[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House <t>attendance</t> rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   **Sentence:** "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   **Previous sentence:** "...Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do..."
    *   **Key concept:** The text discusses "attendance rates" on "roll-call votes" by legislators (Democrats vs. Republicans).
    *   **Meaning:** It refers to the frequency or regularity with which the legislators show up to vote. It is a measure of how often they are present for votes. It is quantified as a "rate".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `attendance%1:04:00::` | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending.
        *   *Critique:* This refers to the specific act or action of attending an event. Example: "Her attendance at the funeral was appreciated." The context talks about a "rate" of attendance over time (since 1959), not a single act of being present at a specific meeting.

    *   **Sense 2:** `attendance%1:28:00::` | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade.
        *   *Critique:* This fits perfectly. The context discusses "attendance rates" (frequency). Just as a student's attendance record measures how often they come to class, the legislators' attendance measures how often they show up for roll-call votes. The text explicitly mentions "rates", implying a measure of frequency over a period.

    *   **Sense 3:** `attendance%1:14:00::` | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent.
        *   *Critique:* This refers to a count of individuals at a specific event (e.g., "The attendance at the stadium was 50,000"). The context is comparing Democrats vs. Republicans in terms of their rate of participation, not the absolute number of people in the room (which is fixed by the number of seats in the House). It refers to the behavior of the members (how often they attend), not the headcount of an audience.

3.  **Select the Best Match:**
    *   The text discusses "attendance rates".
    *   Sense 2 explicitly defines attendance as "the frequency with which a person is present".
    *   The example "a student's attendance" parallels the context of "Democratic House attendance rate".
    *   Sense 1 is an act/event. Sense 3 is a headcount. Sense 2 is a frequency/record. The context requires frequency.

4.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense is the second one listed.

    *   List:
        1. sense 1
        2. sense 2
        3. sense 3

    *   Therefore, index is 2.

provider: Parasail


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 4}

finish_reason: stop

content: sense_index": 4}

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `rate`
    *   Target surface form: `rate`
    *   Context sentence: "The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Broader context: The passage discusses "attendance rates on roll-call votes". It compares Democrats and Republicans regarding how often they show up to vote. The sentence specifically refers to "attendance rate".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `rate%1:28 a rate of 55 miles per hour", "the rate of change was faster than expected".
        *   Analysis: This usually implies speed (distance/time) or frequency over time (like a heart rate or as frequency, the phrase "attendance rate" usually refers to a *proportion* of times attended vs. total times (a percentage), rather than a speed or a frequency per unit of time (like "times per hour").

    *   **Sense 2:** `rate%1:21:00::`
        *   Definition: amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis.
        *   Synonyms: charge per unit.
        *   Examples: "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5".
        *   Analysis: This is about cost/payment (tax rate, interest rate, postage rate). The context is about legislative attendance, not money or charges. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `rate%1:07:00::`
        *   Definition: the relative speed of progress or change.
        *   Synonyms: pace.
        *   Examples: "he lived at a fast pace", "he works at a great rate".
        *   Analysis: This refers to tempo or speed. "Attendance rate" is not about speed or tempo; it's about the count of attendance instances. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `rate%1:24:00::`
        *   Definition: a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure.
        *   Examples: "the literacy rate", "the retention rate".
        *   Analysis: This sense covers statistical ratios or proportions, often expressed as percentages. "Literacy rate" is the percentage of people who can read. "Retention rate" is the percentage of customers/students retained. "Attendance rate" fits perfectly here—it is the percentage (or proportion) of roll-call the total number of votes held.

3.  **Compare and select the best fit:**
    *   The context talks but usually distinct from Sense 4 (proportion/ratio). For example, a "birth rate" (Sense 1/4 boundary) is births per population (proportion) or births per time (frequency). However, WordNet distinguishes specific ratios like "literacy rate" under Sense 4. "Attendance rate" is analogous to "literacy rate" or "retention rate"—it is a ratio of actual attendance to possible attendance    *   Sense 4 explicitly lists "literacy rate" and "retention rate" as examples. These are semantically identical in structure to "attendance rate" (a ratio of a subset to a total set, usually expressed as a percentage).
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final Output Formulation: *   Selected sense index: 4.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Amazon Bedrock

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 4}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 4. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   **Target lemma:** `rate`
    *   **Target surface form:** `rate`
    *   **Context:** A sentence discussing political science data: "The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   **Candidate senses:**
        1.  `rate%1:28:00::`: magnitude/frequency relative to time unit (e.g., miles per hour).
        2.  `rate%1:21:00::`: amount of charge/payment relative to basis (e.g., cost per minute).
        3.  `rate%1:07:00::`: relative speed of progress/change (e.g., fast pace).
        4.  `rate%1:24:00::`: quantity/amount/measure considered as a proportion of another quantity (e.g., literacy rate, retention rate).
    *   **Constraint:** Return *only* a JSON object `{"sense_index": N}`. No hedging. Single best sense.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The phrase is "attendance rate".
    *   What does "attendance rate" mean in this context? It refers to the number of times a legislator is present for a vote divided by the total number of votes held. It is a percentage or a proportion.
    *   It is a measure (attendance count) considered as a proportion of another measure (total possible attendance).

