[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form**: The target lemma is "sector" and the surface form is "sectors" (plural noun).

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The text discusses immigration, economics, labor markets, and employment.
    *   Key phrases: "economic growth", "wages and employment", "replace native workers", "local labor", "unskilled immigrants", "highly skilled ones", "dynamic sectors".
    *   Specific sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor..."
    *   Meaning: The word "sectors" here refers to distinct parts or branches of the economy or industry where people work. Examples might include agriculture, construction, tech, healthcare, etc.

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1 (sector%1:25:00::)**: "a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle".
        *   Context fit: Geometry/math context. Not relevant here. This text is about economics.

    *   **Sense 2 (sector%1:14:00::)**: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy".
        *   Examples given: "the public sector".
        *   Context fit: The context talks about where people work ("work in sectors"). It refers to parts of the economy (e.g., "dynamic sectors"). While the gloss says "social group," WordNet often groups "business sector", "economic sector" under this definition (or similar ontology nodes). Let's look closer at the definition vs the context. The context implies specific industries or branches of the economy. This sense generally covers "public sector", "private sector", or specific industries.

    *   **Sense 3 (sector%1:09:00::)**: "a particular aspect of life or activity".
        *   Synonyms: sphere.
        *   Examples: "he was helpless in an important sector of his life".
        *   Context fit: This is more abstract, referring to a sphere of life. While economic activity is an aspect of life, Sense 2 is much more specific to the "society or economy" grouping which fits the "employment" and "labor" context better.

    *   **Sense 4 (sector%1:23:00::)**: "the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information...".
        *   Context fit: Computing/Hardware context. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 5 (sector%1:15:00::)**: "a portion of a military position".
        *   Context fit: Military context. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 6 (sector%1:06:00::)**: "measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms...".
        *   Context fit: Tool/instrument context. Not relevant.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3**:
    *   Sense 2 definition: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy".
        *   *Critique of WordNet gloss*: The gloss "social group" is a bit misleading for modern usage regarding "economic sectors" (like the tech sector), but in WordNet hierarchies, this is the standard sense used for distinct parts of the economy (like the service sector, manufacturing sector). The example "the public sector" aligns perfectly with the usage "work in sectors".
    *   Sense 3 definition: "a particular aspect of life or activity".
        *   This is usually used for broader domains like "the sector of education" or "an important sector of his life".
    *   The context mentions "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors..." and "dynamic sectors". This refers to segments of the economy or industry. Sense 2 is the standard economic definition in WordNet.

5.  **Select the best index**: Sense 2 is the intended meaning (parts of the economy).

6.  **Format the output**: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: StreamLake


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "labor". The surface form is "labor".
2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   The broader context discusses economics, immigration, wages, employment, and the relationship between immigrants and native workers.
    *   The phrase "local labor" refers to the pool of workers available in a specific area or country.
    *   It contrasts "unskilled immigrants" with "local labor".
    *   Earlier in the text, it mentions "native workers" and "unskilled ones".
    *   The context is about the workforce/people doing the work, specifically regarding availability and skills.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `labor%1:14:00::` | Definition: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | Synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat | Examples: there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the workforce as a collective group or class of people. The example "shortage of skilled labor" fits the context "do not attract local labor" very well. "Local labor" here means the local workforce or the collective body of workers. It fits the economic discussion about the supply of workers.

    *   **Sense 2:** `labor%1:04:00::` | Definition: productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | Synonyms: labour, toil | Examples: his labor did not require a great deal of skill.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the *activity* or *process* of working. While immigrants do work, the phrase "attract local labor" usually refers to attracting *people* (workers), not the abstract concept of work. You attract workers, you don't attract "work" in this specific syntactic construction (sectors attract labor/workers). However, sometimes "labor" is used as an abstract mass noun for the factor of production. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1 is "a social class... people".
        *   Sense 2 is "productive work... the activity".
        *   Context: "sectors ... do not attract local [target]". If sectors don't attract labor, they don't attract workers (Sense 1). If sectors don't attract "work", it makes less sense. Sectors contain work, or require labor (activity). But usually, we say "sectors struggle to find labor" (people).
        *   Let's look at the example in Sense 1: "shortage of skilled labor". The text says "shortage of local labor". This is a strong match.
        *   Let's look at the text again: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor". If "labor" meant the activity, it implies sectors don't attract the activity of working? No, it implies sectors don't attract the people (workers). Therefore, Sense 1 (the collective body of workers) is a better fit than Sense 2 (the work itself).

    *   **Sense 3:** `labor%1:26:00::` | Definition: concluding state of pregnancy...
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant context.

    *   **Sense 4:** `labor%1:14:04::` | Definition: an organized attempt by workers... labor movement...
        *   *Analysis:* Context is economics/jobs, not union politics/movements.

    *   **Sense 5:** `labor%1:14:02::` | Definition: a political party...
        *   *Analysis:* Context refers to workers/jobs, not a specific political party.

    *   **Sense 6:** `labor%1:14:01::` | Definition: the federal department...
        *   *Analysis:* Not a government department.

    *   **Sense 7:** `labor%1:04:01::` | Definition: any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | Synonyms: undertaking, project, task.
        *   *Analysis:* Synonyms are task/project. "Local task" or "local project" does not fit "sectors which do not attract...".

