[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fear
Target surface form: Fears
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00:: | definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** fear
    *   **Target surface form:** Fears
    *   **Context:** The text discusses immigration policy, economic impacts, and public sentiment. Specifically, the sentence containing the target is: "<t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..." The preceding sentences discuss the notion of immigration being a burden and a problem. The following sentences explain that these fears are about immigrants replacing native workers and lowering wages, but argues that immigrants are actually complementary.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight)" | Synonyms: fearfulness, fright.
        *   *Analysis:* This is the core, visceral definition of fear. It implies a direct threat or danger. In the context, people are worried about economic impacts (jobs, wages). While "fright" is a synonym here, "fears about the impact" feels slightly more abstract than the immediate fight-or-flight response associated with this sense. However, it is a strong candidate because the "danger" is perceived economic harm.

    *   **Sense 2:** "an anxious feeling" | Synonyms: concern, care | Examples: "care had aged him"; "they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction".
        *   *Analysis:* The synonyms "concern" and "care" fit the context very well. The text talks about policy, economics, and social issues. "Fears about the impact of immigrants" is synonymous with "Concerns about the impact of immigrants." The example "out of fear of public reaction" aligns with the idea of political/electoral consequences mentioned in the text ("electoral asset"). This sense captures the *anxiety* or *worry* aspect without necessarily implying the visceral "fight or flight" of Sense 1. The context is about a socio-economic issue, where "fear" is used to mean "worry" or "concern."

    *   **Sense 3:** "a feeling of profound respect for someone or something" | Synonyms: reverence, awe, veneration.
        *   *Analysis:* This definition clearly doesn't fit. The context is about negative perceptions of immigrants (replacing workers, lowering wages), not respect or reverence.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on specific pain or danger and the physical reaction (flee/fight).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on an anxious feeling, synonymous with concern or care.
    *   The context is about "Fears about the impact..." regarding immigration.
    *   Is this fear a visceral reaction to immediate danger (Sense 1)? Or is it a general anxiety/concern about a future state of affairs (Sense 2)?
    *   Looking at the synonyms for Sense 2 ("concern", "care"), these fit the sentence "Fears [Concerns] about the impact of immigrants..." perfectly.
    *   Looking at the synonyms for Sense 1 ("fearfulness", "fright"), replacing "Frights about the impact..." makes no sense.
    *   The text discusses an abstract concept (economic impact, wages, employment). This is a domain of *concern* and *anxiety* rather than immediate physical danger.
    *   Often, WordNet separates the general "anxious feeling" (Sense 2) from the specific "anticipation of danger/pain" (Sense 1). In political/economic discourse, "fears" is often a synonym for "concerns."
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "hushed it up out of fear of public reaction." This is a social/political fear, similar to the political context of immigration public opinion.
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 1 again: "emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger." While job loss is a danger, the usage "Fears about the impact" suggests a set of worries or concerns held by the public/electorate.
    *   Sense 2 is generally used for "concern," "worry," or "anxiety" in abstract or social contexts. The prompt asks to use the sentence context, examples, and synonyms. The synonym "concern" strongly points to Sense 2.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1. Is it the general "fear"? WordNet hierarchy: fear (n) -> emotion (n). Sense 1 is usually the most basic, physical fear. Sense 2 branches into "anxiety."
    *   Context: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth... Fears about the impact... are based on the notion..." These are policy concerns.
    *   Decision: Sense 2 ("an anxious feeling" / "concern") fits the abstract nature of "fears about the impact" better than Sense 1, which implies a more direct, visceral reaction to immediate danger (though metaphors exist, the synonym list for Sense 2 is definitive). The synonym "concern" replaces "fear" in this context with high fidelity.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 2.
    *   Definition: an anxious feeling.
    *   Synonyms: concern, care.
    *   Context match: "Fears [Concerns] about the impact of immigrants..."

5.  **Formatting Output:** JSON object {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Chutes


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target word is "impact" (noun). The context sentence is: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

2.  **Analyze the Context:** The paragraph discusses the economic effects of immigration. It mentions "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth" earlier. The specific sentence refers to "Fears about the impact of immigrants". This context is about consequences, effects, and influence on an abstract system (economy, labor market), not physical collisions or military combat.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `impact%1:11:00::` | Definition: "the striking of one body against another".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a physical sense. The context is socio-economic. This doesn't fit.

    *   **Sense 2:** `impact%1:19:00::` | Definition: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" | Synonyms: wallop | Examples: "the book had an important impact on my thinking".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a consequence or effect. The text talks about the economic "impact" (positive or negative) of immigrants. Earlier in the text, it says "positive impact... on economic growth". The current sentence mentions fears about the impact (implied negative effect). This fits the "strong effect" or "consequence" definition perfectly.

    *   **Sense 3:** `impact%1:04:00::` | Definition: "influencing strongly" | Synonyms: impingement, encroachment | Examples: "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense often implies an intrusion or a pressing upon someone (impingement/encroachment). While "impact" can mean influence, the specific WordNet sense often carries a nuance of imposition or encroachment (based on synonyms). However, in standard usage within this text, "impact" refers to the *result* or *consequence* on the economy/wages, not necessarily the act of influencing/encroaching itself in a negative, intrusive way (though there are fears, the word "impact" itself is neutral-to-strong effect here). Sense 2 ("a forceful consequence; a strong effect") is a broader and more accurate fit for "economic impact" than Sense 3 (which focuses on the act of influencing/impinging). Let's look closer. Is it the act or the result? "Fears about the impact" -> fears about the result/effect. Sense 2 examples ("book had an important impact") align better with "impact on economic growth".