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1 (magnitude/frequency relative to time unit):* "miles per hour", "rate of change". Does "attendance rate" fit "relative to a time unit"? Not really. While rates often happen over time, "attendance rate" isn't speed (like 55mph). It's a ratio of presence to opportunities. It's not defined as "magnitude per second".
    *   *Sense 2 (charge/payment):* This is clearly financial ("cost $5"). The context is about voting attendance, not money.
    *   *Sense 3 (relative speed/pace):* "he works at a great rate". This is about speed/velocity of action. "Attendance rate" isn't speed. A high attendance rate doesn't mean they attended *quickly*, it means they attended *often* relative to the opportunities.
    *   *Sense 4 (proportion):* "literacy rate", "retention rate".
        *   "Literacy rate" = proportion of people who can read.
        *   "Retention rate" = proportion of employees/students who stay.
        *   "Attendance rate" = proportion of votes attended.
        *   This matches the definition perfectly: "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure".

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 4 is the exact match for statistical ratios like literacy rate, mortality rate, unemployment rate, and in this case, attendance rate.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants JSON `{"sense_index": N}`.
    *   The previous error was outputting `sense_index": 4}` (missing opening brace `{`). I need to be precise.

    *   Correct Output: `{"sense_index": 4}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the <t>Republican</t> House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The target word is "Republican" in the sentence "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959." The text discusses "Democratic legislators," "GOP senators," "congressional Republicans," and the comparison between Democratic and Republican parties regarding local benefit-seeking, staff budgets, and attendance rates.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `republican%3:01:01::` - Definition: "relating to or belonging to the Republican Party". Examples: "a Republican senator", "Republican party politics". This relates specifically to the political party in the US (and potentially elsewhere, but fitting the US context).
    *   **Sense 2:** `republican%5:00:00:democratic:00` - Definition: "having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens...". Examples: "a republican form of government". This relates to a political philosophy or system of governance (republicanism as opposed to monarchy or despotism).

3.  **Match context to senses:**
    *   The context explicitly mentions "Democratic legislators," "GOP senators," and "congressional Republicans." "GOP" stands for Grand Old Party, a nickname for the Republican Party in the United States. The text contrasts Democrats and Republicans as political parties.
    *   The target sentence talks about the "Republican House attendance rate," referring to the rate of members belonging to the Republican Party.
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly because it refers to the specific political party.
    *   Sense 2 refers to a form of government (republicanism). While members of the Republican Party might support republicanism as a philosophy, the usage here is a proper noun/capitalized adjective referring to the specific organized political party opposing the Democrats. This is not a discussion about political theory regarding monarchies vs. republics; it is about partisan behavior in the US Congress.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. The word describes affiliation with the US Republican Party.

5.  **Format Output:** The user requested a JSON object with the index. Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House <t>attendance</t> rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Target lemma: attendance
    *   Context sentence: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do..." and "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Subject: Legislators (Democratic vs. Republican).
    *   Action/Concept: Showing up for roll-call votes.
    *   Phrasing: "attendance rates". The text talks about how often they show up to vote. It compares rates (lower/higher).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `attendance%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)" | Synonyms: attending.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the abstract action or state of being present. While legislators are "attending" votes, the context focuses on the *rate* or frequency of this action over time, not a single instance of the act. However, "attendance" in the phrase "attendance rate" is the noun denoting the act of being present. But let's look at the other senses to see if they fit better.
    *   **Sense 2:** `attendance%1:28:00::` | Definition: "the frequency with which a person is present" | Examples: "a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade".
        *   *Analysis:* This definition fits perfectly with "attendance rates". It refers to the habit or frequency of being present. The example regarding a student's grade implies a measure over time (like a semester). The context discusses how often legislators show up to vote (a measure over a congressional session). The phrase "attendance rates" strongly implies this sense—measuring the frequency of presence.
    *   **Sense 3:** `attendance%1:14:00::` | Definition: "the number of people that are present" | Examples: "attendance was up by 50 per cent".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a count of individuals (e.g., crowd size). The context is comparing *Democratic House attendance rate* vs. *Republican House attendance rate*. It is not counting how many people are in the room in total, but rather the rate at which specific individuals (legislators) are present. It's about individual presence frequency, not aggregate headcount.

3.  **Evaluate and Decide:**
    *   Context: "attendance rates on roll-call votes".
    *   Sense 1 focuses on the act itself.
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the frequency of presence for a person. The text explicitly mentions "attendance *rates*". A rate implies a frequency calculation. The definition "the frequency with which a person is present" aligns with "attendance rates".
    *   Sense 3 focuses on the number of people (headcount). This doesn't fit "attendance rate" as used for individual legislators' behavior patterns. If the text said "The attendance at the rally was high," Sense 3 would apply. Here, it's about the legislators' habit of showing up.

    Let's refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1: "The act of being present".
    *   Sense 2: "The frequency with which a person is present".

    Text: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates..."
    If we look at the construction: "attendance rate".
    Is "attendance" here the act (Sense 1) measured by a rate? Or is "attendance" itself the concept of frequency (Sense 2)?
    WordNet often distinguishes between the act (Sense 1) and the frequency/record of the act (Sense 2).
    Example for Sense 2: "a student's attendance". This usually means their attendance record or frequency.
    In the text, "attendance rates" suggests the measurement of the act. The word "attendance" often encapsulates the concept of frequency in contexts like school or work. "Her attendance is poor" means she is absent often. "Her attendance is good" means she is present often. This maps to Sense 2.
    The context is about the *frequency* of presence. Democrats show up less often (lower rate) than Republicans.
    Therefore, Sense 2 is the most precise fit.

