, the votes). Sense 2 is often mass or abstract. Here we have plural "votes". "Casting votes" strongly favors the countable, individual instances of choice. Sense 1 is the best fit.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The target word is "votes" (plural).
    *   Context: "casting roll call votes".
    *   This refers to the specific instances of choice or the resulting counts on specific pieces of legislation.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a choice that is made..." and examples "17 votes", "one vote".
    *   This matches the plural countability and the action of casting a specific choice.

5.  **Construct Output:**
    *   Format: JSON.
    *   Key: "sense_index".
    *   Value: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: legislation
Target surface form: legislation
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on <t>legislation</t> that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=legislation%1:10:00:: | definition=law enacted by a legislative body | synonyms=statute law
2. sense_key=legislation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of making or enacting laws | synonyms=legislating, lawmaking

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "legislation"
    *   Context sentence fragment: "...casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large..."
    *   Full context: The text discusses political agents, Congressional representatives, and their responsibilities. It mentions voting on legislation.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `legislation%1:10:00::` | Definition: "law enacted by a legislative body" | Synonyms: "statute law"
        *   This refers to the *product* or the *result* of the legislative process. It is a countable noun (usually) or a mass noun referring to the laws themselves. Example: "The new legislation passed yesterday." (referring to the law itself).
    *   Sense 2: `legislation%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of making or enacting laws" | Synonyms: "legislating, lawmaking"
        *   This refers to the *process* or *activity*. Example: "Legislation is a long and tedious process."

3.  **Disambiguate based on context:**
    *   The phrase is "casting roll call votes on legislation".
    *   Representatives vote *on* something. They vote on bills, acts, or laws.
    *   Does "legislation" here refer to the *act* of making laws or the *law* itself (the bill/act being considered)?
    *   If it were the act (Sense 2), one wouldn't typically say "voting on lawmaking" or "voting on legislating" in this specific syntactic structure ("voting on legislation that imposes costs..."). You vote on the bills/laws themselves.
    *   The relative clause "...legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits..." describes a specific set of laws or bills with certain properties.
    *   "Legislation" here acts as the object of the vote. The object of a roll call vote is a bill or a proposed law (which, if passed, becomes a law/statute law). Even if it's a bill, it falls under the semantic category of "law enacted by a legislative body" (potential law) or the broader concept of the enacted result. WordNet Sense 1 defines it as "law enacted by a legislative body". Often "legislation" refers to the body of laws or a specific law.
    *   Let's check the usage. "Voting on legislation." This implies voting on the *measures* or *bills*.
    *   Sense 2 is the *process*. You don't vote on the process; you participate in the process. The context says representatives are "casting roll call votes *on* legislation". This implies legislation is the object being voted upon.
    *   The object being voted on is the specific law/bill. Sense 1 fits "law enacted by a legislative body" better than Sense 2 "the act of making laws". While "legislation" can mean the process, here it refers to the documents/measures (laws/statutes) being voted on.

    *   Let's refine Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   "The legislation was passed." (Sense 1 - the law).
        *   "The legislation took months." (Sense 2 - the process).
        *   "Voting on legislation that imposes costs..." -> Here, "legislation" has the property of imposing costs. Processes don't usually impose costs in this direct manner (a law does). Laws impose costs.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct fit.

4.  **Select the index:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Context: "casting roll call votes on legislation".
    *   Sense 1: Law enacted... (Synonyms: statute law).
    *   Sense 2: The act of making... (Synonyms: legislating).
    *   One votes on a law/bill (Sense 1). One does not vote on "the act of making laws" in this phrasing. One might vote on "a piece of legislation".
    *   Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.

6.  **Formatting the output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impose
Target surface form: imposes
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that <t>imposes</t> costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impose%2:41:00:: | definition=compel to behave in a certain way | synonyms=enforce | examples=Social relations impose courtesy
2. sense_key=impose%2:32:00:: | definition=impose something unpleasant | synonyms=inflict, bring down, visit | examples=The principal visited his rage on the students
3. sense_key=impose%2:40:00:: | definition=impose and collect | synonyms=levy | examples=levy a fine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "impose" (surface form "imposes"). The context is about legislation that "imposes costs and/or confers benefits".

