[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: end
Target surface form: ending
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and <t>ending</t>, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: | definition=have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical | synonyms=stop, finish, terminate, cease | examples=the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed; Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other
2. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: | definition=bring to an end or halt | synonyms=terminate | examples=She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime; The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I
3. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: | definition=be the end of; be the last or concluding part of | synonyms=terminate | examples=This sad scene ended the movie
4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: | definition=put an end to | examples=The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target lemma: "end"
    *   Target surface form: "ending"
    *   Context segment: "...the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and **ending**, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
    *   Syntactic context: "starting and ending". This is a coordination. "Starting" is a present participle used intransitively here (describing the motion of the bells). "Ending" is the parallel participle.
    *   Semantic context: The bells swing 360 degrees. They start at a certain position, and they end at a certain position. The sentence describes the physical trajectory of the bells.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `end%2:42:00::`
        *   Definition: "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical"
        *   Synonyms: stop, finish, terminate, cease
        *   Examples: "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed"; "Your rights stop where you infringe..."
        *   Analysis: This sense describes a state or location where something ceases to exist or extend. It is often intransitive (the bronchioles terminate *in* a bed). The example "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed" is very similar to the context "ending... in the inverted... position". The bell's swing *has an end* at a specific location (the inverted position). This fits the spatial sense mentioned in the definition.

    *   **Sense 2**: `end%2:30:01::`
        *   Definition: "bring to an end or halt"
        *   Synonyms: terminate
        *   Examples: "She ended their friendship..."; "The attack on Poland terminated..."
        *   Analysis: This is a transitive sense (causative). Agent A ends Object B. The context describes the bells swinging (intransitive process). The bells are not ending something else; the motion of the bells is ending at a point.

    *   **Sense 3**: `end%2:42:01::`
        *   Definition: "be the end of; be the last or concluding part of"
        *   Synonyms: terminate
        *   Examples: "This sad scene ended the movie"
        *   Analysis: This looks like it could be "This sad scene [was the end of] the movie". It can be tricky. Usually, this implies "constitute the end of something". Does the swing "constitute the end" of the swing? It is close, but Sense 1 explicitly mentions "have an end" and "spatial sense". The phrase "starting and ending" suggests the beginning and the conclusion of a trajectory.

    *   **Sense 4**: `end%2:36:13::`
        *   Definition: "put an end to"
        *   Examples: "The terrible news ended our hopes..."
        *   Analysis: Clearly transitive/causative. Not applicable here.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3**:
    *   The context is: "swing... starting and ending... in the inverted... position".
    *   Sense 1 ("have an end") vs Sense 3 ("be the end of").
    *   The parallel structure "starting and ending" suggests a process starting and finishing.
    *   Look at Sense 1 examples: "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed". This is a spatial termination point.
    *   Look at the context: the swing ends in a specific spatial position.
    *   Sense 1 definition explicitly includes "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense". The context describes the spatial limit of the swing.
    *   Sense 3 definition: "be the end of". Usage: "This scene ended the movie". Here, "ending" is the participle. "The swing is ending in a position". This fits "have an end" (Sense 1) better than "be the end of [something]".
    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 3. "This sad scene ended the movie" = The scene was the end of the movie.
    *   Does the swing "end" the position? No.
    *   Does the swing "have an end"? Yes, the swing ends at the inverted position.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the intransitive nature of the verb in this context (the motion terminates/stops/finishes at a point).

    *   Let's re-read the definition of Sense 1: "have an end... either spatial or metaphorical". The example "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed" matches the syntactic frame "ending in [location]" perfectly.

4.  **Final Decision**:
    *   The bells swing.
    *   They start.
    *   They end (finish their trajectory).
    *   They end *in* a specific position.
    *   This matches Sense 1.

    Index mapping:
    1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: -> Index 1
    2. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: -> Index 2
    3. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: -> Index 3
    4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: -> Index 4

    Choice: Index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inverted
Target surface form: inverted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the <t>inverted</t>, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inverted%5:00:00:turned:00 | definition=being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed | synonyms=upside-down | examples=a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma; an upside-down cake
2. sense_key=inverted%3:00:04:: | definition=(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk | synonyms=anatropous

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:** The target is "inverted" (adjective).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses bell-ringing (campanology).
    *   It describes the movement of huge bronze bells mounted on wheels.
    *   They "swing madly through a full 360 degrees".
    *   They "start and end, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
    *   The phrase "mouth-up" is the key gloss here. Normally, a bell's mouth is down (ready to catch the clapper or rain). If it is "mouth-up", the top and bottom positions are reversed relative to the resting state.
3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1:**
    *   `sense_key=inverted%5:00:00:turned:00`
    *   Definition: "being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed"
    *   Synonyms: "upside-down"
    *   Examples: "a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma", "an upside-down cake"
    *   Fit: This fits perfectly. A bell that is "mouth-up" has its top and bottom reversed relative to the standard resting position (mouth-down). The text explicitly equates "inverted" with "mouth-up". The synonym "upside-down" applies logically to the orientation of the bell.
4.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2:**
    *   `sense_key=inverted%3:00:04::`
    *   Definition: "(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk"
    *   Synonyms: "anatropous"
    *   Fit: This is a specific biological term regarding plant ovules. The context is about bells in a belfry, not botany. This is clearly incorrect.
5.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 is the general adjective describing physical orientation (top and bottom reversed), which matches the description of the bells hanging "mouth-up".
6.  **Format the output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: position
Target surface form: position
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up <t>position</t>. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=position%1:15:00:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=place | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
2. sense_key=position%1:15:02:: | definition=a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons | synonyms=military position
3. sense_key=position%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc. | synonyms=view, perspective | examples=consider what follows from the positivist view
4. sense_key=position%1:07:01:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=posture, attitude | examples=he assumed an attitude of surrender
5. sense_key=position%1:26:00:: | definition=the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society | synonyms=status | examples=he had the status of a minor; the novel attained the status of a classic
6. sense_key=position%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=post, berth, office, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
7. sense_key=position%1:07:00:: | definition=the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated | synonyms=spatial relation | examples=the position of the hands on the clock; he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage
8. sense_key=position%1:15:03:: | definition=the appropriate or customary location | examples=the cars were in position
9. sense_key=position%1:04:02:: | definition=(in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player | examples=what position does he play?
10. sense_key=position%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting something in a certain place | synonyms=placement, location, locating, positioning, emplacement
11. sense_key=position%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=situation | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
12. sense_key=position%1:09:01:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=stance, posture
13. sense_key=position%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=side | examples=there are two sides to every question
14. sense_key=position%1:10:01:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=place | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
15. sense_key=position%1:04:03:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, place, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
16. sense_key=position%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 7}