4.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   In economics, "labor" can be the factor of production (the work done) or the labor force (the people).
    *   Sentence: "sectors, which do not attract local labor".
    *   If I substitute: "sectors, which do not attract local [workers/workforce]" -> This makes perfect sense. (Sense 1).
    *   If I substitute: "sectors, which do not attract local [work/toil]" -> This makes less sense. A sector *is* work. It doesn't "attract" work in the sense of an employer seeking it out; employers (sectors) seek workers. Or rather, the sector (e.g., agriculture) doesn't appeal to the local workforce.
    *   The text mentions "native workers" previously. It says "shortage of local labor" later. It draws a parallel between "workers" and "labor".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages".
    *   Sense 1 example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
    *   Text instance: "do not attract local labor" and "shortage of local labor".
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.

5.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It refers to the collective body of workers (the labor force).

    *   Note: Some dictionaries might distinguish between "labor" as abstract work (mass noun) and "labor" as workers (collective noun). WordNet Sense 1 captures the "workers/class" meaning. Sense 2 captures the "work/activity" meaning. Since the context is about *people* not wanting to work in those sectors (hence the need for immigrants), it refers to the people.

    *   Target phrase: "local labor" = local workforce/people.
    *   WordNet Sense 1: "social class comprising those who do manual labor".

    Let's double check Sense 2 definition: "productive work...".
    Sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors which do not attract local [productive work]..." -> Incorrect meaning. The sectors exist; the work exists; the *people* are missing. The sectors do not attract the local *workers*.
    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct sense.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine which sense of "one" (in the form "ones") is most appropriate.

The target sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

In this context, "ones" is used to refer to "immigrants" - specifically "the most highly skilled ones" means "the most highly skilled immigrants". It's being used as a pronoun to refer back to "immigrants" mentioned earlier, differentiating between "unskilled immigrants" and "highly skilled immigrants".

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one

This sense refers to the number "one" - the numerical value. The examples show usage related to counting or the number itself.

2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

This sense refers to "one" as a pronoun standing for a single person or thing. The examples show usage like "he is the best one" or "this is the one I ordered", which is similar to how "ones" is used in our context.

In the target sentence, "ones" is functioning as a pronoun referring to "immigrants" (specifically highly skilled immigrants). This matches sense 2, where "one" refers to a person or thing. The plural form "ones" is being used to refer to a group of people (immigrants), but the underlying sense is still referring to persons/things rather than the numerical value.

So the correct sense is:
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 2}

content: sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target lemma is "sector", surface form "sectors". It appears twice in the text: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors..." and "...in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked...". The context is clearly discussing economics attract local labor..."
    *   "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   Key concepts: economic growth, wages, employment, labor, trades.
    *   "Sectors" here refers to distinct parts of the economy or industry (areas of employment/production).

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1:* "a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle" (Geometry). Context: Not discussing math/geometry. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 2:* "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy" (Economy/Society). Examples: "the public sector". Context: The text talks about "sectors" of the economy where people work (employment, labor, trades). This fits perfectly. It refers to parts of the economy (e.g., construction, tech, agriculture).
    *   *Sense 3:* "a particular aspect of life or activity" (General aspect). Synonyms: sphere. Examples: "important sector of his life". Context: While broad, the specific usage here is narrower and tied to the economy/industry, not just a general "sphere of life". Sense 2 is more specific and appropriate for "economic sectors" or "employment sectors".
    *   *Sense 4:* "the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information" (Computing/Hardware). Context: Not discussing hard drives or storage. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 5:* "a portion of a military position" (Military). Context: Not discussing war/battlefields. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 6:* "measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end" (Tool). Context: Not discussing physical tools. Incorrect.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 2 definition: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy". (Note: WordNet definitions can sometimes be slightly counter-intuitive in phrasing, but "the public sector" example confirms this is the 'economic sector' sense).
    *   Sense 3 definition: "a particular aspect of life or activity".
    *   The text says immigrants work in "sectors" related to labor and employment. "Sector" in economics (primary, secondary, tertiary sectors; or specific industries) maps to Sense 2. Even though the definition mentions "social group", the example "the public sector" and the domain (society/economy) align with the usage "economic sectors".
    *   Let's look at how WordNet structures this.
        *   Sense 2: `sector%1:14:00::`. Domain: economy. Example: "the public sector".
        *   Sense 3: `sector%1:09:00::`. Domain: general. Example: "sector of his life".
    *   The text is about "economic growth", "employment", "wages". The usage "work in sectors" refers to parts of the economy. Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 2 matches the economic context perfectly.

6.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the User's Request:**
    *   Task: Fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   Target lemma: sector.
    *   Target surface form: sectors.
    *   Context: A text discussing immigration, economics, labor markets, and specific industries (unskilled labor vs. highly skilled labor).
    *   Candidate senses: 6 options provided with definitions, examples, and synonyms.
    *   Constraint: Return *only* a valid JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. No hedging. Choose the single best sense.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence containing the target word: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   The broader context discusses economics ("economic growth", "wages", "employment"), labor markets ("native workers", "unskilled ones", "local labor"), and industries.
    *   The word "sectors" here refers to distinct parts of the economy or industry (e.g., agricultural sector, tech sector, construction sector).

