[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's <t>best</t> female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "best"
    *   Target surface form: "best"
    *   Context snippet: "...Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's <t>best</t> female ringers."
    *   Full context: The text describes change ringing (church bells). It talks about skill, timing, "skilled ringers", "mathematical completeness", "mechanical perfection", and "intricate ritual faultlessly performed". Stephanie Pattenden is introduced as a "master of the band" and "one of England's best female ringers."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `best%3:00:00::` | "(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities" | Examples: "the best film of the year; the best solution".
        *   This is the general superlative sense. It is very broad. It means "top quality".

    *   **Sense 2:** `best%5:00:00:advisable:00` | "(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous..."
        *   This usually applies to actions or choices (e.g., "it is best to wait"). Here it modifies a noun ("ringers"). Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `good%3:00:01::` | "having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified"
        *   This is the base adjective "good". The target is "best" (superlative). While semantically related, the indexed sense usually matches the specific morphological form in WordNet unless the resource collapses them. However, WordNet usually has separate entries for "good" and "best". Sense 1 specifically defines "best". Sense 3 defines "good". Let's check if the index implies selecting a sense for the *lemma* "best" or mapping to the underlying concept.
        *   The prompt asks for "Target lemma: best". Sense 1 is explicitly for "best". Senses 3-23 are explicitly for the lemma "good" (or other synonyms like "adept", "dear", etc., where "good" is a synonym).
        *   Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs the others.
        *   Sense 1 says "(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities".
        *   Is there a sense that captures "skillful" specifically?
        *   **Sense 10:** `adept%5:00:00:skilled:00` | "having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude" | Synonyms: adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful.
        *   Context implies skill. She is a "master of the band", mentioned in the context of "skilled ringers". She is "one of England's best female ringers".
        *   If "best" is the superlative of "good", and if we mean "skillful" by "good", does Sense 1 cover that? Sense 1 says "having the most positive qualities". That's generic.
        *   However, the target surface form is "best". The candidate list contains lemmas other than "best" (like "good", "adept", "dear", etc.).
        *   This suggests the task allows for mapping the surface form "best" to a specific semantic concept, even if the sense key belongs to a synonym lemma (like "good" or "adept") or the base lemma.
        *   Let's evaluate if Sense 10 (skilled/proficient) is the intended meaning. "One of England's best female ringers". Does "best" here mean "most skilled"? Yes, undoubtedly. Ringing is a skill-based activity described in terms of "skilled ringers", "mechanical perfection", etc.
        *   Does Sense 1 cover "most skilled"? It covers "most positive qualities". Skill is a positive quality for a ringer. It is the "best" sense for the word "best" specifically.
        *   Let's check if the list expects me to pick the "good" sense that corresponds to the meaning, or the "best" sense that corresponds to the form.
        *   Sense 1: `best%3:00:00::`.
        *   Sense 10: `adept%5:00:00:skilled:00`. Note that "good" is listed as a synonym in Sense 10. If "good" means skilled, then "best" means most skilled.
        *   In WordNet, "best" is often a direct pointer to the superlative of "good". "Good" has many senses (polysemous).
        *   If "good" has a sense "skillful" (Sense 10), does "best" inherit that specific sense in this WSD schema?
        *   Let's look at Sense 1's definition again: "(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities". It doesn't specify *which* qualities.
        *   However, usually, in these "fine-grained" tasks, if the specific nuance (skill) is available via a sense key for a synonym or the base form, it is preferred over the generic superlative definition, *if* the system considers them valid candidates.
        *   BUT, look at Sense 1's sense key: `best%3:00:00::`. This is the specific entry for the word "best".
        *   Look at Sense 3's sense key: `good%3:00:01::`.
        *   If I choose Sense 10 (`adept%5:00:00:skilled:00`), I am saying the word "best" maps to the "adept" lemma sense.
        *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 10: "adept in handicrafts". Synonyms include "good".
        *   Is "best" in Sense 10? No, "good" is.
        *   Is "best" in Sense 1? Yes.
        *   Does Sense 1 encompass the meaning? "Having the most positive qualities". Skill is the relevant quality here.
        *   Often, superlatives in WordNet are treated somewhat generally in the main entries (Sense 1), while the specific adjectival meanings reside in the base form entries. However, strictly speaking, `best%3:00:00::` is the only candidate that actually defines the word "best" specifically (as a superlative).
        *   Let's check if there are other candidates. Sense 3 to 23 are all keyed to "good" or other words (dear, effective, etc.).
        *   If the instruction says "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context...", and provides a list including the base form senses, it implies I should look for the sense that matches the *meaning* best, regardless of the lemma in the sense key? Or should I prioritize the sense key that matches the target lemma?
        *   Usually, for WSD, if the target word is "best", and the sense key is `best%...`, that's the correct lexical entry. If the target word is "good", I'd choose from the `good%` senses.
        *   However, Sense 1's definition is very high-level. "(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities".
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 10. Definition: "having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude". Synonyms include "good". "Good ringers" -> "Skillful ringers". "Best ringers" -> "Most skillful ringers".
        *   Does the system consider `adept%...` a valid disambiguation for the target "best"?
        *   Standard WordSenseDisambiguation usually maps a target token to a sense key associated with that token's lemma. "Best" is the lemma here (or superlative form). The lemma "best" has its own synsets. In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
            *   `best` (adj) has synsets.
            *   One synset is `best%1:...` (noun - best person).
            *   Here it is an adjective.
            *   Adjective `best` usually points to the superlative of `good`.
            *   In Princeton WordNet, `best` (adj) has only one sense: `(superlative of 'good') having the most positive qualities`.
            *   Therefore, if we are strictly using WordNet's structure for the lemma "best", Sense 1 is the **only** valid sense for the lemma "best".
            *   The other senses (3-23) are senses of the lemma "good".
            *   Sense 2 is also "best", but defined as superlative of "well" (advisable).
            *   If the system presents senses for "good" alongside "best", it might be offering a "coarse-grained" or "semantic" mapping challenge where we map the form to the underlying concept.
            *   HOWEVER, usually, if the lemma provided is "best", and Sense 1 is `best%3:00:00::`, that is the intended target. The inclusion of "good" senses might be to test if the model recognizes that "best" is the superlative of "good" and thus inherits all specific senses of "good"? No, that would make it impossible to choose a single sense (since "good" has ~20 senses). If "best" inherited all of them, they would all be valid. Since I must choose a *single* best sense, I must choose the sense that actually defines the word "best".
            *   Sense 1 explicitly defines "best" as having the most positive qualities. This encompasses "most skilled".
            *   Sense 2 defines "best" as advisable.
            *   All others define "good", "adept", etc.
            *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct lexical choice for the target lemma "best".

    *   **Let's double check Sense 2.**
        *   "one of England's best female ringers".
        *   Does it mean "advisable"? No. It means "top quality/skilled".
        *   So Sense 2 is out.

    *   **Let's double check Sense 10.**
        *   Meaning matches ("skilled").
        *   Lemma mismatch: The sense key is `adept%...`. The target lemma is `best`.
        *   In strict WSD, you select a sense from the inventory of the target lemma. The inventory for lemma "best" consists of Sense 1 and Sense 2 (and maybe a noun sense not listed).
        *   Sense 1 says "having the most positive qualities".
        *   "Skilled" is a positive quality. A "best ringer" has the most positive qualities (specifically skill) regarding ringing.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct semantic bucket provided by the dictionary for the word "best".

    *   **Alternative interpretation:**
        *   Could the prompt be asking for the *sense of the underlying concept*?
        *   If I have to choose between Sense 1 (generic positive superlative) and Sense 10 (specific skilled meaning), which is "better"?
        *   Sense 1 is the only one that technically applies to the word form/lemma "best" in standard WordNet.
        *   Often, prompts like this include distractors. The "good" senses are distractors because "best" is morphologically derived from "good", but in the dictionary, "best" is often a separate entry pointing to a generalized superlative synset.
        *   Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "the best film of the year; the best solution".
        *   Sense 10: "adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler".
        *   "Best female ringer" fits the syntactic pattern of "Best [noun]".
        *   In "Best film", "best" is subjective quality.
        *   In "Best ringer", "best" refers to skill.
        *   However, the definition for Sense 1 is "having the most positive qualities". This is a hypernym of "most skilled". It is the correct WordNet definition for "best".
        *   If I were forced to disambiguate "good" in "a good ringer", I would choose Sense 10.
        *   But since the word is "best", I am constrained to the senses of "best".
        *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *   **Why are the other senses listed?**
        *   They might be there because of the morphological relationship (best -> good). A naive system might map best->good and then disambiguate good.
        *   But the prompt asks to choose the best indexed sense for the target word.
        *   Target lemma: best.
        *   Candidate senses: includes `best%...` and `good%...`.
        *   If I pick a `good%...` sense, I am claiming the target lemma "best" is instantiated by the sense key `good%...`. In some WSD frameworks (like OntoNotes or unified lexical resources), derivationally related forms might share specific sense IDs, but in WordNet (which these sense keys resemble), `best` and `good` have distinct synsets.
        *   The sense key `best%3:00:00::` is the specific synset for "best" (adjective).
        *   Therefore, picking Sense 1 is the linguistically accurate choice for WordNet-based WSD.

    *   **Confirming context fit:**
        *   Context: "one of England's best female ringers."
        *   She is excellent. She has the most positive qualities (skill) among ringers.
        *   Sense 1 examples: "the best film of the year". "Best film" means highest quality. "Best ringer" means highest quality (skill). This fits perfectly.

    *   **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct sense key for the lemma "best". The other senses belong to the lemma "good" (or others) and function as distractors or indicate the base meanings from which the superlative is formed, but they are not the lexical entries for "best" itself in this specific WordNet snapshot.

    *   Let's verify Sense 2 again. "wiser or more advantageous". "One of England's wiser female ringers"? No. "One of England's more advantageous female ringers"? No. She is a top performer. Sense 1 covers this.

    *   Final check: Is there any possibility that the dataset considers "best" to be mapped to the specific sense of "good"?
        *   If the dataset was unified (like UBY or similar), it might link them.
        *   But the "sense_key" format is strictly WordNet.
        *   In WordNet, `best%3:00:00::` is a distinct synset `{best}`.
        *   The synset `{good}` (sense 3) has pointers to `{better}` and `{best}`.
        *   Usually, WSD on WordNet requires selecting the synset the word actually belongs to.
        *   The word "best" belongs to synset `best%3:00:00::`.
        *   It does NOT belong to synset `adept%5:00:00:skilled:00`. It is semantically related, but not the same lexical unit.
        *   Therefore, index 1 is the correct answer.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: female
Target surface form: female
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best <t>female</t> ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=female%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop | examples=a female heir; female holly trees bear the berries
2. sense_key=female%5:00:02:feminine:01 | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to a woman | synonyms=distaff | examples=female sensitiveness; female suffrage
3. sense_key=female%5:00:01:female:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls | examples=the female lead in the play; a female chorus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** female
    *   **Target Surface Form:** female
    *   **Context Snippet:** "...admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best <t>female</t> ringers."
    *   **Syntactic Function:** Adjective modifying the noun "ringers" (people who ring bells).
    *   **Meaning in Context:** It refers to ringers who are women or girls. It distinguishes Stephanie Pattenden as one of the best ringers who happen to be of the female sex/gender.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `female%3:00:00::`
        *   *Definition:* being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop.
        *   *Examples:* a female heir; female holly trees bear the berries.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense focuses on biological sex (ova production). While technically true that human females produce ova, the usage here is classifying a group of people (ringers). The examples "female heir" are similar syntactically (adjective + noun). However, WordNet often distinguishes between the biological definition and the usage regarding women/girls in social roles. Let's look at the other senses to see if there is a better fit for the social/categorical aspect of "female ringers".

    *   **Sense 2:** `female%5:00:02:feminine:01`
        *   *Definition:* characteristic of or peculiar to a woman.
        *   *Synonyms:* distaff.
        *   *Examples:* female sensitiveness; female suffrage.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to qualities or characteristics associated with women (feminine nature). The text isn't saying the ringers are "feminine" or have characteristics peculiar to women; it is categorizing them by gender/sex. "Female suffrage" is a specific political category, not a characteristic. "Female sensitiveness" is a characteristic. "Female ringers" refers to the people themselves, not a trait like sensitivity.

    *   **Sense 3:** `female%5:00:01:female:00`
        *   *Definition:* for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls.
        *   *Examples:* the female lead in the play; a female chorus.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense covers adjectives modifying nouns to indicate the gender composition of the group or the specific role filled by a woman.
        *   *Comparison:*
            *   "Female lead" fits "Female ringer" perfectly. It identifies a role occupied by a woman.
            *   "Female chorus" fits "Female ringers" (a group of women).
            *   The definition "pertaining to or composed of women or girls" aligns well with "female ringers" (ringers who are women).
            *   Sense 1 is the biological definition. While Stephanie is biologically female, the linguistic function here is categorizing the *ringer* (a social role/agent) by gender.
            *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 3 more closely. WordNet adjective satellites (starting with 5) often relate to pertainyms. Sense 3 pertains to the noun "female" (in the sense of a woman/girl). Sense 1 is an adjective derived from the biological attribute.
            *   Example for Sense 1: "female heir". Example for Sense 3: "female lead". Is there a difference?
            *   "Female heir" implies an heir who is biologically female (often contrasted with male heirs in primogeniture contexts).
            *   "Female lead" implies a role for a woman.
            *   "Female ringer": Stephanie is a ringer. She is a woman. Is this Sense 1 (biological classification) or Sense 3 (pertaining to women/composed of women)?
            *   Usually, when modifying a human agent noun (like ringer, lead, doctor), if the distinction is purely about the gender category in a social or professional context, Sense 3 is often the intended fine-grained sense in WSD tasks because it captures the "pertaining to women" aspect rather than the strict biological gamete definition (though they overlap significantly for humans).
            *   Let's check the examples again.
                *   Sense 1: "female holly trees" (biological). "female heir" (biological/legal status).
                *   Sense 3: "female lead" (role). "female chorus" (group).
            *   "Ringer" is a role/occupation/hobbyist. "Female ringers" is a group composed of women.
            *   Sense 3 definition: "composed of women or girls" -> "female ringers" (the group of ringers described is composed of women).
            *   Sense 3 definition: "for or pertaining to... women". A "female ringer" is a ringer pertaining to the category of women.

    *   **Refining the choice between 1 and 3:**
        *   Sense 1 defines the *attribute* of being the sex that produces ova.
        *   Sense 3 defines the *application* of the term to roles, groups, or things pertaining to women.
        *   In the sentence "one of England's best female ringers", the adjective is used to subset the group "ringers" into those who are women.
        *   If I say "a female doctor", am I saying "a doctor who produces ova" (Sense 1) or "a doctor who is a woman" (Sense 3)? In WordNet structure, Sense 3 usually captures the "pertaining to women" usage.
        *   Let's look at the example "female lead" (Sense 3). A "lead" is a role. A "ringer" is a role/practitioner.
        *   Let's look at "female heir" (Sense 1). Heir is a legal status based on lineage/biology.
        *   The distinction in WordNet between `female%3:00:00::` (adj all) and `female%5:00:01:female:00` (adj pertain) is subtle but standard.
        *   Sense 1 is the direct adjective (attribute).
        *   Sense 3 is the pertainym (relating to the noun 'female' meaning woman).
        *   Often, for human agents, Sense 3 is preferred if the context implies a social category or grouping (like "female chorus"). "Ringers" is a group/category.
        *   Let's check the gloss for Sense 3 again: "for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls".
        *   "Female ringers" -> Ringers who are women. This fits "pertaining to women".
        *   Sense 1 gloss: "being the sex...".
        *   Stephanie is a female (noun). She is a female ringer (adj).
        *   In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "female" modifying a professional/agentive noun often maps to the sense indicating "pertaining to women/girls" (Sense 3 type) rather than the biological attribute, especially when contrasting with "male" in a social context.
        *   However, Sense 1 examples include "female heir". "Female ringer" feels closer to "female heir" (classifying the person) than "female chorus" (classifying the group)? No, "female chorus" is a group of females. "Female ringers" refers to a subset of people.
        *   Wait, Sense 1 includes "female heir". Sense 3 includes "female lead". An heir is a status. A lead is a role. A ringer is a practitioner/role.
        *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 3 again. "composed of women or girls". "Female ringers" (plural) are a group composed of women.
        *   The text says "one of England's best female ringers". It singles out the category.
        *   Let's check the mapping for "female" as an adjective for humans.
        *   If I say "She is female", it is Sense 1.
        *   If I say "The female population", it is Sense 3 (pertaining to women).
        *   If I say "A female doctor", strictly speaking, it is a doctor who is female (Sense 1 attribute). But in WordNet, Sense 3 "female lead" suggests that roles get Sense 3.
        *   Why is "female heir" Sense 1 and "female lead" Sense 3?
            *   Heir: often biological determination is crucial.
            *   Lead: a role "for" a woman.
        *   Is "ringer" a role "for" a woman? No, it's just a person who rings bells.
        *   Therefore, "female ringer" describes a ringer who *is* female. This points to Sense 1 (being the sex...).
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of women".
        *   "Female ringers" could mean "ringers who pertain to women".
        *   Let's compare "female holly trees" (Sense 1). Biological category.
        *   Let's compare "female chorus" (Sense 3). A chorus composed of females.
        *   "Female ringers": A group of ringers composed of females.
        *   If I say "female students", is it Sense 1 or 3?
            *   Students who are female (Sense 1).
            *   A body of students pertaining to females (Sense 3).
        *   Let's look at the structure.
        *   Sense 1: `female%3:00:00::` (Attribute).
        *   Sense 3: `female%5:00:01:female:00` (Pertainym/Relational).
        *   Pertainyms usually denote "of or pertaining to X". Sense 3 says "of or pertaining to... women".
        *   When we say "female ringers", we are saying the ringers *are* women. We are attributing the quality of being female to them. This aligns with Sense 1 (Attribute).
        *   However, the example "female lead" in Sense 3 is tricky. A "female lead" is a role written for a woman or played by a woman.
        *   Let's look at the Synonyms for Sense 2: "distaff". "Distaff" is often used for "distaff side" or "women's work".
        *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1 again. "female heir".
        *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 3 again. "female lead".
        *   Is there a distinction between "status/identity" vs "role/function"?
        *   Stephanie is a person. She is a ringer. She is female.
        *   "Female ringers" distinguishes them from "male ringers". It is a biological/social categorization.
        *   Sense 1 seems the most robust for "being the sex". It defines the entity itself.
        *   Sense 3 seems to imply a function (a lead *for* a female) or composition (a chorus *of* females).
        *   "Female ringer" is an individual defined by the attribute.
        *   Let's verify if "female ringer" fits the composition definition of Sense 3. "composed of women or girls". "Female ringers" (plural) are a group composed of women. This fits well.
        *   Let's verify if "female ringer" fits the "being the sex" definition of Sense 1. A female ringer is a ringer who is the sex that produces ova. This fits well too.
        *   Which is "best"?
        *   Distinction: Sense 3 is a relational adjective (pertainym). Relational adjectives often cannot be predicated. "The ringer is female" works. "The lead is female" works. "The chorus is female" (composed of females) works.
        *   If an adjective can be used predicatively ("The ringer is female"), it suggests it is an inherent quality (Sense 1) rather than just a pertainym, though pertainyms can sometimes take predicates in "be" sentences (e.g., "The chorus is female").
        *   However, look at the Sense 1 example "female heir". A female heir is a specific legal/social status based on sex.
        *   Look at Sense 3 example "female lead". A theatrical role.
        *   "Ringer" is a hobbyist/practitioner.
        *   Is there a nuance of "women's ringers" (Sense 3)? No.
        *   Let's look at the Sense 3 gloss again: "for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls".
        *   Is a "female ringer" a ringer *for* women? No.
        *   Is it *pertaining* to women? Loosely.
        *   Is it *composed* of women? (Plural).
        *   Let's look at Sense 1 gloss: "being the sex...".
        *   This seems the primary, definitional meaning of the word "female" when applied to an animal/human.
        *   In WordNet, pertainym senses (Sense 3) for "female" often denote things associated with women (like "female suffrage" - distinct from "female heir"). Wait, "female suffrage" is NOT Sense 3. "female suffrage" is Sense 2 in the provided list ("characteristic of..."). Sense 3 examples are "female lead", "female chorus".
        *   "Female chorus" = A chorus composed of females.
        *   "Female ringers" = Ringers composed of females? No, that sounds odd. It's "ringers who are female".
        *   "Female lead" = A lead played by a female.
        *   It seems Sense 3 handles the noun modifier usage where the group/role is defined by the presence of women.
        *   But Sense 1 handles the noun modifier usage "female heir" (a heir who is female).
        *   The key might be in the semantic category.
        *   Heir: determined by birth/biology.
        *   Lead/Chorus: Social/Artistic constructs.
        *   Ringer: Social/Activity-based construct.
        *   "Female ringer" is much closer to "female lead" or "female doctor" than "female heir" (which implies a legal difference in rights often, historically).
        *   However, "female doctor" is often used to illustrate gender marking.
        *   Let's look at the Sense 1 vs Sense 3 divide in WordNet specifically.
        *   WordNet 3.0:
            *   Adjective 1: being the sex... (female heir, female holly).
            *   Adjective 2: characteristic of... (female suffrage).
            *   Adjective 3: for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls (female lead, female chorus).
        *   The decision rests on whether "ringer" aligns with "heir" or "lead/chorus".
        *   "Ringer" is an activity.
        *   "Female lead" is a role in a play.
        *   "Female chorus" is a singing group.
        *   "Female ringer" is a bell-ringer.
        *   It seems Sense 3 is the catch-all for "involving/composed of women" in social groups/roles.
        *   Sense 1's example "female heir" is somewhat unique because "heir" is a kinship/legal term. "Female holly trees" is biological.
        *   "Female ringers" are biological humans engaging in an activity.
        *   If I have to choose the "best" indexed sense.
        *   Sense 3 covers "composed of women". "Female ringers" is a group of ringers composed of women.
        *   Sense 3 covers "female lead" (role).
        *   It feels slightly more specific to the social grouping than the biological definition of Sense 1.
        *   However, usually, identifying the sex of an animal/human falls under Sense 1. "A female cat", "A female spider", "A female employee".
        *   Is "female employee" Sense 1 or 3?
            *   If "female heir" is Sense 1, "female employee" might be Sense 1.
        *   Is "female lead" Sense 3 because a "lead" is a role/character type, not just a person?
        *   Is "female chorus" Sense 3 because a chorus is a collective noun?
        *   "Ringer" is a count noun for a person. "Ringers" is the plural.
        *   "One of England's best female ringers."
        *   Here, "female" modifies "ringer".
        *   Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "being the sex...". This is the most fundamental definition. Stephanie *is* female. She is a female ringer.
        *   Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of women".
        *   Does "female ringer" mean "ringer pertaining to women"? Not really. It means "ringer who is a woman".
        *   The definition of Sense 1 ("being the sex...") captures the "who is a woman" meaning directly.
        *   The definition of Sense 3 ("composed of women") applies better to collectives (chorus) or roles designed for women (female lead? Though a female lead is just the lead character who is female).
        *   Let's check standard WSD annotation guidelines (e.g., from Senseval/Semeval).
        *   Often, for human nouns, the biological sex sense (Sense 1) is the default unless there is a specific "female-characteristic" meaning (Sense 2) or a specific relational meaning (Sense 3).
        *   Why is "female lead" Sense 3? Perhaps because "lead" is a dramatic part, not a biological entity. You can't say "The lead is the sex that produces ova". You say "The lead is played by a woman".
        *   Can you say "The ringer is the sex that produces ova"? Yes, Stephanie is.
        *   Can you say "The ringer is composed of women"? No, a single ringer is not a group. The text mentions "female ringers" (plural). But the lemma is "female". "Best female ringers".
        *   "One of England's best female ringers". "Female" modifies "ringers".
        *   If "female" modifies the person (Stephanie), Sense 1 is strong.
        *   If "female" modifies the group classification, Sense 3 is possible.
        *   Let's look at the similarity between "female lead" and "female ringer".
            *   Lead: Role.
            *   Ringer: Agent/Role.
        *   Let's look at "female heir" (Sense 1).
            *   Heir: Status/Agent.
        *   The example "female heir" in Sense 1 suggests that agents/statuses can fall under Sense 1.
        *   The example "female lead" in Sense 3 suggests roles can fall under Sense 3.
        *   What distinguishes "heir" from "lead"?
            *   Heir is a biological/legal status (dependent on lineage/sex).
            *   Lead is a functional role in art.
            *   "Ringer" is a functional role in a hobby.
        *   "Ringer" seems more functional like "lead".
        *   However, Sense 1's definition "being the sex..." applies to the person. Stephanie is the sex...
        *   Sense 3's definition "pertaining to..." is derivative.
        *   Usually, the direct attribute is preferred over the pertainym if the semantics allow.
        *   "She is a female ringer" = She is a ringer and she is female (Sense 1).
        *   Does "female" in "female ringer" mean "pertaining to women"?
            *   It distinguishes her from male ringers.
            *   But that distinction relies on her *being* female (Sense 1).
        *   Let's look at the "female chorus" example. A chorus is a group. It is composed of women. This fits Sense 3 perfectly ("composed of").
        *   "Female lead". A lead role. It is played by a woman. Or written for a woman. Fits "pertaining to".
        *   "Female ringers". Are they "composed of women"? Yes, as a group. But as a lemma "female" modifying "ringer", it describes the individual.
        *   "Stephanie ... one of England's best female ringers."
        *   Stephanie is a woman. She is a ringer.
        *   Therefore, "female" characterizes her sex.
        *   This aligns most strongly with Sense 1 ("being the sex..."). The fact that she is a ringer is the role, but "female" describes the biological reality of the agent.
        *   Let's check if there's a nuance I'm missing about Sense 3. Sense 3 usually applies to things that *cannot* be biologically female themselves but are associated with females (like "female connector" - not this sense, or "female values" - Sense 2).
        *   "Female lead": The role itself isn't biologically female; the person playing it is. Thus "pertaining to women".
        *   "Female chorus": The group isn't biologically female (it has no gametes); the members are. Thus "composed of women".
        *   "Female ringer": Stephanie (the ringer) *is* biologically female.
        *   Therefore, "female" applies the biological attribute directly to the noun "ringer".
        *   This suggests Sense 1 is the correct choice. "Ringer" is a human noun. Humans can be the sex that produces ova.
        *   Contrast this with "female lead" (role) or "female chorus" (group). Roles and groups don't have gametes. People do.
        *   Therefore, "female ringer" should be Sense 1, similar to "female heir".
        *   Wait, "female heir" is Sense 1. An "heir" is a person. A "ringer" is a person.
        *   "Female lead" is Sense 3. A "lead" is a part/character (abstract role).
        *   "Female chorus" is Sense 3. A "chorus" is a collective group (abstract entity).
        *   "Female ringer" refers to a person. Stephanie is a person.
        *   Conclusion: Sense 1.

3.  **Final Confirmation:**
    *   Target: female ringers.
    *   Subject: Stephanie Pattenden.
    *   She is a human female.
    *   Sense 1: "being the sex...". Applicable to humans.
    *   Example "female heir": Human noun. Sense 1.
    *   Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of women". Applicable to roles ("lead") or groups ("chorus") or abstractions.
    *   "Ringer" is a person, not a role abstraction like "lead" (which refers to the character/part) or a group.
    *   Although "ringer" is a role name, it refers to the agent. "She is a ringer". She is female.
    *   Thus, Sense 1 is the best fit. It denotes the biological sex of the agent.

    Let's double check Sense 3 synonyms. "composed of women or girls".
    "Female ringers" (plural) -> a group composed of women.
    Could this be Sense 3?
    "Female students". "Female voters".
    If "female heir" is Sense 1, "female ringer" should be Sense 1. The distinction seems to be Agent/Person (Sense 1) vs Role/Group/Abstract (Sense 3).
    "Lead" refers to the part. "Heir" refers to the person.
    "Ringer" refers to the person.
    So Sense 1 is the logical choice.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female <t>ringers</t>. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form:**
    *   Lemma: ringer
    *   Surface Form: ringers (plural noun)

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead..."
    *   "...watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls."
    *   "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells..."
    *   "...Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing..."
    *   "...English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as..."
    *   "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication...'"
    *   "Stephanie Pattenden... one of England's best female ringers."

    The context is explicitly about people ringing church bells (belfry, bronze bells, ropes, pulls, St. Mary Abbot). The text describes the physical act and the culture of church bell ringing.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `ringer%1:18:02::` | definition="a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" | synonyms="toller, bell ringer".
        *   *Match:* Perfect match. The text mentions "church bells", "belfry", "ropes", "St. Mary Abbot" (a church). The people are performing the action of ringing bells.

    *   **Sense 2:** `ringer%1:18:01::` | definition="a person who is almost identical to another" | synonyms="dead ringer, clone".
        *   *Match:* Incorrect. The text is not about look-alikes or doppelgangers.

    *   **Sense 3:** `ringer%1:18:00::` | definition="a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses".
        *   *Match:* Incorrect. While they are skilled and there is "competition" in a general sense of doing a task well (or specific bell-ringing competitions), the context defines them as people physically ringing bells in a tower, not ringers in the sense of a ringer horse or a ringer player in a sports team.

    *   **Sense 4:** `ringer%1:04:00::` | definition="(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg".
        *   *Match:* Incorrect. This refers to the object/action in a game of horseshoes, not the people performing the action described in the text.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only definition that fits the context of church bell ringing described extensively in the source text.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user requires a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.
    *   Note: The index corresponds to the list numbering 1, 2, 3, 4. Since Sense 1 is the correct one, the index is 1.

6.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Does sense 1 describe the "ringers" in the text? Yes.
    *   Are the other senses mutually exclusive? Yes, they refer to different concepts (doppelganger, fraudulent contestant, horseshoe throw).
    *   Is the JSON format correct? Yes.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: passion
Target surface form: passion
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a <t>passion</t> that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=passion%1:12:00:: | definition=a strong feeling or emotion | synonyms=passionateness
2. sense_key=passion%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being intensely emotional | synonyms=heat, warmth
3. sense_key=passion%1:26:01:: | definition=something that is desired intensely | synonyms=rage | examples=his rage for fame destroyed him
4. sense_key=passion%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | synonyms=mania, cacoethes
5. sense_key=passion%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of strong sexual desire
6. sense_key=passion%1:09:00:: | definition=any object of warm affection or devotion | synonyms=love | examples=the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting
7. sense_key=passion%1:26:02:: | definition=the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion | synonyms=Passion of Christ

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "It is a <t>passion</t> that usually stays in the tower, however."
    *   Preceding context talks about "ringing" (church bells) being described as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness...".
    *   Stephanie Pattenden admits ringing becomes a "bit of an obsession."
    *   The word "passion" here refers to the activity/interest of bell-ringing itself or the intense enthusiasm for it.
    *   Specifically, the sentence structure "It is a passion..." refers back to "ringing" or the interest in it.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: a strong feeling or emotion.* (Synonyms: passionateness). This is a general emotional state. The context refers to an activity/interest as "a passion". While it involves emotion, the word acts as a label for the interest itself.
    *   *Sense 2: the trait of being intensely emotional.* (Synonyms: heat, warmth). This refers to a personality trait. Not fitting here.
    *   *Sense 3: something that is desired intensely.* (Synonyms: rage). The example "his rage for fame destroyed him" suggests the object of desire. Here, "ringing" is the passion. It is the thing desired/intensely interested in. This seems plausible.
    *   *Sense 4: an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action.* (Synonyms: mania, cacoethes). The text mentions "obsession", which aligns slightly with "mania", but "passion" is usually distinguished from "obsession" (though they overlap). The quote says "passion that finds its satisfaction...", suggesting a positive/constructive drive rather than an irrational/compulsive motive (though the line is fine).
    *   *Sense 5: a feeling of strong sexual desire.* Irrelevant here.
    *   *Sense 6: any object of warm affection or devotion.* (Synonyms: love). Examples: "the theater was her first love", "he has a passion for cock fighting". This sense specifically targets the *object* of the affection. In the sentence "It is a passion...", "It" refers to the activity of ringing. Ringers have a devotion to ringing. Therefore, ringing is the *object* of their devotion/affection. This fits the pattern "X is a passion".
    *   *Sense 7: the suffering of Jesus.* Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 3 and Sense 6:**
    *   Sense 3: "something that is desired intensely".
    *   Sense 6: "any object of warm affection or devotion".
    *   Context: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower..."
    *   Context clues: "ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction...'", "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession".
    *   The ringers are devoted to ringing. Ringing is the object of their interest.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 6: "he has a passion for cock fighting". Cock fighting is the object.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "his rage for fame". Fame is the object.
    *   The difference is often subtle in WordNet. Sense 3 synonyms include "rage" (archaic sense of rage as a fit of desire/pursuit?). Sense 6 synonyms include "love".
    *   The text describes "satisfaction", "mathematical completeness", "mechanical perfection", "solemn intoxication", "ritual". This aligns better with "devotion" (Sense 6) and "warm affection" or "love" for a hobby. "Obsession" is mentioned as a related state.
    *   WordNet Sense 6 (passion%1:09:00::) maps to "love" as a hypernym or synonym in the context of an object. "The theater was her first love."
    *   Sense 1 is the internal feeling. Sense 3 and 6 are the external objects.
    *   Sense 6 seems the most standard lexical definition for "a hobby/interest is a passion". When someone says "Gardening is my passion", gardening is the object of devotion.
    *   Let's check the sense keys mapping.
        *   passion%1:09:00:: (noun.cognition) -> "any object of warm affection or devotion". This fits the "hobby/interest" usage perfectly.
        *   passion%1:26:01:: (noun.feeling) -> "something that is desired intensely".
    *   Usually, when we say "X is a passion", we mean X is the object of devotion/affection (Sense 6). If we say "He has a passion for X", X is the object of the passion (Sense 6), or the feeling itself (Sense 1).
    *   The sentence structure "It is a passion" defines the entity "Ringing" as the passion. Ringing is the object.
    *   Sense 6 example: "he has a passion for cock fighting". This is the exact structure of interest here (an activity). The text says "ringing as a passion". Ringing is the activity/object.
    *   Sense 6 seems the best fit.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Text: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion..."
    *   Does it fit Sense 6 definition "any object of warm affection or devotion"? Yes, ringers are devoted to ringing.
    *   Does it fit Sense 1 "strong feeling"? No, because the sentence says "It (ringing) is a passion". Ringing is not a feeling; it is an activity that generates feeling or is the object of feeling.
    *   Does it fit Sense 3 "something desired"? Yes, but Sense 6 ("object of warm affection or devotion") captures the nuance of a hobby/avocation better than just "something desired". The word "devotion" in Sense 6 aligns well with "ritual", "obsession", and "satisfaction" mentioned in the text.

    *   Let's double check Sense 3 vs Sense 6.
    *   WordNet 3.1 entries:
        *   S: (n) passion (a strong feeling or emotion)
        *   S: (n) passion, passionateness (the trait of being intensely emotional)
        *   S: (n) rage, passion (something that is desired intensely) "his rage for fame destroyed him"
        *   S: (n) passion (an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action)
        *   S: (n) passion (a feeling of strong sexual desire)
        *   S: (n) love, passion (any object of warm affection or devotion) "the theater was her first love"; "he has a passion for cock fighting";
        *   S: (n) Passion (the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion)

    *   The example "he has a passion for cock fighting" under Sense 6 strongly correlates with "Ringing is a passion". Both are activities/hobbies.
    *   The example "his rage for fame" under Sense 3 is about a craving or lust for something abstract. While similar, the "affection/devotion" aspect of Sense 6 matches the "mathematical completeness", "mechanical perfection", "ritual" context of the bell ringing hobby better. It implies a dedicated hobby, which Sense 6 covers via "love" and "devotion".

    *   Therefore, Sense 6 is the correct choice.

    Index 6.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stay
Target surface form: stays
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually <t>stays</t> in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stay%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=remain, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=stay%2:38:00:: | definition=stay put (in a certain place) | synonyms=stick, stick around, stay put | examples=We are staying in Detroit; we are not moving to Cincinnati; Stay put in the corner here!
3. sense_key=stay%2:42:01:: | definition=dwell | synonyms=bide, abide | examples=You can stay with me while you are in town; stay a bit longer--the day is still young
4. sense_key=stay%2:42:02:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay on, continue, remain | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
5. sense_key=stay%2:38:01:: | definition=remain behind | examples=I had to stay at home and watch the children
6. sense_key=stay%2:30:01:: | definition=stop or halt | synonyms=detain, delay | examples=Please stay the bloodshed!
7. sense_key=stay%2:42:04:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, remain | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up
8. sense_key=stay%2:42:03:: | definition=hang on during a trial of endurance | synonyms=last out, ride out, outride | examples=ride out the storm
9. sense_key=stay%2:41:00:: | definition=stop a judicial process | examples=The judge stayed the execution order
10. sense_key=stay%2:35:00:: | definition=fasten with stays
11. sense_key=stay%2:34:00:: | definition=overcome or allay | synonyms=quell, appease | examples=quell my hunger

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes how "ringing does become a bit of an obsession" and how "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower." The key is understanding what "stays" means here.

The sentence says: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."

This means that the passion for ringing usually remains/continues to exist within the tower (the belfry where the bells are). It doesn't spread beyond that location - it stays contained within that space.

Let me analyze the senses:

1. stay%2:30:00:: - "stay the same; remain in a certain state" - This is about remaining in a state (wet, assured, etc.)

2. stay%2:38:00:: - "stay put (in a certain place)" - This is about remaining in a physical location.

3. stay%2:42:01:: - "dwell" - This is about living/staying somewhere temporarily.

4. stay%2:42:02:: - "continue in a place, position, or situation" - This is about continuing in a place or situation.

5. stay%2:38:01:: - "remain behind" - This is about staying behind when others leave.

6. stay%2:30:01:: - "stop or halt" - This is about stopping something.

7. stay%2:42:04:: - "stay behind" - This is about something persisting/remaining (like a smell or hostility).

8. stay%2:42:03:: - "hang on during a trial of endurance" - Not relevant.

9. stay%2:41:00:: - "stop a judicial process" - Not relevant.

10. stay%2:35:00:: - "fasten with stays" - Not relevant.

11. stay%2:34:00:: - "overcome or allay" - Not relevant.

The key question is whether "stays in the tower" means:
- The passion remains physically contained within the tower (doesn't leave the tower)
- The passion continues to exist in the tower setting

Sense 2 (stay%2:38:00) is "stay put (in a certain place)" with examples like "We are staying in Detroit" - this is about physically staying in a location.

Sense 4 (stay%2:42:02) is "continue in a place, position, or situation" with examples like "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser" - this is about continuing in a place or situation.

Sense 7 (stay%2:42:04) is "stay behind" with examples like "The smell stayed in the room" - this is about something persisting in a location.

The context says "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower" - meaning the passion/obsession with ringing usually doesn't extend beyond the tower, it stays contained within the bell tower environment. This is similar to "The smell stayed in the room" - an abstract thing (passion, smell) persisting/remaining in a location.

However, sense 4 could also work: "continue in a place, position, or situation."

Let me think about this more carefully. The sentence is saying that the passion for ringing usually remains within the tower context - it doesn't extend into other parts of the ringers' lives or into the church proper (as the next sentence indicates "rangers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry").

Sense 7 "stay behind" / "persist, remain" with the example "The smell stayed in the room" seems most fitting. The passion, like the smell, stays/lingers/remains in a place. This is about something abstract continuing to exist in a location.

Sense 2 is more about a person physically staying in a place ("We are staying in Detroit").

Sense 4 is about continuing in a place/position/situation, like staying on in a job.

I think sense 7 is the best fit because:
1. It describes an abstract quality (passion) remaining/persisting in a location
2. The example "The smell stayed in the room" is analogous to "a passion that usually stays in the tower"
3. The synonyms "persist, remain" fit well with the idea of a passion lingering/remaining somewhere

Let me reconsider sense 2 and 4:

Sense 2: "stay put (in a certain place)" with synonyms "stick, stick around, stay put" - This seems more about physical presence of a person.

Sense 4: "continue in a place, position, or situation" with examples "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser" - This is also about a person continuing in a place/role.

Sense 7: "stay behind" with synonyms "persist, remain" - This is about something (not necessarily a person) persisting in a location. The example "The smell stayed in the room" shows an inanimate/abstract thing remaining in a place.

Since the subject is "a passion" (an abstract concept), sense 7 seems most appropriate. The passion persists/remains in the tower.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 4 again. The example "Stay with me, please" suggests it could also apply to abstract concepts. But the primary examples are about people continuing in places/positions.

Sense 7's example "The smell stayed in the room" is a better parallel to "a passion that usually stays in the tower."

I'll go with sense 7.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tower
Target surface form: tower
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the <t>tower</t>, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tower%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building
2. sense_key=tower%1:25:00:: | definition=anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower | synonyms=column, pillar | examples=the test tube held a column of white powder; a tower of dust rose above the horizon
3. sense_key=tower%1:06:01:: | definition=a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships | synonyms=tugboat, tug, towboat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `tower`
    *   Context sentence: "It is a passion that usually stays in the <t>tower</t>, however."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses church bell ringing, belfries, bells swinging, ringers (people ringing the bells), a detective story about church bells, and a quote from a ringer about the church being stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `tower%1:06:00::` - Definition: "a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building". This is the standard physical structure sense (e.g., church tower, clock tower, skyscraper). Given the mention of "belfry" (where bells are kept, usually at the top of a church tower), this is the most literal and physical fit. The ringers are in the belfry, which is part of the tower.
    *   **Sense 2:** `tower%1:25:00::` - Definition: "anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower". Synonyms: column, pillar. Examples: "a tower of dust", "a column of white powder". This is a metaphorical or shape-based sense. The context is referring to a location where a passion stays (a physical place/building), not a shape of dust or powder.
    *   **Sense 3:** `tower%1:06:01::` - Definition: "a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships". Synonyms: tugboat, tug. This is a nautical sense. The context is clearly about a church, bells, and belfries, not ships.

3.  **Evaluate the Fit:**
    *   The context mentions "belfry", "church bells", "St. Mary Abbot" (a church), and "church". The belfry is the upper part of a church *tower* where the bells hang.
    *   The sentence says the passion "stays in the tower". This refers to the physical location/building part.
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: A structure taller than its diameter, attached to a larger building (the church). The text even contrasts the tower with the rest of the church ("ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry").
    *   Sense 2 is a shape metaphor. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 is a boat. Incorrect.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Index 1 corresponds to `tower%1:06:00::`.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, <t>however</t>. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence 1-2: Describe the mechanics of bell ringing (bells swinging 360 degrees, skilled ringers swapping places).
    *   Sentence 3-4: Quote Dorothy L. Sayers describing ringing as a "passion" and "solemn intoxication" involving "intricate ritual".
    *   Sentence 5: Stephanie Pattenden admits ringing becomes a "bit of an obsession".
    *   Sentence 6: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, **however**."
    *   Sentence 7: Ringers often think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

2.  **Analyze the function of "however" in the target sentence:**
    *   The previous sentences build up an image of ringing as an intense passion, obsession, and solemn ritual.
    *   The target sentence introduces a limitation or a contrast to this intensity/obsession: it "usually stays in the tower".
    *   The sentence following the target explains what this means: ringers don't necessarily care about the religious aspect (the church) as much as the ringing itself.
    *   So, the relationship is concessive or contrastive.
    *   The structure is: [Statement A: Ringing is an obsession/passion]. [Statement B: It stays in the tower, *however*].
    *   The word "however" acts as a connective adverb introducing a statement that contrasts with or modifies the previous statement. It is synonymous with "nevertheless" or "yet" in this specific placement.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `however%4:02:00::` | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense fits the "passion... stays in the tower" contrast. The previous text says it's an obsession. One might expect the obsession to permeate everything, but *however* (nevertheless/despite the intensity), it stays in the tower. The examples show concessive relationships. The placement "usually stays in the tower, however" (at the end of the sentence) is a classic usage for the "nevertheless/still" meaning.

    *   **Sense 2:** `however%4:02:04::` | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is very close to Sense 1. WordNet often distinguishes between "nevertheless" (concession) and "on the other hand" (contrast).
        *   Let's look at the nuance. In the example for Sense 2 ("the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours"), there is a direct comparison of two parallel items (first part vs second part).
        *   In the target text, is it a parallel contrast? Text: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
        *   It feels more like a concession (Sense 1). Despite the obsession, it is limited. Or is it "on the other hand"?
        *   Let's check the synonyms for Sense 1: "nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so".
        *   Let's check the definition for Sense 1 again: "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)".
        *   Let's look at the target sentence again: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
        *   Is the previous sentence a concession? "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession..." -> This is a fact/premise.
        *   The contrast is: "It is an obsession" VS "It stays in the tower".
        *   Sense 2 ("on the other hand") often sets up a dichotomy.
        *   However, Sense 1 covers the "nevertheless" usage. "It is an obsession; nevertheless, it stays in the tower." This works perfectly.
        *   Let's look at the Sense 1 example: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it". This is a specific syntactic structure.
        *   Let's look at the Sense 2 example: "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours".
        *   The target text: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
        *   If I substitute: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, *nevertheless*." (Sense 1). This sounds acceptable. It implies "Despite the obsession..."
        *   If I substitute: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, *on the other hand*." (Sense 2). This sounds slightly less natural for the flow of concession.
        *   Let's look at the distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 2 in WordNet 3.1.
            *   Sense 1 is usually associated with "nevertheless", "yet". It implies that the previous statement might lead to an expectation that is denied or modified by the current statement.
            *   Expectation: If something is an obsession, it consumes your whole life/being.
            *   Reality: It stays in the tower.
            *   Connective: "However" (nevertheless).
            *   Sense 2 ("on the other hand") usually introduces a complementary or opposing fact in a discussion, not necessarily denying an expectation of the previous premise.
        *   Actually, Sense 1 is often defined as introducing a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously.
        *   Let's look at the examples provided in the prompt for Sense 1: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it". This is a bit redundant ("although... however"). But the synonym list "nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so" is the key.
        *   Can we replace the target "however" with "nevertheless"? "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, nevertheless." Yes.
        *   Can we replace it with "on the other hand"? "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, on the other hand." Also yes.
        *   Which is better?
        *   The context is explaining the *nature* of the passion. It is an obsession *but* it is limited to the tower.
        *   The previous sentence: "'Ringing does become a bit of an obsession,' admits..."
        *   The target sentence reiterates "It is a passion..."
        *   The "however" modifies the limitation.
        *   Usually, Sense 1 ("nevertheless") is the default for sentence-final or sentence-medial "however" that acts as a conjunctive adverb meaning "in spite of that".
        *   Sense 2 ("by contrast; on the other hand") is often used when comparing two distinct things.
        *   Here, we are discussing one thing (ringing).
        *   Property A: It is an obsession.
        *   Property B: It stays in the tower.
        *   These two properties are somewhat in tension. "Despite being an obsession, it stays in the tower." This fits Sense 1 (concession/nevertheless).
        *   If it were Sense 2, it might look like: "Some ringers find it an obsession; others, however, find it a chore." (Contrasting two groups).
        *   Since it is contrasting two qualities of the same subject where the second quality limits the first, Sense 1 is the stronger fit. "Nevertheless" is the strongest synonym.

    *   **Sense 3:** `however%4:02:02::` | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important...
        *   *Analysis:* This is the "no matter how" sense. "However general the results are..." The target "however" is an adverb standing alone at the end of the sentence/clause. It is not modifying an adjective/adverb like "however general". This sense is ruled out.

    *   **Sense 4:** `however%4:02:01::` | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet...
        *   *Analysis:* This is the "no matter how" (manner) sense. "However he did it..." Again, this is a conjunction introducing a clause. The target is a sentence-final adverb. This sense is ruled out.

    *   **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
        *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 distinction:
            *   1: "nevertheless" (concession).
            *   2: "by contrast" (comparison).
        *   Text: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
        *   Is this concession or contrast?
        *   Concession: I accept it is an obsession, *but* (despite that) it stays in the tower.
        *   Contrast: It is an obsession. By contrast, it stays in the tower.
        *   "Concession" makes more sense logically. An obsession implies total involvement. The text denies the total involvement (stays in tower) *despite* the premise (obsession). This is the definition of concession.
        *   Sense 1 is the best fit. The synonym "nevertheless" fits perfectly. The definition "despite anything to the contrary" fits the logical structure "Premise (obsession) -> however -> Contradicting expectation (limitation)".

4.  **Final Confirmation:**
    *   Target: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."
    *   Meaning: It is a passion, but/yet/nevertheless it stays in the tower.
    *   Sense 1 Synonyms: nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so.
    *   Sentence with synonym: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, *nevertheless*." (Works).
    *   Sentence with synonym: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, *yet*." (Works archaically/colloquially, "and yet it stays").
    *   Sense 2 Synonyms: "on the other hand".
    *   Sentence with synonym: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, *on the other hand*." (Grammatically okay, but usually "on the other hand" introduces a counter-point in an argument, not a limitation of the subject's scope).
    *   The logical relation is concessive. The intensity of the passion does not spread outside the tower.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *   Wait, let me double check the examples for Sense 1 provided in the prompt.
    *   Example 1: "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it". This is a bit weird (tautology of although/however), but illustrates the concessive nature.
    *   Example 2: "while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed". (This example uses the synonym, not the word 'however').
    *   The prompt defines Sense 1 as "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)".
    *   In the text: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... however [despite the intensity] it stays in the tower."
    *   This matches.

    Let's look at Sense 2 examples.
    *   "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours".
    *   Here, "the second took hours" does not contradict "the first was easy". It contrasts two parts.
    *   In the text: "It stays in the tower" *does* contradict the implication of "It is an obsession".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct index.

    Index mapping:
    1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: -> Sense 1
    2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: -> Sense 2
    3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: -> Sense 3
    4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: -> Sense 4

    Choice: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: More
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. <t>More</t> often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "More" in this context.

The target sentence is: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

Here, "More" is part of the phrase "more often than not" which is an idiomatic expression meaning "usually" or "frequently" or "in most cases."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful

This sense describes "more" as a grammatical comparative marker used with adjectives and adverbs.

2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

This sense describes "more" as the comparative form of "much," indicating a greater degree or extent.

In the context "More often than not," the word "more" is modifying "often," which is an adverb. "More often" is the comparative form of "often," meaning "with greater frequency."

So "more" here is functioning to form the comparative of the adverb "often." This aligns with sense 1, which describes "more" as being "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs."

Sense 2 is specifically about "more" as the comparative of "much" (as in "more money," "more time," or "more" used on its own like "he works more now"). But in our context, "more" is modifying "often," not serving as the comparative of "much."

Therefore, the best indexed sense is sense 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More <t>often</t> than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target: "often" (adverb).
    *   Context sentence: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses church bell ringers, their dedication/obsession, and their relationship with the church (often skipping worship to go to the pub). The specific phrase is "More often than not," which is an idiom meaning "usually" or "mostly."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "many times at short intervals"
        *   Synonyms: frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes
        *   Examples: "we often met over a cup of coffee"
        *   Analysis: This sense implies frequency or repetition over time (multiple instances occurring close together). While "often" generally means this, the specific phrase "more often than not" acts as a modifier of probability or typicality rather than strict frequency of repeated events at short intervals. "We often met" fits sense 1. "More often than not" implies a general tendency or habit.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "frequently or in great quantities"
        *   Synonyms: much, a great deal
        *   Examples: "I don't drink much", "I don't travel much"
        *   Analysis: This sense seems to be about degree or extent ("in great quantities"). The examples suggest "often" being used interchangeably with "much". This doesn't fit the context of "More often than not".

    *   **Sense 3:**
        *   Definition: "in many cases or instances"
        *   Synonyms: (None listed in the prompt, but usually implies "frequently" in a general way, closer to 'usually' or 'typically').
        *   Examples: (None listed in the prompt).
        *   Analysis: This sense captures the aspect of probability or general tendency. When someone says "More often than not, X happens," they mean "In most cases" or "Usually." This aligns with the meaning of "usually" or "typically." WordNet often distinguishes between "many times at short intervals" (frequency) and "in many cases or instances" (probability/tendency).

3.  **Compare Sense 1 vs. Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 ("many times at short intervals") focuses on the *rate* of recurrence.
    *   Sense 3 ("in many cases or instances") focuses on the *proportion* of cases where something is true.
    *   The phrase "More often than not" is an idiom meaning "mostly," "usually," or "in most cases."
    *   Does the text mean ringers think this thought at short intervals (Sense 1)? Or does it mean that in the majority of cases/instances, ringers have this perspective (Sense 3)?
    *   The construction "More often than not" specifically invokes the idea of comparing instances (cases where they think it vs. cases where they don't). It functions essentially as a synonym for "usually."
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy or standard usage. Sense 3 is the sense usually associated with "usually" or "typically" (in many instances). Sense 1 is associated with "frequently" (happening many times).
    *   Context: "More often than not, ringers think..." -> "In most cases, ringers think..."
    *   If I look at WordNet 3.1 or 3.0:
        *   often (r) has senses.
        *   Sense 1: frequently, often (many times at short intervals).
        *   Sense 2: much, often (frequently or in great quantities).
        *   Sense 3: often (in many cases or instances).
    *   The phrase "more often than not" is a specific idiomatic construction. It means "usually." "Usually" maps best to "in many cases or instances" (Sense 3). "Frequently" (Sense 1) implies specific repetitions. While related, Sense 3 captures the "typically/in most instances" nuance better than the "recurring at short intervals" definition of Sense 1.

4.  **Decision:**
    *   The phrase "More often than not" means "usually" or "in most instances."
    *   Sense 3 defines "often" as "in many cases or instances."
    *   This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 1 ("many times at short intervals") feels slightly too focused on repetition frequency (like a heartbeat or a daily meeting) rather than the statistical probability across cases (like "often, when it rains, it pours").
    *   However, WordNet sense distinctions for adverbs can be subtle.
    *   Let's check the synonyms provided.
        *   Sense 1: frequently, oftentimes...
        *   Sense 3: (no synonyms listed in prompt, but definition is "in many cases or instances").
    *   In the phrase "more often than not," "often" is functioning to quantify the instances. "In more instances than not."
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Sentence: "More often than not, ringers think of the church..."
    *   Paraphrase: In most instances/cases, ringers think of the church...
    *   Matches Sense 3 definition "in many cases or instances".
    *   Matches Sense 1 definition "many times at short intervals"? Not really. It's not about the *interval* between the thoughts (short intervals), but the *prevalence* of the thoughts (many cases).

    Selection: Sense 3.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, <t>ringers</t> think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:**
    *   Lemma: `ringer`
    *   Surface form: `ringers`
    *   Part of Speech: Noun (implied by the lemma and context).

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses "Skilled ringers," "church bells," "ringing," "belfry," "tower," and "St. Mary Abbot."
    *   Specific phrases: "use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing," "one bell can swap places with another," "summoning the congregation" (implied by the activity description, though the definition uses similar phrasing), "master of the band," "female ringers."
    *   The context is clearly about the activity of change ringing (ringing church bells).

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)`. Synonyms: `toller`, `bell ringer`.
    *   Sense 2: `a person who is almost identical to another`. Synonyms: `dead ringer`, `clone`.
    *   Sense 3: `a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses`.
    *   Sense 4: `(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg`.

4.  **Match context to senses:**
    *   Sense 2 (lookalike) doesn't fit the context of church bells and swinging bells.
    *   Sense 3 (imposter contestant) doesn't fit the context.
    *   Sense 4 (horseshoes throw) doesn't fit the context (it's a person using wrists, not a throw itself).
    *   Sense 1 (person ringing church bells) matches perfectly. The text explicitly mentions "church bells," "belfry," "tower," and the physical act of ringing ("use their wrists").

5.  **Select the best index:**
    *   The context is entirely about people ringing church bells.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to this meaning.
    *   Therefore, the index is 1.

6.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Does the text support "a person who rings church bells"? Yes. "Skilled ringers use their wrists... one bell can swap places...". "master of the band... one of England's best female ringers."
    *   Is there any ambiguity? No.
    *   Result: Sense 1.

7.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: AtlasCloud