content: sense_index": 7}

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: position
    *   Target surface form: position
    *   Context sentence: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
    *   Key phrase: "mouth-up position".
 This describes the physical orientation/placement of an object (the bell) in space. The bell is "inverted" or "mouth-up". This refers to the specific spatial arrangement or state of the bell.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1:* "the particular portion of space occupied by something" (synonyms: place). Example: lamp back in its place.
        *   Evaluation: This is a strong candidate. It refers to where something is. The bell is in a specific position (mouth-up). However, does "position" here refer to a *location* (like a spot on a map) or an *orientation/arrangement*? "Mouth-up" describes *how* it is situated, not just *where*.

    *   *Sense 2:* "a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons" (synonyms: military position).
        *   Evaluation: Not military context.

    *   *Sense 3:* "a way of regarding situations or topics etc." (synonyms: view, perspective).
        *   Evaluation: Incorrect. Abstract mental sense.

    *   *Sense 4:* "the arrangement of the body and its limbs" (synonyms: posture, attitude).
        *   Evaluation: Usually applies to bodies/people. Bells don't have bodies and limbs. However, "posture" or "attitude" can sometimes be used metaphorically for objects, but usually, this sense is restricted to animate beings assuming a posture.

    *   *Sense 5:* "the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society" (synonyms: status).
        *   Evaluation: Incorrect. Social status sense.

    *   *Sense 6:* "a job in an organization".
        *   Evaluation: Incorrect. Employment sense.

    *   *Sense 7:* "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated" (synonyms: spatial relation). Example: "position of the hands on the clock".
        *   Evaluation: This looks like the best fit. The definition includes "way in which something is situated". The example "position of the hands on the clock" is very similar to the context "position of the bell". Both describe the orientation/configuration of an object in space relative to itself (hands pointing up, bell mouth up). It captures the "spatial relation" aspect better than Sense 1 (which is more about the specific spot/point in space). The-up).

    *   *Sense 8:* "the appropriate or customary location". Example: cars were in position.
        *   Evaluation: This implies being ready or in the right spot. While the bell ends its swing in a specific state, "inverted" isn't necessarily a "customary location" but a physical orientation.

    *   *Sense 9:* "(in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player".
        *   Evaluation: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 10:* "the act of putting something in a certain place".
        *   Evaluation: Incorrect. This is an action noun. The context uses "position" as a noun denoting a state ("in the... position").

    *   *Sense 11:* "a condition or position in which you find yourself".
        *   Evaluation: Abstract situation. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 12:* "a rationalized mental attitude".
        *   Evaluation: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 13:* "an opinion that is held in opposition...".
        *   Evaluation: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 14:* "an item on a list or in a sequence".
        *   Evaluation: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 15:* "the post or function properly or customarily occupied...".
        *   Evaluation: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 16:* "the act of positing...".
        *   Evaluation: Incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 vs. Sense 7:**

    *   Sense 1 (place): Focuses on the *spot* occupied. "Where is the lamp? In its place."
    *   Sense 7 (spatial relation): Focuses on the *spatial property* or *way* something is situated. Example: "position of the hands on the clock".
    *   The context says the bell ends "in the inverted, or mouth-up position".
    *   "Inverted" and "mouth-up" describe the *orientation* or *attitude* of the bell, not just its location in the room (which is the belfry). The bell's location doesn't change (it's mounted on wheels in the belfry), but its *position* (orientation) changes as it swings 360 degrees.
    *   Therefore, the word refers to the spatial relation/orientation of the object. Sense 7 seems more precise for "orientation" than Sense 1.
    *   Let's check Sense 4 again ("arrangement of the body"). WordNet usually restricts this to bodies. But sometimes it's used for object posture. However, Sense 7 explicitly mentions "way in which something is situated" and uses the example of clock hands, which are inanimate objects with specific orientations. This matches the bell context perfectly.

    *   Refining the decision:
        *   The bell starts and ends in the mouth-up *position*.
        *   Is it a location (Sense 1)? "Mouth-up" is not a location. It is a state of orientation.
        *   Sense 7 definition: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated".
        *   Example for Sense 7: "he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage".
        *   Example for Sense 7: "the position of the hands on the clock". (This is the clincher. Clock hands move and point in different directions. The bell moves and points/opens in different directions).
        *   Sense 1 example: "he put the lamp back in its place". This is about location.
        *   The bell is not being put in a different location in the belfry. It is rotating. It ends in a specific *orientation*.
        *   Therefore, Sense 7 is the correct choice.

