[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: "cell"
    *   Target surface form: "cell"
    *   Context snippet: "...flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy."
    *   Full context summary: The text discusses genetics, molecular biology, genes, chromosomes, tumors, and colon cancer. It talks about damaging genes and the progression to malignancy.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "any small compartment" (e.g., honeycomb). Too general.
    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." This refers to biological cells (animals, plants, bacteria).
    *   Sense 3: "a device that delivers an electric current..." (electric cell/battery). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4: "a small unit serving as part of... a larger political movement" (cadre). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 5: "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone..." (cellphone). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 6: "small room in which a monk or nun lives". Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 7: "a room where a prisoner is kept". Irrelevant.

3.  **Match Context to Senses:**
    *   The phrase is "colon cell".
    *   "Colon" refers to the large intestine, a part of the body.
    *   "Malignancy" refers to cancer.
    *   Therefore, "colon cell" refers to a biological cell found in the colon.
    *   The text mentions "molecular biologists", "gene losses", "tumor", "chromosome".
    *   This clearly aligns with the biological definition of a cell.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 2 defines the biological cell. This fits perfectly.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The instructions require a JSON object with the format `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense corresponds to index 2.

6.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Does "colon cell" mean a small compartment (Sense 1)? No, it's specific to biology.
    *   Does it mean a phone (Sense 5)? No.
    *   Does it mean a prison room (Sense 7)? No.
    *   Does it mean Sense 2? Yes, it is the basic structural and functional unit of the organism (human).

    The mapping is clear. Sense 2 is the correct choice.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full-blown
Target surface form: full-blown
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma:** "full-blown".
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy."
    *   The context discusses the progression of cancer (colon cancer).
    *   It mentions a progression: benign polyps -> malignancy.
    *   "Full-blown" modifies "malignancy".
    *   It refers to a state where the disease/condition is fully developed or has reached a stage of completeness/severity.
3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1:**
    *   Sense key: `full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01`
    *   Definition: "fully ripe; at the height of bloom"
    *   Synonyms: "matured"
    *   Examples: "a full-blown rose"
    *   Fit: This sense is primarily metaphorical, derived from botany (flowers blooming). While it can sometimes apply broadly to things "in full development", the definition explicitly mentions "ripe" and "bloom". While "malignancy" can be seen as "blooming" metaphorically, this sense is usually restricted to biological growth or metaphors closely tied to that imagery (like a flower). However, in the context of a disease or crisis, it's usually about the intensity or completeness of the condition, not the "ripeness".
4.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2:**
    *   Sense key: `full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00`
    *   Definition: "having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness"
    *   Synonyms: (None explicitly listed, but implied by definition)
    *   Examples: "a full-blown financial crisis"
    *   Fit: The context describes malignancy (cancer). A "full-blown malignancy" means the cancer is fully developed, showing all the characteristics of a malignant tumor, as opposed to a benign polyp or an early stage. This matches the example "a full-blown financial crisis" (a crisis in its complete/total state). The definition "having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness" fits perfectly with the medical progression described (going from benign polyps to a state of complete malignancy).
5.  **Compare the senses:**
    *   Sense 1 is specific to biological "blooming" or ripeness (often literal or poetic).
    *   Sense 2 is the general sense used for conditions, crises, diseases, etc., meaning "fully developed" or "complete".
    *   "Full-blown malignancy" is a standard medical/general collocation meaning the disease has reached its full intensity/completeness.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.
6.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context**: The sentence is "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   The surrounding text discusses "benign polyps," "colon cancer," "tumor," and "gene losses."
    *   The progression described is from benign polyps -> malignancy -> colon cancer.
    *   The target word "malignancy" refers to a state of the cells/tumor, specifically a dangerous medical condition contrasted with "benign."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death". Synonyms: malignance.
    *   Sense 2: "quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will". Synonyms: malignity, malignance.

3.  **Disambiguate**:
    *   The context is clearly medical/scientific (genes, polyps, colon cancer, molecular biologists).
    *   Sense 2 refers to a character trait or attitude (evil intent). This does not fit a description of cell biology or disease progression.
    *   Sense 1 refers to a medical state of being malignant (cancerous/dangerous). This fits perfectly with "benign polyps" progressing to a cancerous state.

4.  **Select the Best Sense**: Sense 1 is the correct medical definition. Sense 2 is the metaphorical/moral definition.

5.  **Format Output**: The user requested a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Since Sense 1 is the correct one, the index is 1.

    Let's double-check the indexing. Usually, the prompt lists senses starting 1, 2...
    Candidate senses list:
    1. malignancy%1:26:00:: (Medical sense)
    2. malignancy%1:07:00:: (Moral sense)

    The correct index is 1.

