[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seriously
Target surface form: seriously
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are <t>seriously</t> committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seriously%4:02:00:: | definition=in a serious manner | synonyms=earnestly, in earnest | examples=talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest
2. sense_key=seriously%4:02:01:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=badly, severely, gravely | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "seriously" and the context shows:

"They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=seriously%4:02:00:: | definition=in a serious manner | synonyms=earnestly, in earnest | examples=talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest

2. sense_key=seriously%4:02:01:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=badly, severely, gravely | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured

The context is about teachers being "seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

Sense 1 is about doing something "in a serious manner" with synonyms like "earnestly" and "in earnest" - this refers to the manner in which someone approaches something, with genuine intent and dedication.

Sense 2 is about "to a severe or serious degree" with synonyms like "badly, severely, gravely" - this refers to degree of something negative (injuries, damage, etc.).

In the context "they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching," the word "seriously" is describing the manner in which teachers are committed - they are earnestly, genuinely committed to their work. This is about their attitude and manner of commitment, not about a degree of severity.

The examples for Sense 1 ("talking earnestly with his son", "she started studying snakes in earnest") align with the idea of genuine, dedicated engagement - similar to how teachers are genuinely committed to teaching.

Sense 2's examples are about severe injuries and damage, which doesn't fit at all.

So the correct sense is Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: committed
Target surface form: committed
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously <t>committed</t> to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=committed%3:00:00:: | definition=bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude | examples=committed church members; a committed Marxist
2. sense_key=committed%3:00:04:: | definition=associated in an exclusive sexual relationship | synonyms=attached

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "committed" in the context: "I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

Candidate senses:
1. bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude (examples: committed church members; a committed Marxist)
2. associated in an exclusive sexual relationship (synonyms: attached)

In the context, the teachers are "seriously committed to conscientious teaching." This means they are dedicated or pledged to the cause of teaching well. This clearly matches sense 1, which refers to being bound or obligated to a particular cause, action, or attitude. Sense 2 refers to an exclusive sexual relationship, which does not fit the context at all.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teaching
Target surface form: teaching
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious <t>teaching</t>. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teaching%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=instruction, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
2. sense_key=teaching%1:09:00:: | definition=a doctrine that is taught | synonyms=precept, commandment | examples=the teachings of religion; he believed all the Christian precepts
3. sense_key=teaching%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, instruction, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form**: The target is "teaching" (lemma: teaching, surface form: teaching).
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "They are seriously committed to conscientious <t>teaching</t>." The broader context discusses teachers, their profession, courses they take, and the criticism they face. It distinguishes between teachers (people) and the "educational establishment". It describes schoolteachers as committed to "conscientious teaching".
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "the profession of a teacher". Synonyms: instruction, pedagogy. Examples: "he prepared for teaching while still in college". This sense focuses on *teaching as a career or job title*.
    *   Sense 2: "a doctrine that is taught". Synonyms: precept, commandment. Examples: "the teachings of religion". This sense refers to specific beliefs or dogmas being passed down. This clearly doesn't fit the context of schoolteachers performing an activity.
    *   Sense 3: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill". Synonyms: education, instruction, pedagogy, educational activity. Examples: "our instruction was carefully programmed". This sense focuses on the *act or process* of teaching.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 1 vs. Sense 3**:
    *   The context says: "They [schoolteachers] are seriously committed to conscientious <t>teaching</t>."
    *   Does this refer to the *profession* (Sense 1) or the *activities* (Sense 3)?
    *   If it were Sense 1 (the profession), the sentence would mean they are committed to their career field. While true, the adjective "conscientious" is key here. One is usually "conscientious" in performing a duty, task, or activity.
    *   "Conscientious teaching" implies doing the work of teaching carefully and thoroughly. It describes the *quality of the activity*.
    *   Sense 1 ("the profession of a teacher") is an abstract state or status. You are "in" the profession. You don't usually perform "the profession" conscientiously in this phrasing; you perform the *duties* of the profession conscientiously.
    *   Sense 3 ("the activities of educating or instructing") fits "conscientious" much better. The teachers are committed to the act of instructing students well.
    *   Let's check the example for Sense 1: "he prepared for teaching while still in college". Here, "teaching" refers to the career path.
    *   Let's check the example for Sense 3: "our instruction was carefully programmed". Here, instruction (teaching) is the activity.
    *   The phrase "conscientious teaching" strongly suggests the *activity* or *practice* of teaching, rather than the profession as a status. One can be committed to the *practice* of teaching.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

5.  **Final Decision**: The context describes the actions and dedication of teachers to the act of instructing students ("conscientious teaching"), aligning with Sense 3 (activities of educating).

6.  **Format Output**: {"sense_index": 3}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "<t>best</t> and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "best" in the context:
"They may not be among the 'best and brightest' of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition."

The phrase "best and brightest" is a common idiom referring to the most talented, capable, and intelligent people. In this context, the author is discussing schoolteachers and saying they may not be among the most talented/intelligent people of their generation.

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution

This is the superlative of "good" meaning having the most positive qualities. This could fit - the "best and brightest" refers to people with the most positive qualities (intelligence, talent, capability).

2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond

This refers to "best" as in "it would be best to..." - an advisable action. This doesn't fit the context.

3-23. These are all senses of "good" not "best" - they have sense keys starting with "good%", "full%", "estimable%", "beneficial%", "adept%", "dear%", "dependable%", or "effective%".

Since the target lemma is "best" and the surface form is "best", I should focus on the senses that are actually for "best" which are senses 1 and 2.

Sense 1: "(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities" - This fits the context well. The "best and brightest" refers to the people with the most positive qualities (most talented, most intelligent, most capable).

Sense 2: This is about being advisable - doesn't fit.

The answer should be sense 1. The phrase "best and brightest" refers to the most talented and capable people, which aligns with the definition "having the most positive qualities."

Actually, let me reconsider. The senses 3-23 are being provided as alternatives even though they have different lemmas. They might be representing different senses that "best" could represent when used as a superlative. Let me look more carefully.

Looking at the instructions again: "Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context." The senses are indexed 1-23, and I need to choose the best one.

In the context "best and brightest," the word "best" is referring to the most talented, skilled, capable people. This could be interpreted as:
- Having the most positive qualities (sense 1)
- Or perhaps one of the "good" senses applied in superlative form

The phrase "best and brightest" is a well-known expression referring to elite, top-tier individuals. The "best" here means the most capable, talented, skilled, or having the most positive qualities.

Sense 1 is specifically for "best" as the superlative of "good" meaning "having the most positive qualities." This seems to fit best.

Sense 10 (adept) involves "having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude" which is related to being skilled/capable, but it's not specifically the superlative "best."