    *   **Sense 4:** `impact%1:04:01::` | Definition: "the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat" | Synonyms: shock.
        *   *Analysis:* This is military/combat specific. Not relevant.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Context: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth" vs "Fears about the impact of immigrants".
    *   Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect". Examples: "book had an important impact". This fits the economic usage perfectly. It denotes the result.
    *   Sense 3: "influencing strongly". Synonyms: impingement, encroachment. This sense often overlaps with "impact" but the synonyms suggest an unwanted intrusion or a specific type of influence. The text discusses the *economic effect* (consequence), not just the influence itself.
    *   WordNet structure: Noun groups. Sense 2 is usually the general "effect" meaning. Sense 3 is the "impinging" meaning. The text refers to consequences on growth and wages. Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

5.  **Determine the Index:** The user wants the *indexed* sense. The list provided has numbers 1, 2, 3, 4.
    *   Index 1 corresponds to `impact%1:11:00::`.
    *   Index 2 corresponds to `impact%1:19:00::`.
    *   Index 3 corresponds to `impact%1:04:00::`.
    *   Index 4 corresponds to `impact%1:04:01::`.

    The chosen sense is Sense 2.

6.  **Final Output Generation:** JSON format `{"sense_index": 2}`.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "notion" in the given context:

The sentence is: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

In this context, "notion" refers to a belief or idea that people hold. The text is discussing the idea or belief that immigrants are liable to replace native workers. This is presented as a concept that people believe in, which is the basis for fears about immigration.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?

2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept

3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon

4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Sense 4 is clearly not relevant here - it refers to physical objects like sewing items.

Sense 3 is also not a good fit - it refers to fanciful, whimsical ideas, which doesn't match the serious policy/economic discussion context.

Sense 2 ("a general inclusive concept") could potentially fit, as it's talking about a concept that people have about immigration.

Sense 1 ("a vague idea in which some confidence is placed") with synonyms like "belief" and "opinion" seems most appropriate. The context shows that people have a "notion" (belief/opinion) that immigrants will replace native workers, and this notion is something they have confidence in (it's the basis for fears).

The phrase "based on the notion that..." strongly suggests this is referring to a belief or opinion that people hold, which aligns well with sense 1's definition of "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" and its synonyms like "belief" and "opinion".

Therefore, sense 1 is the best match for this context.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target word is "workers" (plural of "worker"). It refers to people.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses immigration, economics, and the labor market.
    *   Specific phrases: "replace native workers", "unskilled ones", "exerting downward pressure on wages", "complementary to... local labor", "exercising trades".
    *   The context is about people employed in jobs, specifically in contrast to immigrants who might "replace" them or work alongside them. It discusses the relationship between immigration and employment/wages.

3.  **Evaluate the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `worker%1:18:00::` | Definition: "a person who works at a specific occupation" | Example: "he is a good worker".
        *   *Analysis:* This definition is general but fits the context of employment. The text discusses people holding jobs ("native workers", "unskilled ones"), wages, and labor market dynamics. The mention of "unskilled ones" specifically points to an occupation category.

    *   **Sense 2:** `worker%1:18:01::` | Definition: "a member of the working class (not necessarily employed)" | Synonyms: "proletarian, prole" | Example: "workers of the world--unite!"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense has a sociological/Marxist flavor ("working class", "proletarian"). While the text mentions "unskilled ones" and "local labor," the focus is on the *economic function* (employment, wages, replacement in jobs) rather than the class identity or political solidarity ("workers of the world unite"). The text is about labor market economics, not class struggle. Therefore, this is less precise than Sense 1.

    *   **Sense 3:** `worker%1:05:01::` | Definition: "sterile member of a colony of social insects..."
        *   *Analysis:* The context clearly refers to humans in an economic context. This sense is irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 4:** `worker%1:18:02::` | Definition: "a person who acts and gets things done" | Synonyms: "actor, doer" | Example: "get a doer".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to a personality trait or a role in a specific project/action ("he's a principal actor in this affair"). The context here is about people in the workforce competing for jobs/wages. This sense is too abstract and generic regarding "getting things done" and misses the occupational aspect.

4.  **Comparison and Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 vs. Sense 2 is the main contest. Sense 2 implies a class status ("not necessarily employed"). The text discusses people currently in the workforce or potentially being replaced ("native workers... unskilled ones"). The economic discussion regarding "wages", "employment", and "shortage of local labor" strongly points to the concept of an employee or a person performing a job/trade. Sense 1 ("person who works at a specific occupation") captures the economic role of being employed or employable in a trade perfectly. The phrase "exercising trades" confirms this occupational focus.

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

5.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object with the index. Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

    *   Sense 1 index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:**
    *   Lemma: `one`
    *   Surface form: `ones` (plural).

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages."
    *   Syntactic role: Pronoun/Noun substitute.
    *   Reference: "ones" refers back to "native workers". Specifically, "unskilled ones" means "unskilled native workers".
    *   Meaning: It functions as a prop-word or a substitute for a previously mentioned noun phrase ("native workers"). It represents people in this context.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `one%1:23:00::`
        *   Definition: "the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number"
        *   Synonyms: 1, I, ace, single, unity
        *   Examples: "he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it", "they had lunch at one"
        *   Fit: This refers to the number 1. The target "ones" refers to people (workers), not the number. This is a mismatch.