    Construct JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 2}

content: sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
1.  The target lemma is "month" (plural "months").
2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers... experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17...". This phrase "For months" indicates a duration of time. It implies a period of time passing, rather than referring to specific named months (like January or February) or specific slots in a calendar.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `month%1:28:01::` | Definition: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" | Synonyms: "calendar month" | Examples: "he paid the bill last month". This sense focuses on the division of the year (January, February, etc.) or a specific point in time relative to the calendar structure.
    *   Sense 2: `month%1:28:00::` | Definition: "a time unit of approximately 30 days" | Examples: "he was given a month to pay the bill". This sense focuses on the duration or the unit of measurement.
4.  **Compare context to senses:**
    *   The phrase "For months" clearly denotes duration. It measures how long an activity took. It acts as a temporal unit.
    *   Sense 1 (calendar month) is used when distinguishing between specific months (e.g., "The project starts next month" or "Sales were up in the month of May"). While "last month" in the example can imply duration, the definition "twelve divisions of the calendar year" is structural.
    *   Sense 2 (time unit) is used to measure duration. The example "he was given a month to pay the bill" fits the structure of "For months" (duration of specifically, but to a stretch of time.
5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the better fit because it treats "month" as a unit of time duration rather than a calendar division.
6.  **Format the output:** The user wants a JSON object with the key "sense_index". Sense 2 corresponds to index 2 (assuming 1-based indexing based on the list provided). Let's check the indices provided in the prompt. The prompt lists them as "1." and "2.". I should return the index corresponding to the chosen sense.
    *   Chosen sense: `month%1:28:00::` (index 2).

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: "month"
    *   Target surface form: "months"
    *   Context: A paragraph about scientific research (genetic causes of colon cancer). The specific sentence is: "For *months* the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" (synonyms: calendar month). Example: "he paid the bill last month".
        *   Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days". Example: "he was given a month to pay the bill".
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The phrase is "For months...".
    *   The meaning here refers to a duration of time. The researchers were crawling down the chromosome for a prolonged period.
    *   It is not referring to a specific named month (like January, February, etc.) or a specific division of the calendar year (e.g., "last month", "next month"). It refers to the *amount* of time passed.

3.  **Compare with Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 ("calendar month"):** This usually implies a specific slot in the calendar. E.g., "It happened in the month of May" or "Sales were up last month." While "months" can be used in the plural with this sense (e.g., "the months of the year"), the usage "For months" emphasizes duration rather than the calendar structure.
    *   **Sense 2 ("time unit"):** This sense is defined by duration ("approximately 30 days"). The context "For months" measures the duration of the research activity. It treats "month" as a unit of measuring time, similar to "For hours" or "For years".

4.  **Determine the Best Fit:**
    *   Context usage: "For months" = duration.
    *   Sense 1: Calendar division.
    *   Sense 2: Time unit/duration.
    *   The context highlights the *length of time* the work took, not the *position* on the calendar. Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object.
    *   The index is 2.

    *Self-Correction from previous turn:* My previous output was malformed: `sense_index": 2}`. It missed the opening brace and quote. I need to strictly follow the format `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** use
    *   **Target surface form:** using
    *   **Context:** "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17..."
    *   **Sentence meaning:** The researchers employed/utilized gene probes as tools or instruments to conduct their experiments (crawling down the chromosome).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `use%2:34:01::` | Definition: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose" | Synonyms: utilize, utilise, apply, employ | Examples: "use your head!", "we only use Spanish at home".
        *   *Fit:* This fits perfectly. The researchers are putting "gene probes" into service to find genetic material. They are employing/utilizing a tool.

    *   **Sense 2:** `use%2:34:02::` | Definition: "take or consume (regularly or habitually)" | Synonyms: habituate | Examples: "She uses drugs rarely".
        *   *Fit:* This refers to consumption or habit (often drugs). Not applicable to scientific equipment/procedures.

    *   **Sense 3:** `use%2:34:00::` | Definition: "use up, consume fully" | Synonyms: expend | Examples: "The legislature expended its time on school questions".
        *   *Fit:* This implies depletion. The researchers are not depleting the gene probes (in the sense of using them up entirely as the primary meaning), but employing them. The context "using gene probes" implies application, not consumption/depletion.

    *   **Sense 4:** `use%2:41:14::` | Definition: "seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage" | Examples: "She uses her influential friends to get jobs".
        *   *Fit:* This has a nuance of exploitation or manipulating a resource/person for gain. While researchers are achieving an end, "gene probes" are inanimate tools, not people or connections being exploited in the specific sense of this definition. Sense 1 is the generic instrumental sense which fits better for tools.