    Let's double check Sense 1 vs Sense 2 again.
    Sense 1 synonyms: "attending". "The attending rate" sounds odd.
    Sense 2 example: "a student's attendance". The context discusses legislators' "attendance". Just like students, they have a record of being present or absent.
    The phrase "attendance rate" confirms we are talking about the frequency variable.

    Decision: Sense 2 matches the concept of frequency of presence described in the text.

    Sense index 2 corresponds to `attendance%1:28:00::`.

    Let's verify the indices provided in the prompt.
    1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00::
    2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00::
    3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00::

    Target sense index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance <t>rate</t> since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `rate`
    *   Context sentence: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance <t>rate</t> since 1959."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses "attendance rates on roll-call votes" and compares Democrats and Republicans. It's about how often they attend (presence) relative to the total opportunities (votes).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (rate%1:28:00::):** "a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit". Examples: "55 miles per hour", "rate of change".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to speed or frequency over time (e.g., speed, acceleration). While attendance can be measured over time, the specific usage here is a proportion (how many votes attended out of how many votes held), not necessarily a rate per time unit like mph or Hz. However, often "rate" is used loosely for frequency. But is there a better fit?
    *   **Sense 2 (rate%1:21:00::):** "amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis". Synonyms: "charge per unit". Examples: "phone call... cost".
        *   *Analysis:* This is financial/payment related. The context is political science and attendance statistics. Not this.
    *   **Sense 3 (rate%1:07:00::):** "the relative speed of progress or change". Synonyms: "pace". Examples: "fast pace", "works at a great rate".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the tempo of an activity. While attendance could imply pace, "attendance rate" is a specific statistical measure, not necessarily a tempo of work.
    *   **Sense 4 (rate%1:24:00::):** "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure". Examples: "the literacy rate", "the retention rate".
        *   *Analysis:* This defines "rate" as a ratio or proportion. "Literacy rate" = literate people / total people. "Retention rate" = retained employees / total employees. "Attendance rate" = votes attended / total votes. This perfectly matches the context. The text compares attendance statistics (proportions of votes attended).

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on "time unit" (velocity/frequency).
    *   Sense 4 focuses on "proportion of another quantity" (ratio/percentage).
    *   "Attendance rate" is standardly expressed as a percentage (e.g., 95% attendance). This is a proportion of votes attended out of total possible votes. It is not a frequency per unit of time (like "5 votes per hour"), but a ratio of success/occurrence.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the correct linguistic classification for statistics like literacy rates, retention rates, and attendance rates.

4.  **Select the index:**
    *   Sense 4 matches the definition and examples ("literacy rate" is structurally identical to "attendance rate").

5.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 4}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as <t>shown</t> in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Lemma:** show
    *   **Surface form:** shown
    *   **Context snippet:** "Finally, as <t>shown</t> in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices..."
    *   **Grammar:** Passive voice construction ("as shown in the table"). The table is doing the "showing". The table is providing evidence/information.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (show%2:39:02::):** "give an exhibition of to an interested audience".
        *   *Synonyms:* demo, exhibit, present.
        *   *Examples:* She shows her dogs; demo new software.
        *   *Fit:* Does a table give an exhibition? No. It presents data, but "exhibition" usually implies a performance or a public display of objects/skills. Not the best fit.

    *   **Sense 2 (show%2:31:00::):** "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
        *   *Synonyms:* prove, demonstrate, establish.
        *   *Examples:* The experiment demonstrated the instability; The mathematician showed the validity.
        *   *Fit:* Does the table establish validity? Yes, it provides evidence that supports the argument. "As shown in the table" is often synonymous with "As demonstrated in the table" or "As proven by the data in the table". This is a strong contender.

    *   **Sense 3 (show%2:32:00::):** "provide evidence for".
        *   *Synonyms:* testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.
        *   *Examples:* The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence.
        *   *Fit:* Does the table provide evidence? Yes. "As shown in the table" implies the table provides the evidence for the statement being made. This is also a strong contender.

    *   **Sense 4 (show%2:39:00::):** "make visible or noticeable".
        *   *Examples:* She showed her talent; Show me your etchings.
        *   *Fit:* Making something visible is the core physical meaning, but usually implies an agent showing an object to a receiver. A table makes data visible, but the context is about the *information* conveyed, not just visual visibility.

    *   **Sense 5 (show%2:36:00::):** "show in, or as in, a picture".
        *   *Synonyms:* picture, depict.
        *   *Fit:* The table is not a picture/painting.

    *   **Sense 6 (show%2:32:02::):** "give expression to".
        *   *Examples:* She showed her disappointment.
        *   *Fit:* Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 7 (show%2:32:01::):** "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing".
        *   *Examples:* I showed the customer the glove section.
        *   *Fit:* Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 8 (show%2:39:01::):** "be or become visible or noticeable".
        *   *Examples:* His good upbringing really shows.
        *   *Fit:* Intransitive usage. The target is passive ("as shown"), which functions transitively (The table shows X).