    *   **Sense 2:** `one%1:09:00::`
        *   Definition: "a single person or thing"
        *   Examples: "he is the best one", "this is the one I ordered"
        *   Fit: This sense covers the pronoun use of "one" referring to a person or thing. The plural form "ones" naturally fits "multiple people or things". In the context "unskilled ones", it refers to a subset of "native workers" (people). This aligns with the definition of a single person or thing (in the plural here, but the lemma `one` encompasses the concept).

4.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Sense 1 is numerical.
    *   Sense 2 is substantive/pronominal (referring to entities/persons).
    *   The context involves replacing "native workers". "Workers" are people. "Unskilled ones" = "unskilled workers".
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Formatting the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

    *Wait, let me double check standard WordNet indexing.*
    Usually, if the options are labeled 1, 2, etc., I just output that number.
    The prompt lists:
    1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: ...
    2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: ...

    So the index is 2.

    *Refining the reasoning for the "plural" aspect:*
    WordNet entries are often based on the lemma. The lemma is "one".
    Sense 1: The number (cardinal).
    Sense 2: A person/thing (indefinite pronoun/substantive usage).
    The text has "ones". "Ones" cannot be the number (unless counting "ones and twos", which is not the case here). It refers to people.
    Therefore, it falls under the sense defined as "a single person or thing". Even though the text is plural, the sense category is correct (referring to entities rather than the numeral).

    *Final check:*
    Context: "...replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones..."
    "Ones" acts as a pro-form for "workers".
    Definition 2: "a single person or thing".
    Examples for Def 2: "he is the best one".
    This matches the usage perfectly.

    Result: Index 2.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "pressure" (noun).
    *   Context sentence: "...exerting downward **pressure** on wages."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses immigration, economics, wages, and employment. It mentions fears that immigrants replace native workers and exert influence on wages (specifically lowering them, "downward").

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (pressure%1:19:00::):* "the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals..." (Physics sense). Examples: compressed gas.
        *   Fit: This is literal physical pressure. Wages aren't physical objects with surface areas. Metaphorically, it might fit "force," but there are better abstract senses.

    *   *Sense 2 (pressure%1:07:00::):* "a force that compels". Examples: public brought pressure on the government.
        *   Fit: This refers to moral, political, or social coercion. "Exerting downward pressure on wages" is an economic force, not necessarily a compelling force in the sense of coercion (like pressuring someone to resign). It's more about the mechanics of supply and demand affecting price (wages).

    *   *Sense 3 (pressure%1:04:00::):* "the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure". Examples: pressing a button, stopping bleeding.
        *   Fit: Physical act. Doesn't fit the abstract economic context.

    *   *Sense 4 (pressure%1:26:00::):* "the state of demanding notice or attention". Examples: insistence of hunger.
        *   Fit: Urgency. Not relevant to the economics of wages.

    *   *Sense 5 (pressure%1:09:00::):* "the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin".
        *   Fit: Physiological sense. Irrelevant.

    *   *Sense 6 (pressure%1:26:01::):* "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress".
        *   Fit: This sense often covers "economic distress" or general "pressure". However, usually, this sense describes a *state* someone is in (e.g., "he is under a lot of pressure"). Here, the usage is "exerting downward pressure on wages". This describes a market *force* or *influence* acting upon a variable (wages), causing it to decrease. While Sense 6 mentions "economic distress", the specific phrase "pressure on wages" aligns better with the concept of a force or influence affecting a system (Sense 2 or arguably a metaphorical extension of physical force).

    *   *Sense 7 (pressure%1:19:01::):* "the pressure exerted by the atmosphere".
        *   Fit: Specific physical sense. Irrelevant.

3.  **Re-evaluating Sense 2 vs. Sense 6:**

    *   The phrase is "exerting downward pressure on wages".
    *   Sense 2 definition: "a force that compels". Example: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government". This usually implies an agent (public) compelling an object (government) to do something.
    *   In the context of economics: "Pressure on wages" refers to the forces of supply and demand. High supply of labor (immigrants) exerts pressure on the price (wages). This acts like a "force" in a system.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2's synonyms/structure. It's about compulsion.
    *   Let's look at Sense 6 again. "An oppressive condition of ... economic distress". Usually, we say "I am under pressure". We don't usually say "I exert a condition of distress on wages".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 metaphorically. "Force applied to a unit area". In economics, we often treat market forces metaphorically as physical forces (equilibrium, elasticity, pressure).
    *   However, WordNet Sense 2 ("a force that compels") is the standard definition for abstract pressure applied to a system or entity to change its state. For example, "inflationary pressure" or "downward pressure on prices".
    *   Let's check the definitions again carefully.
    *   Sense 1: Physical force (physics).
    *   Sense 2: "A force that compels". While "compels" usually applies to agents (people), in economic texts, "pressure" on a variable (like wages/prices) is often treated as an abstract compelling force. It compels the wages down.
    *   Let's check if there is a specific economic sense. WordNet 3.1 (often used in these tasks) doesn't have a specific "market force" sense separate from Sense 2.
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 again. Sense 1 is strictly physical (pascals, dynes). Sense 2 is abstract ("a force that compels"). Is "exerting downward pressure on wages" best described as a force that compels? Yes, it compels the wages to go down. It acts as a constraint or driver.
    *   Is there any other candidate? Sense 6 is "distress". That describes the *result* or the *state*, not the active force being exerted. The text says "exerting... pressure". You exert a force (Sense 2). You don't "exert a distress". You might "exert pressure that causes distress", but the pressure itself is the force.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 fits best. It captures the abstract notion of force/influence applied to an object/system, even if "compels" in the gloss feels slightly agent-oriented, the example "brought pressure to bear" is structurally similar to "exerting... pressure". "Pressure on wages" is the standard economic idiom for a compelling force driving the value down.