    *   Let's double check Sense 1:15:03 ("the appropriate or customary location").
        *   Context: "starting and ending... in the inverted... position".
        *   It might be the customary location/orientation for a resting bell.
        *   But Sense 7's "way in which something is situated" is a much better semantic fit for "inverted/mouth-up".

    *   Let's look at Sense 4 ("posture").
        *   Synonyms: posture, attitude.
        *   Definition: "the arrangement of the body and its limbs".
        *   Can a bell have a posture? Metaphorically, maybe ("the plane went into a nose-up attitude"). In aerodynamics, "attitude" is orientation.
        *   Does WordNet sense 4 cover this? Usually, WordNet senses for "body" are literal.
        *   Sense 7 covers "spatial relation" generally. This is safer and more accurate for an inanimate object's orientation.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 7.

    *   Index calculation:
        1.  position%1:15:00:: (Sense 1)
        2.  position%1:15:02:: (Sense 2)
        3.  position%1:09:00:: (Sense 3)
        4.  position%1:07:01:: (Sense 4)
        5.  position%1:26:00:: (Sense 5)
        6.  position%1:04:01:: (Sense 6)
        7.  position%1:07:00:: (Sense 7) -> This matches.

    *   Wait, let me re-verify the definition text for Sense 7.
        *   "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated"
        *   Example: "position of the hands on the clock"
        *   This is the exact analogy. The bell's mouth is like the clock's hand. The orientation matters. Sense 1 is just "the spot". Sense 7 is "the way it is situated".

    *   Let's check Sense 1 again. "The particular portion of space occupied by something".
        *   If I say "the position of the bell is inverted", does that mean the portion of space is inverted? No. The *orientation* is inverted.
        *   If I say "the position of the hands is 12 o'clock", does that mean the location? The hands are at the top of the clock. But "12 o'clock" implies direction/orientation relative to the dial.
        *   "Mouth-up" is definitely orientation.
        *   Therefore, Sense 7 is the best fit.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: position
Target surface form: position
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up <t>position</t>. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=position%1:15:00:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=place | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
2. sense_key=position%1:15:02:: | definition=a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons | synonyms=military position
3. sense_key=position%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc. | synonyms=view, perspective | examples=consider what follows from the positivist view
4. sense_key=position%1:07:01:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=posture, attitude | examples=he assumed an attitude of surrender
5. sense_key=position%1:26:00:: | definition=the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society | synonyms=status | examples=he had the status of a minor; the novel attained the status of a classic
6. sense_key=position%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=post, berth, office, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
7. sense_key=position%1:07:00:: | definition=the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated | synonyms=spatial relation | examples=the position of the hands on the clock; he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage
8. sense_key=position%1:15:03:: | definition=the appropriate or customary location | examples=the cars were in position
9. sense_key=position%1:04:02:: | definition=(in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player | examples=what position does he play?
10. sense_key=position%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting something in a certain place | synonyms=placement, location, locating, positioning, emplacement
11. sense_key=position%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=situation | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
12. sense_key=position%1:09:01:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=stance, posture
13. sense_key=position%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=side | examples=there are two sides to every question
14. sense_key=position%1:10:01:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=place | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
15. sense_key=position%1:04:03:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, place, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
16. sense_key=position%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 7}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 16. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "position" in the context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. position%1:15:00:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=place | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
2. position%1:15:02:: | definition=a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons
3. position%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc.
4. position%1:07:01:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=posture, attitude
7. position%1:07:00:: | definition=the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated | synonyms=spatial relation | examples=the position of the hands on the clock; he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage
8. position%1:15:03:: | definition=the appropriate or customary location | examples=the cars were in position

The context refers to the physical orientation or spatial arrangement of the bells ("the inverted, or mouth-up position"). The bells end up in a specific spatial arrangement.
Sense 7 is "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated". Example: "the position of the hands on the clock". The hands of a clock have a spatial orientation/arrangement, similar to the bells.
Sense 1 is "the particular portion of space occupied by something". Example: "he put the lamp back in its place".
Sense 4 is "the arrangement of the body and its limbs", which usually applies to bodies, but can sometimes apply metaphorically. However, "spatial relation" (Sense 7) fits "the way in which something is situated" (inverted, mouth-up) much better.

Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 7.
Sense 1: "the particular portion of space occupied by something" -> location.
Sense 7: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated" -> spatial relation / orientation. "inverted, or mouth-up position" refers to the *way* it is situated (orientation), not just the *portion of space* it occupies.
Example for Sense 7 is "the position of the hands on the clock", which is an angular/spatial relation. "Mouth-up position" is exactly the same type of spatial orientation.
Therefore, Sense 7 is the best fit.

Wait, let's look at the sense indices:
1 -> position%1:15:00::
7 -> position%1:07:00::

Let me double check the list:
1. position%1:15:00:: = the particular portion of space occupied by something
2. position%1:15:02:: = a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons
3. position%1:09:00:: = a way of regarding situations or topics etc.
4. position%1:07:01:: = the arrangement of the body and its limbs
5. position%1:26:00:: = the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society
6. position%1:04:01:: = a job in an organization
7. position%1:07:00:: = the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated
8. position%1:15:03:: = the appropriate or customary location

Yes, Sense 7 is "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated". Synonyms: spatial relation. Examples: the position of the hands on the clock.
This perfectly matches "the inverted, or mouth-up position" (the way the bell is situated).