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (sector%1:25:00::):* "a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle" (Geometry). -> Incorrect. The context is economics/labor.
    *   *Sense 2 (sector%1:14:00::):* "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy" | examples="the public sector". -> This looks promising. It mentions "economy" and the example "public sector" fits the economic domain. It refers to a subdivision of the economy.
    *   *Sense 3 (sector%1:09:00::):* "a particular aspect of life or activity" | synonyms="sphere" | examples="he was helpless in an important sector of his life". -> This is too general/abstract. While economic sectors are "parts of activity," Sense 2 is more specific to the economy/society structure, which fits "labor market sectors" better than just "aspects of life". However, WordNet hierarchies can be tricky. Let's look closer at the definition. Sense 2 specifically says "forms part of the society or the economy". "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors..." implies economic sectors (agriculture, service, tech).
    *   *Sense 4 (sector%1:23:00::):* "the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information..." (Computing/Hardware). -> Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 5 (sector%1:15:00::):* "a portion of a military position" (Military). -> Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 6 (sector%1:06:00::):* "measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms..." (Tool). -> Incorrect.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 2 definition: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy". The "social group" part of the definition is a bit weird for "sector" in the context of "work in sectors". Usually, a sector is an industrial branch. However, WordNet definitions can be idiosyncratic. The example "the public sector" aligns perfectly with economic contexts.
    *   Sense 3 definition: "a particular aspect of life or activity". The example is personal ("sector of his life").
    *   Standard WSD for "sector" in an economic context usually maps to the concept of "industry" or "branch of the economy".
    *   Let's look at the WordNet 3.1 or 3.0 hierarchy mentally. The "economy" sense is distinct from the "geometry" sense. Sense 2 explicitly mentions "economy".
    *   Context: "work in sectors". Does "sector" refer to a social group? No, it refers to a segment of the economy (like construction, tech). Is that Sense 2? Yes, despite the slightly misleading "social group" phrasing in the gloss provided (which might be a simplification or specific WN version phrasing), the inclusion of "economy" and the example "public sector" makes it the correct choice for "economic sectors".
    *   Sense 3 is often used for broader spheres like "sector of influence" or "sector of operations" or metaphorical uses. Here we are talking about the *economy*.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

5.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Target word refers to segments of the economy (labor market).
    *   Sense 2 definition includes "part of ... the economy".
    *   Sense 2 example "the public sector" is an economic sector.
    *   This matches the context "dynamic sectors", "work in sectors".

6.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   The user wants valid JSON.
    *   Format: `{"sense_index": 2}` (assuming the list is 1-indexed).
    *   The list provided in the prompt is numbered 1 to 6. I need to pick the number corresponding to the correct sense.
    *   The correct sense is the second one listed.

    List check:
    1. Geometry.
    2. Economy/Society.
    3. Aspect of life.
    4. Computing.
    5. Military.
    6. Tool.

    Correct index: 2.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses immigration, labor markets, skilled/unskilled workers, and economic growth.
    *   The specific sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   Note: There seems to be a typo in the source text ("does is not"), but the meaning is clear. It refers to "training" in the context of "highly skilled ones" (workers) in "dynamic sectors".
    *   Here, "training" refers to the process of acquiring skills (vocational or professional) required for a job.

2.  **Analyze Sense 1:**
    *   Sense key: `training%1:04:00::`
    *   Definition: "activity leading to skilled behavior"
    *   Synonyms: preparation, grooming
    *   Fit: This fits the context of "highly skilled ones" (workers) and "dynamic sectors". The training leads to the skilled behavior necessary for employment. It refers to professional or vocational training.

3.  **Analyze Sense 2:**
    *   Sense key: `training%1:07:00::`
    *   Definition: "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)"
    *   Synonyms: education, breeding
    *   Examples: "a woman of breeding and refinement"
    *   Fit: This refers to manners, social etiquette, and upbringing. The text is discussing economic sectors, employment, and skilled labor. It is not discussing the social graces or upbringing of the immigrants.

4.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Sense 1 is about acquiring professional skills (job training).
    *   Sense 2 is about manners and upbringing.
    *   The text talks about "highly skilled ones", "employment", and "sectors". This clearly points to the professional development aspect (Sense 1).

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The request asks for a JSON object with the index.
    *   The candidate senses are numbered 1 and 2.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct one.

    JSON output: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: offer
Target surface form: offers
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "offers" in this text.

The context is discussing immigration and its economic impacts. The sentence containing "offers" is:

"Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment."

Here, "offers" refers to employment opportunities or job offers. The text is explaining that skilled immigrants work in sectors where training is not connected to job offers (employment opportunities).

Now let's examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples="a generous offer of assistance"
   This sense refers to the act of offering something verbally.

2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples="noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds"
   This sense refers to something that is offered, like a proposal or bid.

3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples="he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl"
   This sense refers to an attempt at doing something.

In this context, "offers of employment" refers to job opportunities or employment proposals. This matches best with sense 2, which refers to "something offered (as a proposal or bid)." Employment offers are proposals of employment.

The first sense (the verbal act of offering) is about the action, not the thing being offered. The third sense (a brief attempt) is completely unrelated to employment contexts.

So the best match is sense 2, where "offers" refers to proposals or bids - in this case, employment offers or job proposals.

The correct sense index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** employment
    *   **Context:** The text discusses immigration, economics, and jobs. Specifically, it mentions the impact of migration on economic growth, wages, and *employment*. Later it says "Restraining immigration ... harms employment." Then it talks about "offers of <t>employment</t>".
    *   **Target Instance:** "...training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `employment%1:26:00::` | Definition: the state of being employed or having a job | Synonyms: employ | Examples: "they are looking for employment", "he was in the employ of the city".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the abstract state of having a job.

    *   **Sense 2:** `employment%1:04:00::` | Definition: the occupation for which you are paid | Synonyms: work | Examples: "he is looking for employment", "a lot of people are out of work".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the specific work or occupation itself.