    *   Let's double check Sense 6. Gloss: "an oppressive condition...". Example usually involves being *under* pressure. "He is feeling the pressure."
    *   Here, the immigrants (subject) exert pressure (action/force) on wages (object). This aligns with Sense 2: "a force that compels". The immigrants (or the labor supply) compel the wages to decrease.

    *   Wait, is it possible Sense 1 is used metaphorically? "Force applied... to a unit area". "Wages" isn't a unit area. Sense 2 is "a force that compels". This is the standard sense for political, social, or economic pressure.
    *   Let's verify Sense 2's coverage. If I say "inflationary pressure", does it fit Sense 2? It is a force compelling prices up. Yes.
    *   If I say "peer pressure", does it fit Sense 2? A force compelling behavior. Yes.
    *   Therefore, "downward pressure on wages" is a force compelling wages down.

    *   Decision: Sense 2 is the correct choice. It refers to an abstract force (not physical) exerted to produce an effect (compelling a change). Sense 1 is strictly physical. Sense 6 is a state of distress, not the exerted force itself.

    *   Let's re-read the specific context: "exerting downward pressure on wages".
    *   Subject: Immigrants (or the notion/impact of them).
    *   Action: Exerting pressure.
    *   Object: Wages.
    *   Effect: Wages go down (implied by "downward").
    *   This is a causal mechanism.
    *   Sense 2: "a force that compels". Fits well.
    *   Sense 6: "an oppressive condition...". Doesn't fit "exerting... [condition]". One exerts a force, not a condition.

    *   Therefore, the answer is Sense 2.

    *   Let me verify the index number.
    *   1. pressure%1:19:00:: (Physical)
    *   2. pressure%1:07:00:: (Abstract force/compels)
    *   3. pressure%1:04:00:: (Act of pressing)
    *   4. pressure%1:26:00:: (Urgency/Imperativeness)
    *   5. pressure%1:09:00:: (Sensation)
    *   6. pressure%1:26:01:: (Distress)
    *   7. pressure%1:19:01:: (Atmosphere)

    *   The correct sense is index 2.

    *   Argument against Sense 1: It is purely physical/scientific.
    *   Argument against Sense 6: It describes the state of the person under pressure, not the active force exerted on a variable like wages.

    *   Final check: Does "force that compels" make sense for wages? Wages aren't people, so they don't "feel compelled" in the psychological sense. However, in mechanics and economics, "force" and "compel" are used metaphorically. A force compels a movement. Sense 2 is the general "force" definition outside of physics.

    *   Result: Sense2.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..."
    *   Syntactic role: The word "experience" is the subject of the verb "shows".
    *   Meaning in context: It refers to the collective body of knowledge gained over time from observing events or practical dealings with the subject (immigration/economics). It's not referring to a single specific event (like "a religious experience") or a specific event as apprehended (like "that painful experience"). It refers to the general knowledge derived from past events/observations.
    *   Synonyms in this context: empirical evidence, practical knowledge, history, observation.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `experience%1:09:01::`
        *   Definition: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities"
        *   Examples: "a man of experience", "experience is the best teacher"
        *   Fit: This fits perfectly. "Experience shows..." implies that the accumulation of past observations/knowledge demonstrates a fact. It is the abstract concept of accumulated wisdom.

    *   **Sense 2:** `experience%1:09:00::`
        *   Definition: "the content of direct observation or participation in an event"
        *   Examples: "he had a religious experience", "he recalled the experience vividly"
        *   Fit: This usually refers to the mental content of a specific event or a specific episode (a lived experience). While related, the usage "experience shows" treats experience as a source of general wisdom/truths derived from multiple observations, rather than the specific subjective content of one event.

    *   **Sense 3:** `experience%1:11:00::`
        *   Definition: "an event as apprehended"
        *   Examples: "a surprising experience", "that painful experience"
        *   Fit: This refers to a specific occurrence or incident. The context here is general: "experience shows..." refers to the collective body of past events and the knowledge drawn from them, not a single specific event.

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The phrase "experience shows" is a fixed collocation/idiom where "experience" means the accumulated knowledge of mankind or a specific field over time.
    *   Sense 1 focuses on "accumulation of knowledge". This matches "experience shows".
    *   Sense 3 focuses on "an event". The text is not talking about a single event.
    *   Sense 2 focuses on "content of direct observation... in an event" (singular). Again, the text implies a generalization over time.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The user explicitly said "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key."
    *   The index corresponds to the list numbering (1, 2, or 3).

    Choice: Sense 1.
    Index: 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: replacement
Target surface form: replacements
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=replacement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. sense_key=replacement%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. sense_key=replacement%1:11:00:: | definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. sense_key=replacement%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. sense_key=replacement%1:22:00:: | definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. sense_key=replacement%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Lemma: replacement
    *   Surface form: replacements (plural noun)
    *   Context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor..."
    *   Key semantic role: The word refers to immigrants acting in relation to local labor.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The previous sentence mentions: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."
    *   The specific sentence with the target: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor..."
    *   The phrase "replace native workers" and "replacements of local labor" suggests that "replacements" refers to *people* (immigrants) who take the place of other *people* (native workers/local labor).
    *   The contrast is between being "complementary" (adding to) versus being a "replacement" (substituting for/taking the place of).
    *   Crucially, "replacements" here refers to the *agents* of the replacement (the immigrants), not the abstract *act* of replacing, nor an *event*.