I think sense 1 is the correct choice because:
1. It's the actual sense for "best" (not a "good" sense)
2. It means "having the most positive qualities" which encompasses being among the most talented, capable people
3. The examples "the best film of the year" and "the best solution" show superlative usage similar to our context

The answer is sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bright
Target surface form: brightest
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and <t>brightest</t> "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bright%3:00:00:: | definition=emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts | examples=the sun was bright and hot; a bright sunlit room
2. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:colorful:00 | definition=having striking color | synonyms=brilliant, vivid | examples=bright dress; brilliant tapestries
3. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:intelligent:00 | definition=characterized by quickness and ease in learning | synonyms=smart | examples=some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average
4. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:light:06 | definition=having lots of light either natural or artificial | examples=the room was bright and airy; a stage bright with spotlights
5. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:polished:00 | definition=made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow | synonyms=burnished, lustrous, shining, shiny | examples=bright silver candlesticks; a burnished brass knocker
6. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:glorious:00 | definition=splendid | examples=the bright stars of stage and screen; a bright moment in history
7. sense_key=bright%3:00:02:: | definition=not made dim or less bright | synonyms=undimmed | examples=undimmed headlights; surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed
8. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:reverberant:00 | definition=clear and sharp and ringing | synonyms=brilliant | examples=the bright sound of the trumpet section; the brilliant sound of the trumpets
9. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:happy:00 | definition=characterized by happiness or gladness | examples=bright faces; all the world seems bright and gay
10. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 | definition=full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing; the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "bright", appearing in the superlative form "brightest". The phrase is "best and brightest".

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The text discusses teachers and the teaching profession.
    *   The author mentions that teachers take courses in educational psychology/philosophy.
    *   The author defends teachers against criticism ("unfair to dump on teachers").
    *   The crucial sentence is: "They may not be among the 'best and brightest' of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition."
    *   The phrase "best and brightest" is an idiom (often associated with David Halberstam's book about the Vietnam War era policymakers, but here used generally) referring to the most talented, capable, and intelligent people of a group.
    *   The context contrasts teachers (who are "seriously committed to conscientious teaching") with the elite group ("best and brightest"). The author argues you don't need to be in that elite intellectual tier to teach well.

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses**:

    *   Sense 1: "emitting or reflecting light..." - Physical property of light. Not applicable to "people of their generation".
    *   Sense 2: "having striking color..." - Physical property of color. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "characterized by quickness and ease in learning | synonyms=smart". This refers to intelligence. The phrase "best and brightest" usually refers to the most capable and intelligent people. The context talks about cognitive ability relative to a generation. This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 4: "having lots of light..." - Physical environment. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "made smooth and bright..." - Physical surface. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6: "splendid" - Metaphorical, but usually refers to moments or appearances ("bright stars of stage and screen"), not usually used in the specific phrase "best and brightest" to mean "splendid ones", though related. However, Sense 3 is the specific WordNet definition for intelligence/aptitude.
    *   Sense 7: "not made dim..." - Physical light. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 8: "clear and sharp and ringing" - Sound. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 9: "characterized by happiness..." - Mood. While "bright" can mean happy, the phrase "best and brightest" specifically targets competence and intellect, not just happiness.
    *   Sense 10: "full or promise..." - Future outlook. While the "best and brightest" might have a bright future, the adjective here describes the *people* ("brightest of their generation"). Describing a person as "bright" usually defaults to intelligence (Sense 3) or potentially promise (Sense 10). However, the idiom "best and brightest" strongly leans towards talent/intelligence. Sense 3's definition "characterized by quickness and ease in learning" and synonym "smart" captures the core meaning of a "bright person" in this context.

4.  **Refine the choice**:
    *   The phrase "best and brightest" refers to the intellectual elite.
    *   Sense 3 defines "bright" as "characterized by quickness and ease in learning" with the synonym "smart".
    *   This matches the intended meaning: teachers might not be the smartest/most intellectually gifted of their generation, but they can still teach well.
    *   Sense 10 ("promising") is a possibility, as bright students are promising. However, the standard lexical entry for "bright" applied to a person (especially regarding their standing in a generation) is intelligence. If someone says "he's a bright boy," they mean he is smart (Sense 3), not just that he has a promising future (though that may be the result). The idiom relies on the intelligence definition.

5.  **Final Selection**: Sense 3.

6.  **Format Output**: JSON object. {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generation
Target surface form: generation
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their <t>generation</t> -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generation%1:14:01:: | definition=all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age | synonyms=coevals, contemporaries
2. sense_key=generation%1:14:00:: | definition=group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent
3. sense_key=generation%1:28:00:: | definition=the normal time between successive generations | examples=they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade
4. sense_key=generation%1:28:01:: | definition=a stage of technological development or innovation | examples=the third generation of computers
5. sense_key=generation%1:11:00:: | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=genesis
6. sense_key=generation%1:04:01:: | definition=the production of heat or electricity | examples=dams were built for the generation of electricity
7. sense_key=generation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production | synonyms=multiplication, propagation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `generation`
    *   Context snippet: "They may not be among the 'best and brightest' of their **generation** -- there are very few such people, by definition."
    *   Meaning in context: The sentence discusses schoolteachers and compares them to others of the same age group or time period. The phrase "best and brightest of their generation" is a common idiom referring to the most talented people born around the same time or living at the same time.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `sense_key=generation%1:14:01::` | definition=all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age | synonyms=coevals, contemporaries.
        *   *Fit:* This fits perfectly. The text refers to people of the same age group (the teachers' peers). The phrase "of their generation" implies people born around the same time.

    *   **Sense 2:** `sense_key=generation%1:14:00::` | definition=group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent.
        *   *Fit:* This is a biological definition. While "generation" can be used for ancestors/descendants, the context here is sociological/professional, not strictly biological lineage in a genetic study sense.

    *   **Sense 3:** `sense_key=generation%1:28:00::` | definition=the normal time between successive generations | examples=they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade.
        *   *Fit:* This refers to a time period (approx. 30 years), not a group of people. The context says "best and brightest *of* their generation", implying a collective noun of people, not a duration.

    *   **Sense 4:** `sense_key=generation%1:28:01::` | definition=a stage of technological development or innovation | examples=the third generation of computers.
        *   *Fit:* Irrelevant. No technology is discussed.

    *   **Sense 5:** `sense_key=generation%1:11:00::` | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=genesis.
        *   *Fit:* Irrelevant. Abstract process noun.

    *   **Sense 6:** `sense_key=generation%1:04:01::` | definition=the production of heat or electricity | examples=dams were built for the generation of electricity.
        *   *Fit:* Irrelevant. Physics/Engineering context.