    *   **Sense 3:** `employment%1:04:02::` | Definition: the act of giving someone a job | Synonyms: engagement | Examples: None provided, but synonym "engagement" suggests the act of hiring.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the act of hiring or providing a job.

    *   **Sense 4:** `employment%1:04:01::` | Definition: the act of using | Synonyms: use, usage... | Examples is a general sense of "use" (e.g., employment of resources). Clearly not the meaning here.

3.  **Evaluate the specific target instance in context:**
    *   Sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>."
    *   Phrase: "offers of employment".
    *   Let's test the senses against "offers of [SENSE]".

    *   *Testing Sense 1 (state of having a job):* "offers of [the state of being employed]". This fits reasonably well. A job offer offers you the state of being employed.
    *   *Testing Sense 2 (occupation/work):* "offers of [work]". This fits very well. A job offer is an offer of work or an occupation.
    *   *Testing Sense 3 (act of giving someone a job):* "offers of [the act of giving someone a job]". This is slightly recursive or meta. Usually, an "offer of employment" means "we are offering you a position". It is an offer to enter into the state of employment (Sense ierarchy:*
        *   Sense 1 (`employment%1:26:00::`) falls under the hierarchy of "state". (State -> Employment).
        *   Sense 2 (`employment%1:04:00::`) falls under the hierarchy of "occupation", "business", "job", "trade".
        *   Sense 3 (`employment%1:04:02::`) falls under the hierarchy of "act", "human action".

    *   *Comparison:*
        *   Earlier in the text: "impact of migration flows on ... wages and employment". Here, "employment" acts as an economic indicator (like "unemployment rate"). This usually corresponds to Sense 1 (the state of people having jobs) or a collective noun usage of Sense 2. In economics, "employment" usually refers to the quantity of people employed (Sense 1 - state).
        *   The specific target instance: "offers of employment *position* or the *work* being offered. You offer someone a job.
        *   Sense 2 definition: "the occupation for which you are paid".
        *   Sense 1 definition: "the state of being employed".

    *   *Let's look at the phrase "offer of employment":*
        *   Does the employer offer the state? Yes.
        *   Does the employer offer the occupation? Yes.
        *   Which is more precise in WordNet?
        *   Sense 2 is defined as "occupation". An offer is typically an offer of a specific role/occupation.
        *   However, looking at the provided examples for Sense 1: "they are looking for employment". This is the general condition.
        *   Looking at Sense 2: "he is looking for employment" (same example!). "a lot of people are out of work".
        *   Let's check the context again. "dynamic sectors where training ... is not linked to offers of employment".
        *   Here, "employment" is contrasted with "training". You train for a skill, but you don't get a job offer out of it.
        *   The sense here is "job" or "work". Is "job" Sense 1 or Sense 2?
        *   WordNet 3.1 or similar versions often group these slightly differently.
        *   Sense 1 (`%1:26:00`) is defined as "the state of being employed".
        *   Sense 2 (`%1:04:00`) is defined as "the occupation for which you are paid".
        *   If I say "I have employment", I am in the state (Sense 1).
        *   If I say "My employment is teaching", I am describing the occupation (Sense 2).
        *   In "offers of employment", what is offered? A job. Is a "job" the state or the occupation?
        *   Usually, "employment" in the economic context ("harms employment") refers to the aggregate state of the workforce (Sense 1).
        *   In "offers of employment", it refers to the specific instance of work.
        *   Let's look at the Synonyms provided in the prompt.
        *   Sense 1 Synonyms: employ (noun). Note: "employ" as a noun is archaic or formal for "employment" (state/service). "In the employ of".
        *   Sense 2 Synonyms: work.
        *   "Offers of work" makes perfect sense. "Offers of the state of being employed" is clunky.
        *   Let's reconsider the economic usage earlier in the text ("wages and employment"). "Employment" levels. This is Sense 1 (state).
        *   However, the task is fine-grained WSD for the target *surface form* at the specific location.
        *   Target location: "...offers of <t>employment</t>."
        *   Context: High-skilled sectors. Training isn't linked to job offers.
        *   Synonyms for Sense 2 include "work". "Offers of work".
        *   Definition for Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid".
        *   This fits "offers of employment" (job offers) better than the abstract state definition. A job offer offers a specific occupation (or a slot within one), not just the abstract state.
        *   Let's double check Sense 3 ("act of giving someone a job"). "offers of [the act of hiring]". This is "offers of engagement". You offer an engagement. This is plausible but "employment" usually refers to the job/content of the work rather than the act of hiring in this phrase. "I accepted the offer of employment" = I accepted the job. I didn't accept the act of hiring. I accepted the *work* or the *state*.
        *   So it's between Sense 1 (state) and Sense 2 (work/occupation).
        *   Sense 1 implies the status. Sense 2 implies the activity/occupation.
        *   "Training is not linked to offers of work/jobs".
        *   If training is vocational, it leads to work.
        *   Sense 2 seems to capture the "job/work" aspect better than the "state" aspect in the context of a specific offer. An offer is for a specific position (occupation/role).
        *   Let's check the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "he was in the employ of the city". This is definitely state/service.
        *   Sense 2: "he is looking for employment". This is looking for work.
        *   "Offers of employment" -> "Offers of work".
        *   Also, consider the broader economic context. The text discusses "employment" twice before the target.
            1. "impact ... on ... employment". (Economic metric: level of employment). This is Sense 1 (state of having a job, collectively).
            2. "harms employment". (Economic metric). Sense 1.
            3. "offers of employment". (Specific instance of a job offer).
        *   Does the meaning shift? "Employment" as a macroeconomic indicator is Sense 1 (the state of the population). "An1 or Sense 2?
        *   WordNet `employment%1:04:00::` (Sense 2) maps to "occupation". Synonyms: "work".
        *   WordNet `employment%1:26:00::` (Sense 1) maps to "state". Synonyms: "employ".
        *   When you are offered a job, you are offered an occupation (Sense 2) or a position (which grants you the state of Sense 1).
        *   Usually, Sense 2 ("work") is the concrete noun, Sense 1 ("state") is the abstract noun.
        *   "Offer" requires a concrete object (usually). You offer work. You don't typically "offer a state" in that phrasing, though you offer something *that results in* a state.
        *   However, "Employment" is often defined as "the state of being employed" in general dictionaries.
        *   Let's look at the WordNet online interface for `employment%1:04:00::`.
            *   Direct hypernym: `occupation`, `business`, `job`, `line of work`, `line`.
            *   Definition: the occupation for which you are paid.
        *   WordNet online interface for `employment%1:26:00::`.
            *   Direct hypernym: `state`.
            *   Definition: the state of being employed or having a job.
        *   The phrase "offers of employment" is synonymous with "job offers". A "job" is an occupation (Sense 2).
        *   If the text said "changes in employment rates", that. It denotes the work/occupation being offered.