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence is: "...casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large..."
    *   The subject is "legislation" (or the act of voting on it).
    *   The object is "costs" (and "benefits").
    *   The meaning is about placing a burden or obligation (costs) on people. It's not forcing behavior (sense 1). It's not necessarily punishing someone (sense 2), though costs can be unpleasant. It is about officially setting up a requirement or burden. Sense 3 is "impose and collect" (levy).

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1: compel to behave in a certain way.** Synonyms: enforce. Example: "Social relations impose courtesy."
        *   Does legislation "impose costs" by enforcing behavior? While legislation often enforces behavior, the phrase "impose costs" specifically refers to the *burden* or *expense* being placed upon the population, not necessarily just a behavioral constraint in the sense of "enforce courtesy". However, "impose" in the sense of "levy" (taxes, fines, costs) is usually distinct from "enforce".

    *   **Sense 2: impose something unpleasant.** Synonyms: inflict, bring down, visit. Example: "The principal visited his rage on the students."
        *   "Costs" can be unpleasant. Is this an infliction? "Inflict costs" is a possible collocation, but usually "impose costs" refers to the structural allocation of resources or burdens in an economic or legal context, which aligns better with "levy". The example for sense 2 is very emotional/punitive ("visited his rage"). The context here is dry political science/economics.

    *   **Sense 3: impose and collect.** Synonyms: levy. Example: "levy a fine."
        *   "Impose costs" means to place a financial burden or liability on someone.
        *   The definition "impose and collect" is slightly specific to taxes/fines, but the synonym "levy" fits "costs" perfectly in a legislative/economic context. "Levying costs" isn't a standard phrase, but "levying taxes" is. "Imposing costs" is standard terminology in economics/political science (e.g., "legislation imposes costs").
        *   Let's look closer at the definition "impose and collect". Does legislation that "imposes costs" necessarily collect them? It mandates that the costs exist. For example, environmental regulations impose costs on businesses. The government doesn't collect the costs (the businesses pay them to comply).
        *   Let's re-evaluate sense 1 vs sense 3.
        *   Sense 1: "compel to behave..." -> Legislation compels the population to pay costs? Or simply establishes the burden?
        *   Sense 3 definition is "impose and collect". This usually maps to "levy" (taxes). Does "impose costs" fit "levy"? "Levy a tax" is common. "Levy a cost" is not. However, the semantic field is "officially establishing a charge/burden".
        *   Let's look at the mapping in WordNet for "impose".
        *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 senses for impose (verb):
            *   enforce, impose (compel to behave in a certain way) -> Sense 1 here.
            *   impose, inflict, visit, bring down (impose something unpleasant) -> Sense 2 here.
            *   levy, impose (impose and collect) -> Sense 3 here.

        *   Context: "legislation that imposes costs".
        *   If I say "The government imposed a tax," that is Sense 3 (levy).
        *   If I say "The regulation imposed a burden," is that Sense 2 (inflict)? Or Sense 3?
        *   Actually, there is often a distinction between "levying a tax" (Sense 3) and "imposing a burden/cost" (Sense 2?).
        *   However, "impose costs" is an economic term. "Social relations impose courtesy" (Sense 1) is abstract/social pressure.
        *   "Legislation imposes costs" creates a liability.
        *   Let's check if Sense 2 applies. "impose something unpleasant". Costs are unpleasant. But "inflict costs" implies damage. "Impose costs" implies a structural creation of expense.
        *   Let's check if Sense 3 applies. Synonym "levy". "Levy" means to impose (a tax, fee, or fine). Costs in this context (legislative costs) are akin to taxes or regulatory burdens.
        *   Is there a better fit?
        *   Let's look at the usage of "impose" in "im It means "to establish or apply as compulsory; levy". This aligns strongly with Sense 3. Even if the definition "impose and collect" sounds specific to taxes, the core meaning is theenforce" is about rules of conduct. "Impose costs" isn't enforcing costs; it's creating/placing them.
        *   Sense 2 "inflict" suggests a hostile or punitive action (like "visited his rage"). While political opponents might view costs as inflictions, the neutral academic tone "legislation that imposes costs" suggests the mechanism of government, closer to "levy" (Sense 3).
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit. It captures the aspect of authoritative establishment of financial burdens (costs) by a governing body, synonymous with levying.