    *   **Sense 7:** `sense_key=generation%1:04:00::` | definition=the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production | synonyms=multiplication, propagation.
        *   *Fit:* Irrelevant. Biological process.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is about people living at the same time/age.
    *   Sense 2 is about a step in the line of descent.
    *   In standard WordSense disambiguation (specifically WordNet), sense 1 (often labeled 1:14:01 or similar in different versions, here specifically "all the people living at the same time...") is the standard definition for "generation" when referring to a cohort of humans in a social context. Sense 2 usually applies to biology (e.g., "the F1 generation").
    *   The phrase "best and brightest of their generation" clearly refers to the cohort of people born around the same time.

4.  **Select the best indexed sense:**
    *   Sense 1 matches the definition "all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age".

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user requests a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the index number.
    *   The best match is Sense 1.

    Result: `{"sense_index":1}`

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: very
Target surface form: very
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are <t>very</t> few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=very%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=really, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well
2. sense_key=very%4:02:01:: | definition=precisely so | examples=on the very next page; he expected the very opposite

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine which sense of "very" is being used.

The target sentence is: "there are very few such people, by definition."

In this context, "very" is modifying "few" (as in "very few such people"). Here, "very" is functioning as an intensifier, meaning "to a high degree" or "extremely" - it's emphasizing the small quantity of "such people" (referring to "best and brightest" mentioned earlier).

Now let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=very%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=really, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well

2. sense_key=very%4:02:01:: | definition=precisely so | examples=on the very next page; he expected the very opposite

Sense 1 describes "very" as an intensifier, which aligns with how it's being used in "very few such people." The examples "she was very gifted" and "he played very well" show similar adverbial intensifier usage.

Sense 2 refers to "very" used in the sense of "precisely so" or "exactly," which doesn't match our context. Examples like "on the very next page" (meaning "on the exact next page") or "he expected the very opposite" (meaning "he expected precisely the opposite") demonstrate this usage.

Since in our context, "very" is functioning as an intensifier to emphasize "few," sense 1 is the correct match.

So my answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such <t>people</t>, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1. alyze the target word**: "people" in the sentence "there are very few such people, by definition."

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The text discusses schoolteachers.
    *   It mentions they may not be among the "best and brightest" of their generation.
    *   It then says: "there are very few such people, by definition."
    *   "Such people" refers back to the "best and brightest."
    *   The meaning is about individuals belonging to a specific category (the "best and brightest") rather than a specific family line, a citizenry, or the masses/common folk.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively`. Examples: "old people", "200 people in the audience".
        *   *Evaluation*: This is the most general sense. "Such people" refers to a group of human beings characterized by being the "best and brightest". It fits the general collective noun usage.

    *   **Sense 2**: `the body of citizens of a state or country`. Synonyms: citizenry. Examples "his people have been farmers".
        *   *Evaluation*: Incorrect. The context is not about genealogy or ancestry.

    *   **Sense 4**: `the common people generally`. Synonyms: masses, hoi polloi. Examples: "power to the people".
        *   *Evaluation*: Incorrect. In fact, the context contrasts the specific group ("best and brightest") with the general population or implies they are rare individuals, not "the masses". While teachers might be considered common by some, the phrase "such people" refers to the elite "best and brightest", which is the opposite of "the common people".

4.  **Compare Sense 1 vs. others**:
    *   The phrase "such people" refers to a specific subset of human beings defined by a quality ( brightest").
    *, general plural noun usage of 'people'.

5.  **Conclusion**: Sense 1 is the correct fit. It refers to the group of individuals who are the "best and brightest".

6.  **Formatting**: Return JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: job
Target surface form: jobs
Context:
I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their <t>jobs</t> well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=job%1:04:00:: | definition=the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money | synonyms=occupation, business, line of work, line | examples=he's not in my line of business
2. sense_key=job%1:04:01:: | definition=a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee | synonyms=task, chore | examples=estimates of the city's loss on that job ranged as high as a million dollars; the job of repairing the engine took several hours
3. sense_key=job%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace; as in the expression | examples=on the job
4. sense_key=job%1:06:01:: | definition=an object worked on; a result produced by working | examples=he held the job in his left hand and worked on it with his right
5. sense_key=job%1:04:04:: | definition=the responsibility to do something | examples=it is their job to print the truth
6. sense_key=job%1:04:05:: | definition=the performance of a piece of work | examples=she did an outstanding job as Ophelia; he gave it up as a bad job
7. sense_key=job%1:04:03:: | definition=a damaging piece of work | examples=dry rot did the job of destroying the barn; the barber did a real job on my hair
8. sense_key=job%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=problem | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
9. sense_key=job%1:18:00:: | definition=a Jewish hero in the Old Testament who maintained his faith in God in spite of afflictions that tested him
10. sense_key=job%1:18:01:: | definition=any long-suffering person who withstands affliction without despairing
11. sense_key=job%1:10:01:: | definition=(computer science) a program application that may consist of several steps but is a single logical unit
12. sense_key=job%1:10:00:: | definition=a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply | synonyms=Book of Job
13. sense_key=job%1:04:02:: | definition=a crime (especially a robbery) | synonyms=caper | examples=the gang pulled off a bank job in St. Louis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** job
    *   **Target Surface Form:** jobs
    *   **Context:** "But they need not be to do their **jobs** well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days."
    *   **Contextual Clues:** The text is discussing schoolteachers. It mentions that teachers are "seriously committed to conscientious teaching." It argues that they don't need to be the "best and brightest" to "do their jobs well."
    *   **Meaning in context:** Here, "jobs" refers to the ongoing professional duties or roles that teachers perform. It refers to their occupation or the specific tasks associated with that occupation. They are doing their work as teachers.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `job%1:04:00::` | definition=the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money | synonyms=occupation, business, line of work, line.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the profession itself (being a teacher). "Doing one's job" often implies performing the duties of one's occupation. This fits very well. The context is about teachers (an occupation) performing their role.

    *   **Sense 2:** `job%1:04:01::` | definition=a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee | synonyms=task, chore.
        *   *Analysis:* This usually refers to a specific, bounded task (e.g., "the job of fixing the car"). While teaching involves tasks, the phrase "do their jobs" generally refers to the ongoing execution of their professional role, not a single specific chore. However, "job" can be close to "task," but in the phrase "do their jobs well" regarding a profession, it leans more towards the general role/duties.