So the index is 7.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled <t>ringers</t> use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ringers" in the context of a church bell ringing scene. Let me analyze the context:

The passage describes:
- A Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church
- People pulling ropes connected to bells in a belfry
- Church bells swinging in the belfry
- "ringing chamber" mentioned
- Skilled ringers using their wrists to control bell swings
- A detective story involving church bells is referenced

The context is clearly about people who ring church bells. The "ringers" are individuals who participate in the art of change ringing (a traditional English style of church bell ringing).

Now let me check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer

This fits perfectly. The context is about church bell ringers practicing at St. Mary Abbot church.

2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone

This doesn't fit - it's about lookalikes, not church bells.

3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses

This doesn't fit - it's about fraudulent competitors, not church bells.

4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

This doesn't fit - it's about the game of horseshoes, not church bells or people.

Sense 1 is clearly the correct answer. The context is explicitly about people who ring church bells.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: use
    *   Context: "Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing..."
    *   Sentence meaning: Skilled bell ringers employ/utilize their wrists for a specific purpose (to control the swing of the bell).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `use%2:34:01::` | Definition: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose" | Synonyms: utilize, apply, employ | Examples: "use your head!", "we only use Spanish at home".
    *   Sense 2: `use%2:34:02::` | Definition: "take or consume (regularly or habitually)" | Synonyms: habituate | Examples: "She uses drugs rarely". (Wrong meaning. Not about consumption or addiction).
    *   Sense 3: `use%2:34:00::` | Definition: "use up, consume fully" | Synonyms: expend | Examples: "The legislature expended its time...". (Wrong meaning. Not about using up resources).
    *   Sense 4: `use%2:41:14::` | Definition: "seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage" | Examples: "She uses her influential friends...". (This implies exploitation or leveraging an asset for gain. While similar to sense 1, "using wrists" is more about the physical employment of a body part for a task rather than exploiting a resource for advantage, though they are close. Sense 1 is the general "employ" meaning).
    *   Sense 5: `use%2:41:04::` | Definition: "avail oneself to" | Synonyms: practice, apply | Examples: "apply a principle". (This is about applying abstract concepts or practicing rituals).
    *   Sense 6: `use%2:41:03::` | Definition: "habitually do something (use only in the past tense)" | Examples: "She used to call...". (Grammatical mismatch. The context is present tense "use", not past "used to").

3.  **Compare context to senses:**
    *   The context describes physical action: ringers employing their wrists to control bells.
    *   Sense 1 is the standard transitive verb meaning "employ" or "put into service". "Skilled ringers employ their wrists..." fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 4 is often used for people or connections ("use friends"). Using body parts fits sense 1 (making them work for a purpose) much better than sense 4 (exploiting them).
    *   Sense 2, 3, 5, 6 are clearly incorrect based on definition and examples.

4.  **Select the best index:**
    *   Sense 1 matches "employ for a particular purpose".
    *   Index 1 corresponds to `use%2:34:01::`.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: retard
Target surface form: retard
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or <t>retard</t> the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=retard%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate | examples=This drug will retard your heart rate
2. sense_key=retard%2:42:00:: | definition=be delayed
3. sense_key=retard%2:30:07:: | definition=slow the growth or development of | synonyms=check, delay | examples=The brain damage will retard the child's language development
4. sense_key=retard%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up | examples=The car decelerated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target word is "retard", used as a verb in the context "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing".

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text describes church bell ringers manipulating ropes to control the swing of heavy bronze bells.
    *   The specific sentence says: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or **retard** the next swing..."
    *   The ringers are actively controlling the timing of the bells' swings ("time their pulls", "swap places with another").
    *   The actions are "advance or retard". "Advance" here means to make it happen sooner or faster. "Retard" acts as the opposite: to make it happen later or slower.
    *   The object of the verb is "the next swing". The agent is "Skilled ringers". This is a transitive verb usage (Agent causes Object to change state/movement).

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1: `retard%2:30:01::`**
        *   Definition: "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate".
        *   Example: "This drug will retard your heart rate".
        *   Analysis: This is a transitive sense (cause to move slower). The context involves ringers causing the swing of the bell to be delayed or slowed down to time it correctly. "Retard the next swing" fits perfectly with "cause [the swing] to move more slowly". It opposes "advance".

    *   **Sense 2: `retard%2:42:00::`**
        *   Definition: "be delayed".
        *   Analysis: This is an intransitive sense (e.g., "The project retarded"). The context requires a transitive verb (ringer retards swing). This sense is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3: `retard%2:30:07::`**
        *   Definition: "slow the growth or development of".
        *   Synonyms: check, delay.
        *   Example: "The brain damage will retard the child's language development".
        *   Analysis: This sense deals with abstract growth or development (biology, projects, etc.). While "delay" is a synonym, the specific context here is physical movement/mechanics (the swing of a bell). Sense 1 is more specific to movement/rate of operation. Sense 3 is about hindering development/maturity.

    *   **Sense 4: `retard%2:30:00::`**
        *   Definition: "lose velocity; move more slowly".
        *   Synonyms: decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up.
        *   Example: "The car decelerated".
        *   Analysis: This is an intransitive sense (ergative or purely intransitive). "The car retarded." In the context, the ringers (subject) are retarding the swing (object). This is a transitive usage. Sense 1 covers the transitive causative aspect.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: Cause to move more slowly/operate at slower rate. Fits mechanical/physical timing perfectly (heart rate, machinery, swings).
    *   Sense 3: Slow growth/development. Fits biological/abstract progression (language development, growth).