    *   **Sense 9 (show%2:32:04::):** "indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments".
        *   *Examples:* The thermometer showed thirteen degrees.
        *   *Fit:* A table is not a gauge/instrument in the physical sense, though it reports data.

    *   **Sense 10 (show%2:32:03::):** "give evidence of, as of records".
        *   *Examples:* The diary shows his distress.
        *   *Fit:* This is very close to Sense 3. The distinction between Sense 2, 3, and 10 needs scrutiny.

    *   **Senses 11 & 12:** Usher/Horse racing. Irrelevant.

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 2, Sense 3, and Sense 10:**

    *   **Context:** "Finally, as <t>shown</t> in the table, Democrats allocate..."
        *   The phrase "as shown in the table" is a standard academic/formal phrase meaning "as demonstrated by" or "as evidenced by".
    *   **Sense 2 (establish validity/prove):** The text is an academic argument. The author is using the table to support the argument that Democrats focus more on local benefit-seeking. The table *demonstrates* or *establishes* this point. The synonym "demonstrate" fits perfectly here. "As demonstrated in the table".
    *   **Sense 3 (provide evidence for):** This is also very close. The table provides evidence. However, the definition "establish the validity of something" (Sense 2) captures the rhetorical function of "as shown in the table" better in an academic argument context. The author isn't just providing evidence (Sense 3); they are using the table to *prove* or *demonstrate* their point.
    *   **Sense 10 (give evidence of, as of records):** The example "The diary shows his distress" suggests a record indicating a state. A table is a record of data. However, Sense 2 is broader regarding the *function* of the showing (establishing validity). In WordNet, senses are often split by subtle semantic nuances.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability..." vs Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father".
    *   "As shown in the table" is often a substitution for "As demonstrated in the table".
    *   Is "The table shows X" similar to "The blood test showed Y" (Sense 3) or "The experiment demonstrated Z" (Sense 2)?
    *   A table is a collection of data (record-like). But the *purpose* in this text is argumentative/probative.
    *   Let's check the specific definitions again.
    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something... synonyms: prove, demonstrate". The context is a political science paper. The author is arguing a thesis. The table serves to establish the validity of the thesis. "As shown" here means "As proven" or "As demonstrated".
    *   Sense 3: "provide evidence for... synonyms: testify, bear witness".
    *   Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable". This is the "display" sense.
    *   The phrase "shown in the table" is a standard metonymy where the table (a visual object) performs the action of the data within it.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 4:
        *   Sense 4 is physical display. "The table shows the numbers." It displays them. It makes them visible.
        *   Sense 2 is logical demonstration. "The table shows that Democrats allocate..." It acts as proof.
        *   The sentence structure "As shown in the table, [proposition]" implies that the table acts as the proof/demo for the proposition. This aligns strongly with Sense 2 (demonstrate/prove).
        *   Let's look at Sense 3 again. "The blood test showed he was the father." This is establishing a fact based on evidence.
        *   What about Sense 10? "give evidence of, as of records".
    *   Let's consult the WordNet hierarchy (implicitly).
    *   Sense 2 is often used for logical/argumentative showing.
    *   Sense 3 is often used for factual evidence bearing witness.
    *   However, the phrase "as shown in the table" is most closely synonymous with "as demonstrated in the table". "Demonstrate" is a synonym for Sense 2. "Demonstrate" is also a synonym for Sense 1 (exhibition), but the context is academic proof, not a performance.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 seems the best fit because the table is serving as a demonstration/proof of the author's argument. The synonym "demonstrate" listed in Sense 2 fits the academic register perfectly.

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 3 "provide evidence for". A table provides evidence. Is it "testifying"? Not really. Is it "bearing witness"? Not really. It's presenting data.
    *   Sense 10 "give evidence of, as of records". This is specific to records. A table is a record.
    *   Sense 2 "establish the validity...". The author is arguing a point. The table establishes validity.

    *   Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3 examples carefully.
        *   Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound". An experiment is a test/setup to prove something. A table summarizes data to prove something.
        *   Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father". A blood test is a specific indicator.
    *   In academic writing, "as shown" is a rhetorical device introducing proof.
    *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 distinctions:
        *   Sense 2 (establish validity) -> synonyms: demonstrate, prove.
        *   Sense 3 (provide evidence for) -> synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.
        *   Note that "prove" is in both. "Demonstrate" is only in Sense 2.
        *   Does a table "demonstrate"? Yes. Does a table "testify"? No. Does a table "bear witness"? No.
        *   The presence of "demonstrate" in Sense 2 and the absence of "testify/bear witness" in Sense 2 pushes me toward Sense 2. A table is an artifact used to demonstrate a point, not a sentient being testifying (Sense 3), although Sense 3 includes inanimate objects like blood tests.
    *   However, let's look at Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable". "As shown in the table" -> "As made visible in the table". This is literally true. The table makes the data visible. But usually, "shown in the table" implies "demonstrated by the table".
    *   Let's look at the provided examples again.
    *   Sense 2 Example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability..."
    *   Target: "As shown in the table, Democrats allocate..." (The table demonstrates the allocation pattern).
    *   This feels like a demonstration of a fact/argument.