    *   *Let's sanity check Sense 3.*
        *   Definition: "the act of giving someone a job".
        *   Synonym: "engagement".
        *   Phrase: "offers of engagement". This is technically correct in legalese (letter of engagement). But "employment" in general usage refers to the job, not the act of hiring.
        *   If I say "Employment is hard to find", I mean "Work is hard to find" (Sense 2) or "The state of being employed is hard to achieve" (Sense 1). Usually the former.
        *   If I say "Terms (Sense 2).
        *   If I say "Full employment", it refers to the economic state (Sense 1).
        *   The target is "offers of employment". This is synonymous with "job offers" or "offers of work".
        *   Work/Occupation = Sense 2.

    *   *Refining the choice:*
        *   Context: "...training ... is not linked to offers of employment."
        *   Meaning: Training isn't linked to offers of work/jobs.
        *   Sense 2 definition: "the occupation for which you are paid".
        *   Synonyms: work.
        *   This aligns perfectly.

    *   *Why not Sense 1?*
        *   Definition: "the state of being employed".
        *   Phrase: "offers of [the state of being employed]".
        *   While an offer leads to this state, the semantic object of the offer is the job (the work), not the state. You offer the person a place in the company to do work. Sense 2 captures the "content" of the employment (the job/work). Sense 1 captures the "status". An "offer" usually offers a "thing" (a job) rather than a "status".

    *   *Conclusion:* Sense 2 is the most precise fit for "offers of employment", interpreting "employment" as "work" or "occupation".

    *   *Checking indexes:*
        *   Sense 1: state.
        *   Sense 2: occupation/work.
        *   4: use.

    *   Choice: Sense 2.

    *   Let's double check the instances of "employment" earlier in the text just to be thorough about the task instructions (sometimes tasks assume the word has the same sense throughout, though WSD is usually local). The prompt asks for the best indexed sense *for the target word in context* (singular, specific instance marked by `<t>`).
    *   The earlier instances "wages and employment" and "harms employment" would be Sense 1 (economic indicator).
    *   However, the target instance is specifically "offers of employment".
    *   If the prompt implies disambiguating *only* the target instance:
        *   Target: "...offers of <t>employment</t>."
        *   Does this mean "offers of the status" or "offers of the job"?
        *   A "Contract of Employment" defines the job.
        *   "Offer of employment" = "Offer of a job".
        *   WordNet Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" -> Synonym: "work".
        *   This fits "job" best 1: "the state of being employed".
        *   If the text said "guarantees employment", that could be Sense 1.
        *   But "offers of employment" refers to the specific positions.

    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 1: "they are looking for employment".
    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 2: "he is looking for employment".
    *   This is unhelpful as they share the same example sentence. This happens in WordNet sometimes or the examples provided are overlapping.
    *   However, the distinction in gloss is crucial.
    *   Gloss 1: "state".
    *   Gloss 2: "occupation".
    *   In "offers of employment", is "employment" the state or the occupation?
    *   "I received an offer of employment." -> "I received a job offer."
    * *   I am confident it is Sense 2 because "occupation/work" is what is being offered. You offer a task/role (Sense 2).

    *   Wait, let's verify WordNet 3.1 mappings if possible.
    *   WN 3.1:
        *   employment n 1: the state of being employed or having a job; "they are looking for employment"; "he was in the employ of the city" [syn: {employment}, {employ}] (This is Sense 1 in the prompt).
        *   employment n 2: the occupation for which you are paid; "he is looking for employment"; "a lot of people are out of work" [syn: {employment}, {work}] (This is Sense 2 in the prompt).
    *   Note: The prompt examples for Sense 1 and Sense 2 are different in my snippet analysis?
    *   Prompt Sense 1 examples: "they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city".
    *   Prompt Sense 2 examples: "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work".
    *   Okay, the examples are different.
    *   Sense 1 example: "in the employ of the city" -> State/Service.
    *   Sense 2 example: "out of work" -> Work/Occupation.
    *   "Offers of employment".
    *   Substitute: "Offers of work". (Fits Sense 2).
    *   Substitute: "Offers of the state of being employed". (Fits Sense 1).
    *   "Work" is the content of the offer. "State" is the result.
    *   Usually, nouns of the offer refer to the content. "Offer of a car", "Offer of a cookie". "Offer of employment" -> The thing offered is employment (the job/work).
    *   Thus Sense 2 is preferred.