3.  **Evaluate the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `replacement%1:04:00::` - "the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing..."
        *   Synonyms: replacing.
        *   Example: "replacing the star will not be easy".
        *   Analysis: This is an action/process sense. The context says immigrants *are* replacements. They are not the *act* of replacing. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 2:** `replacement%1:18:02::` - "someone who takes the place of another person"
        *   Synonyms: surrogate, alternate.
        *   Analysis: This fits perfectly. The target "replacements" refers to "immigrants" (people) who take the place of "local labor" (other people). The plural "replacements" matches the plural "immigrants". This is a concrete noun referring to people.

    *   **Sense 3:** `replacement%1:11:00::` - "an event in which one thing is substituted for another"
        *   Synonyms: substitution, permutation, transposition, switch.
        *   Example: "the replacement of lost blood..."
        *   Analysis: This is an event. "Immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than [events] of local labor" does not make sense. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `replacement%1:09:00::` - "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another"
        *   Synonyms: substitute.
        *   Analysis: This is very similar to Sense 2. The definition includes "person or thing". Sense 2 is specifically "someone" (person). Let's check the hypernym hierarchy or distinction usually made in WordNet.
        *   WordNet structure:
            *   Sense 2 (`replacement%1:18:02::`) is a hyponym of `person` (noun.person).
            *   Sense 4 (`replacement%1:09:00::`) is a hyponym of `substitute` (noun.artifact) or `thing`? Actually, let's look at the Synsets in standard WordNet 3.0/3.1.
            *   Synset 09647638 (noun.person): "someone who takes the place of another person" -> This matches Sense 2.
            *   Synset 07862899 (noun.artifact/object): "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" -> This matches Sense 4.
        *   Context distinction: The text discusses "immigrants" vs "local labor". These are people. While Sense 4 covers "person", Sense 2 is the specific "person" sense. Often, WordNet disambiguation prefers the most specific sense. If the context was "a replacement part for the car", Sense 4 would be appropriate (or even a specific artifact sense). Here, it is explicitly about people replacing people.
        *   Let's look at the Sense 2 synonyms: "surrogate, alternate".
        *   Let's look at the Sense 4 synonyms: "substitute".
        *   In many WSD tasks, the "person" sense is preferred when the referent is animate/human. Sense 2 is the "human" sense. Sense 4 is the "artifact" sense (though the definition says "person or thing", the noun.location/noun.artifact categorization usually separates them).
        *   Let's double check the definitions provided in the prompt.
            *   Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person"
            *   Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another"
        *   Since the context is exclusively about people (immigrants and native workers), Sense 2 is the precise fit for "someone". Sense 4 allows for things, but Sense 2 is strictly defined as "someone". Therefore, Sense 2 is the better choice for human referents.

    *   **Sense 5:** `replacement%1:22:00::` - "filling again by supplying what has been used up"
        *   Synonyms: refilling, replenishment.
        *   Analysis: Incorrect. This is about restocking.

    *   **Sense 6:** `replacement%1:18:01::` - "a person who follows next in order"
        *   Synonyms: successor.
        *   Analysis: A successor follows. A replacement takes the place of (potentially ousting). The context is about fear of being *replaced* (labor market competition), not succession (inheriting a role). While a successor replaces, the specific nuance of "taking the place of" (often adversarially in this context of "downward pressure on wages") fits "replacement" better than the specific "successor" role. The synonym list for Sense 2 (surrogate, alternate) fits the idea of a substitute worker better than "successor". Successor implies a sequence. Replacement implies substitution. The text says "liable to replace native workers", meaning substitution, not succession.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The target refers to immigrants functioning as substitutes for local workers.
    *   This is a "person" sense.
    *   Choice is between Sense 2 and Sense 4.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "someone..." (Person).
    *   Sense 4 definition: "a person or thing..." (often implies artifact/inanimate, though covers person).
    *   Standard WSD practice: If the referent is human, use the human-specific sense (Sense 2).
    *   The sentence structure "immigrants are ... replacements" -> immigrants = replacements.
    *   Sense 2 is indexed as 2.

    Let's double check the indexing provided in the prompt.
    1. act...
    2. someone... (person)
    3. event...
    4. person or thing... (substitute)
    5. filling again...
    6. successor...

    The prompt asks for the single best indexed sense.
    Immigrants are people.
    Sense 2 defines it as "someone".
    Sense 4 defines it as "person or thing".
    Sense 2 is more specific to the context.

    Result: Sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `labor` (noun).
    *   Context snippet: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses immigration, economics, workers, wages, employment, and skill levels (unskilled vs. skilled).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `labor%1:14:00::` - Definition: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages". Synonyms: "working class, proletariat". Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to the collective body of workers, often treated as a class. The context talks about "local labor" being complementary to immigrants. "Labor" here functions as a mass noun referring to the workforce or the pool of workers. The example "shortage of skilled labor" fits very well with the context sentence "shortage of local labor".

    *   **Sense 2:** `labor%1:04:00::` - Definition: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)". Synonyms: "toil". Example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to the act of working or the exertion itself. While "local labor" could theoretically mean "local work", the context of "replacements of" and "exercising trades" suggests people (workers) are being referred to, not the abstract concept of toil. You replace a person, not the abstract concept of work. You talk about a "shortage" of people/workers. You can have a shortage of work (jobs), but usually, in economic contexts regarding immigration, the "shortage" is in the supply of workers. The phrase "unskilled immigrants work in sectors which do not attract local labor" implies that local *workers* are not attracted, not that the *work* is not attractive (though the work is unattractive, the "labor" refers to the workforce availability).