    *   **Refining the decision:**
        *   Context: "legislation that imposes costs".
        *   Synonyms for Sense 3: "levy".
        *   Does "levy" work here? You don't usually say "levy costs", you say "levy a tax". But "impose" covers the semantic space of "levy".
        *   Sense 1 (Enforce) examples: "Social relations impose courtesy". This is about abstract obligations.
        *   Sense 2 (Inflict) examples: "The principal visited his rage". This is about punishment/suffering.
        *   Sense 3 (Levy) examples: "levy a fine". This is about official financial charges.
        *   "Costs" in a legislative context are financial charges or burdens. This aligns closest with Sense 3.s" isn't exactly a "tax" or "fine", it is a financial burden officially mandated. This is the mechanism of the state imposing financial obligations.
        *   Many dictionaries link "impose" (in the context of taxes, fines, lev to Sense 3. "Legislation imposes costs" is functionally similar to "levying a tax" (it is a cost transferred to the population).
        *   Let's verify if "impose costs" might fall under Sense 2 ("impose something unpleasant"). In economics, "impose costs" is a neutral term for creating negative externalities or compliance costs. It lacks the malice or punitive nature of "inflict" (Sense 2).
        *   Let's check if Sense 1 fits. "Enforce costs"? No.
        *   So Sense 3 is the intended target. The definition "impose and collect" might be slightly narrow for "costs" (which aren't always collected by the imposer, e.g. compliance costs), but *   **Conclusion:** Sense 3 is the best choice. It relates to the authoritative setting of burdens, taxes, or charges.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cost
Target surface form: costs
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes <t>costs</t> and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cost%1:21:00:: | definition=the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
2. sense_key=cost%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold) | synonyms=monetary value, price | examples=the fluctuating monetary value of gold and silver; he puts a high price on his services
3. sense_key=cost%1:07:01:: | definition=value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something | synonyms=price, toll | examples=the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "...legislation that imposes <t>costs</t> and/or confers benefits on the population at large..."
    *   Topic: Economic/political theory about voting, congressional actions, "buying" brands (parties).
    *   Key phrase: "imposes costs and/or confers benefits".
    *   Meaning: Legislation has effects on the population. It can create burdens (costs) or advantages (benefits). These aren't necessarily just monetary prices paid at a register, but broader impacts—what the population has to give up, suffer, or pay (in taxes, time, effort, restrictions) to get the legislation passed or as a result of it.
    *   Grammar: "costs" is a plural noun here.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `cost%1:21:00::`
        *   Definition: "the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor"
        *   Usage: Usually refers to the cost *of* something specific (cost of production, cost of the project). It emphasizes the expenditure side.
        *   Fit: Legislation imposing "totals spent" on the population? This seems slightly off. While legislation costs money, the definition focuses on the *accumulation* of expenses (like a budget line item).

    *   **Sense 2:** `cost%1:07:00::`
        *   Definition: "the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold)"
        *   Synonyms: monetary value, price.
        *   Examples: value of gold, price of services.
        *   Fit: "Legislation imposes monetary value"? No. "Legislation imposes a price"? Maybe, but "monetary value" is usually an intrinsic attribute of an object being sold. This sense is about the *value* of the object itself (market value), not the negative impact or requirement to pay.

    *   **Sense 3:** `cost%1:07:01::`
        *   Definition: "value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something"
        *   Synonyms: price, toll.
        *   Examples: "the cost in human life was enormous"; "the price of success is hard work".
        *   Fit: Legislation imposes burdens/requirements/sacrifices (taxes, restrictions, loss of certain liberties) on the population to achieve a policy goal. This matches "what must be given or done or undergone".
        *   Comparison: The contrast with "benefits" is key. "Costs" vs "Benefits" is a classic microeconomic or public choice theory pairing. "Costs" here represents the negative utility or the sacrifice required. Sense 3 captures the abstract "price" or "toll" paid to get something (or imposed upon you). The example "cost in human life" fits the broader non-monetary aspect often found in policy discussions, though taxes (monetary) are also included. The core concept is the *loss* or *sacrifice* side of the equation, which aligns perfectly with "what must be given or done or undergone".

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 is often used for "costs" in accounting (Costs of Goods Sold).
    *   Sense 3 is the broader "cost" used in decision-making contexts (Cost-Benefit Analysis).
    *   The text discusses "benefits" in opposition to "costs". In Cost-Benefit Analysis, cost is defined as the value of the best alternative forgone or the burden borne. Sense 3's definition "what must be given or done or undergone" fits the "imposes costs... on the population" construction much better than Sense 1 (which is "total spent"). The legislation doesn't just spend money; it imposes obligations/tolls.

    *   Let's check the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: "total spent".
    *   Sense 3: "what must be given or done or undergone".
    *   Context: "imposes costs ... on the population".
    *   The population undergoes the costs. They pay taxes, they follow regulations. This fits Sense 3. The example "cost in human life was enormous" also shows that Sense 3 handles the non-monetary or broad political/social costs well, which fits the "imposes... on the population" context (which could be taxes, regulations, etc.).

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 3 is the correct choice. It captures the abstract "price/toll" aspect of legislation affecting the population, aligning with the "cost-benefit" structure of the argument.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confer
Target surface form: confers
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or <t>confers</t> benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confer%2:32:00:: | definition=have a conference in order to talk something over | synonyms=confabulate, confab, consult | examples=We conferred about a plan of action
2. sense_key=confer%2:40:00:: | definition=present | synonyms=bestow | examples=The university conferred a degree on its most famous former student, who never graduated; bestow an honor on someone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "confer" and the surface form is "confers". It is a verb.

2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "...casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large..."
    *   The subject is "legislation" (or the act of casting votes on legislation).
    *   The object is "benefits".
    *   The structure is "imposes costs and/or confers benefits on...".
    *   "Impose" in this context means to force something (usually negative, like a burden or cost) upon someone.
    *   The conjunction "and/or" suggests "confers" is parallel to "imposes" but likely denotes the positive counterpart.
    *   Legislation "conferring benefits" means legislation giving, granting, or bestowing benefits upon the population.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `confer%2:32:00::`
        *   Definition: "have a conference in order to talk something over"
        *   Synonyms: confabulate, confab, consult
        *   Examples: "We conferred about a plan of action"
        *   Fit: Does legislation "have a conference" with benefits? No. Does it "talk something over"? No. This sense is about communication/discussion between people.

    *   **Sense 2:** `confer%2:40:00::`
        *   Definition: "present"
        *   Synonyms: bestow
        *   Examples: "The university conferred a degree...", "bestow an honor on someone"
        *   Fit: Does legislation "present" or "bestow" benefits? Yes. This matches the meaning of granting or giving something (like a title, right, privilege, or benefit) to someone.

4.  **Compare and decide:**
    *   Context: "...legislation that ... confers benefits on the population..."
    *   Sense 1 (Discussion): Incompatible. Legislation cannot hold a discussion.
    *   Sense 2 (Bestow/Grant): Compatible. Legislation grants or bestows benefits.

    The choice is clearly Sense 2.

5.  **Format the output:** The user requested a JSON object with the key "sense_index". The indices are 1 and 2 based on the list provided. I need to select the index corresponding to the best sense.

    Sense 2 corresponds to the second item in the list.

    Result: `{"sense_index": 2}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefits
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers <t>benefits</t> on the population at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target lemma is "benefit" and the surface form is "benefits" (plural noun).
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "...casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers <t>benefits</t> on the population at large..."
    *   The broader context discusses political theory, voting behavior, Republican vs. Democratic brands, government intervention, and legislation.
    *   The phrase "imposes costs and/or confers benefits" refers to the effects of legislation on the general population.
    *   It contrasts costs (burdens) with benefits (advantages/gains).
    *   Later, the text mentions "local benefit-seeking", reinforcing the idea of gaining advantages or resources.
3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `benefit%1:21:00::` | definition="financial assistance in time of need". This usually refers to government welfare payments (unemployment benefits, housing benefits) or insurance payouts. While legislation might provide these, the context here is broader ("population at large"). It's not strictly about "time of need" but rather general legislative outcomes.
    *   **Sense 2:** `benefit%1:07:00::` | definition="something that aids or promotes well-being" | synonyms=["welfare"] | examples="for the benefit of all". This is a general sense of advantage, profit, or good derived from something. In the phrase "confer benefits on the population," this fits the broad scope of legislative acts (programs, tax breaks, public goods) that help people. It aligns well with "imposes costs" as the opposite of a general advantage.
    *   **Sense 3:** `benefit%1:10:00::` | definition="a performance to raise money for a charitable cause". This refers to a "benefit concert" or similar event. This is clearly incorrect for the political context.
4.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   Sense 3 is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 1 is too specific. "Financial assistance in time of need" is a specific type of benefit (often social security/welfare). The context discusses legislation affecting the whole population, which involves much more than just financial aid in emergencies (e.g., infrastructure, tax cuts, regulations, safety standards).
    *   Sense 2 captures the general meaning of "good" or "advantage" provided by legislation. When legislation "confers benefits," it provides advantages or promotes well-being. This fits the "costs vs. benefits" dichotomy in political economy perfectly.
5.  **Final Decision:** Sense 2 is the best fit. It encompasses the general advantages provided by government action, contrasting with the costs imposed.
6.  **Formatting:** Return JSON `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: population
Target surface form: population
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the <t>population</t> at large -RRB- and attending to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=population%1:14:00:: | definition=the people who inhabit a territory or state | examples=the population seemed to be well fed and clothed
2. sense_key=population%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of organisms of the same species inhabiting a given area | examples=they hired hunters to keep down the deer population
3. sense_key=population%1:09:00:: | definition=(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn | synonyms=universe | examples=it is an estimate of the mean of the population
4. sense_key=population%1:23:00:: | definition=the number of inhabitants (either the total number or the number of a particular race or class) in a given place (country or city etc.) | examples=people come and go, but the population of this town has remained approximately constant for the past decade; the African-American population of Salt Lake City has been increasing
5. sense_key=population%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of populating (causing to live in a place) | examples=he deplored the population of colonies with convicted criminals

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "population" (noun).
    *   Context: "...legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the **population** at large..."
    *   Surrounding text: The text discusses voters, congressional representatives, national issues, programmatic actions, and the effects of legislation. The phrase is "population at large".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "the people who inhabit a territory or state".
        *   Example: "the population seemed to be well fed and clothed".
        *   Focus: The group of people themselves.

    *   **Sense 2:** "a group of organisms of the same species inhabiting a given area".
        *   Example: "they hired hunters to keep down the deer population".
        *   Focus: Biology/Ecology.

    *   **Sense 3:** "(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn".
        *   Synonyms: universe.
        *   Example: "it is an estimate of the mean of the population".
        *   Focus: Statistical sets/numbers.

    *   **Sense 4:** "the number of inhabitants (either the total number or the number of a particular race or class) in a given place".
        *   Example: "...the population of this town has remained approximately constant..."
        *   Focus: A count or statistic (a number), not the people themselves.

    *   **Sense 5:** "the act of populating (causing to live in a place)".
        *   Example: "...deplored the population of colonies..."
        *   Focus: Action/Process.

3.  **Evaluate the fit of each sense in context:**
    *   The context is political science/sociology. The phrase is "confers benefits on the population at large".
    *   Sense 2 is biological. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 is statistical methodology. While "population" in political science can be a statistical term, here the legislation confers benefits *on* them. You confer benefits on people, not on an abstract statistical aggregation or a number. This usage refers to the actual people receiving the benefits.
    *   Sense 4 refers to the *number* of inhabitants. You cannot confer benefits on a number. For example, you wouldn't say "I gave money to the number 5." You give money to people.
    *   Sense 5 refers to the act of settling. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 1 refers to "the people who inhabit a territory or state". The legislation confers benefits on the people. This fits perfectly. The phrase "population at large" means the general public/the people as a whole.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 4 (common confusion point):**
    *   Sense 1 = the people (group entity).
    *   Sense 4 = the count (statistic).
    *   Test sentence: "The population is increasing." -> Sense 4 (number).
    *   Test sentence: "The population is worried." -> Sense 1 (people).
    *   Current sentence: "...confers benefits on the population..." -> You confer benefits on people, not numbers. Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Final selection:** Sense 1.

6.  **Format output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attend_to
Target surface form: attending
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and <t>attending</t> to local issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attend_to%2:31:00:: | definition=get down to; pay attention to; take seriously | synonyms=take to heart | examples=Attend to your duties, please
2. sense_key=attend_to%2:41:01:: | definition=work for or be a servant to | synonyms=serve, wait on, attend, assist | examples=May I serve you?; She attends the old lady in the wheelchair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "attending" (from "attend to").

The context talks about Congressional representatives who have two basic responsibilities:
1. Dealing with national issues (programmatic actions)
2. Attending to local issues (constituency service and pork barrel)

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "get down to; pay attention to; take seriously" with synonyms like "take to heart" and example "Attend to your duties, please"

Sense 2: "work for or be a servant to" with synonyms like "serve, wait on, attend, assist" and examples like "May I serve you?" or "She attends the old lady in the wheelchair"

In this context, "attending to local issues" refers to Congressional representatives handling local matters, constituency service, and pork barrel projects. This is about focusing on and taking care of local issues - essentially paying attention to them and addressing them as part of their responsibilities.

This aligns more closely with Sense 1 - getting down to, paying attention to, taking seriously. The representatives are tending to their local responsibilities, addressing local issues, fulfilling their duties related to their constituencies.

Sense 2 would be more about serving someone directly, which doesn't fit as well here. The representatives aren't serving local issues in a servile way; they're addressing/handling/taking care of local issues.

So the answer is sense_index:1

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Prior to 1932, the pattern was nearly the opposite. What accounts for the results of recent decades? A simple economic theory may provide at least a partial explanation for the split personality displayed by Americans in the voting booth. The theory relies on three assumptions: 1 -RRB- Voters can "buy "one of two brands when they select their political agents -- a Republican brand that believes in the minimalist state and in the virtues of private markets over the vices of public action, and a Democratic brand that believes in big government and in public intervention to remedy the excesses attendant to the pursuit of private interest. 2 -RRB- Congressional representatives have two basic responsibilities while voting in office -- dealing with national issues -LRB- programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large -RRB- and attending to <t>local</t> issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-. 3 -RRB- Republican congressional representatives, because of their belief in a minimalist state, are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than are Democratic members of Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `local`
    *   Target surface form: `local`
    *   Context snippet: "...attending to <t>local</t> issues -LRB- constituency service and pork barrel -RRB-..."
    *   The broader context contrasts "national issues" with "local issues".
    *   "National issues" are defined as "programmatic actions such as casting roll call votes on legislation that imposes costs and/or confers benefits on the population at large".
    *   "Local issues" are defined parenthetically as "constituency service and pork barrel". This refers to specific benefits for a specific geographic area (a district or state) represented by the congressperson.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `local%3:00:01::`
        *   Definition: "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area"
        *   Examples: "local taxes; local authorities"
        *   Match analysis: This sense emphasizes the administration of a specific, smaller geographic area (city, town, district) as opposed to a larger area (nation). The context discusses Congressional representatives dealing with "constituency service" (helping people in their district) vs. "national issues". The contrast is explicitly between the "population at large" (national) and the specific district. This fits perfectly. The definition mentions "district", which matches the concept of a congressional district.

    *   **Sense 2:** `local%3:01:01::`
        *   Definition: "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood"
        *   Examples: "local customs; local schools"
        *   Match analysis: This sense is more about the characteristics or culture of a place (customs) or belonging to a neighborhood. While related, it doesn't capture the administrative/political distinction being made here. The context is about political jurisdiction and scope of governance/benefits (pork barrel), not cultural characteristics.

    *   **Sense 3:** `local%3:00:02::`
        *   Definition: "affecting only a restricted part or area of the body"
        *   Examples: "local anesthesia"
        *   Match analysis: This is a medical sense. Clearly irrelevant to the political context.

3.  **Synthesize and Select:**
    *   The text contrasts "national" (large area/population at large) with "local" (smaller area/constituency/district).
    *   Sense 1 explicitly defines "local" as relating to the administration of a district rather than a larger area.
    *   The examples "local authorities" align well with the political nature of the context (congressional representatives).
    *   Sense 2 is about belonging or characteristics (customs), which is slightly off-topic for "constituency service and pork barrel".
    *   Sense 3 is medical.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.