    *   Let's check if Sense 3 fits. "Act of giving someone a job".
    *   "Offers of [the act of hiring]".
    *   You don't offer the act; the company *performs* the act. You offer the job. So Sense 3 is incorrect.

    *   Result: Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form:**
    *   Lemma: *effect*
    *   Surface form: *effect*
    *   Context: The sentence is "A positive <t>effect</t> on wages... the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Core meaning needed: Something produced by a cause (immigration). Specifically, the *result* or *consequence* of immigration on wages/pay.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `effect%1:19:00::`
        *   Definition: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon"
        *   Synonyms: consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot
        *   Examples: "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"; "his decision had depressing consequences for business"
        *   Analysis: This fits perfectly. Immigration (the cause) leads to a change in wages (the effect). "Positive effect" is a very common collocation for this sense. The synonyms "consequence" and "result" match the logic of the text.

    *   **Sense 2:** `effect%1:07:00::`
        *   Definition: "an outward appearance"
        *   Synonyms: impression
        *   Examples: "he made a good impression"
        *   Analysis: This refers to superficial appearance, not a causal result.

    *   **Sense 3:** `effect%1:09:00::`
        *   Definition: "an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived)"
        *   Examples: "he just did it for effect"
        *   Analysis: This refers to artistic or rhetorical effect, not an economic outcome.

    *   **Sense 4:** `effect%1:10:00::`
        *   Definition: "the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work"
        *   Synonyms: essence, burden, core, gist
        *   Analysis: This is about meaning/text, not economic impact.

    *   **Sense 5:** `effect%1:07:01::`
        *   Definition: "(of a law) having legal validity"
        *   Synonyms: force
        *   Examples: "the law is still in effect"
        *   Analysis: This is the idiom "in effect", used as a predicate adjective. Here, "effect" is a noun modified by "positive" and followed by a prepositional phrase "on wages".

    *   **Sense 6:** `effect%1:26:00::`
        *   Definition: "a symptom caused by an illness or a drug"
        *   Examples: "the effects of sleep loss"
        *   Analysis: While similar to Sense 1, this is specific to medical or pharmacological contexts. The context here is economic (wages, employment, migration). Sense 1 is the general "cause and effect" sense appropriate for economics.

3.  **Synthesize and Decide:**
    The context discusses the economic consequences of immigration on wages. The phrase "positive effect" means "positive result" or "positive consequence."
    *   Sense 1 is the general sense of cause and effect.
    *   Sense 6 is restricted to illness/drugs.
    *   Sense 5 is restricted to legal status.
    *   Senses 2, 3, 4 are irrelevant.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the relationship where immigration (cause) produces a change in wages (effect).

4.  **Format Output:**
    The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "way" in the context: "In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists..."

Let me analyze this context. The phrase "In the same way as" is used to make a comparison - it's saying that just as a surgeon would find it difficult to work without anaesthetists, similarly the complementarities between locals and immigrants have a positive effect.

This is about the manner or method of how something happens. "In the same way as" is a comparative construction meaning "similarly to" or "in the same manner as."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
   - This fits well. "In the same way as" = "in the same manner as"

2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency
   - This is more about means/agency, not quite fitting

3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction
   - This is about physical direction/path

4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally
   - This doesn't fit well

5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life
   - Not about manner of doing something

6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path
   - Physical road/path

7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage
   - About a journey

8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room
   - About physical space

9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general
   - About distance

10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses
    - Not relevant

11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things
    - Not relevant

12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares
    - Not relevant

The best fit is sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" with synonyms like "manner, mode, style, fashion." The phrase "in the same way as" clearly means "in the same manner as" - it's about the manner/method of how something is done or happens.

The answer should be sense_index: 1

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: country
    *   Context sentence: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists..."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses immigration, labor markets, wages, and the economic relationship between locals and immigrants. It mentions specific sectors and professional roles (surgeon, anaesthetists).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (synonyms: state, nation...). This focuses on the political entity or government structure. While countries have governments, the context here is about a location where a surgeon works and where there is a shortage of staff (anaesthetists).
    *   **Sense 2:** "the territory occupied by a nation" (synonyms: state, land). This focuses on the geographical territory or the state as a place. Examples: "he visited several European countries". The context sentence "work in a country with a shortage" fits well with the idea of a territory or political-geographical entity.
    *   **Sense 3:** "the people who live in a nation or country" (synonyms: nation, land). Examples: "sums up the nation's mood". This refers to the population. The surgeon is not working *in* the people, but within the geopolitical boundaries/institutions.
    *   **Sense 4:** "an area outside of cities and towns" (synonyms: rural area). Examples: "slower pace of life in the country". This is the "countryside" sense. The context discusses surgeons and immigration flows, not rural vs. urban settings.
    *   **Sense 5:** "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary..." (synonyms: area). Examples: "Bible country". This usually refers to a specific type of terrain or region within a larger entity (like "mining country"). The context refers to a sovereign state or nation-state level entity where immigration laws and labor markets operate.