    *   **Sense 3:** `job%1:06:00::` | definition=a workplace; as in the expression "on the job".
        *   *Analysis:* "Jobs" in the text is not a physical location. One does not "do a workplace well." This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `job%1:06:01::` | definition=an object worked on; a result produced by working.
        *   *Analysis:* Teachers don't have "jobs" as physical objects in their hands here. This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `job%1:04:04::` | definition=the responsibility to do something.
        *   *Analysis:* This overlaps with Sense 1 and 2. "It is their job to print the truth." Here, "do their jobs" implies performing the responsibilities. However, Sense 1 ("principal activity... to earn money") captures the professional nature of being a schoolteacher better than the abstract "responsibility." The phrase "do their jobs" links the activity (Sense 1) with the execution. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 5. Sense 5 is often used for abstract duty ("It's my job to watch the door"). Sense 1 is the occupation/activity. Teachers have an occupation (Sense 1). Doing the job means performing that activity. Sense 1 feels stronger for a profession like teaching.

    *   **Sense 6:** `job%1:04:05::` | definition=the performance of a piece of work.
        *   *Analysis:* "She did an outstanding job." This usage focuses on the *quality* of the output or performance. In the text "do their jobs well," "jobs" refers to the *activity* being performed, not just the performance instance. "He did a good job" vs "He lost his job". The text says "do their jobs". This implies the activity/occupation itself.

    *   **Sense 7:** `job%1:04:03::` | definition=a damaging piece of work.
        *   *Analysis:* Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 8:** `job%1:26:00::` | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=problem.
        *   *Analysis:* Not relevant.

    *   **Senses 9, 10, 11, 12, 13:** Biblical references, computer science, crime. Clearly irrelevant.

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Context: "...schoolteachers... do their jobs well."
    *   Sense 1: Occupation/line of work. Being a teacher is a line of work. "Do one's job" in this context means "carry out one's occupation."
    *   Sense 2: Specific task/chore. "Estimates of the city's loss on that job." Teaching is a continuous line of work, not a single specific task like fixing an engine.
    *   The phrase "do their jobs" refers to the execution of their professional duties.
    *   WordNet structure often distinguishes "occupation" (Sense 1) from "task" (Sense 2).
    *   "Teachers... do their jobs". Here "jobs" stands for their professional work/activity. Synonyms for Sense 1 are "occupation, business, line of work".
    *   Synonyms for Sense 2 are "task, chore".
    *   Is teaching best described as a "task/chore" or an "occupation/line of work"? It is an occupation. Therefore, "doing their jobs" refers to the activity of their occupation.
    *   Let's check Sense 1 definition again: "the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money".
    *   Does "do their jobs" fit Sense 1? Yes. One "does" their principal activity.
    *   Does it fit Sense 2? "Do their specific pieces of work"? Plausible, but less likely for the general act of teaching. "Do your job" usually maps to "perform your role/occupation".
    *   Let's look at Sense 5 again: "the responsibility to do something". While teachers have responsibilities, "jobs" in the plural here ("their jobs") usually refers to the positions or the work constituting the occupation.
    *   Consider the idiom "do a good job" (Sense 6 - performance) vs "have a job" (Sense 1 - occupation) vs "do one's job" (Sense 1 - activity of occupation).
    *   In "do their jobs well", "jobs" refers to the work involved in the position. Sense 1 covers "the principal activity...". Performing that activity is doing the job. Sense 2 is for discrete units (like "mowing the lawn is a job"). Teaching is a "line of work".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    *   Let's double check Sense 5. Definition: "the responsibility to do something". Example: "it is their job to print the truth". In the text: "they need not be [the best and brightest] to do their jobs well." "Jobs" here is a noun functioning as the object of "do". You do an activity. You fulfill a responsibility (Sense 5 is usually "it is their job", not "do their job" in the sense of carrying out the task, though they are related). Sense 1 defines the *what* (the activity), Sense 5 defines the *obligation*. The context emphasizes the *nature of the work* and the capability to perform it. "Do their jobs" refers to the activity described in Sense 1.
    *   Furthermore, Sense 1 examples: "he's not in my line of business".
    *   Sense 2 examples: "the job of repairing the engine".
    *   Teaching is a profession/occupation. It is not a single "task" like repairing an engine. It is a line of work.
    *   Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct index.

    *   Let's verify the index number.
    *   1. sense_key=job%1:04:00:: (Occupation)
    *   2. sense_key=job%1:04:01:: (Task)
    *   ...
    *   The correct sense is the first one listed (Occupation).

    *   Final check: "schoolteachers" -> "occupation". "do their jobs" -> perform the activities of their occupation. Matches Sense 1 definition "the principal activity... that you do to earn money".

    Index: 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: well
Target surface form: well
Context:
I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs <t>well</t>. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=well%4:02:00:: | definition=(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (`good' is a nonstandard dialectal variant for `well') | synonyms=good | examples=the children behaved well; a task well done
2. sense_key=well%4:02:05:: | definition=thoroughly or completely; fully; often used as a combining form; ; ; ; ; , | examples=The problem is well understood; she was well informed
3. sense_key=well%4:02:03:: | definition=indicating high probability; in all likelihood | synonyms=easily | examples=I might well do it; a mistake that could easily have ended in disaster
4. sense_key=well%4:02:15:: | definition=(used for emphasis or as an intensifier) entirely or fully | examples=a book well worth reading; was well aware of the difficulties ahead
5. sense_key=well%4:02:08:: | definition=to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree | examples=the project was well underway; the fetus has well developed organs
6. sense_key=well%4:02:07:: | definition=favorably; with approval | examples=their neighbors spoke well of them; he thought well of the book
7. sense_key=well%4:02:11:: | definition=to a great extent or degree | synonyms=considerably, substantially | examples=I'm afraid the film was well over budget; painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger
8. sense_key=well%4:02:14:: | definition=with great or especially intimate knowledge | synonyms=intimately | examples=we knew them well
9. sense_key=well%4:02:13:: | definition=with prudence or propriety | examples=You would do well to say nothing more; could not well refuse
10. sense_key=well%4:02:12:: | definition=with skill or in a pleasing manner | examples=she dances well; he writes well
11. sense_key=well%4:02:10:: | definition=in a manner affording benefit or advantage | synonyms=advantageously | examples=she married well; The children were settled advantageously in Seattle
12. sense_key=well%4:02:09:: | definition=in financial comfort | synonyms=comfortably | examples=They live well; she has been able to live comfortably since her husband died
13. sense_key=well%4:02:01:: | definition=without unusual distress or resentment; with good humor | examples=took the joke well; took the tragic news well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses to determine which one best fits the usage of "well" in the sentence.

The sentence is:
"But they need not be to do their jobs <t>well</t>."

Let me examine each sense:

1. "in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard" with example "the children behaved well; a task well done"
   - This is about doing something properly/satisfactorily.

2. "thoroughly or completely; fully" with examples "The problem is well understood; she was well informed"
   - This is about completeness/thoroughness.

3. "indicating high probability; in all likelihood" with examples "I might well do it; a mistake that could easily have ended in disaster"
   - This is about probability.

4. "(used for emphasis or as an intensifier) entirely or fully" with examples "a book well worth reading; was well aware of the difficulties ahead"
   - This is about emphasis/intensifying.