    *   Let's check Sense 10 again. "give evidence of, as of records". Example: "The diary shows his distress". A table is a record. The table shows the staffing differences. Is it giving evidence of? Yes.
    *   However, Sense 2 captures the *argumentative* force of "shown" in this context ("Finally, as shown in the table..."). The author is concluding/advancing an argument.
    *   WordNet sense 2:39:02 (Sense 1 in this list) is "give an exhibition".
    *   WordNet sense 2:31:00 (Sense 2 in this list) is "establish validity". Synonyms: demonstrate, prove.
    *   In academic texts, "as shown" is standardly mapped to the "demonstrate/prove" sense.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 vs Sense 2 again. Sense 3 has "prove" as a synonym. But it also has "testify". Sense 2 has "demonstrate".
    *   "As demonstrated in the table" is the most natural synonym substitution.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    *   Let's double check Sense 4 ("make visible or noticeable").
    *   If I say "The data are shown in the table", I mean they are displayed there. (Sense 4).
    *   But the sentence says: "As shown in the table, Democrats allocate..." This implies the table *establishes* the fact that Democrats allocate... It's an evidentiary function.
    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something...".
    *   This fits the "Finally, as shown..." structure, where the author is pulling together evidence to make a point. The point is valid *because* it is shown in the table.
    *   The synonym "demonstrate" is the clincher. "As demonstrated in the table" is the intended meaning.

    *   Wait, is there a specific sense for "shown in [a document]"?
    *   Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records". Example: "The diary shows his distress".
    *   This seems to cover documents.
    *   However, a table in a paper is an analytical tool. It is used to *demonstrate* results.
    *   The gloss for Sense 2 "establish the validity of something" fits the scientific method/academic argument context better than Sense 10 "give evidence of, as of records" which feels more like a passive recording (diary). The table is an active presentation of results to support a thesis.

    *   Let's consider Sense 1 again: "give an exhibition of... synonyms: demo, exhibit, present". "The table presents the data." This works. But Sense 2 "establish validity... synonyms: demonstrate" works better for the connective "As shown... [proposition]".

    *   Decision:
        *   Sense 1: Exhibition (demo software). No.
        *   Sense 2: Establish validity (demonstrate). Strong fit. "The table demonstrates..."
        *   Sense 3: Provide evidence (testify). "The table testifies..." No. "The table provides evidence..." Yes, but "demonstrate" is closer.
        *   Sense 4: Make visible. "The table makes visible...". Literal, but misses the argumentative force.
        *   Sense 10: Give evidence of (records). "The table shows the differences." Close, but Sense 2 captures the "validity/proof" aspect of the academic discourse.

    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    *   A table acts as the "example" or "explanation" or result of "experiment" (study).
    *   The sentence: "As shown in the table, [Claim X]".
    *   This structure equates to "As proved/demonstrated in the table".
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    Let's check the index mapping.
    1. show%2:39:02:: (Exhibition)
    2. show%2:31:00:: (Establish validity) <--- Choice
    3. show%2:32:00:: (Provide evidence/testify)
    ...
    10. show%2:32:03:: (Records)

    Why not Sense 3?
    Sense 3 synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence.
    Sense 2 synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew.
    Both have "prove".
    Sense 2 has "demonstrate".
    Sense 3 has "testify" and "bear witness" (agentive or quasi-agentive).
    In the context of a table in an academic text, "demonstrate" is the most precise synonym. The table demonstrates the author's point. It does not "testify" (which implies a witness role).
    Sense 2 "establish validity" is the exact function of the table in the argument.

    Final check:
    Context: "...An examination of changes... reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table..."
    The table is the basis for the claim. The table demonstrates the difference.
    I will select Sense 2.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: table
Target surface form: table
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the <t>table</t>, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=table%1:14:00:: | definition=a set of data arranged in rows and columns | synonyms=tabular array | examples=see table 1
2. sense_key=table%1:06:01:: | definition=a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs | examples=it was a sturdy table
3. sense_key=table%1:06:02:: | definition=a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it | examples=I reserved a table at my favorite restaurant
4. sense_key=table%1:17:00:: | definition=flat tableland with steep edges | synonyms=mesa | examples=the tribe was relatively safe on the mesa but they had to descend into the valley for water
5. sense_key=table%1:14:01:: | definition=a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game | examples=he entertained the whole table with his witty remarks
6. sense_key=table%1:13:01:: | definition=food or meals in general | synonyms=board | examples=she sets a fine table; room and board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** table
    *   **Context Sentence:** "Finally, as shown in the <t>table</t>, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices..."
    *   **Broader Context:** The text discusses economists' findings, data comparisons between GOP and Democrat senators, attendance rates, roll-call votes, and staffing decisions. It references "see table 1" implicitly by saying "as shown in the table". The context mentions "data indicate", "allocate a higher proportion", etc. This is clearly referring to a presentation of data.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `table%1:14:00::` | definition=a set of data arranged in rows and columns | synonyms=tabular array | examples=see table 1.
    *   **Sense 2:** `table%1:06:01::` | definition=a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top... | examples=it was a sturdy table.
    *   **Sense 3:** `table%1:06:02::` | definition=a piece of furniture with tableware... | examples=I reserved a table...
    *   **Sense 4:** `table%1:17:00::` | definition=flat tableland with steep edges | synonyms=mesa...
    *   **Sense 5:** `table%1:14:01::` | definition=a company of people assembled at a table...
    *   **Sense 6:** `table%1:13:01::` | definition=food or meals in general | synonyms=board...