3.  **Disambiguation:**
    *   The sentence says a surgeon works in a *country* with a shortage of anaesthetists.
    *   It refers to a geopolitical entity.
    *   Sense 1 (political body/government) vs Sense 2 (territory occupied by a nation).
    *   Usually, when talking about "working in a country" or "immigration into a country", it refers to the sovereign state (territory + political organization).
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 2 in WordNet usage.
        *   Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government". Example: "African nations". Often used when referring to the state as an actor or the political entity.
        *   Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation". Example: "he visited several European countries". Often used when referring to the location or the geographical entity.
    *   The context mentions "work in a country", "immigration leads to...", "migratory flow". This implies borders and a territory.
    *   However, WordNet's distinction between 1:14:00 (Sense 1) and 1:15:00 (Sense 2) can be tricky.
    *   Sense 1 (state, nation) emphasizes the *government* or the *people organized politically*.
    *   Sense 2 (state, land) emphasizes the *territory*.
    *   When a surgeon works "in a country", they are working within the territory of that state. However, the concept of "country" in the context of immigration laws, labor markets, and "shortage of anaesthetists" (often regulated by national bodies) leans towards the nation-state entity.
    *   Let's look at the hierarchy. In WordNet, country/nation/state are often hypernyms.
    *   Sense 1 is defined as "a politically organized body of people...". Sense 2 is "the territory occupied by a nation".
    *   In the sentence "work in a country", the preposition "in" usually invites a location/container. "Territory" (Sense 2) fits "in" slightly better than "political body" (Sense 1), though "in a state" (Sense 1) is idiomatic.
    *   Let's check the provided examples for Sense 2: "he visited several European countries". This is very close to "work in a country".
    *   Let's check Sense 1 examples: "the state has elected a new president". This refers to the political actor.
    *   The text discusses "Restraining immigration", "local labor", "dynamic sectors". These are economic and demographic issues happening within the bounds of a state.
    *   Usually, in WSD tasks involving "country" referring to a nation-state (e.g., France, USA, etc.) rather than rural areas, Sense 1 (the political entity/nation) or Sense 2 (the land/territory) are the main contenders.
    *   Let's evaluate the "Surgeon" sentence. A surgeon works in a specific territory? Or a specific political entity? The shortage of anaesthetists implies a national health system or a national labor market. This encompasses both.
    *   Standard WSD practice for general references to countries (like "foreign country", "European countries", "work in a country") often maps to **Sense 1** (the state/nation entity) in many annotated datasets (like SemCor), though Sense 2 is also possible.
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "politically organized body of people".
        *   Sense 2: "territory occupied by a nation".
    *   The text talks about the *rules* (immigration) and *people* (workers, surgeons). It talks about the *nation* as a unit of analysis for economic policy.
    *   "Restraining immigration" is an act of the government (Sense 1).
    *   "Work in a country" is a location (Sense 2).
    *   However, WordNet 3.0/3.1 often groups these. Let's look at the specific definitions provided in the prompt again.
    *   Sense 1: "politically organized body of people under a single government".
    *   Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation".
    *   If I say "I am going to a different country", I usually mean Sense 2 (territory) or Sense 1 (state). In "The country voted for X", it's Sense 1 (people/polity).
    *   In "work in a country", it emphasizes the location/domain.
    *   However, let's look at the "Synonyms". Sense 1 has "nation, state, land". Sense 2 has "state, land".
    *   Let's check the hypernym structure implied. Sense 1 is `group`. Sense 2 is `location`.
    *   "In a country" -> "In a location". This strongly favors Sense 2 (territory/location).
    *   If it were Sense 1 (group), we would say "The country supports the policy" (the group acts). We rarely say "I work in a group" where group is the country, we say "I work in a place".
    *   Therefore, the locative aspect of "in a country" points to Sense 2.
    *   Wait, let me double check SemCor annotations for "country".
        *   "He visited several European countries" -> Sense 2 (location).
        *   "The whole country was astir" -> Sense 3 (people) or Sense 1.
    *   Context: "work in a country". This is a locative usage.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 seems the most precise fit for the locative "in a country".

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 1. Is "country" defined as a political entity in the context of immigration? Immigration laws are set by the political entity. But the sentence instance is "work *in* a country". Preposition "in" + location. Sense 1 is a Group. Sense 2 is a Location/Artifact (territory).
    *   Semantic types: Sense 1 = Group. Sense 2 = Location/Object.
    *   You work *in* a location. You don't work *in* a group (in this sense). You work *for* a group or the group works.
    *   Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best fit because the context requires a locative container ("work in...").

    *   Let's verify Sense 5: "geographical region of indefinite boundary". "Surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country..." usually refers to a specific nation-state (Germany, France, etc.), not an indefinite region like "mountainous area". So Sense 5 is out.

    *   Let's verify Sense 3: "the people who live in a nation". "Work in a country". Again, locative. If it meant people, it would be "The country is happy". Not "Work in a country".

    *   So it's strictly 1 vs 2.
    *   Sense 1: Political body (Group).
    *   Sense 2: Territory (Location).
    *   Sentence: "work **in** a country".
    *   Usage: Locative.
    *   Selection: Sense 2.

    Let's double check if Sense 1 is often used for general "nation" references regardless of preposition.
    WordNet 3.1:
    1. country, state, nation -- (the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries") -> This is actually Sense 2 in the provided list (definition: territory occupied by a nation). Note: In some WordNet versions or mappings, the indices might swap, but here the definitions are explicit.
    Provided Sense 1: "politically organized body of people..."
    Provided Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation"

    Sentence: "...work in a country..."
    This implies a geographical/political area where one resides and works.
    Matches Sense 2 definition and example ("he visited several European countries").

    Let's verify if there's a trap. Sometimes "country" implies the political organization when discussing laws. "Restraining immigration" -> Political entity. But the specific instance is "work in a country". The instance determines the sense.
    Instance: "work in a country".
    Sense 2 examples: "he visited several European countries". This matches the locative usage.
    Sense 1 examples: "the state has elected a new president". This matches the political agent usage.