5. "to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree" with examples "the project was well underway; the fetus has well developed organs"
   - This is about extent/degree.

6. "favorably; with approval" with examples "their neighbors spoke well of them; he thought well of the book"
   - This is about approval/favor.

7. "to a great extent or degree" with examples "I'm afraid the film was well over budget; painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger"
   - This is about great extent/degree.

8. "with great or especially intimate knowledge" with examples "we knew them well"
   - This is about knowledge/intimacy.

9. "with prudence or propriety" with examples "You would do well to say nothing more; could not well refuse"
   - This is about prudence/propriety.

10. "with skill or in a pleasing manner" with examples "she dances well; he writes well"
    - This is about skill/pleasing manner.

11. "in a manner affording benefit or advantage" with examples "she married well; The children were settled advantageously in Seattle"
    - This is about benefit/advantage.

12. "in financial comfort" with examples "They live well; she has been able to live comfortably since her husband died"
    - This is about financial comfort.

13. "without unusual distress or resentment; with good humor" with examples "took the joke well; took the tragic news well"
    - This is about reaction to something.

In the context "But they need not be to do their jobs <t>well</t>", the word "well" is describing how teachers do their jobs. The context is talking about whether teachers need to be among the "best and brightest" to do their jobs well.

Looking at this, the most appropriate senses seem to be:
- Sense 1: "in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard"
- Sense 10: "with skill or in a pleasing manner"

Sense 1 has examples like "a task well done" which fits with "do their jobs well". This seems to be about performing a task satisfactorily or properly.

Sense 10 has examples like "she dances well; he writes well" which is about skill in performing an activity.

Both could potentially fit, but I think Sense 1 is more appropriate because the context is about whether teachers need exceptional ability ("best and brightest") to perform their job satisfactorily. The sentence is saying that teachers don't need to be exceptional to do their jobs properly/satisfactorily, not specifically about skill level.

Sense 10 specifically mentions "with skill", but the point of the passage seems to be that teachers don't need exceptional skill (being among the "best and brightest") to do their jobs well (properly/satisfactorily).

So I believe Sense 1 is the best match.

Let me double-check my reasoning:

The passage is making a point that teachers, even if they aren't among the "best and brightest" of their generation, can still do their jobs "well" - meaning properly, satisfactorily, to an appropriate standard. The examples for Sense 1 include "a task well done" which closely parallels "do their jobs well".

Sense 10 with "with skill or in a pleasing manner" and examples like "she dances well; he writes well" seems more focused on skillful performance of an activity, which isn't quite the focus here. The passage isn't arguing that teachers perform their jobs with exceptional skill, but rather that they perform them satisfactorily without needing exceptional abilities.

Therefore, I choose Sense 1.

Actually, let me look again at the senses:

Sense 1: "in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard" with examples "the children behaved well; a task well done"

Sense 10: "with skill or in a pleasing manner" with examples "she dances well; he writes well"

The distinction between these two is subtle. Sense 1 seems more about doing something properly, correctly, or to standard. Sense 10 is more about skill or artistry in performance.

The context is discussing whether teachers need to be among the "best and brightest" to teach effectively. The argument seems to be that they don't need to be exceptional to teach properly/satisfactorily. This aligns more with Sense 1.

I'm sticking with Sense 1 as the best match.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: remember
Target surface form: remember
Context:
They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can <t>remember</t> one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days. But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remember%2:31:00:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect, think | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
2. sense_key=remember%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind for attention or consideration | synonyms=think of | examples=Remember the Alamo; Remember to call your mother every day!
3. sense_key=remember%2:31:02:: | definition=recapture the past; indulge in memories | synonyms=think back | examples=he remembered how he used to pick flowers
4. sense_key=remember%2:40:00:: | definition=show appreciation to | examples=He remembered her in his will
5. sense_key=remember%2:32:07:: | definition=mention favorably, as in prayer | examples=remember me in your prayers
6. sense_key=remember%2:32:00:: | definition=mention as by way of greeting or to indicate friendship | synonyms=commend | examples=Remember me to your wife
7. sense_key=remember%2:31:08:: | definition=exercise, or have the power of, memory | examples=After the shelling, many people lost the ability to remember; some remember better than others
8. sense_key=remember%2:31:09:: | definition=call to remembrance; keep alive the memory of someone or something, as in a ceremony | synonyms=commemorate | examples=We remembered the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz; Remember the dead of the First World War

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to disambiguate the word "remember" in the provided context.

**Context:**
"Yes, we all can **remember** one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days."

**Candidate Senses Analysis:**

1.  **Sense 1:** `remember%2:31:00::` - "recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection". Synonyms: retrieve, recall, recollect. Examples: "I can't remember saying any such thing".
    *   *Analysis:* The context talks about recalling specific people (teachers) from the past (school days). The speaker is asking the audience to access their memory to retrieve a mental image or knowledge of specific teachers they had. This fits well.

2.  **Sense 2:** `remember%2:31:01::` - "keep in mind for attention or consideration". Synonyms: think of. Examples: "Remember the Alamo", "Remember to call your mother".
    *   *Analysis:* This is usually imperative or about keeping something in mind for future action (don't forget). The context is not imperative ("can remember"), nor is it about a future obligation. It is about the past.

3.  **Sense 3:** `remember%2:31:02::` - "recapture the past; indulge in memories". Synonyms: think back. Examples: "he remembered how he used to pick flowers".
    *   *Analysis:* This sense often involves a process of reflection or nostalgia. While "remembering teachers" can be nostalgic, the sentence structure "remember one or two... teachers" is more about the act of retrieving a specific entity from memory (recalling who they were) rather than "indulging in memories" as a process or state of mind. However, Sense 1 is broad enough to cover this. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 3. Sense 3 often implies a more extended act of reflection or reliving an experience. Sense 1 is the general cognitive act of retrieving information. "Remembering a teacher" usually fits Sense 1 (recalling their existence/identity). The example for Sense 3 ("remembered how he used to...") suggests recalling an event or habit in detail. The target context is recalling specific individuals ("one or two teachers"). This feels more like retrieving knowledge/records of people (Sense 1) than indulging in a session of nostalgia (Sense 3), though the line is thin. Usually, retrieving a specific entity (noun phrase object) falls under Sense 1 (recall/recollect), whereas clauses or "how to" often drift toward other senses or remain Sense 1.

4.  **Sense 4:** `remember%2:40:00::` - "show appreciation to". Example: "He remembered her in his will".
    *   *Analysis:* Definitely not this. No gifts or wills involved.

5.  **Sense 5:** `remember%2:32:07::` - "mention favorably, as in prayer".
    *   *Analysis:* Not this context.