    *   **Sense 5:** `use%2:41:04::` | Definition: "avail oneself to" | Synonyms: practice, apply | Examples: "apply a principle", "practice a religion".
        *   *Fit:* This usually applies to abstract concepts like principles, laws, or religions. While "apply" is a synonym for Sense 1 as well, the specific definition here regarding "avail oneself to" or "practice" doesn't fit "using gene probes" as well as Sense 1's "put into service".

    *   **Sense 6:** `use%2:41:03::` | Definition: "habitually do something (use only in the past tense)" | Examples: "She used to call her mother...".
        *   *Fit:* This refers to the "used to" construction. The target form is "using" (present participle), so this is morphologically and semantically impossible.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 vs others:**
    *   Sense 1 is the standard instrumental sense of "use" (employing a tool/method). The phrase "using gene probes" describes the methodology/instrumentation. "Employ" or "utilize" are the closest synonyms listed in Sense 1.
    *   The context is about scientific methodology ("experimentally crawled... using gene probes"). This maps directly to "put into service" or "employ".

4.  **Select the best index:**
    *   Sense 1 is clearly the best fit.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:**
    *   Lemma: down
    *   Surface form: down
    *   Part of Speech: Adverb (implied by the sense candidates starting with 4:02, which usually denotes adverbs in WordNet).

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled **down** the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
    *   The verb is "crawled".
    *   The object of the prepositional movement is "the length of chromosome 17".
    *   The action describes movement along a physical (or abstracted linear) path.
    *   Specifically, "crawled down the length of [an object]".
    *   Chromosomes are often conceptualized as linear structures. Moving "down the length" implies traversing from one end to the other, or spatially along it in a specific direction usually conceptualized as "down" (from top to bottom, or from one end to the other).
    *   There is a clear spatial sense here. They are moving along the chromosome.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `down%4:02:00::` | definition="spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position" | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples="don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down"
        *   *Analysis:* This is the core spatial sense. Moving along the "length" of a linear object like a chromosome is often described as moving "down" it (like walking down a road or crawling down a line). Even though a chromosome is microscopic, it has length, and moving along it is a spatial traversal. The phrase "down the length" is a standard collocation for moving along the extent of something. This fits the "spatially... from a higher to a lower level or position" or generally moving along a gradient/path.

    *   **Sense 2:** `down%4:02:02::` | definition="away from a more central or a more northerly place" | examples="was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm"
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to geography or organizational hierarchy (e.g., going "down" south or "down" from headquarters). The context is molecular biology (chromosome 17). This does not fit.

    *   **Sense 3:** `down%4:02:03::` | definition="paid in cash at time of purchase" | examples="put ten dollars down on the necklace"
        *   *Analysis:* Financial context. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 4:** `down%4:02:06::` | definition="from an earlier time" | examples="the story was passed down from father to son"
        *   *Analysis:* Temporal context. While genetic material is passed down, the sentence says "crawled down the length", which is spatial movement along the object, not generational transmission.

    *   **Sense 5:** `down%4:02:05::` | definition="to a lower intensity" | examples="he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black"
        *   *Analysis:* Refers to volume, brightness, or intensity. Not applicable to crawling along a chromosome.

    *   **Sense 6:** `down%4:02:04::` | definition="in an inactive or inoperative state" | examples="the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again"
        *   *Analysis:* Refers to systems functioning. Not applicable.

4.  **Refine the choice for Sense 1:**
    *   The phrase is "crawled down the length of chromosome 17".
    *   While chromosomes aren't "up high," the use of "down" with "length" or "road" or "hallway" falls under the general spatial sense of moving along a linear path, often conceptualized as vertical on a diagram or simply moving from one end to the other (synonymous with "along" but implying directionality).
    *   WordNet's definition for Sense 1 says "spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position".
    *   Is it metaphorical? Yes, the chromosome isn't a mountain. But "down the length" is a standard spatial metaphor where the object is oriented linearly.
    *   Compare Sense 1 examples: "skied down". This is physical movement.
    *   Does "crawled down the length" fit the definition? Yes. It describes movement spatially along the length. It fits the core adverbial sense of movement downwards or along a path defined as "down".
    *   Sense 1 is the catch-all for spatial movement from A to B where B is "down" relative to A or the path is traversed "downwards" along its axis.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. The researchers are moving along the structure. The movement is spatial (or spatially metaphorical in the context of a linear map/sequence).