    *   **Sense 3:** `labor%1:26:00::` - Definition: "concluding state of pregnancy...".
        *   *Analysis:* Completely irrelevant to the economic context.

    *   **Sense 4:** `labor%1:14:04::` - Definition: "an organized attempt by workers..." (labor movement).
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** `labor%1:14:02::` - Definition: "a political party...".
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** `labor%1:14:01::` - Definition: "the federal department...".
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 7:** `labor%1:04:01::` - Definition: "any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted".
        *   *Analysis:* Refers to a specific task/project. Not appropriate for the mass noun usage in "local labor".

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 closely:**
    *   Sense 2 is "productive work".
    *   Sense 1 is "a social class... workers".
    *   Context phrase: "replacements of, local labor".
    *   If an immigrant replaces "labor", are they replacing the *act* of working or a *worker*? They replace a worker.
    *   Context phrase: "shortage of local labor".
    *   If there is a shortage of "labor", is there a lack of work to do, or a lack of people to do it? In the context of immigration debates (Goldin & Cameron book mentioned), the discussion is about the supply of labor (workers). "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors which do not attract local labor." This means local *workers* do not go into those sectors.
    *   WordNet Sense 1 includes the example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field". The text says: "shortage of local labor".
    *   This aligns perfectly. "Labor" as a collective noun for workers/workforce fits Sense 1 best.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It refers to the workforce/people available for work.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trade
Target surface form: trades
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trade%1:04:05:: | definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. sense_key=trade%1:04:00:: | definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. sense_key=trade%1:04:01:: | definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. sense_key=trade%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. sense_key=trade%1:14:00:: | definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. sense_key=trade%1:19:00:: | definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. sense_key=trade%1:04:03:: | definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target word is "trades" (noun, plural). The lemma is "trade".

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   Sentence: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    *   Preceding context discusses immigrants, economic growth, wages, employment, skilled vs. unskilled workers.
    *   Key phrase: "...exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    *   "Exercising" (practicing/performing) trades suggests an occupation or a specific type of work.
    *   The text contrasts "unskilled immigrants" and "highly skilled ones". It talks about specific sectors and labor shortages.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1 (trade%1:04:05::)**: "the commercial exchange... of goods and services".
        *   *Fit*: Does one "exercise" a commercial exchange? Not usually in this phrasing. One might engage in trade, but "exercising trades" usually refers to professions. The context is about immigrants filling labor shortages, not just the abstract concept of buying and selling.

    *   **Sense 2 (trade%1:04:00::)**: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation".
        *   *Fit*: "Exercising trades" fits well here. It refers to the practice of a profession or craft. The context mentions "unskilled immigrants" and "highly skilled ones", referring to the nature of the work they do. However, note the plural "trades". One practices a trade (singular). While one can refer to multiple specific trades (e.g., carpentry, plumbing), the definition "skilled practice of a practical occupation" is the abstract mass noun or the singular concept.
        *   *Wait*, let's look at Sense 5.

    *   **Sense 3 (trade%1:04:01::)**: "the business given to a commercial establishment... (patronage)".
        *   *Fit*: "exercising patronage"? No.

    *   **Sense 4 (trade%1:04:02::)**: "a particular instance of buying or selling".
        *   *Fit*: "exercising business deals"? No.

    *   **Sense 5 (trade%1:14:00::)**: "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work".
        *   *Definition*: "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work". Synonyms: "craft". Examples: "he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade".
        *   *Fit*: This sense refers to the collective body of people or the specific occupation category. However, the definition explicitly says "people".
        *   *Re-evaluating the context phrase*: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
        *   Does "exercising trades" mean "practicing occupations" or "employing groups of people"?
        *   If I say "He is exercising a trade," it means he is doing the work (Sense 2).
        *   If I say "The bookbinders are a dying trade," it refers to the people (Sense 5).
        *   The context says: "...immigrants... exercising trades...".
        *   Syntactically: "immigrants [subject] are exercising [verb] trades [object]".
        *   One exercises a skill or an occupation. One does not usually "exercise a group of people".
        *   Therefore, Sense 5 (people) is syntactically awkward with the verb "exercising". You don't "exercise people".
        *   Sense 2 is "the skilled practice of a practical occupation".
        *   Can you "exercise" Sense 2? Yes. "He learned his trade" (Sense 2). "He is exercising his trade" (practicing his occupation).
        *   The plural "trades" in the text refers to different types of occupations (e.g., plumbing, carpentry, coding, nursing).
        *   Let's look closely at Sense 2 vs Sense 5.
            *   Sense 2: The practice/skill itself. "He learned his trade."
            *   Sense 5: The people. "The trade (the body of workers)."
        *   The context says immigrants are "exercising trades". This implies performing the work. This maps to the *practice* of the occupation (Sense 2). Even though "trades" is plural here, referring to various distinct occupations (occupations A, B, and C), the core meaning is the "skilled practice of a practical occupation".
        *   Let's check if there is a specific sense for "occupation" as a type of work rather than the practice.
        *   Sense 2 definition: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation". It defines the word usually as a mass noun or count noun for the job itself.
        *   Let's check the examples.
            *   Sense 2 example: "he learned his trade as an apprentice". This refers to the skill/profession.
            *   Sense 5 example: "he represented the craft of brewers". This refers to the group.
        *   Context: "exercising trades". Immigrants are doing the work.
        *   If I say "He is a carpenter by trade," it's Sense 2.
        *   If I say "The trade demands high standards," it could be Sense 5 (the people) or Sense 2 (the field/practice).
        *   But the verb "exercising" is crucial. To exercise a trade = to practice a profession.
        *   Sense 2 is the best fit for "practicing a profession".
        *   Sense 1 is "commercial exchange". No.
        *   Sense 5 refers to "people". You don't "exercise people". You exercise a skill or a profession.