6.  **Sense 6:** `remember%2:32:00::` - "mention as by way of greeting".
    *   *Analysis:* Not this context.

7.  **Sense 7:** `remember%2:31:08::` - "exercise, or have the power of, memory". Examples: "lost the ability to remember".
    *   *Analysis:* This refers to the faculty of memory itself, not the specific act of recalling a specific object. The context is specific ("one or two teachers"), not general ability.

8.  **Sense 8:** `remember%2:31:09::` - "call to remembrance; keep alive the memory of someone or something, as in a ceremony". Synonyms: commemorate. Examples: "Remember the Alamo" (in a commemorative sense), "Remember the dead".
    *   *Analysis:* This is about honoring the dead or commemorating an event. While teachers can be honored, the context "we can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers" implies personal recollection of one's own past ("from our school days"), not a public ceremony or act of commemoration.

**Narrowing down:**
The choice is primarily between Sense 1 ("recall knowledge from memory") and Sense 3 ("recapture the past").

*   **Sense 1** is the most general and common sense for "remembering" a person or thing from the past. "I remember him." "Do you remember that restaurant?"
*   **Sense 3** implies "thinking back" or "indulging in memories". The example "he remembered how he used to pick flowers" implies a vivid re-experiencing or narrative reflection. The target sentence is simple: "we can remember one or two... teachers". We can retrieve the fact of their existence or their image from our memory.

Let's look at WordNet hierarchies or usage patterns. Sense 1 is the basic definition of "remembering" (recollecting). Sense 3 often involves "remembering [clause]" or "remembering [event]". Here the object is "one or two truly inspiring teachers". Recalling a person from memory fits Sense 1 perfectly ("I can't remember her name" -> Sense 1).

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

**Final check:**
Context: "we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers"
Definition: "recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection"
Synonyms: retrieve, recall, recollect.
Example: "I can't remember saying any such thing" (episodic), "I can't think what her last name was" (factual).
The context fits retrieving the memory of the teachers.

Sense 3 ("recapture the past") is a distinct subset often used for nostalgia or reflecting on *how* things used to be. The object "one or two teachers" is a noun phrase referring to entities. Retrieving entities is Sense 1.

I will select Sense 1.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: truly
Target surface form: truly
Context:
They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two <t>truly</t> inspiring teachers from our school days. But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=truly%4:02:00:: | definition=in accordance with truth or fact or reality | synonyms=genuinely, really | examples=she was now truly American; a genuinely open society
2. sense_key=truly%4:02:01:: | definition=by right | synonyms=rightfully | examples=baseball rightfully is the nation's pastime
3. sense_key=truly%4:02:03:: | definition=with sincerity; without pretense | synonyms=sincerely, unfeignedly | examples=she praised him sincerely for his victory; was unfeignedly glad to see his old teacher
4. sense_key=truly%4:02:04:: | definition=in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers) | synonyms=in truth, really | examples=in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire; really, you shouldn't have done it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `truly`
    *   Target surface form: `truly`
    *   Context sentence: "Yes, we all can remember one or two <t>truly</t> inspiring teachers from our school days."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses schoolteachers, describing them as generally competent but not necessarily the "best and brightest." The author distinguishes between "truly inspiring teachers" and those who were "merely competent."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "in accordance with truth or fact or reality". Synonyms: genuinely, really. Examples: "she was now truly American", "a genuinely open society".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense often emphasizes the factual reality or genuineness of a state or identity. It suggests that something is what it claims to be.

    *   **Sense 2:** "by right". Synonyms: rightfully. Examples: "baseball rightfully is the nation's pastime".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense deals with entitlement or correctness. This doesn't fit "truly inspiring teachers".

    *   **Sense 3:** "with sincerity; without pretense". Synonyms: sincerely, unfeignedly. Examples: "she praised him sincerely for his victory", "was unfeignedly glad to see his old teacher".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense relates to emotional sincerity. While one could argue a teacher is "sincerely inspiring," the context is about the *degree* or *authenticity* of the inspiration, not the teacher's intent or sincerity. The speaker is evaluating the quality of the teachers, not their emotional state. "Truly inspiring" acts as an intensifier for the adjective "inspiring."

    *   **Sense 4:** "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)". Synonyms: in truth, really. Examples: "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire", "really, you shouldn't have done it".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense functions as an intensifier, meaning "really" or "actually" to emphasize the degree of the adjective or the situation. In the phrase "truly inspiring," "truly" is intensifying the adjective "inspiring." It distinguishes the "real" standouts from the "merely competent." It answers the question: "Were they inspiring?" "Yes, truly (really/actually) inspiring." It serves to emphasize the extent or authenticity of the description in reality.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 1 (genuinely/really) and Sense 4 (in fact/really) are very close.
    *   Let's look at the distinction in WordNet (based on the provided definitions and examples).
    *   Sense 1 examples ("truly American", "genuinely open society") suggest a state of being that accords with fact.
    *   Sense 4 examples ("in truth, moral decay...", "really, you shouldn't have done it") suggest an intensifier role.
    *   The context phrase "truly inspiring" uses "truly" as an adverb of degree/intensifier modifying the adjective "inspiring."
    *   Is it Sense 1? "In accordance with truth... she was truly inspiring." This fits.
    *   Is it Sense 4? "In fact... truly inspiring." This also fits.
    *   However, WordNet often distinguishes between "truly" meaning "sincerely" (Sense 3), "rightfully" (Sense 2), and "really/actually" (Sense 1 vs 4).
    *   Sense 4 specifically mentions "used as intensifiers".
    *   In "truly inspiring," the word is intensifying the adjective. It distinguishes the high quality from the average. It means "really" or "genuinely" in the sense of "to a high degree" or "undeniably."
    *   Let's look at the mapping for `truly` in WordNet 3.1 or 3.0.
    *   Sense 1 (`truly%4:02:00::`): "in accordance with truth or fact or reality". Examples: "she was now truly American". This feels like a state of fact.
    *   Sense 4 (`truly%4:02:04::`): "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)". Examples: "really, you shouldn't have done it".
    *   Often, when "truly" modifies an adjective (like "truly sorry" or "truly inspiring"), it leans towards the intensifier meaning.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 4 for adjectival modification.
    *   If I say "He is truly happy," is it Sense 1 (fact) or Sense 4 (intensifier)?
    *   WordNet examples for Sense 1 are "truly American". For Sense 4, the examples are sentence-level modifiers or distinct intensifiers.
    *   Actually, looking at standard dictionaries, "truly" as an intensifier (meaning "very" or "really") is the dominant usage in "truly inspiring".
    *   Sense 1 definition "in accordance with truth" usually applies to verbs or states of being (e.g., "He truly believes...").
    *   Sense 4 definition "in fact (used as intensifiers)" often applies when emphasizing a point or degree.
    *   The phrase "truly inspiring" essentially means "really inspiring" or "very inspiring."
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. Synonyms: genuinely, really. Examples: "genuinely open society".
    *   Let's look at Sense 4 again. Synonyms: in truth, really.
    *   The distinction is subtle. Sense 1 emphasizes the *truth value* or *authenticity* of the predicate. "Is it a genuine inspiring teacher?" Yes. This aligns with "in accordance with truth."
    *   Sense 4 emphasizes the *fact* often as a sentence modifier or contrast.
    *   However, usually, in WordNet WSD tasks for `truly` + Adjective:
        *   "Truly sorry" -> often mapped to Sense 3 (sincerity) or Sense 1 (genuinely).
        *   "Truly inspiring" -> meaning "really/genuinely inspiring".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1 again: "a genuinely open society". This is an adjectival modification. "Truly inspiring" is an adjectival modification.
    *   Sense 4 examples: "in truth, moral decay..."; "really, you shouldn't have done it". These are sentence adverbs.
    *   The target is "truly inspiring" (modifying an adjective).
    *   The Sense 1 example "a genuinely open society" (modifying an adjective) is structurally identical to "truly inspiring teachers".
    *   Sense 4 examples are sentence modifiers (modifying the whole sentence or clause).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit structurally and semantically for modifying an adjective to denote genuine/reality status.

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement:*
        *   Let's check if Sense 4 covers adjectival modification. The gloss says "used as intensifiers". If I say "It was truly good," "truly" is an intensifier.
        *   But WordNet 3.0/3.1 organization:
            *   00257045 (Sense 1): truly, genuinely, really -- (in accordance with truth or fact or reality; "she was now truly American"; "a genuinely open society"; "they don't really listen to us")
            *   00257351 (Sense 4): truly, really, in truth -- (in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers); "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire"; "really, you shouldn't have done it"; "a truly awful book")
    *   Wait, let me check the text of Sense 4 in the prompt carefully.
    *   Prompt Sense 4 definition: "in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers)". Examples: "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire"; "really, you shouldn't have done it".
    *   Note: Some versions of WordNet include "a truly awful book" under Sense 4. The prompt *does not* list "a truly awful book" as an example for Sense 4. The prompt lists sentence modifiers.
    *   Prompt Sense 1 definition: "in accordance with truth or fact or reality". Examples: "she was now truly American"; "a genuinely open society".
    *   "A genuinely open society" (Sense 1) is modifying an adjective phrase.
    *   "Truly inspiring teachers" is modifying an adjective phrase.
    *   The structural parallel with "a genuinely open society" makes Sense 1 the strongest candidate.
    *   The meaning is "genuinely inspiring" or "really inspiring" (asserting the reality/truth of the inspiration).
    *   Sense 1 captures the "genuineness" of the description.

    *   Let's double check Sense 3. "With sincerity". Teachers can be sincere. But "inspiring" is a perception of the student (context: "we all can remember"). The student perceives the teacher as inspiring. The student is saying "really/genuinely inspiring". It's not about the teacher's sincerity (Sense 3).
    *   So it's between 1 and 4.
    *   Sense 1: "in accordance with truth". They were, in fact/reality, inspiring. Synonyms: genuinely.
    *   Sense 4: "in fact (used as intensifiers)". The prompt examples for Sense 4 are sentence modifiers. The prompt examples for Sense 1 include adjectival modification ("genuinely open society").
    *   Therefore, based strictly on the provided examples and definitions, Sense 1 is the correct choice because "truly inspiring" mirrors the structure of "genuinely open society" (Adverb + Adjective + Noun), whereas Sense 4 examples are Sentence Adverb + Sentence.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 1.

    *   Let's review Sense 4 again. If the gloss includes "intensifiers", and "truly inspiring" is an intensifier...
    *   WordNet 3.0 online interface (e.g., PyWordNet or web versions):
        *   Sense 1: truly, genuinely, really -- (in accordance with truth or fact or reality; "she was now truly American"; "a genuinely open society"; "they don't really listen to us").
        *   Sense 4: truly, really, in truth -- (in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers); "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire"; "really, you shouldn't have done it"; "a truly awful book").
    *   In some versions of WordNet, "a truly awful book" is an example for Sense 4. **However**, the prompt *specifically* lists the examples for Sense 4 as: "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire", "really, you shouldn't have done it". It excludes "a truly awful book".
    *   Conversely, Sense 1 includes "a genuinely open society".
    *   If I strictly follow the provided data:
        *   Sense 1 has an example of adjectival modification.
        *   Sense 4 has examples of sentence modification.
    *   Context: "truly inspiring teachers" (Adjectival modification).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit based on the provided examples.

    *   Let's consider the semantic nuances.
    *   "Truly inspiring" means they were *genuinely* inspiring, not just nominally so. This aligns with "in accordance with truth or fact or reality".
    *   If I assumed Sense 4 (intensifier), it would mean "very inspiring".
    *   But Sense 1 (genuinely) also captures this.
    *   Given the explicit example in Sense 1 ("genuinely open society"), I will select Sense 1.

    *   Final check:
    *   Sentence: "Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers..."
    *   Sense 1: genuine/real.
    *   Sense 4: intensifier (really).
    *   The speaker is contrasting "truly inspiring" with "merely competent".
    *   Is the teacher "truly inspiring" (intensifier - very inspiring) or "truly inspiring" (fact - genuinely inspiring)?
    *   Usually, this usage is synonymous with "really".
    *   WordNet often maps "truly + Adjective" to the sense that contains "genuinely" (Sense 1).
    *   If the prompt had "a truly awful book" in Sense 4, it would be a toss-up or favor 4. Since it doesn't, and Sense 1 has "genuinely open society", Sense 1 is the logical derivation from the provided text.

    *   Decision: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring <t>teachers</t> from our school days. But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: teacher
    *   Target surface form: teachers
    *   Context: A discussion about "pap courses," criticism of "teachers" vs. the educational establishment. Mentions "schoolteachers," "conscientious teaching," "school days," and "competent and conscientious" teachers.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
        2.  sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher
    *   Constraint: Choose single best indexed sense. Return only JSON `{"sense_index": n}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The context explicitly mentions "schoolteachers" and people doing "jobs."
    *   The sentence containing the target word is: "Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring <t>teachers</t> from our school days."
    *   This refers to human beings employed in schools to educate students.
    *   The broader context discusses "dump[ing] on teachers," "conscientious teaching," and compares them to the "best and brightest" of a generation.

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "a person whose occupation is teaching". This matches the context perfectly. The text refers to schoolteachers, people with jobs, and individuals from school days.
    *   Sense 2: "a personified abstraction that teaches". Example given: "books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher". This refers to metaphorical teachers like "experience" or "books." The context is about literal human school teachers.

4.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The context refers to human professionals working in schools ("schoolteachers," "occupation," "jobs").
    *   Sense 1 defines a person with the occupation of teaching.
    *   Sense 2 defines an abstraction.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}` (assuming the list starts indexing at 1 based on the numbered list provided in the prompt).
    *   Let's check the numbering in the prompt.
        *   "1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00::..."
        *   "2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00::..."
    *   So, the index corresponding to the first sense is 1.

6.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Target: "teachers" (plural).
    *   Context: "inspiring teachers from our school days".
    *   Sense 1: "person whose occupation is teaching". Fits.
    *   Sense 2: "personified abstraction". Does not fit.
    *   Result: Sense 1.

    Double check the instruction: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." (using the appropriate number).

    Output: `{"sense_index": 1}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days. But our <t>education</t> proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious. In this sense, a teacher can be compared to one's family doctor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma:** "education" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "But our <t>education</t> proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious."
    *   Surrounding text discusses "teaching", "schoolteachers", "inspiring teachers", "school days".
    *   The sentence says the education "proceeded at the hands of those others". This implies a process or a set of activities occurring over time, guided by teachers.
    *   The text contrasts "teaching" (activity of the teacher) with the "education" (what the student receives/undergoes).
3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" (Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy). The example is "he received no formal education". While close, the context distinguishes the teachers (who do the teaching) from the education that "proceeded". The context focuses on the student's experience/progress ("our education proceeded"). However, Sense 1 focuses on the *activities* themselves. "Our activities proceeded"? It fits okay, but let's look closer at others.
    *   **Sense 2:** "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction". The example is "he had a very broad education". In the text: "our [knowledge acquired] proceeded at the hands of..." Knowledge doesn't usually "proceed" in this phrasing. A process proceeds. This sense focuses on the *result* (the knowledge held in the head).
    *   **Sense 3:** "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge". The example is "education is a preparation for life". The text says "our [process of acquiring knowledge] proceeded at the hands of those others". This fits "proceeded" perfectly. A process can proceed. The context mentions "school days" (a duration of time) and the "hands of those others" (teachers facilitating the process). The previous sentence mentions "teaching" (Sense 1), but here the focus is on the students' educational journey/process.
    *   **Sense 4:** "the profession of teaching". The text refers to "our education". It is not referring to the profession itself in this specific sentence. It's referring to the specific schooling the narrator received.
    *   **Sense 5:** "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)". Synonyms: breeding. Context is academic schooling ("schoolteachers", "family doctor"), not manners/breeding.
    *   **Sense 6:** "the United States federal department...". Not a proper noun here.
4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 (Activities/Instruction): "our instruction proceeded". This is plausible.
    *   Sense 3 (Process): "our process of acquiring knowledge proceeded".
    *   Context clues: "school days" implies a duration/time period. "Proceeded" implies a progression or movement through time/stages.
    *   Synonyms for Sense 1 are "teaching, pedagogy". The text just used "teaching" to describe what the teachers do ("conscientious teaching").
    *   The text says "our education proceeded". If we substitute Sense 1: "our teaching proceeded at the hands of..." -> The students don't own the teaching activity; the teachers do.
    *   If we substitute Sense 3: "our process of acquiring knowledge proceeded at the hands of..." -> The students undergo the process. This aligns with "our education". The students own the education (as the process they undergo), whereas the teachers own the teaching.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit for "our education" in this specific context where the focus is on the student's experience/journey over time ("school days").

5.  **Final Decision:** Sense 3 captures the "gradual process" aspect which fits the verb "proceeded" and the possessive "our" (referring to the students' journey) better than Sense 1 (the activities performed by the teachers) or Sense 2 (the static result of knowledge).

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proceed
Target surface form: proceeded
Context:
But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition. But they need not be to do their jobs well. Yes, we all can remember one or two truly inspiring teachers from our school days. But our education <t>proceeded</t> at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious. In this sense, a teacher can be compared to one's family doctor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proceed%2:32:00:: | definition=continue talking;  he continued, | synonyms=continue, go on, carry on | examples=I know it's hard,; but there is no choice
2. sense_key=proceed%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead; travel onward in time or space | synonyms=go forward, continue | examples=We proceeded towards Washington; She continued in the direction of the hills
3. sense_key=proceed%2:41:00:: | definition=follow a procedure or take a course | synonyms=go, move | examples=We should go farther in this matter; She went through a lot of trouble
4. sense_key=proceed%2:30:00:: | definition=follow a certain course | synonyms=go | examples=The inauguration went well; how did your interview go?
5. sense_key=proceed%2:42:00:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, go along, keep | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "proceeded" in the context: "But our education proceeded at the hands of those others, who were merely competent and conscientious."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence talks about education continuing/going forward
- "Our education proceeded at the hands of those others" - meaning education moved forward/advanced/continued through the work of competent teachers
- This is about the education process continuing or moving along

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=proceed%2:32:00:: - "continue talking" with examples like "he continued, I know it's hard" - This is about continuing speech/conversation. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=proceed%2:38:00:: - "move ahead; travel onward in time or space" with examples like "We proceeded towards Washington; She continued in the direction of the hills" - This is about physical movement or traveling. The context is abstract (education), not physical movement.

3. sense_key=proceed%2:41:00:: - "follow a procedure or take a course" with examples like "We should go farther in this matter; She went through a lot of trouble" - This is about following a procedure. Could potentially apply if we see education as a procedure/process.

4. sense_key=proceed%2:30:00:: - "follow a certain course" with examples like "The inauguration went well; how did your interview go?" - This is about events/courses unfolding in a certain way. This could fit - education following a certain course.

5. sense_key=proceed%2:42:00:: - "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" with examples like "Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night" - This is about continuing an activity. Education is an activity that continued.

Looking more carefully:
- The phrase "our education proceeded at the hands of those others" suggests that education moved forward/continued through the work of competent teachers
- This is about education as a process that moved along/continued over time

Sense 5 seems most fitting - education as an activity that continued/was ongoing at the hands of competent teachers. The sense "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" matches well.

Sense 4 could also work - "follow a certain course" - but this seems more about events going well or not.

Sense 3 - "follow a procedure or take a course" - seems more about deliberate procedural actions.

I think sense 5 is the best fit. The education continued as an ongoing activity/state at the hands of the teachers. The phrase "proceeded at the hands of" suggests continuation of the educational process.

Let me reconsider. The sentence "But our education proceeded at the hands of those others" is saying that education moved forward/continued under the guidance of these competent (but not brilliant) teachers.

Sense 5: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" - education is an activity that continued.

This seems to be the best match.