    *   Target: "crawled down the length".
    *   Sense 1: "spatially ... from a higher to a lower level or position".
    *   Mapping: "Down the length" maps to moving along the axis, conventionally treated as a downward spatial traversal in language (e.g., "run down the street").

    Let's double-check if there's any other interpretation.
    Could it be "reading" sequence? Even so, we read sequences "down" the page or "down" the string. That is still Sense 1 (spatial/metaphorical movement).

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    The JSON output required is `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: length
Target surface form: length
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "length" in the context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Let me analyze the context:
- The researchers are "crawling down the length of chromosome 17"
- A chromosome is a physical structure that is long and linear
- They are moving along/through the chromosome
- This is describing the physical extent of the chromosome from one end to the other

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: - "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place" - Examples: "the length of the table was 5 feet"
   - This refers to the linear extent from one end to the other
   - A chromosome is a fixed linear structure
   - The researchers are crawling down its length - moving from one end to the other

2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: - "continuance in time" - Examples about duration
   - Not about time here, so this doesn't fit

3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: - "the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end" - Examples: "the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words"
   - This is more abstract, about extent from beginning to end
   - Could potentially apply, but seems more about size/measurement than physical extent

4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: - "size of the gap between two places" - Examples about distance between places
   - Not about a gap between two places

5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: - "a section of something that is long and narrow" - Examples: "a length of timber; a length of tubing"
   - This refers to a piece/section of something long and narrow
   - "a length of timber" means a piece of timber
   - But here, "the length of chromosome 17" refers to the entire extent, not a piece of it

The context says "crawled down the length of chromosome 17" - this means they traversed the entire chromosome from one end to the other. The chromosome is a fixed linear structure, and the researchers moved along its linear extent.

Sense 1 seems to fit best - "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place." A chromosome is a fixed linear structure, and the researchers crawled down its length (from one end to the other).

Sense 5 refers to "a length of X" meaning a piece of X, which is different from "the length of X" meaning the extent of X.

The answer should be sense 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The lemma is "look_for" and the surface form is "looking for". It's a phrasal verb.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged..."
    *   "...researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17..."
    *   "...looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
    *   Context: Scientists/Researchers are performing an action ("crawled down", "using gene probes") with the goal of finding a specific piece of genetic material.
    *   Purpose: To find/locate/discover something unknown (the gene).

3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of
        *   Synonyms: search, seek
        *   Examples: "The police are searching for clues", "They are searching for the missing man..."
        *   Fit: This matches the context perfectly. The researchers are searching for a specific bit of genetic material. They are trying to locate/discover it. The physical action of "crawling down the length of chromosome 17" supports the "searching" aspect.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: be excited or anxious about
        *   Synonyms: anticipate, look to
        *   Fit: This does not fit at all. The researchers are not "anticipating" the genetic material in the sense of expecting an event with excitement or anxiety. They are conducting a scientific investigation to find it.

4.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Sense 1 is about the physical or intellectual act of searching/seeking to find something.
    *   Sense 2 is about emotional expectation or anticipation.
    *   The context describes a scientific search. Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:** The user requested a JSON object with the key "sense_index". Since Sense 1 corresponds to index 1 in the provided list, the output should be `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "common" in this passage.

The target sentence is:
"For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

In this context, the researchers are looking for a specific bit of genetic material that is found in or shared by all tumor cells. The word "common" here means that this genetic material is present in all of the tumor cells they're examining - it's a shared characteristic among all the cells.

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. "belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public" - This sense refers to something being shared by a community or public. This doesn't quite fit the context, as we're talking about genetic material shared among tumor cells, not a community of people.

2. "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual" - This sense refers to something being ordinary or average. This doesn't fit the context either.

3. "common to or shared by two or more parties" with synonym "mutual" - This sense refers to something being shared by multiple parties. This fits well with the context - the genetic material is shared by all tumor cells.

4. "commonly encountered" with synonym "usual" - This refers to something that is frequently seen. This doesn't quite fit the context.

5. "being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language" - This refers to language, which doesn't apply here.

6. "of or associated with the great masses of people" - This refers to common people, which doesn't apply here.

7. "of low or inferior quality or value" - This doesn't apply in the context.

8. "lacking refinement or cultivation or taste" - This doesn't apply in the context.

9. "to be expected; standard" - This doesn't quite fit the context.

Sense 3, "common to or shared by two or more parties," seems to be the best fit. The researchers are looking for genetic material that is shared among all the tumor cells they're studying. This genetic material is "common" in the sense that it appears in all of them. The synonym "mutual" also fits this interpretation.