3.  **Match Context to Senses:**
    *   The context talks about data ("Democrats allocate a higher proportion...", "data indicate").
    *   It refers to the location where this data is displayed: "as shown in the <t>table</t>".
    *   This matches perfectly with Sense 1 ("a set of data arranged in rows and columns"). The example "see table 1" fits the usage "as shown in the table".

4.  **Select the Best Index:**
    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen index is 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, <t>Democrats</t> allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The task is to disambiguate the word "Democrats" in the given context. Let me analyze the context carefully.

The context discusses:
- GOP senators (Republican senators) vs Democrats
- Congressional Republicans vs Democrats
- Political parties in the context of the U.S. Congress
- References to "Democratic House attendance rate"
- "majority-party status"
- "control of that body changed party hands"

The context clearly refers to the Democratic Party as a political party in the United States. The text discusses:
1. Democratic senators and their staff budgets
2. Democratic House attendance rates
3. Democratic staffing decisions in Congress
4. Democrats' majority-party status

This is clearly about members of the Democratic Party, not advocates of democratic principles in general.

Sense 1: "a member of the Democratic Party" - This fits perfectly. The context is clearly about members of the U.S. Democratic Party who are in Congress.

Sense 2: "an advocate of democratic principles" with synonym "populist" - This does not fit. The context is about a specific political party, not general advocates of democratic principles.

The correct answer is sense 1.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher <t>proportion</t> of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses to determine which one best matches the usage of "proportion" in the given sentence.

The relevant part of the context is:
"Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices..."

In this context, "proportion" refers to how much of their staff (a part) is allocated to district offices compared to the total staff (the whole). It's about the relative amount or percentage of staff allocated to specific purposes.

Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
This sense refers to a mathematical concept where you divide the magnitude of a part by the magnitude of the whole to get a ratio or percentage. This could apply here since we're talking about what portion of staff is allocated to district offices.

2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
This sense refers to size or magnitude, which doesn't fit well in this context. We're not talking about the size or dimension of something, but rather a relative allocation.

3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
This sense refers to balance or symmetry, which isn't quite what we're talking about here. We're discussing a specific allocation ratio, not the balance between different parts.

4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples="an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin"
This sense refers to the relative relationship between parts, particularly regarding quantity. The examples given are quite similar to our context - "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations" and "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" - both referring to how much of something is allocated to a particular purpose.

5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole | synonyms=proportionality, balance
This sense refers to harmony or aesthetic balance, which isn't relevant in this context.

Between senses 1 and 4, I need to determine which is more appropriate. Sense 1 is more mathematical (the quotient obtained when dividing part by whole), while sense 4 is more about the relationship between parts with respect to comparative quantity.

In the sentence "Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices," we're talking about the relative quantity or ratio of staff allocated to different purposes. This aligns closely with sense 4, which talks about the relation between parts with respect to their comparative quantity. The example "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" is particularly relevant, as it discusses how much of something (gin in a martini, staff in our context) is allocated to a particular purpose.

Therefore, sense 4 (sense_key=proportion%1:24:01::) appears to be the best match for the usage of "proportion" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personal
Target surface form: personal
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their <t>personal</t> staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personal%3:00:00:: | definition=concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality | examples=a personal favor; for your personal use
2. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:subjective:00 | definition=particular to a given individual
3. sense_key=personal%3:01:01:: | definition=of or arising from personality | examples=personal magnetism
4. sense_key=personal%5:00:00:physical:00 | definition=intimately concerning a person's body or physical being | examples=personal hygiene
5. sense_key=personal%3:01:00:: | definition=indicating grammatical person | examples=personal verb endings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Context:**
    *   **Lemma:** `personal` (adjective).
    *   **Context:** The text discusses economists analyzing the behavior of GOP senators vs. Democrats regarding "personal staff budgets," "personal staff," and "personal staffing decisions." It contrasts local benefit-seeking vs. national policy making. Key phrases: "allocated personal staff budgets," "primary duty of personal staff," "allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices."
    *   **Meaning in Context:** Here, "personal staff" refers to the staff members assigned directly to an individual legislator (congressperson or senator), as opposed to committee staff or general administrative staff. These staff members work for the specific person. The term implies "belonging to a specific individual" or "particular to a given individual."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `personal%3:00:00::` | Definition: "concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality" | Examples: "a personal favor; for your personal use".
        *   *Evaluation:* This sense usually relates to private life or personality traits. While "personal staff" does belong to a person, the context isn't about private life vs public life; it's about a specific individual's allocation of resources in a professional setting. However, the "concerning a particular person" part is close. But is it about *private life*? No, it's about professional allocation. Let's look at other senses.

    *   **Sense 2:** `personal%5:00:00:subjective:00` | Definition: "particular to a given individual".
        *   *Evaluation:* This sense highlights ownership or assignment specific to an individual. "Personal staff" are the staff members particular to that specific legislator. They are *his* or *her* staff. This fits the idea of "personal staff budgets" (budgets allocated specifically to the individual legislator). The definition "particular to a given individual" matches the semantics of "personal staff" (staff attached to an individual member of Congress) much better than sense 1 (which carries connotations of privacy/personality) or sense 3 (magnetism).

    *   **Sense 3:** `personal%3:01:01::` | Definition: "of or arising from personality" | Examples: "personal magnetism".
        *   *Evaluation:* Irrelevant. The text isn't discussing the personalities of the staff or the legislators in a psychological sense.

    *   **Sense 4:** `personal%5:00:00:physical:00` | Definition: "intimately concerning a person's body or physical being" | Examples: "personal hygiene".
        *   *Evaluation:* Irrelevant. Not about bodies.

    *   **Sense 5:** `personal%3:01:00::` | Definition: "indicating grammatical person" | Examples: "personal verb endings".
        *   *Evaluation:* Irrelevant. Not a grammatical discussion.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on "private life and personality" often implied by the examples ("personal favor", "personal use"). While it mentions "concerning a particular person," WordNet often distinguishes between "private/personal" (Sense 1) and "individual/specific" (Sense 2).
    *   Sense 2 is defined as "particular to a given individual".
    *   In the phrase "personal staff," the adjective distinguishes the staff belonging to *that specific* congressperson from other types of staff (like committee staff). It emphasizes the specific assignment to an individual. This aligns closest with Sense 2 ("particular to a given individual").
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy/usage.
        *   Sense 1 is often `private` or `personal` in the sense of "don't touch my personal belongings."
        *   Sense 2 is often synonymous with `individual` or `private` in the sense of unique to someone.
        *   Context: "allocated personal staff budgets." The budget belongs to the individual senator. "Personal staff" = "Individual staff" (staff assigned to the individual).
        *   Sense 2 definition: "particular to a given individual". This is the exact semantic relationship required. The budget and the staff are resources *particular to* the specific legislator.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    The phrase "personal staff" refers to staff assigned to a specific member of Congress. This corresponds to the meaning "particular to a given individual." Sense 2 captures this distinctness/individual assignment without the "private life" baggage of Sense 1.

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 1 vs Sense 2 in WordNet structures often found in WSD tasks.
    Sense 1: "concerning or affecting a particular person..."
    Sense 2: "particular to a given individual" (synonyms: subjective).

    Actually, looking at how WordNet is usually organized for the lemma "personal":
    1. personal (concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality).
    2. personal (particular to a given individual).

    "Personal staff" means "staff of the individual representative."
    Is it Sense 1 or Sense 2?
    "Personal opinion" -> Sense 2 (particular to the individual).
    "Personal belongings" -> Sense 1 (private).
    "Personal staff" -> These are professional staff belonging to the individual.
    Sense 2 definition: "particular to a given individual".
    Sense 1 definition: "concerning ... private life". "Personal staff" is not about private life. It is about the official capacity of the individual.
    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    Let's check Sense 2 synonyms: "subjective". That seems a bit odd for "staff," but the gloss "particular to a given individual" is the strongest match.
    Let's check Sense 1 again. If I have a "personal assistant," that usually falls under Sense 1 or Sense 2? A "personal assistant" works for the individual. Is it private? Usually, yes, or close. But in Congress, "personal staff" is a technical term distinguishing from "committee staff." The defining characteristic is that they belong to the *individual* member.
    Sense 2: "particular to a given individual".
    This fits the "individual vs collective" or "individual vs committee" distinction made in the text ("disproportionate control Democrats exercise ... over other resources such as committee staff"). The text contrasts "personal staff" with "committee staff."
    Committee staff = shared/collective.
    Personal staff = particular to the individual.
    This perfectly matches the definition of Sense 2.

    Therefore, the index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: staff
Target surface form: staffs
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal <t>staffs</t> to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=staff%1:14:01:: | definition=personnel who assist their superior in carrying out an assigned task | examples=the hospital has an excellent nursing staff; the general relied on his staff to make routine decisions
2. sense_key=staff%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong rod or stick with a specialized utilitarian purpose | examples=he walked with the help of a wooden staff
3. sense_key=staff%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=faculty | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university
4. sense_key=staff%1:27:00:: | definition=building material consisting of plaster and hair; used to cover external surfaces of temporary structure (as at an exposition) or for decoration
5. sense_key=staff%1:10:01:: | definition=a rod carried as a symbol
6. sense_key=staff%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the system of five horizontal lines on which the musical notes are written | synonyms=stave

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `staff`
    *   Target surface form: `staffs` (plural noun).
    *   Context sentence: "Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices..."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses US Congress members (Senators, Representatives), their budgets, and personnel. Specifically, "personal staff budgets," "personal staff involves local benefit - seeking," "allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices."

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   Sense 1 (`staff%1:14:01::`): "personnel who assist their superior in carrying out an assigned task."
        *   Examples: "nursing staff," "general relied on his staff."
        *   Fit: This matches perfectly. The context refers to people working for Congress members ("personal staffs," "GOP senators," "legislator"). These staff members assist the legislators with duties like "local benefit - seeking."

    *   Sense 2 (`staff%1:06:00::`): "a strong rod or stick with a specialized utilitarian purpose."
        *   Fit: This refers to a physical object (walking stick). The context refers to allocating people to offices. Incorrect.

    *   Sense 3 (`staff%1:14:00::`): "the body of teachers and administrators at a school."
        *   Synonym: faculty.
        *   Fit: This is specific to schools/universities. The context is political (Congress). Incorrect.