    The context is about the economic environment inside that territory.
    I will select Sense 2.

    Wait, looking at the indices provided:
    Sense 1: country%1:14:00:: (Politically organized body...)
    Sense 2: country%1:15:00:: (Territory occupied by a nation...)

    Let's confirm the sense keys.
    `country%1:14:00::` is typically defined as "the territory occupied by a nation" in some versions of WN?
    Let's check the standard WN order.
    WN 3.0:
    1. country, state, nation -- (the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries")
    2. state, province -- (the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation; "his state is in the deep south")
    3. nation, land, country -- (the people who live in a nation or country; "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"; "the news was announced to the nation")
    4. country, rural area -- (an area outside of cities and towns; "his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country")
    5. area, country -- (a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography); "it was a mountainous area"; "Bible country")

    Wait, the provided list has different definitions mapped to the indices compared to the standard WN order often seen.
    Let's strictly follow the definitions provided in the prompt.
    Provided Sense 1: "politically organized body of people under a single government" (synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic).
    Provided Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" (synonyms: state, land).

    This distinction is:
    Sense 1 = The State (Abstract political entity).
    Sense 2 = The Land/Territory (Geographical entity).

    Context: "work in a country".
    Preposition "in" indicates enclosure or location.
    One works in a territory (Sense 2).
    One does not typically work "in" a "politically organized body of people" (Sense 1) in a locative sense; one works in the jurisdiction of that body, or in the territory.
    The example for Sense 2 "he visited several European countries" involves visiting the location/territory.
    The example for Sense 1 "the state has elected a new president" treats the entity as an agent/patient.

    The context sentence: "...work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists..."
    This implies a geographical labor market.
    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice based on the provided definitions and examples.

    One counter-argument: Sometimes "country" is treated as the political entity in "foreign country". But the definition "territory occupied by a nation" captures the physical location where the surgeon works. The surgeon is located in the territory. The shortage is in the territory.
    Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "shortage" in the given context:

The context is about immigration and its effects on labor markets. The specific sentence with "shortage" is:
"But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

And later: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists..."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00::
Definition: the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required
Synonyms: deficit, shortfall
Example: "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit"

2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00::
Definition: an acute insufficiency
Synonyms: dearth, famine
Example: (no example provided)

In the context, the word "shortage" is referring to an insufficient amount of labor/anaesthetists. The text is discussing how there's not enough local labor in certain trades or sectors.

Both senses could potentially fit here, as both refer to insufficiency or not having enough of something. Let me analyze more carefully:

Sense 1 focuses on "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" - this suggests a measurement perspective, focusing on the gap between what is needed and what is available.

Sense 2 focuses on "an acute insufficiency" - this suggests a more severe lack or scarcity, with synonyms like "dearth" and "famine" which imply a serious shortage.

In the given context, the text is discussing labor market shortages in certain trades/sectors. This doesn't appear to be a severe or acute shortage (like a famine), but rather a situation where there is less labor than needed in certain sectors. The shortage is presented as a condition that immigrants help fill, not as an acute crisis.

The example for sense 1 about "nutritional deficit" similarly refers to a situation where something is less than required, and biological processes develop to compensate for this deficit.

Based on this analysis, sense 1 seems to better match the context. The text is describing a situation where there is less local labor than required in certain trades, rather than an acute insufficiency or crisis. The focus is on the gap between what's needed and what's available, which aligns with sense 1's definition of "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required."

Therefore, I believe sense 1 is the most appropriate for this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complementarity
Target surface form: complementarities
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02:: | definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** complementarity
    *   **Target surface form:** complementarities
    *   **Context:** The text discusses immigration economics. It argues that immigrants do not replace native workers but are "complementary" to them. It mentions unskilled immigrants working in sectors locals avoid and skilled immigrants in dynamic sectors. The specific sentence is: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   **Meaning in context:** Here, "complementarities" refers to the way locals and immigrants work together, filling gaps for each other. The surgeon/anaesthetist analogy is key: they need each other to function effectively; one supplements the other. The relationship is cooperative and mutually beneficial (or at least one fills a gap the other leaves). It's about how the two groups fit together to create a whole labor market.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `complementarity%1:24:01::` | definition="a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense often relates to physics (wave-particle duality) or strict logical/philosophical opposites (yin/yang, perhaps). "Opposite states or principles" doesn't quite fit the economic relationship between local and immigrant workers. While they might be distinct groups, they aren't "opposites" in a philosophical sense, nor do they "exhaust the possibilities" in the way this definition implies (usually referring to binary opposites).

    *   **Sense 2:** `complementarity%1:24:02::` | definition="the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other" | examples="the complementarity of the sexes"
        *   *Analysis:* "Interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements... the other." This fits perfectly. The immigrants supplement the local labor force (filling shortages). The surgeon (local/one part) depends on the anaesthetist (immigrant/other part) to work. The relationship described is one of supplementation (filling gaps) and functional interdependence. The example "complementarity of the sexes" implies biological/functional roles fitting together, similar to the economic roles fitting together in the text.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on "opposite states" and "exhausting possibilities." This is too abstract or binary for the labor market context.
    *   Sense 2 focuses on "supplements or depends on the other." The text explicitly says immigrants work in sectors with shortages (supplementing) and uses the surgeon/anaesthetist analogy (dependence/supplementation). This matches the definition and the tone of the example.

4.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   The best sense is Sense 2.
    *   Output format: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: DigitalOcean