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 3.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bit
Target surface form: bit
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target**: The word is "bit" (noun). The context sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

2.  **Analyze the Context**: The researchers are looking for a specific segment or piece of genetic material (DNA) on a chromosome. They are looking for the "smallest common bit of genetic material". This "bit" is a physical segment or portion of the chromosome.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: "a small piece or quantity of something". Examples: "a bit of paper". This fits well. "Genetic material" is the "something", and "bit" refers to a piece of it.
    *   **Sense 2**: "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole". Synonyms: "chip, flake, fleck, scrap". This implies breaking or fragmentation, often physical objects like rock or wood. While chromosomes break, the term here is used more generally for a segment or piece being analyzed, not necessarily a "scrap" or "flake" in the physical debris sense. It's close, but "piece" (Sense 1) seems more neutral and accurate for a segment of DNA than "fragment broken off" (Sense 2), though DNA segments are often spoken of as fragments. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 closely. Sense 1 is "small piece or quantity". Sense 2 focuses on "broken off from the whole". In genetics, we talk about fragments of DNA, but "bit" in this context ("smallest common bit of genetic material") just means a piece or segment. Sense 1's example "bit of paper" is similar to "bit of genetic material".
    *   **Sense 3**: "an indefinitely short time". Incorrect. Context is about space/quantity, not time.
    *   **Sense 4**: "an instance of some kind". Incorrect. Not used as "a bit of luck".
    *   **Sense 5**: "piece of metal held in horse's mouth". Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 6**: "a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit)". Incorrect. Not binary digits.
    *   **Sense 7**: "a small amount of solid food; a mouthful". Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 8**: "a small fragment". Synonym: "snatch". Example: "snatches of conversation". This is often used for sounds or abstract things. Sense 1 covers "small piece" more generally.
    *   **Sense 9**: "a short theatrical performance". Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 10**: "the part of a key". Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 11**: "the cutting part of a drill". Incorrect.

4.  **Refine Decision (Sense 1 vs Sense 2)**:
    *   Sense 1 (`bit%1:23:01::`): "a small piece or quantity of something". Synonyms: "spot". Examples: "a bit of paper".
    *   Sense 2 (`bit%1:17:00::`): "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole". Synonyms: "chip, flake, fleck, scrap". Examples: "a bit of rock caught him in the eye".

    The context describes a "bit of genetic material". This is a quantity or piece of a substance (DNA). The word "fragment" is often used in biology (restriction fragments), but "bit" here is functioning as a general term for a small piece. The definition of Sense 2 ("broken off from the whole") implies a specific physical action of breaking, often resulting in debris. Sense 1 ("a small piece or quantity") is the general definition for a portion of something. "A bit of paper" aligns with "a bit of genetic material" better than "a bit of rock caught him in the eye" (which implies a shard or flake).

    Let's check the hierarchy/synset structure.
    Sense 1 is hypernymous to the general idea of "portion".
    Sense 2 is specific to fragments (chips, flakes).

    The text says "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material". It refers to a segment of the chromosome. Is it a fragment "broken off"? The tumor cells have lost this material. So it is a fragment of the original whole. However, usually, when "bit" is used in phrases like "a bit of [substance/material]", it falls under the general "small piece or quantity" sense (Sense 1). "A bit of string", "a bit of trouble", "a bit of genetic material". Sense 2 usually requires the object to be a hard material that chips or flakes (rock, wood, paint). Genetic material is not usually described as "chipping" or "flaking".

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. It captures the meaning of a small piece/quantity of the substance.

5.  **Final Selection**: Sense 1.

    Index mapping:
    Sense 1 -> index 1.

    Double check the index number requested. The prompt asks to return `{"sense_index": X}`.
    The list starts with:
    1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: (small piece/quantity)
    ...
    So the index is 1.

    Let's re-verify Sense 8 ("small fragment", synonym "snatch"). Snatch is usually for sounds/conversation ("snatches of conversation"). Sense 2 is physical fragments like rock. Sense 1 is general pieces or quantities. "Genetic material" is the substance. We are looking for a piece of it. "A bit of genetic material" corresponds to "A bit of paper" (Sense 1).

    Conclusion: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target word is "genetic" (adjective). It modifies the noun phrase "material" in the context "genetic material".

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses molecular biologists, gene losses, colon cancer, chromosomes, gene probes, and DNA.
    *   The specific phrase is: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."
    *   The text explains that such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.
    *   The context is deeply embedded in the domain of molecular biology and genes.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" (synonyms: familial, hereditary).
        *   *Reasoning:* Does "genetic material" mean "hereditary material"? While genes are hereditary, the phrase "genetic material" refers to the physical substance (DNA/genes), not the mode of transmission across generations. The sentence is talking about finding a physical piece of DNA on a chromosome. This sense describes a trait or condition, not the material itself.

    *   **Sense 2:** "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" (synonyms: genic, genetical).
        *   *Reasoning:* The phrase is "genetic material". The text explicitly says "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." Therefore, the material being discussed is material relating to or comprising genes. "Genic material" is synonymous here. The examples "genic combinations; genetic code" align perfectly with the scientific usage here. The material in question is the substance of genes (DNA).

    *   **Sense 3:** "pertaining to or referring to origin" (examples: genetic history).
        *   *Reasoning:* This is a rarer sense, often used in philology or etymology (e.g., genetic definition = definition by origin). It doesn't fit the biological context of "genetic material" on a chromosome.

    *   **Sense 4:** "of or relating to the science of genetics" (synonyms: genetical).
        *   *Reasoning:* This refers to the *field of study*. Is it "material relating to the science of genetics"? No. It is material that *is* genes/DNA. While genetics studies this material, the adjective "genetic" here describes the nature of the material itself (composed of genes), not its relation to the academic discipline. Sense 2 is more specific ("being a gene").

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 4 implies "material used in the science of genetics" or similar.
    *   Sense 2 implies "material produced by or being a gene" or "material relating to genes".
    *   The text defines the "genetic material" as a "piece of DNA" that "constitutes a gene". Therefore, the material is gene-related in its physical nature. Sense 2 covers "produced by or being a gene" or "relating to a gene". This fits best.

5.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The phrase "genetic material" refers to DNA/genes.
    *   Sense 1 is about inheritance (wrong).
    *   Sense 3 is about origins (wrong).
    *   Sense 4 is about the science (wrong context for this specific collocation, though related).
    *   Sense 2 is about the genes themselves. The definition "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" matches the context where "genetic material" equals "a piece of DNA [gene]".

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: *material*
    *   Target surface form: *material*
    *   Context snippet: "...looking for the smallest common bit of genetic *material* lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object" (synonyms: *stuff*). Examples: coal, wheat.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to physical substance in a general sense. In the context of "genetic material," DNA is indeed a substance (a biochemical substance). The phrase "bit of genetic material" treats DNA as the substance making up the chromosome/gene.

    *   **Sense 2:** "information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form" (examples: archives for biography).
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to abstract information or source material for creative work. While genes carry information, the context here ("piece of DNA," "chromosome 17") emphasizes the physical substance being lost or damaged in a tumor cell. It's not "material for a report," it's the biological stuff.

    *   **Sense 3:** "artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers" (synonyms: *fabric, cloth, textile*).
        *   *Analysis:* Clearly incorrect. This refers to textiles.

    *   **Sense 4:** "things needed for doing or making something" (examples: writing materials, teaching materials).
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to tools or supplies (equipment). Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** "a person judged suitable for admission or employment".
        *   *Analysis:* Metaphorical usage regarding people. Incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 (The main contenders):**
    *   The phrase is "genetic material".
    *   The sentence continues: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
    *   DNA is a molecule, a chemical substance (tangible, though microscopic). It is the "stuff" that genes are made of.
    *   Sense 1 defines material as "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object". In biology, DNA is the substance that goes into the makeup of a chromosome/gene.
    *   Sense 2 deals with information/ideas. While genes encode information, the usage "lost in all tumor cells" implies a physical loss of the DNA substance.
    *   In standard Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the collocation "genetic material," it is usually mapped to the sense of "substance/stuff" (Sense 1). For instance, one can substitute the word "stuff": "bit of genetic *stuff*". This works well. One cannot easily substitute "information": "bit of genetic *information*" is a valid phrase, but the definition of Sense 2 ("reworked into a finished form") fits creative/intellectual work better than biological constituents.
    *   The definition of Sense 1 ("tangible substance") aligns with the biochemical nature of DNA.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice. DNA is the physical substance constituting genes.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lost
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells." The context discusses molecular biology, genes, chromosomes, and cancer. Specifically, genetic material (DNA) is absent in tumor cells compared to normal cells. This absence or deletion of the genetic material is referred to as being "lost".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   Sense 1: `lose%2:40:02::` - "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense". Example: "She lost her purse". This is a very general sense of cessation of possession or physical presence.
    *   Sense 2: `lose%2:33:00::` - "fail to win". (Competition context). Not relevant.
    *   Sense 3: `lose%2:37:00::` - "suffer the loss of a person through death or removal". (Person context). Not relevant.
    *   Sense 4: `lose%2:35:00::` - "place (something) where one cannot find it again" (misplace). The genetic material isn't "misplaced"; it is deleted/absent.
    *   Sense 5: `lose%2:40:01::` - "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of". Example: "I've lost my glasses again". Similar to Sense 1 and 4. Often implies accidental misplacement.
    *   Sense 6: `lose%2:39:00::` - "allow to go out of sight". (Tracking context). Not relevant.
    *   Sense 7: `lose%2:40:06::` - "fail to make money in a business". (Financial context). Not relevant.
    *   Sense 8: `lose%2:40:00::` - "fail to get or obtain". Example: "I lost the opportunity". (Opportunity context). Not relevant.
    *   Sense 9: `lose%2:33:01::` - "retreat". Not relevant.
    *   Sense 10: `lose%2:39:01::` - "fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind". (Mental perception context). Not relevant.
    *   Sense 11: `lose%2:30:03::` - "be set at a disadvantage". Not relevant.

3.  **Evaluate the best fit:**
    The context is scientific/biological. The genetic material "ceases to be present" in the cells. It is not "misplaced" (Sense 4/5) in the sense that someone put it somewhere and forgot where. It is not "lost" in a competition (Sense 2). It is "lost" in the sense that the cell no longer possesses it; it has been deleted or eliminated.

    Let's look closely at Sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense".
    This definition fits the biological process well. The cells ceased to have that genetic material. The example "She lost her purse" is concrete, but the gloss allows for "cease to have... physically". The tumor cells physically no longer have that bit of DNA.

    Let's look at Sense 5: "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of". This usually implies the owner lost it. In this text, the "genetic material lost in all tumor cells" refers to the material *itself* being absent. Who is the agent? The process of cancer development caused the loss. The "cell" lost the material. Sense 1 ("cease to have") captures the state change (having it -> not having it) better than Sense 5 (which often implies the owner's perspective of losing track of or misplacing an item). Sense 4 implies misplacement.

    Is there a better sense?
    Sometimes scientific contexts use "lost" to mean "eliminated" or "deleted". None of the specific senses explicitly mention biological deletion. However, Sense 1 is the hypernym or the general "cease to have" sense.

    Let's check if any other sense is closer.
    Sense 4 (misplace) - No, it's gone, not just hidden.
    Sense 5 (miss from possessions) - Close, but usually implies the example "I lost my glasses".
    Sense 1 is the most general "cease to have" sense.

    Let's verify the WordNet hierarchy or typical usage assignments.
    In WordNet 3.0 or 3.1:
    `lose%2:40:02::` (Sense 1 here): "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense".
    This seems to cover biological loss (cells losing chromosomes/genes). The cells possessed the genes, now they don't. They ceased to have them.

    Sense 5 `lose%2:40:01::` ("miss from one's possessions") is often a synonym for Sense 4 (misplace) or a slightly different nuance of losing track of things. But Sense 1's definition "cease to have" is the most accurate description of a biological deletion/mutation event where the physical material is gone.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice among the options provided. It describes the physical cessation of possession/having.

    Let's double check Sense 1 vs Sense 4/5.
    If I lose my keys, I usually use Sense 4/5.
    If a cell loses a gene, does it misplace it? No. It ceases to have it.
    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct classification for the physical state change of no longer possessing something.

    Final check:
    Target: genetic material lost in all tumor cells.
    Definition: cease to have (physically).
    Match: Yes.

    Index: 1.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:**
    *   Lemma: "cell"
    *   Surface form: "cells"
    *   Context: A scientific/medical text discussing genes, chromosomes, DNA, tumors, and colon cancer. Specifically, it mentions "tumor cells".

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>."
    *   The phrase "tumor cells" refers to biological entities found in the human body (specifically, cancerous growths).
    *   The context involves biology, genetics, and medicine.

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1 (cell%1:06:03::): "any small compartment" (e.g., honeycomb). This is too generic and usually refers to inanimate structures or partitions, not living biological units in a medical context.
    *   Sense 2 (cell%1:03:00::): "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." This fits perfectly. The text discusses biological organisms (humans), tumors, and genetic material within these units. "Tumor cells" are the biological building blocks of the tumor.
    *   Sense 3 (cell%1:06:00::): "a device that delivers an electric current..." (electric cell). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4 (cell%1:14:00::): "a small unit serving as part of... a larger political movement" (cadre). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 5 (cell%1:06:04::): "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone..." (mobile phone). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 6 (cell%1:06:02::): "small room in which a monk or nun lives". Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 7 (cell%1:06:01::): "a room where a prisoner is kept". Irrelevant.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The context is explicitly biological ("colon cancer", "gene", "chromosome", "DNA", "tumor").
    *   Sense 2 defines the biological cell.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Since Sense 2 is the correct definition, the index is 2.

    Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The prompt lists them 1 through 7.
    1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: ...
    2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: ... (Biology definition)
    ...
    So the index corresponding to the biology definition is 2.

    Let's re-read the prompt to ensure I don't output the sense key.
    "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

    The decision is clear.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "piece" in the context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is talking about genetic research, specifically finding a "piece of DNA" that would constitute a gene.
- Earlier, it mentions "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells"
- The phrase "piece of DNA" refers to a portion or fragment of genetic material

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. piece%1:06:00:: - "a separate part of a whole" - examples: "an important piece of the evidence"
2. piece%1:06:05:: - "an item that is an instance of some type" - examples: "he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china"
3. piece%1:17:00:: - "a portion of a natural object" - synonyms: part - examples: "they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite"
4. piece%1:10:01:: - "a musical work that has been created" - not relevant
5. piece%1:11:00:: - "an instance of some kind" - synonyms: bit - examples: "it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck"
6. piece%1:10:02:: - "an artistic or literary composition" - not relevant
7. piece%1:06:03:: - "a portable gun" - not relevant
8. piece%1:13:00:: - "a serving that has been cut from a larger portion" - not relevant
9. piece%1:07:00:: - "a distance" - not relevant
10. piece%1:06:04:: - "a work of art" - not relevant
11. piece%1:28:00:: - "a period of indeterminate length" - not relevant
12. piece%1:21:00:: - "a share of something" - not relevant
13. piece%1:06:02:: - "game equipment" - not relevant

The relevant senses seem to be 1, 2, 3, or 5.

Sense 1: "a separate part of a whole" - This could work for a piece of DNA being part of a chromosome.

Sense 2: "an item that is an instance of some type" - The examples are about equipment and china, which doesn't quite fit DNA.

Sense 3: "a portion of a natural object" - DNA is a natural object, and a piece of DNA is indeed a portion of it. The example "he needed a piece of granite" is similar - a piece of a natural material.

Sense 5: "an instance of some kind" with synonym "bit" - Earlier in the text, it says "the smallest common bit of genetic material." This suggests "piece" and "bit" are being used somewhat interchangeably. But the example "it was a nice piece of work" is different in nature.

Looking more carefully:
- DNA is a natural biological molecule
- A "piece of DNA" refers to a fragment or portion of the DNA molecule
- This fits well with sense 3: "a portion of a natural object"

The example for sense 3 is "he needed a piece of granite" - a physical piece of a natural substance. Similarly, a piece of DNA is a physical fragment of a natural biological molecule.

Sense 1 could also work ("a separate part of a whole") but sense 3 seems more specific and appropriate for a natural object like DNA.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 3 says "a portion of a natural object" with examples like "they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite." These are about natural objects like rivers and rocks. DNA, while natural, is more abstract/molecular.

Sense 1: "a separate part of a whole" with example "an important piece of the evidence" - this is more abstract and could apply to DNA as well.

But wait - the text also says earlier: "the smallest common bit of genetic material" - and sense 5 has "bit" as a synonym. Let me check if "piece" and "bit" are being used similarly here.

Actually, I think sense 3 "a portion of a natural object" is the best fit. DNA is a natural object (a biological molecule), and the researchers are looking for a portion/fragment of it. The examples "they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite" show similar usage - taking a natural object and identifying/extracting a portion of it.

Let me go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine which sense of "probably" fits best.

The sentence is: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

Let's look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war

2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

In the context, the researchers have found a piece of DNA that is lost in all tumor cells. They are making a scientific inference that this piece of DNA would likely be a gene. This is based on their scientific knowledge and the evidence they've gathered.

Looking at the first sense, it's about certainty - "with considerable certainty; without much doubt." This seems to fit well here. The researchers are fairly certain that the piece of DNA constitutes a gene based on their findings.

Looking at the second sense, it's about being "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence." This could also fit, as the researchers are making their judgment based on the evidence they've collected.

However, the context suggests a stronger level of confidence than just "plausibly" or "credibly." The researchers have been working on this for months and have identified a specific piece of DNA that is lost in all tumor cells. Given this scientific context, they would have considerable certainty that this DNA constitutes a gene.

The first sense's synonyms "likely, in all likelihood, in all probability" also seem to better capture the scientific inference being made here. The second sense's synonyms "credibly, believably, plausibly" suggest a somewhat weaker level of confidence, more about something being believable rather than probable.

The first sense's examples ("He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war") also align better with the usage in this context, which is about making a prediction with considerable certainty.

Therefore, I believe sense 1 is the better fit for this context.

provider: Baidu