    *   *Confusion point*: WordNet definitions can be tricky.
        *   Sense 2: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation".
        *   Is there a sense for "the occupation itself"? Usually, that falls under Sense 2 in common usage, even if the gloss emphasizes the *practice*. The synonym is "craft".
        *   Let's check Sense 5 again. "people who perform...". Synonym "craft".
        *   Example: "as they say in the trade" -> refers to the community of practitioners.
        *   Context: "exercising trades". This clearly refers to the *work* or the *professions*.
        *   Does "trade" mean "profession" in Sense 2? Yes. "He works at his trade."
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct sense for the *work* being done.

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 5 just in case. If "trades" meant "occupations" in a list-like way, is that Sense 2 or 5?
        *   "The building trades" -> refers to the occupations (Sense 2, or perhaps a sense not fully distinct in this schema, but Sense 2 captures "practical occupation").
        *   "The trade of watchmaking" -> Sense 2.
        *   "The watchmakers are a skilled trade" -> Sense 5.
        *   Context: immigrants are exercising [occupations]. They are doing the work. They are using their skills.
        *   This aligns with Sense 2.

    *   Let's double check Sense 1. "Commercial exchange". No.

    *   Let's double check Sense 3. "Patronage". No.

    *   Let's double check Sense 4. "Deal". No.

    *   Let's double check Sense 6. "Winds". No.

    *   Let's double check Sense 7. "Barter". No.

    *   Final check between 2 and 5.
        *   Context: "exercising trades".
        *   Verb: "exercising".
        *   Object: "trades".
        *   Meaning: performing specific types of work/jobs.
        *   Sense 2 Definition: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation".
        *   Sense 5 Definition: "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work".
        *   Since the immigrants (people) are exercising (performing) the trades, the trades cannot be the people (Sense 5). The trades are the occupations/skills (Sense 2).
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output**:
    *   Target index: 2. (Based on the order provided in the prompt, Sense 2 is index 2). Note: The prompt lists them 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
    *   Wait, let me check the indices in the prompt carefully.
    *   1. trade%1:04:05:: (commercial exchange)
    *   2. trade%1:04:00:: (skilled practice) -> This is the one.
    *   3. trade%1:04:01:: (patronage)
    *   4. trade%1:04:02:: (deal)
    *   5. trade%1:14:00:: (people)
    *   ...
    *   Result: sense_index 2.

    Let me re-read the Sense 2 definition carefully.
    "the skilled practice of a practical occupation"
    Example: "he learned his trade as an apprentice"

    Let me re-read the text.
    "immigrants ... exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    This means immigrants are working in jobs/professions.
    Does Sense 2 cover "jobs/professions"?
    Yes, "trade" is often synonymous with "occupation" or "craft" (singular) or "trades" (plural, types of manual/skilled work).
    "Jack of all trades" -> types of work.
    "The trades" (plural noun) -> often used to refer to skilled manual occupations (construction, plumbing, electrical).
    Sense 2 seems to be the intended sense for "occupation/craft".
    Sense 5 is specifically "people". "The trade" = "The practitioners". This does not fit "exercising".

    Conclusion remains Sense 2.

    One potential confusion: WordNet sense ordering.
    Sense key `trade%1:04:00::` usually corresponds to the "occupation/craft" sense.
    Sense key `trade%1:14:00::` usually corresponds to the "people" sense.
    The prompt lists Sense 2 as `trade%1:04:00::`.
    The prompt lists Sense 5 as `trade%1:14:00::`.

    The context "exercising trades" means practicing occupations.
    "Exercising" collocates with "a trade" (Sense 2: practice of an occupation).
    It does not collocate with Sense 5 (people).
    It does not collocate with Sense 1 (exchange).