    *   Sense 4 (`staff%1:27:00::`): "building material consisting of plaster and hair..."
        *   Fit: Construction material. The context refers to personnel. Incorrect.

    *   Sense 5 (`staff%1:10:01::`): "a rod carried as a symbol."
        *   Fit: Ceremonial object. The context refers to personnel. Incorrect.

    *   Sense 6 (`staff%1:10:00::`): "(music) the system of five horizontal lines..."
        *   Fit: Musical notation. The context refers to personnel. Incorrect.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the definition of "staff" as a group of employees or personnel assisting a superior (in this case, the Congress member). The context explicitly mentions "personal staff budgets" and allocating staff to offices.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.

    Wait, let me double-check the indexing.
    Candidate senses list:
    1. sense_key=staff%1:14:01:: (personnel assisting superior) -> Correct.
    2. sense_key=staff%1:06:00:: (rod/stick)
    3. sense_key=staff%1:14:00:: (school faculty)
    4. sense_key=staff%1:27:00:: (building material)
    5. sense_key=staff%1:10:01:: (symbolic rod)
    6. sense_key=staff%1:10:00:: (music lines)

    The intended meaning is "personnel who assist their superior".
    This corresponds to candidate sense #1.

    Result: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: offices
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district <t>offices</t> -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   **Sentence:** "Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district <t>offices</t> -- where local benefit - seeking dutiespersonal staffs".
    *   **Contrast:** The text contrasts "district offices" with "Washington offices". It describes where the staff works physically. Staff members are allocated *to* these places.
    *   **Meaning:** The target word refers to physical locations/rooms/buildings where the staff performs their duties. Specifically, these are local offices in the congressperson's district, as opposed to the main office in Washington, D.C:00::` | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to the physical location (a place/building/room). The context mentions "district offices" vs "Washington offices". The staff goes *to* these places. This fits perfectly.

    *   **Sense 2:** `office%1:14:01::` | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau.
        *   *Evaluation:* While a congressman's office can be seen as an administrative unit, the context here emphasizes the physical location ("district offices" vs "Washington offices") where staff is physically present to handle local vs. national tasks. "District office" usually refers to the physical suite of rooms, not the agency itself in the abstract sense of "The Central Intelligence Agency".

    *   **Sense 3:** `office%1:04:01::` | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher...
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to a function or role (abstract). You don't allocate staff *to* a function in this grammatical construction ("allocate... to district offices"). You allocate them to a location.

    *   **Sense 4:** `office%1:26:00::` | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage...
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to the tenure of power/position. Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 5:** `office%1:14:00::` | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to the collective staff. The sentence says "allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices". If "offices" meant "staff" (Sense 5), the sentence would read "allocate staff to staff," which is redundant and incorrect. The destination is a physical location.

    *   **Sense 6:** `office%1:04:00::` | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass.
        *   *Evaluation:* Religious context. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 7:** `office%1:04:02::` | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury.
        *   *Evaluation:* Refers to given the discussion of "local benefit-seeking" vs "national policy making" which happens physically in those locations.

3.  **Refine Choice:**
    The key phrase is "district offices" contrasted with "Washington offices".
    "District office" is a standard term for the physical location in a representative's home district.
    Sense 1 defines it as a "place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed". This is the exact meaning. The staff goes there physically.

4.  **


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where <t>local</t> benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "local" used in the phrase "local benefit-seeking" and "local benefit - seeking duties".
The context discusses legislators (GOP senators, Democrats, House, Senate), their staffs, district offices, Washington offices, national policy making vs. narrow constituent concerns.
"Local benefit-seeking" refers to seeking benefits for a specific district or constituency rather than the nation as a whole.
Candidate sense 1: relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area. Examples: local taxes; local authorities.
Candidate sense 2: of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood. Examples: local customs; local schools.
Candidate sense 3: affecting only a restricted part or area of the body. Examples: local anesthesia.

Sense 1 is about administration of a district rather than a larger area, perfectly fitting the contrast between "district" vs. "national" / "Washington" vs. the district.
"district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less"
So local relates to the district rather than the larger area (nation).
Thus, sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: duty
Target surface form: duties
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking <t>duties</t> matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=duty%1:04:00:: | definition=the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr | synonyms=responsibility, obligation | examples=we must instill a sense of duty in our children; every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty
2. sense_key=duty%1:04:02:: | definition=work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons | examples=the duties of the job
3. sense_key=duty%1:21:00:: | definition=a government tax on imports or exports | synonyms=tariff | examples=they signed a treaty to lower duties on trade between their countries

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "duties" and it appears in the phrase "local benefit - seeking duties".
The context is about the work/tasks that personal staffs perform, specifically duties related to local benefit-seeking vs. national policy making.
Sense 1: "the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force" (obligation/responsibility)
Sense 2: "work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons" (the duties of the job)
Sense 3: "a government tax on imports or exports" (tariff)

In this context, "duties" refers to the tasks or work that the staff performs ("local benefit-seeking duties matter more"). This aligns with Sense 2: "work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons" -> "the duties of the job".
Sense 1 is more about the abstract obligation or social force ("sense of duty"), not the actual tasks or work.
Sense 3 is about taxes/tariffs, which is completely wrong.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.
Index: 2