    *   The context is about the *physical timing* of a bell's swing in change ringing. The ringers are adjusting the velocity or timing of the physical motion. Sense 1 is the precise fit for physical motion/rate.

5.  **Conclusion:** The ringers are causing the swing to move more slowly or happen later relative to the rhythm. This matches the definition of Sense 1: "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate".

6.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   Target sense is Sense 1.
    *   JSON format required: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity | examples=the party went with a swing; it took time to get into the swing of things
2. sense_key=swing%1:06:00:: | definition=mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth
3. sense_key=swing%1:04:06:: | definition=a sweeping blow or stroke | examples=he took a wild swing at my head
4. sense_key=swing%1:04:00:: | definition=changing location by moving back and forth | synonyms=swinging, vacillation
5. sense_key=swing%1:10:01:: | definition=a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz | synonyms=swing music, jive
6. sense_key=swing%1:07:00:: | definition=a jaunty rhythm in music | synonyms=lilt
7. sense_key=swing%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it | synonyms=golf stroke, golf shot
8. sense_key=swing%1:04:02:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, cut | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
9. sense_key=swing%1:04:04:: | definition=a square dance figure; a pair of dancers join hands and dance around a point between them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "swing" used in the context of church bell ringing.
Context sentence: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
Here, "swing" refers to the physical motion of the bell swinging back and forth, changing location by moving back and forth.
Candidate senses:
1. swing%1:26:01:: - state of steady vigorous action (e.g., "in the swing of things")
2. swing%1:06:00:: - plaything (playground swing)
3. swing%1:04:06:: - a sweeping blow or stroke
4. swing%1:04:00:: - changing location by moving back and forth (synonyms: swinging, vacillation)
5. swing%1:10:01:: - style of jazz
6. swing%1:07:00:: - jaunty rhythm
7. swing%1:04:03:: - golf stroke
8. swing%1:04:02:: - baseball swing
9. swing%1:04:04:: - square dance figure

The context explicitly describes the bells swinging: "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees". Then it says "advance or retard the next swing". This refers to the movement of the bell back and forth. Sense 4 is "changing location by moving back and forth". This matches the physical motion of the bell swinging.

Let's double check sense 4 definition: "changing location by moving back and forth". A bell swinging is changing its orientation/location (the center of mass moves back and forth) by moving back and forth. This fits perfectly.
Sense 3 is a sweeping blow. Not a blow.
Sense 1 is an abstract state ("in the swing of things"). Not applicable.

Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, <t>so</t> that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "so" in the context:

"Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, **so** that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

Let me analyze the structure: "so that" - this is a purpose/result construction. The ringers use their wrists in a certain way SO THAT a specific result can be achieved (one bell can swap places with another).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
- This is an intensifier sense (like "so happy"). Not relevant here.

2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
- This looks like a purpose/result construction. "so he could" - in order that he could. This matches "so that one bell can swap places" - the purpose clause.

3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
- This is about being in a certain state/condition. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
- This is about degree/limit. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
- This is about similarity. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
- This is about manner. Not quite right.

7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
- This has "followed by `that'" which matches our context, but the examples show degree intensification, not purpose.

8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
- This is temporal sequence. Not relevant.

9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
- This is logical consequence. Not quite right - this is result, not purpose.

10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed
- This is emphasis. Not relevant.

Looking more carefully:

The construction "so that" can express purpose (in order that) or result. In this context, the ringers use their wrists in a certain way FOR THE PURPOSE OF allowing one bell to swap places with another. This is a purpose clause.

Sense 2: "in a manner that facilitates" with examples like "he stooped down so he could pick up his hat" - this is a purpose construction, very similar to our context.

This seems to be the best match. The definition says "in a manner that facilitates" and the examples show the "so + [subject] + could/can + [verb]" structure which matches our "so that one bell can swap places."

Let me double-check sense 7: "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" with examples "he was so tired he could hardly stand" - this is degree intensification, where "so" modifies an adjective or adverb. That's not what we have here.

Sense 9 is about logical conclusion/result - "therefore X must be true" - this is different from purpose.

Sense 2 appears to be the correct one for the "so that" purpose construction.

The answer is sense_index: 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma**: The word is "bell". The surface form is "bell".
2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   The context describes a practice at "St. Mary Abbot church".
    *   It mentions "ringers", "ropes", "belfry", "huge bronze bells", "mounted on wheels", "swing madly", "church bells".
    *   The specific sentence with the target word is: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another in the following change."
    *   The physical object being referred to is a "huge bronze bell" mounted on a wheel in a belfry, used for change ringing.
3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:
    *   **Sense 1 (bell%1:06:00::)**: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck". This matches the physical object described (huge bronze bells in a belfry).
    *   **Sense 2 (bell%1:06:02::)**: "a push button at an outer door...". Incorrect. This is a doorbell.
    *   **Sense 3 (bell%1:11:00::)**: "the sound of a bell being struck". The context refers to the physical object swapping places ("one bell can swap places with another"). While sound is mentioned elsewhere ("make as much sound as the bells themselves"), the target usage refers to the object manipulated by the ringers.
    *   **Sense 4 (bell%1:28:00::)**: "(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units...". Incorrect. Context is a church, not a ship.
    *   **Sense 5 (bell%1:25:00::)**: "the shape of a bell". Incorrect. It refers to the physical instrument, not just the shape.
    *   **Sense 6, 7, 8 (Proper Nouns)**: People (phoneticician, painter, inventor). Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 9 (bell%1:06:04::)**: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells... orchestral instrument". This usually refers to orchestral chimes or glockenspiel-type instruments. While church bells are percussion instruments, Sense 1 is the general definition for the hollow metal device, which fits the church context better than the specific orchestral instrument definition.
    *   **Sense 10 (bell%1:06:03::)**: "the flared opening of a tubular device". Incorrect.

4.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 9**:
    *   Sense 1 is the general definition: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".
    *   Sense 9 defines "chime, gong". Church bells are often played as a set (chimes), but the text refers to "one bell can swap places with another". This implies the individual physical object, which fits Sense 1 perfectly. The text describes "huge bronze bells", which are classic examples of Sense 1. Sense 9 is often more specific to an orchestral instrument (like tubular bells).

5.  **Conclusion**: The context clearly refers to a church bell, which is a hollow metal device that makes a ringing sound. This corresponds to Sense 1.

    *   Target usage: "one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another".
    *   This refers to the physical entity.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".
    *   This matches.

6.  **Final Output**: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swap
Target surface form: swap
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can <t>swap</t> places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swap%2:40:00:: | definition=exchange or give (something) in exchange for | synonyms=trade, swop, switch
2. sense_key=swap%2:38:00:: | definition=move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `swap`
    *   Target surface form: `swap`
    *   Context: A passage about church bell ringers in London. Specifically, skilled ringers manipulating bells so that one bell can "swap" places with another in a following change.
    *   Candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1: `swap%2:40:00::` - exchange or give (something) in exchange for (synonyms: trade, swop, switch).
        *   Sense 2: `swap%2:38:00::` - move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science.
    *   Goal: Choose the single best indexed sense (1 or 2).
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context Sentence:**
    *   "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can **swap** places with another in the following change."
    *   The subject is "one bell".
    *   The action is "swap places with another".
    *   The domain is campanology (bell ringing).

3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 2:** "move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science". This is clearly a technical computing term (swapping memory/pages). The context is physical bells and ropes in a church, not computer memory. This sense is incorrect.
    *   **Sense 1:** "exchange or give (something) in exchange for". Synonyms: trade, swop, switch.
        *   The phrase "swap places" is a very common collocation.
        *   Meaning: Bell A and Bell B exchange positions in the sequence/order.
        *   Does "exchange" fit? Yes. Bell A goes to Bell B's position, and Bell B goes to Bell A's position.
        *   While the specific object being exchanged isn't a commodity (like swapping cards or swapping shirts), it fits the broad semantic frame of X and Y exchanging positions/roles/items.
        *   WordNet glosses are schematic. Sense 1 covers the general act of swapping/trading/switching. Swapping places falls under the general sense of exchanging positions.

4.  **Evaluate Fit:**
    *   Context: "one bell can swap places with another".
    *   Sense 1 covers general exchange. Swapping places is a specific type of exchange (reciprocal motion/position change).
    *   Sense 2 is domain-specific (CS) and does not fit the physical context.

5.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only viable option among the provided candidates. Even though the definition mentions "give in exchange for" (often implying goods), the synonyms "switch" and the general definition "exchange" cover the physical act of changing positions. The bell is exchanging its position/order with another bell.

6.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   Selected sense index: 1.
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: place
Target surface form: places
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap <t>places</t> with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=place%1:15:00:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, spot | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=place%1:15:04:: | definition=any area set aside for a particular purpose | synonyms=property | examples=who owns this place?; the president was concerned about the property across from the White House
3. sense_key=place%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract mental location | examples=he has a special place in my thoughts; a place in my heart
4. sense_key=place%1:15:01:: | definition=a general vicinity | examples=He comes from a place near Chicago
5. sense_key=place%1:04:01:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, position, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
6. sense_key=place%1:26:01:: | definition=a particular situation | synonyms=shoes | examples=If you were in my place what would you do?
7. sense_key=place%1:15:06:: | definition=where you live at a particular time | synonyms=home | examples=deliver the package to my home; he doesn't have a home to go to
8. sense_key=place%1:04:00:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, spot, billet | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=place%1:15:05:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=position | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
10. sense_key=place%1:26:00:: | definition=proper or designated social situation | synonyms=station | examples=he overstepped his place; the responsibilities of a man in his station
11. sense_key=place%1:15:03:: | definition=a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane) | synonyms=seat | examples=he booked their seats in advance; he sat in someone else's place
12. sense_key=place%1:10:00:: | definition=the passage that is being read | examples=he lost his place on the page
13. sense_key=place%1:26:02:: | definition=proper or appropriate position or location | examples=a woman's place is no longer in the kitchen
14. sense_key=place%1:15:02:: | definition=a public square with room for pedestrians | synonyms=plaza, piazza | examples=they met at Elm Plaza; Grosvenor Place
15. sense_key=place%1:10:02:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=position | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
16. sense_key=place%1:10:01:: | definition=a blank area | synonyms=space, blank space | examples=write your name in the space provided

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 15}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 15}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap <t>places</t> with another in the following change."
    *   Activity: Church bell ringing (change ringing).
    *   Action: Swapping places.
    *   Entities involved: Bells (one bell swapping with another).
    *   Meaning: The bells change their relative position or order in the sequence of ringing. In change ringing, bells follow an order (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4). Swapping places means they change that order (e.g., bell 1 and bell 2 switch positions).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (topographic point/spot):* "a point located with respect to surface features". Not about geography here.
    *   *Sense 2 (property/area):* "any area set aside for a particular purpose". Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 3 (abstract mental location):* "an abstract mental location". No.
    *   *Sense 4 (general vicinity):* "a general vicinity". No.
    *   *Sense 5 (stead, position, lieu):* "the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another". This usually applies to people taking someone else's role or job. While bells have positions, this definition leans heavily on human roles/substitution ("can you go in my stead?").
    *   *Sense 6 (particular situation/shoes):* "a particular situation". "If you were in my place". No.
    *   *Sense 7 (home):* "where you live". No.
    *   *Sense 8 (job/organization):* "a job in an organization". No.
    *   *Sense 9 (position/physical location):* "the particular portion of space occupied by something". "He put the lamp back in its place". This is the physical slot. In the belfry, bells occupy physical positions. However, the context "swap places" implies changing order in a sequence.
    *   *Sense 10 (social situation):* "proper or designated social situation". No.
    *   *Sense 11 (seat):* "a space reserved for sitting". No.
    *   *Sense 12 (reading passage):* "the passage that is being read". No.
    *   *Sense 13 (appropriate position):* "proper or appropriate position or location". No.
    *   *Sense 14 (plaza):* "a public square". No.
    *   *Sense 15 (item on a list/sequence):* "an item on a list or in a sequence". Synonyms: position. Examples: "in the second place", "moved from third to fifth position".
    *   *Sense 16 (blank area):* "a blank area". No.

3.  **Evaluate the best fit:**
    *   The bells are ringing in a sequence (change ringing). They have an order.
    *   "Swap places" means Bell A goes to Position X and Bell B goes to Position Y.
    *   Is it physical space (Sense 9) or sequential position (Sense 15)?
    *   In change ringing, the "place" is the position in the row (sequence). For example, in the row "123456", the 'place' of bell 1 is the first place.
    *   Sense 9 defines "place" as "the particular portion of space occupied by something". While bells physically move, the concept of "swapping places" in this specific jargon (and generally when things swap) refers to their slot in the arrangement or sequence.
    *   Sense 15 defines "place" as "an item on a list or in a sequence". Synonyms include "position". Examples include "moved from third to fifth position".
    *   The context mentions "in the following change". A "change" in bell ringing is a sequence of notes. The bells swap positions within the sequence.
    *   Comparing Sense 9 and Sense 15:
        *   Sense 9: Physical location. "Put the lamp back in its place".
        *   Sense 15: Sequential position. "Moved from third to fifth position".
    *   The sentence says "one bell can swap places with another". This implies an exchange of status/order. In change ringing, the bells physically swing, but they swap their *striking order*. If bell A strikes first and bell B strikes second, and they swap places, bell B strikes first and bell A strikes second.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 15: "an item on a list or in a sequence". The bells are items in a sequence.
    *   Sense 9 is possible if interpreted strictly as the physical location in the tower, but bells generally stay in their own pits in the tower (they don't physically move to a different spot in the room, they just swing at different times to change the order). The "place" they swap is their position in the ringing order.
    *   Therefore, Sense 15 is the precise linguistic fit for "position in a sequence/order".

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 15 (item on a list or in a sequence).

    *   Target: "swap places".
    *   Meaning: Change positions in the order/sequence.
    *   Match: Sense 15 (an item on a list or in a sequence).

    Let's double-check Sense 5 ("the post or function... occupied by another").
    Definition: "the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another".
    Example: "took his place".
    This is usually about people and roles (substitution). "One bell swaps places with another" isn't quite about one bell serving the function of another in the sense of a job post. It's about position in a linear arrangement.

    Let's double-check Sense 9 ("the particular portion of space occupied by something").
    Example: "he put the lamp back in its place".
    This is static physical location. While "place" can be physical, the context of "change ringing" (mathematical completeness, sequence, changes) strongly points to the sequential ordering aspect. The bells swap their position in the musical row.
    Sense 15's example "moved from third to fifth position" is conceptually identical to a bell moving from the 3rd place in the change to the 5th place.

    Therefore, Sense 15 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: well-known
Target surface form: well-known
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a <t>well-known</t> detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=well-known%5:00:00:known:00 | definition=widely or fully known | examples=a well-known politician; well-known facts
2. sense_key=well-known%5:00:00:familiar:00 | definition=frequently experienced; known closely or intimately | synonyms=long-familiar | examples=a long-familiar face; a well-known voice reached her ears

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `well-known`
    *   Context sentence: "In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"
    *   Context situation: The author is introducing a specific literary work (a detective story by Dorothy L. Sayers) to illustrate a point about bell-ringing culture.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1:**
    *   Sense key: `well-known%5:00:00:known:00`
    *   Definition: "widely or fully known"
    *   Examples: "a well-known politician", "well-known facts"
    *   Analysis: This sense implies general fame or broad recognition within a specific domain or by the public at large. A "well-known detective-story" suggests that the story is famous, widely read, or recognized by the audience the text is addressing. This fits the usage of "well-known" when introducing a reference that the author assumes the reader might recognize or that stands as a prominent example.

3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2:**
    *   Sense key: `well-known%5:00:00:familiar:00`
    *   Definition: "frequently experienced; known closely or intimately"
    *   Synonyms: "long-familiar"
    *   Examples: "a long-familiar face", "a well-known voice reached her ears"
    *   Analysis: This sense relates to intimate familiarity, usually sensory or personal. It's often used for things like voices, faces, or places one encounters repeatedly in daily life. A detective story is a discrete object/work of art. While one can be familiar with a book, the phrase "a well-known detective-story" almost certainly refers to its fame or reputation, not an intimate, sensory familiarity derived from repeated exposure in the way a "well-known voice" is. The context is referencing a work of literature, not a personal, intimate object.

4.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   The context describes a specific story by Dorothy L. Sayers. The author refers to it as "well-known" to establish its authority or relevance as an example.
    *   Sense 1 ("widely or fully known") fits the description of a famous book. A book is "well-known" because many people have read it or heard of it.
    *   Sense 2 ("frequently experienced; known closely or intimately") is reserved for things like sensory experiences or personal acquaintances. A book isn't "well-known" in the sense of being an "intimate acquaintance" or "frequently experienced sensation" in the same way a voice is.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involving
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story <t>involving</t> church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "involving" (lemma: "involve").
    *   Context sentence: "In a well-known detective-story *involving* church bells..."
    *   Surrounding context: The text describes bell ringers, the mechanics of ringing, and mentions a Dorothy L. Sayers novel.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   1: `involve%2:42:01::` | "connect closely and often incriminatingly" (e.g., affect/regard). This is usually for people or entities being implicated in something negative or specific. "A story involving church bells" doesn't fit "incriminatingly".
    *   2: `involve%2:42:04::` | "engage as a participant" (e.g., "Don't involve me..."). This is about bringing people into an activity/affair. "A story involving church bells" - bells aren't participants in the sense of agents, nor is the story "engaging" the bells as participants in an event in the same way one involves a person.
    *   3: `involve%2:42:00::` | "have as a necessary feature" (synonym: imply). "This decision involves many changes." This means the decision entails/implies changes. "A story involving church bells" - does the story imply church bells? Not exactly. It's about the content.
    *   4: `involve%2:42:07::` | "require as useful, just, or proper" (synonyms: necessitate, need). "Success usually requires hard work." A story doesn't "require" church bells in the sense of necessity for existence (though the plot might need them), but the phrasing "a story involving X" usually means "about X" or "featuring X".
    *   5: `involve%2:42:02::` | "contain as a part" (e.g., "Dinner involves six courses"). This sense is about composition or inclusion. "A story involving church bells" means the story contains church bells as a central element/part of its plot. This fits the usage "a [work of art/narrative] involving [subject matter]".
    *   6: `involve%2:31:00::` | "occupy or engage the interest of" (e.g., "His story involved me"). This is transitive with a person as the object, meaning to engross. The object here is "church bells", not a person.
    *   7: `involve%2:30:00::` | "make complex or intricate". This is a stative/cause construction. "The story involves church bells" doesn't mean the story makes the bells complex.

3.  **Refine the choice:**
    *   The phrase is "a detective-story involving church bells".
    *   Sense 5 ("contain as a part") fits well. The story contains church bells as a thematic or plot element.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again ("engage as a participant"). Sometimes "involve" is used loosely for things. "A project involving many steps". But WordNet distinguishes "contain as a part" (Sense 5) from "engage as a participant" (Sense 2). Church bells are inanimate objects acting as the subject matter. "Contain as a part" is the standard definition for "X involves Y" where Y is a component or feature of X.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 ("have as a necessary feature" / "imply"). "This decision involves many changes." Here, changes are the consequence. Church bells are not a consequence of the story; they are the content.
    *   Let's look at Sense 5 again. "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses." The dinner contains/includes the courses. "A story involving church bells." The story includes/features church bells.
    *   Comparison: Sense 5 vs Sense 1. Sense 1 is "connect closely". Often used for people/issues. "The matter involves high officials." This is close, but the "incriminatingly" part of the gloss is specific to Sense 1 (though not always present in usage, the definition leans that way). Sense 5 "contain as a part" is the most neutral and accurate for "a story about/containing X".

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   Context: "detective-story *involving* church bells".
    *   Meaning: The story features church bells; church bells are part of the story.
    *   Sense 5: "contain as a part".
    *   Example provided in Sense 5: "Dinner ... involves ... courses."
    *   Analogy: Dinner contains courses; Story contains church bells.
    *   Therefore, Sense 5 is the best fit.

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 2. "Engage as a participant". Could "church bells" be participants? In a detective story about bells, they might be central to the plot. However, usually, "involve" with a subject matter usually maps to "concern" or "include". WordNet sense 5 captures "include".
    Let me check if there is a "concern" sense.
    Sense 1: "affect, regard". Example: "This new ruling affects your business."
    If we say "a story regarding church bells", that works.
    If we say "a story containing church bells" (Sense 5), that also works.

    Let's look at the provided examples again.
    Sense 1 example: "This new ruling affects your business." (Affect/regard).
    Sense 5 example: "Dinner ... involves ... courses." (Include/contain).

    "A story involving church bells."
    Is it "affect/regard"? The story regards church bells.
    Is it "contain"? The story contains church bells (as a plot element).

    Often, "involve" in the context of "a story/movie/play involving X" is treated as "about/concerning".
    However, Sense 1 gloss is "connect closely and often incriminatingly". The "incriminatingly" tag suggests Sense 1 is for suspects/crimes/people. "This new ruling affects your business" is about impact/relevance.
    Sense 5 gloss is "contain as a part". "Dinner involves six courses." The courses are a component.
    A story involves church bells -> The bells are a component of the story content.
    This seems the most standard interpretation of WordNet's specific definitions.
    Sense 1 is often used for "The problem involves the engine" (The engine is the source/connected element).
    But Sense 5 ("contain as a part") is the standard definition for "include" in a non-agentive, compositional way.

    Let's check Sense 4: "require". No.
    Let's check Sense 3: "have as a necessary feature". Close to Sense 5. Distinction: Sense 3 usually implies a consequence (implication). "Buying a house involves a lot of money." Sense 5 is composition. "The meal involves three courses." A story involving church bells describes the content (composition), not necessarily a consequence.

    Therefore, Sense 5 is the intended sense.