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 1}

content: sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target word is "shortage" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence is: "...exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    *   The broader context discusses immigration, economic growth, and the labor market.
    *   It argues that immigrants fill gaps in the labor market rather than replacing native workers.
    *   The specific phrase "shortage of local labor" implies a situation where the demand for workers in specific trades exceeds the available supply of local workers. There aren't enough local workers to fill the jobs.
3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `shortage%1:07:00::`
        *   Definition: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required".
        *   Synonyms: "deficit", "shortfall".
        *   Examples: "...nutritional deficit".
        *   Analysis: This focuses on a quantitative deficit—a gap between what is there and what is needed/expected. In the context of labor, a "shortage of local labor" means the amount of labor available is less than what is required (by the market/jobs). This fits well.
    *   **Sense 2:** `shortage%1:26:00::`
        *   Definition: "an acute insufficiency".
        *   Synonyms: "dearth", "famine".
        *   Examples: (None provided in the prompt, but "dearth" and "famine" suggest a severe lack, often of resources like food).
        *   Analysis: "Acute ins for specificshortfall where requirement exceeds availability. Sense 2 is often marked for more severe, overarching shortages (like a food shortage/famine) or used interchangeably. Let's look closer at the specific context "shortage of local labor". Is it an "acute insufficiency" or a "deficit"?
4.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Sense 1 defines it as "less than expected or required". The labor market context is specifically about supply not meeting demand (requirements of the industry).
    *   Sense 2 defines it as "an acute insufficiency".
    *   While a labor shortage *is* an insufficiency, Sense 1 captures the mechanic of the shortage better: an amount by which something is less than required. The labor market discussion is often framed in terms of supply/demand deficits.
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchies or common usage patterns.
        *   Sense 1 (deficit/shortfall) is often used for specific quantitative gaps (budget deficit, nutritional deficit, labor shortage).
        *   Sense is often used for more general scarcity (a dearth of talent, a food shortage).
    *   However, looking at WordNet 3.1 (or similar versions the prompt likely draws from):
        *   Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" (synonyms: deficit, shortfall).
        *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency" (synonyms: dearth, famine).
    *   In economic contexts (labor shortage), the term refers to the gap between demand and supply. This aligns perfectly with "less than ... required" (Sense 1).
    *   Does "shortage of local labor" imply a "famine" or "acute insufficiency" (Sense 2)? Or is it a "deficit" (Sense 1)?
    *   Usually, labor shortages are described as deficits or shortfalls in supply relative to demand. "Acute insufficiency" is a valid description, but "deficit" (Sense 1) is the more precise technical fit for the "amount by which something is less than required".
    *   Let's consider the synonyms.
        *   "Shortfall" (Sense 1) fits "labor shortage" very well.
        *   "Dearth" (Sense 2) fits "shortage of talent", but "labor shortage" is usually a quantifiable market state (a deficit).
    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 1: "nutritional deficit".
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 1 again: "property of being an amount by which something is less than... required". This is the definition of a labor shortage: the number of workers available is less than the number required by employers.
    *   Sense 2 "acute insufficiency" often implies a severe, existential lack, potentially closer to a crisis (famine). While the text argues the economic point strongly, "shortage of local labor" in specific trades is a market condition defined by a deficit.
    *   Most WSD systems lean towards Sense 1 for general economic shortages because it describes the relation between the amount available and the amount required. Sense 2 is often reserved for more extreme forms of scarcity (like food or water).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the better choice.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: "shortage of local labor".
    *   Meaning: Not enough workers available for the jobs available.
    *   Sense 1: Less than required (Deficit). Matches.
    *   Sense 2: Acute insufficiency (Dearth/Famine). Matches loosely, but usually implies severity.
    *   Economics texts usually define shortages as deficits relative to demand.
    *   Choice: Sense 1.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   **Sentence:** "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a **shortage** of local labor."
    *   **Meaning in context:** The text discusses immigration and labor economics. It argues that immigrants fill gaps in the labor market. Specifically, they work in trades where there aren't enough local workers available. The "shortage" refers to the deficit of local labor relative to the demand for it.
    *   **Key nuances:** It's a specific economic quantity issue. There is less local labor available than required/demanded by the market.

2.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `shortage%1:07:00::` | definition="the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" | synonyms="deficit, shortfall" | examples="new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense focuses on the quantitative gap—something is less than required. The example "nutritional deficit" implies a lack of something needed. The synonyms "deficit" and "shortfall" fit well with economic or resource allocation contexts where supply < demand.
    *   **Sense 2:** `shortage%1:26:00::` | definition="an acute insufficiency" | synonyms="dearth, famine"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense implies a severe lack, often general or catastrophic ("famine"). "Dearth" and "famine" are strong words. While "shortage" can be severe, the context here is about a labor market gap, not necessarily a "famine" of labor in the general sense, but a specific deficit where demand exceeds supply. Sense 1 seems more precise for the quantitative aspect of "amount by which something is less than... required".

3.  **Compare Context vs. Senses:**
    *   The context describes a situation where the amount of local labor is less than required for specific trades.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "amount by which something is less than ... required". This matches the economic concept of a labor shortage (quantity supplied < quantity demanded).
    *   Sense 2 is "acute insufficiency". While a labor shortage is an insufficiency, Sense 1 captures the nuance of the *amount* or *deficit* more accurately in an economic context. The synonyms for Sense 1 ("deficit", "shortfall") are standard economic terms for this situation. "Dearth" (Sense 2) is often used for shortages too, but "deficit/shortfall" aligns better with the calculation of labor needs vs. availability. The example for Sense 1 ("make up the nutritional deficit") parallels the idea of "making up the labor deficit".

4.  **Select Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the better fit because it defines the shortage as a deficit (amount less than required), which is exactly what a "labor shortage" is in economics—an insufficient quantity to meet demand. Sense 2's synonyms "famine" and "dearth" carry connotations of severe scarcity that might be too broad or dramatic for a standard labor market analysis, though "dearth" is possible. However, Sense 1's definition is a better technical fit for the concept of "less than required".

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "labor" in the context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

Let's analyze the context. The text talks about immigrants complementing or replacing "local labor". "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor". Here, "local labor" refers to the local workforce, people who work for wages, the working class, or productive work/physical work. Wait, "local labor" usually refers to workers collectively, the workforce, or the social class of workers.
Sense 1: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages (synonyms: working class, proletariat). Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
Sense 2: productive work (especially physical work done for wages).

In the context "a shortage of local labor", "labor" refers to workers. Sense 1 specifically has the example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field", which matches "shortage of local labor" perfectly. "Local labor" means local workers.
Sense 1 definition: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages.
Sense 2 definition: productive work. A shortage of work doesn't make sense; it's a shortage of workers.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

Let me double check sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" -> synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat. "shortage of skilled labor" -> workers.
Context: "a shortage of local labor". This means a shortage of local workers.

So sense_index is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow