[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target**: The target lemma is "cancerous", and the surface form is "cancerous". It is an adjective.
2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The text discusses genetics, specifically "tumor-suppressors" and "oncogenes".
    *   It mentions cells becoming "malignant".
    *   The specific sentence containing the target is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   The phrase is "cancerous cells". This refers literally to biological cells that contain cancer or are affected by cancer, as opposed to "normal" cells.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: "relating to or affected with cancer". Example: "a cancerous growth". This is the literal, medical/biological definition.
    *   **Sense 2**: "like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads". Example: "remorse was cancerous within him". This is the metaphorical definition, often used to describe abstract negative concepts (moral decay, emotions).
4.  **Compare context to senses**:
    *   The context talks about biological cells ("normal as well as in cancerous cells").
    *   It contrasts "cancerous cells" with "normal cells".
    *   This is clearly the literal medical usage, not a metaphor about evil or morality.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct fit.
5.  **Format the output**: The user requested a JSON object with the key "sense_index". Sense 1 corresponds to index 1 (since the list is numbered 1 and 2).


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is about biology, specifically cancer, genes, tumor-suppressors, and oncogenes. The target word "cells" refers to biological cells that can turn malignant.
Sense 2 is "cell%1:03:00::" with definition "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals". This perfectly matches the biological context of the sentence.

Let's check the sense index:
1 - any small compartment
2 - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...
3 - a device that delivers an electric current...
4 - a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement
5 - a hand-held mobile radiotelephone...
6 - small room in which a monk or nun lives
7 - a room where a prisoner is kept

The best sense is 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggesting
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "suggesting" in the context:

"Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

Let me analyze what "suggesting" means here. The researchers found oncogenes in normal cells as well as cancerous cells. This finding implies or indicates that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "make a proposal, declare a plan for something" - This doesn't fit. The finding isn't proposing or advising anything; it's indicating/implying a conclusion.

2. "drop a hint; intimate by a hint" - This is about subtle hints, but here the evidence directly points to a conclusion. It's more direct than a "hint."

3. "imply as a possibility" - This fits well. The finding implies/indicates that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. The evidence points to this conclusion as a possibility/implication.

4. "suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine" - This is specific to medical treatment recommendations. Not applicable here.

5. "call to mind" - This is about evoking memories or feelings. Not applicable here.

The best fit is sense 3: "imply as a possibility" with synonym "intimate" and example "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification."

In the context, the finding that oncogenes are found in normal as well as cancerous cells implies/indicates that they don't cause cancer by themselves. This is very similar to the example "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification" - evidence pointing to a conclusion.

So the answer should be sense_index: 3.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: cause
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "cause" in the given context:

Context: "...suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves..."

The sentence is discussing whether oncogenes are the direct cause of cancer on their own. The verb "cause" here means to bring about or produce cancer as an effect.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir

2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Sense 1 is about causing something to happen - giving rise to an event or state. The examples show "cause a commotion" and "make a stir" which are about producing an effect or state.

Sense 2 is about causing someone/something TO DO something - it's about causing an agent to act in a specified manner. The examples show "induced me to buy" and "got me to buy" - these involve causing an agent to perform an action.

In the context "oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves":
- "Cancer" is not an agent being caused to do something
- "Cancer" is a state or condition that comes into being
- The oncogenes would be giving rise to cancer (the disease/condition), not causing cancer to act in a certain way

This clearly matches Sense 1, where "cause" means "give rise to; cause to happen or occur." The oncogenes would be producing/giving rise to cancer as a disease state, not causing cancer to do something.

Sense 2 would require a structure like "cause cancer to [do something]" which is not what we have here.

Therefore, the correct sense is Sense 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer" used in the context of "accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and... propel it into a deadly state", "suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves". This clearly refers to the medical disease/malignant growth.
Looking at the candidate senses:
1. cancer%1:26:00:: - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division...
2. cancer%1:18:00:: - (astrology) a person...
3. cancer%1:17:00:: - a small zodiacal constellation...
4. cancer%1:15:00:: - the fourth sign of the zodiac...
5. cancer%1:05:00:: - type genus of the family Cancridae...

Sense 1 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:** The target is "recent" (adjective).
2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "In **recent** months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."
    *   The key phrase is "In recent months".
    *   This refers to a time period leading up to the "present" time of the article's writing.
    *   It describes a temporal span relative to the current moment (or the moment of narration).
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `recent%5:00:00:new:00` | definition="new" | examples="recent graduates; a recent addition to the house".
        *   This sense focuses on the quality of being "new" or "fresh". It often applies to entities (people, objects) that have newly appeared or occurred.
    *   **Sense 2:** `recent%5:00:00:past:00` | definition="of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" | synonyms="late" | examples="a late development; their late quarrel".
        *   This sense focuses on the *timing* relative to the present—the immediate past. The definition "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" perfectly matches the phrase "In recent months". It defines a temporal window right before now.
        *   Synonyms like "late" (in the sense of "of late", e.g., "in recent/late months") support this.
4.  **Compare and Disambiguate:**
    *   In "recent months", the word "recent" modifies a time duration.
    *   Sense 1 (new) could arguably apply to things being new, but when applied to a time frame like "months", it specifically denotes the period immediately preceding the present.
    *   Sense 2's definition explicitly mentions "immediate past or just previous to the present time". The phrase "In recent months" is a quintessential example of this meaning (a span of time in the immediate past).
    *   Sense 1 is often used for "recent graduates" (people who just graduated) or "recent news" (new things). While there is overlap in the core concept, the specific constraint of "immediate past" in Sense 2 captures the temporal relationship better than just "new".
    *   WordNet often distinguishes between "new" (fresh, novel) and temporal relations. "Recent months" refers to the time period *past*. Therefore, the definition of Sense 2 ("of the immediate past") is the exact semantic fit.
5.  **Select the best index:**
    *   Sense 2 matches the definition "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time".
    *   "In recent months" means "In the months just before now".
6.  **Format Output:** Return JSON `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "month" and the surface form is "months" (plural). The context phrase is "In recent months".

2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."
    *   "In recent months" refers to a span of time leading up to the present or the time of writing.
    *   It refers to a duration or a general period of time, rather than specific named calendar months (like January, February) or a specific count of 30-day units for a deadline.
    *   It conveys the idea of a time period passing.

3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1**:
    *   Sense key: `month%1:28:01::`
    *   Definition: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year"
    *   Synonyms: "calendar month"
    *   Examples: "he paid the bill last month"
    *   Fit: Does "In recent months" refer to specific named divisions of the calendar year? Not really. While it covers calendar months, the emphasis is on the *duration* or the *time unit* aspect rather than the division of the calendar structure. "Last month" in the example could be ambiguous, but usually refers to a specific calendar slot. However, "recent months" often functions more like a measure of time duration (e.g., "the last few months") rather than pointing to specific calendar slots.

4.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2**:
    *   Sense key: `month%1:28:00::`
    *   Definition: "a time unit of approximately 30 days"
    *   Synonyms: (none listed in the prompt, usually just "month")
    *   Examples: "he was given a month to pay the bill"
    *   Fit: This sense emphasizes the unit of time. "In recent months" implies "in the recent period of time measured in months". It treats "months" as a general time unit rather than specific named slots in a calendar system. When we talk about a span of time ("recent months"), we are using the word to denote a duration/approximate time unit.

5.  **Compare and Decide**:
    *   WordNet (and general lexicography) often distinguishes between "calendar month" (specific slots, e.g., January) and "month" (the unit of duration).
    *   Context: "In recent months".
    *   If the text said "In January and February," that would be the calendar month sense.
    *   If the text said "Last month," it might lean towards calendar month depending on interpretation, but often acts as a time unit relative to 'now'.
    *   "In recent months" implies a duration covering the last few units of time. It highlights the *length* of the period (approx 30 days times the number of months). This aligns better with the definition "a time unit of approximately 30 days" (Sense 2). It is a measure of time.
    *   Sense 1 ("one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year") is usually used when referring to specific months (e.g., "What month is it?", "July is a hot month").
    *   Sense 2 ("a time unit...") is used for duration or vague periods (e.g., "It takes 9 months", "I haven't seen him in months").
    *   "In recent months" is closer to "I haven't seen him in months" (duration/unit usage) than "He was born in the month of May" (calendar division).

    Let's check the examples again.
    Sense 1 Example: "he paid the bill last month" -> This refers to the specific calendar month preceding the current one.
    Sense 2 Example: "he was given a month to pay the bill" -> This refers to a duration.

    The phrase "In recent months" describes a period of time. It doesn't point to specific calendar divisions (like "In the months of October and November"). It refers to the passage of time units. Therefore, Sense 2 is the better fit. It treats "months" as a quantity or unit of time passing.

    Let's double-check.
    WordNet 3.1 or 3.0 distinctions.
    1. month (a time unit of approximately 30 days)
    2. calendar month, month (one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year)

    "Recent months" is vague regarding which specific calendar months they are, though they are objectively calendar months. However, the *sense* is often determined by the function. When we say "recent months", we mean "a short period of time consisting of a few 30-day cycles". It functions as a time unit.
    Conversely, if I say "The month of Ramadan" or "The first month of the year", that is Sense 1.
    The phrase "In recent months" is idiomatic for "Recently (over the period of the last few time units)". The emphasis is on the time passing (Sense 2), not the calendar structure (Sense 1).

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come
Target surface form: come
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: | definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: | definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: | definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: | definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: | definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: | definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: | definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: | definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: | definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: | definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: | definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: | definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: | definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: | definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: | definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: | definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "come" in this sentence:

"In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."

The phrase "have come to believe" is the key construction here. This is an example of "come to + verb" where "come" indicates a process of change or development - specifically, researchers reaching a new understanding or state of belief over time.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: - Physical movement toward something
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: - Reach a destination by movement
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: - Come to pass; arrive as in due course
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: - Reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: - To be the product or result
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: - Be found or available
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: - Come forth
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: - Be a native of
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: - Extend or reach
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: - Exist or occur in a certain point in a series
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: - Cover a certain distance
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: - Come under, be classified or included
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: - Happen as a result
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: - Add up in number or quantity
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: - Develop into
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: - Be received
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: - Come to one's mind; suggest itself
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: - Come from; be connected by blood relationship
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: - Proceed or get along
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: - Experience orgasm
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: - Have a certain priority

The most relevant sense is #4: "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position" with the example "We came to understand the true meaning of life."

This is exactly what's happening in the text - the researchers "came to believe" something, which means they entered into a state of belief. The construction "come to + verb" here indicates a process of arriving at a mental state or understanding.

The example "We came to understand the true meaning of life" parallels "researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert."

Therefore, sense index 4 is the correct answer.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  *   The sentence mentions: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes... suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    cancer genes work in concert..."
    *   Key phrases: "genes", "tumor-suppressors", "malignant", "cell division", "oncogenes", "cancer genes".
    *   The context is clearly biological/medical, discussing genetics, cell growth, tumors, and malignancy.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." -> This is the medical definition of the disease.
    *   Sense 2: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" -> A person (astrological sign).
    *   Sense 3: "a small zodiacal constellation..." -> Astronomy.
    *   Sense 4: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." -> Astrology.
    *   Sense 5: "type genus of the family Cancridae" -> Zoology/Taxonomy (crabs).

3.  **Match Context to Senses:**
    *   The context discusses "cancer genes" and "oncogenes" causing "cancer" as a disease state (malignant growth). It refers to the biological phenomenon of uncontrolled cell division.
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly. It talks about malignant growth, tumors, and uncontrolled cell division, which aligns with the text's discussion of "tumor-suppressors", "malignant", and "cell division".
    *   Senses 2, 3, 4, and 5 relate to astrology, constellations, or crustaceans. These are irrelevant to the provided medical text about genetics and disease.

4.  **Determine the Index:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct match.

5.  **Final Output Formulation:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "turn" in the context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

Let me analyze this sentence. The structure is: "turn proliferating cells malignant"

This is a causative construction where "turn" means to cause something to become something else. The oncogene causes the proliferating cells to become malignant.

So "turn" here means something like "cause to become" or "transform into" - making something change into a different state.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. turn%2:38:00:: - change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense - Examples: Turn towards me - This is about changing direction, not what we need.

2. turn%2:30:04:: - undergo a transformation or a change of position or action - Examples: We turned from Socialism to Capitalism - This is about undergoing transformation, but the subject is the thing changing, not causing change.

3. turn%2:42:00:: - undergo a change or development - synonyms: become - Examples: The water turned into ice - This is also intransitive (the subject undergoes the change), not transitive.

4. turn%2:38:02:: - cause to move around or rotate - Not relevant.

5. turn%2:30:00:: - change to the contrary - Not quite right.

6. turn%2:38:03:: - pass to the other side of - Not relevant.

7. turn%2:30:03:: - pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become - This is intransitive, like "The weather turned nasty."

8. turn%2:35:08:: - let (something) fall or spill from a container - Not relevant.

9. turn%2:38:04:: - move around an axis or a center - Not relevant.

10. turn%2:38:01:: - cause to move around a center so as to show another side of - Not relevant.

11. turn%2:38:06:: - to send or let go - Not relevant.

12. turn%2:36:00:: - to break and turn over earth especially with a plow - Not relevant.

13. turn%2:35:06:: - shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel - Not relevant.

14. turn%2:30:09:: - change color - Not relevant.

15. turn%2:29:00:: - twist suddenly so as to sprain - Not relevant.

16. turn%2:42:13:: - cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics - Examples: The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold - This is exactly what we need! The oncogene causes cells to become malignant, just like the princess caused the frog to become a prince.

17. turn%2:41:10:: - accomplish by rotating - Not relevant.

18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: - get by buying and selling - Not relevant.

19. turn%2:38:13:: - cause to move along an axis or into a new direction - Not relevant.

20. turn%2:38:14:: - channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something - Not relevant.

21. turn%2:35:11:: - cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form - Not relevant.

22. turn%2:35:10:: - alter the functioning or setting of - Not relevant.

23. turn%2:33:13:: - direct at someone - Not relevant.

24. turn%2:32:14:: - have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to - Not relevant.

25. turn%2:30:01:: - go sour or spoil - Not relevant.

26. turn%2:30:14:: - become officially one year older - Not relevant.

The correct answer is clearly sense 16: "turn%2:42:13:: - cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics" with examples like "The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him."

This is the causative use of "turn" meaning to cause something to become something else. The oncogene causes proliferating cells to become malignant.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cells" in the context of a passage about tumor-suppressor genes, oncogenes, cell division, and cancer.
The context clearly discusses biology ("genes," "proteins," "cell's growth," "cell division," "malignant," "organisms").

Candidate senses:
1. any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb)
2. (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms... -> This matches perfectly.
3. electric cell
4. political cadre
5. mobile phone
6. monk/nun room
7. prison cell

The best sense is clearly sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target word is "only" functioning as an adverb in the sentence "...an oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence discusses the conditions under which an oncogene turns cells malignant.
    *   The clause is: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *only* after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   The meaning here is restrictive. It sets a specific condition. It implies that before the tumor-suppressor gene is damaged, the oncogene does *not* turn cells malignant. It happens *exclusively* or *solely* under that condition. Or, it implies a temporal/logical constraint: "not before".
    *   Let's look closely at the structure: "only after". This construction usually means "not before" or "exclusively after".
    *   Is it saying "and nothing more"? No, the focus is on the timing/condition.
    *   Is it saying "without any others being included"? In a sense, it restricts the event to occurring at that specific time/condition.
    *   Is it saying "never except when"? Yes, "It happens never except when the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." This seems like a strong candidate.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `only%4:02:02::` | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but.
        *   *Examples:* "I was merely asking"; "it is simply a matter of time".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is about minimizing degree or amount (e.g., "It's only a scratch"). In the context, "only after" doesn't mean "merely after". You can't substitute "merely after" here. "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *merely* after..." sounds wrong. It's not about degree.

    *   **Sense 2:** `only%4:02:01::` | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone.
        *   *Examples:* "was entirely to blame"; "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense emphasizes exclusivity. "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *exclusively* after..." or "*solely* after...". This fits well. It restricts the action to that specific timeframe/condition. It means the turning malignant happens *at no other time*.

    *   **Sense 3:** `only%4:02:00::` | definition=with nevertheless the final result.
        *   *Examples:* "He arrived only to find his wife dead"; "We won only to lose again in the next round".
        *   *Analysis:* This is the "purpose" or "ironic result" sense. "I went to the store only to find it closed." This doesn't fit "only after".

    *   **Sense 4:** `only%4:02:04::` | definition=in the final outcome.
        *   *Examples:* "These news will only make you more upset".
        *   *Analysis:* This predicts a result. "X will only make Y worse." Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 5:** `only%4:02:05::` | definition=except that.
        *   *Examples:* "It was the same story; only this time she came out better".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a conjunction use (often connecting clauses). "I'd go, only I'm tired." Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 6:** `only%4:02:03::` | definition=never except when.
        *   *Examples:* "call me only if your cold gets worse".
        *   *Analysis:* This is the conditional restriction sense. "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *never except when* the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
        *   Let's compare Sense 2 ("exclusively") and Sense 6 ("never except when").
        *   The phrase is "only after".
        *   If I say "Call me *only if* your cold gets worse", I am setting a strict condition.
        *   If I say "It happens *only* after X", I am saying "It happens never except when X has happened."
        *   This seems to capture the logic perfectly. The event is restricted to that condition.

    *   **Sense 7:** `only%4:02:06::` | definition=as recently as.
        *   *Examples:* "I spoke to him only an hour ago".
        *   *Analysis:* This is about recency of time. While the context mentions time ("after"), it's about a causal sequence or condition, not just recency (e.g., "It was only yesterday"). "Only after" implies a dependency, not just a short duration ago.

4.  **Deep Dive: Sense 2 vs Sense 6.**
    *   *Context:* "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   *Sense 2 (Exclusively/Solely):* "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *solely* after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   *Sense 6 (Never except when/if):* "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *never except when* the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   Let's check the WordNet examples more closely for Sense 6. Example: "call me only if your cold gets worse". This establishes a necessary condition.
    *   The phrase "only after" functions very similarly to "only if". It establishes a necessary condition. The malignancy occurs *on the condition that* the suppressor gene is damaged.
    *   Sense 2's examples ("was entirely to blame", "a school devoted entirely to...") focus on singularity of cause or purpose. "I did it *only* for you" (exclusively).
    *   However, in standard Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) frameworks (like OntoNotes or SemCor mapping to WordNet), "only" in temporal clauses like "only after" or conditional clauses like "only if" usually maps to the sense related to restriction/condition (Sense 6 in this list).
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved". This is about *scope*. "I ate only the cake" (nothing else).
        *   Sense 6: "never except when". This is about *condition*. "I go only if he goes."
    *   The sentence "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after..." sets a condition for the malignancy. It's not just saying "exclusively after" (implying time slots). It's saying the event *cannot* happen before. It restricts the *occurrence* of the event to that specific condition.
    *   "Only if" maps to Sense 6. "Only when" maps to Sense 6. "Only after" behaves syntactically and semantically like "only when". It creates a condition.
    *   Let's try substituting synonyms.
        *   Sense 2 synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely. "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *solely* after..." -> This is grammatical but slightly awkward. It focuses on the timing being the *only* timing.
        *   Sense 6 synonyms: only if, only when. "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *only when* the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." -> This is a perfect paraphrase. The definition "never except when" fits "only after" perfectly: "It happens never except when (after) the gene is damaged."
    *   The definition for Sense 6 "never except when" is the specific logical restriction applied to events. "Only after" = "Never except when (after)".
    *   Therefore, Sense 6 captures the logical/conditional constraint better than Sense 2 (which is about exclusivity of participants or scope). While they are related, Sense 6 is specifically for the "only if/when/after" construction.

    *   Let's re-verify Sense 1 just in case. "Merely/simply". "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant simply after..." No. That changes the meaning to "all you need is after". Not the intended meaning. The intended meaning is the *necessity* of the damage.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 6 is the correct choice. It handles the conditional restriction ("never except when") found in phrases like "only if", "only when", and "only after".

    Let's double check the index.
    1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: (merely)
    2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: (exclusively)
    3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: (final result)
    4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: (final outcome)
    5. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: (except that)
    6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: (never except when)
    7. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: (as recently as)

    Wait, looking at the provided list in the prompt:
    Sense 6 is: `sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse`

    Sense 2 is: `sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame`

    Yes. "Only after" is synonymous with "Only when".
    "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *only when* the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    This matches the definition of Sense 6: "never except when".

    Result: Sense index6.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Context:**
    *   **Lemma:** damage (verb). Surface form: "damaged".
    *   **Context:** The text discusses genes (tumor-suppressor genes) and their role in cancer.
        *   Sentence 1: Introduction of genes.
        *   Sentence 2: Normal function.
        *   Sentence 3 (Target Sentence): "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
        *   Sentence 5: "...only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   **Syntactic Frame:** "if the genes are damaged" (passive voice). "the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged" (passive voice). This implies the genes receive the action. Something else (radiation, chemical, accident) causes the damage. The genes are the patient/theme of the damage.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "inflict damage upon"
        *   Examples: "The snow damaged the roof", "She damaged the car".
        *   Analysis: This is the transitive causative sense. Someone or something acts upon an object to cause damage. In the passive voice ("The roof was damaged by snow"), this fits perfectly. In the context, the genes "are damaged" (passive). They are receiving the damage. The agents/causes are "radiation, a chemical or... accident".
    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "suffer or be susceptible to damage"
        *   Examples: "These fine china cups damage easily".
        *   Analysis: This is the ergative or middle voice sense (often used intransitively or middle construction). It implies an inherent susceptibility. "These cups damage easily" means they break/get damaged without an external agent necessarily being specified as the active subject, or rather, the focus is on the propensity to undergo damage. While genes *can* be susceptible, the context explicitly mentions external causes ("by radiation, a chemical...") and uses the passive construction ("are damaged"). The phrase "genes are damaged" corresponds to "genes have damage inflicted upon them". It doesn't mean "genes undergo damage easily" as a general property (like "china cups damage easily"), but rather describes a specific event or condition affecting them.
        *   Comparison: The phrase "the genes are damaged" is the passive form of "Something damages the genes". Sense 1's examples can be passivized: "The roof was damaged" (from "The snow damaged the roof"). Sense 2's examples ("These cups damage easily") usually implies a property of the subject (middle voice).
        *   Let's look closer at Sense 2. WordNet often distinguishes between the act of damaging (Sense 1) and the state/propensity of being damaged (Sense 2). However, Sense 2 usually refers to the intransitive/middle usage (ergative). E.g., "Soft metals damage easily."
        *   In the text: "if the genes are damaged". This is a passive construction of a transitive verb. The underlying transitive verb is "Radiation damages the genes". This maps to Sense 1 (inflict damage upon).
        *   Does Sense 2 fit "suffer or be susceptible to damage"? While genes "suffer damage", the specific usage here is passive transitive, not middle/ergative. If the sentence were "Tumor-suppressor genes damage easily," Sense 2 might be a candidate. But here, the syntax is "are damaged [by X]".
        *   Furthermore, Sense 1 is the standard causative transitive. Passive forms of transitive verbs belong to the same sense index as the active form in WSD tasks unless a specific inchoative/ergative sense is defined. Sense 2 is defined as "suffer or be susceptible...". "These fine china cups damage easily" implies they break easily. "The genes are damaged" means damage is inflicted on them.
        *   Standard WSD practice: Passive participles usually map to the transitive sense (Sense 1) unless there is a distinct inchoative sense established for the lemma. Here, Sense 2 is the specific ergative/intransitive sense. The context is clearly transitive (passive voice).
        *   Therefore, "inflict damage upon" is the semantic core. Radiation inflicts damage upon the genes. The genes are damaged (have had damage inflicted upon them).

3.  **Decision:**
    *   Context: "genes are damaged" (passive).
    *   Core meaning: Damage is inflicted on the genes.
    *   Sense 1: Inflict damage upon. Fits the semantic relation (Agent: Radiation, Patient: Genes).
    *   Sense 2: Suffer or be susceptible to damage (intransitive/middle). Fits "Soft metals damage easily". Does not fit the specific passive event construction here as well as Sense 1. While the genes *suffer* damage, the sense definition emphasizes the subject's propensity or the intransitive use ("cups damage easily"). The text describes an event where an external force inflicts damage. This maps to the "inflict damage upon" sense in its passive form.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about tumor-suppressor genes being "inherited in two copies, one from each parent." This is clearly talking about genetic transmission - genes are passed down from parents to offspring through biological inheritance.

Let me examine the senses:

1. "obtain from someone after their death" - This refers to inheriting property, money, etc. after someone dies. The example is "I inherited a castle from my French grandparents." This doesn't fit - the context isn't about receiving something after someone's death.

2. "receive from a predecessor" - This refers to inheriting problems, situations, roles, etc. from someone who came before you (not necessarily through death). The example is "The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair." This doesn't fit either - it's about inheriting a position or situation.

3. "receive by genetic transmission" - This refers to biological inheritance of traits, genes, etc. from parents. The example is "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother." This perfectly matches the context about genes being inherited from each parent.

The answer is clearly sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copies`
    *   Context snippet: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

2.  **Analyze the Meaning in Context:**
    *   The sentence discusses genetics (tumor-suppressor genes).
    *   It states genes are inherited in two "copies", one from each parent.
    *   It talks about "Either copy" making proteins and "both copies" being impaired.
    *   In biology/genetics, a gene "copy" refers to one specific instance of a gene sequence present in the DNA (diploid organisms have two copies of each chromosome/gene).
    *   It is a duplicate or an instance of a specific genetic sequence. It is not a written document, not journalistic material, and not a physical dress clone.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `copy%1:10:00::` | definition="a reproduction of a written record..." | synonyms=transcript.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to legal documents or transcripts. The context is genetics/biology. This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 2:** `copy%1:06:00::` | definition="a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" | examples="she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor".
        *   *Analysis:* This is the general sense of a duplicate or replica. In genetics, a gene copy is indeed an instance of the gene that is identical (or near-identical) to the other allele. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is biological. This sense captures the idea of an item that is one of a set of similar/identical things (the genetic material inherited from each parent). It fits the general concept of "copy" as a duplicate or counterpart.

    *   **Sense 3:** `copy%1:10:01::` | definition="matter to be printed..." | synonyms=written matter.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to printing/publishing. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `copy%1:10:02::` | definition="material suitable for a journalistic account".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to news stories. Incorrect.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 2 is the only general sense of "copy" as a duplicate or replica. While WordNet doesn't have a specific "genetic copy" sense listed here, Sense 2 is the hypernym or the most applicable general sense. The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" applies to gene copies (one allele is the counterpart/copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome). The example regarding a clone supports the biological application of this sense.

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The chosen sense is index 2.
    *   Output format: `{"sense_index": 2}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the most appropriate sense for the word "parent" in this passage.

The context is discussing tumor-suppressor genes and how they are inherited. The sentence mentions: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."

This is talking about biological inheritance in humans (or organisms that have parents), where genetic material is passed from parents to offspring. Each parent contributes one copy of a gene.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian

2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

The context is discussing human biology and genetics, specifically how genes are inherited. While this is biological in nature, it's referring to human parents (father and mother) who pass genes to their children. The passage talks about cancer, cells, and human health implications.

Sense 1 refers to a "father or mother" - which is appropriate for human parents. This sense includes the concept of giving birth or begetting a child, which is directly relevant to genetic inheritance in humans.

Sense 2 is more general, referring to "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained." This is broader and could apply to any organism.

Given that the context is discussing human biology (cancer, tumor-suppressor genes), the most appropriate sense would be sense 1 - referring to human parents (father and mother) who pass genes to their offspring. The passage doesn't specify whether it's discussing humans specifically or organisms in general, but the tone and subject matter (cancer research) suggests a human medical context.

The most appropriate sense index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes. It mentions "inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   Meaning: Here, "copy" refers to one instance of a gene. A person inherits two instances (one from the mother, one from the father). These are biological replicas.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (copy%1:10:00::):** Definition: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)". Synonyms: "transcript".
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to documents/records. Incorrect for genetics.
    *   **Sense 2 (copy%1:06:00::):** Definition: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor".
        *   *Evaluation:* This is the general sense of a duplicate or replica. In biology, genes come in pairs (alleles) where each is a "copy" of the gene at that locus (though not necessarily identical in sequence if alleles are different, but structurally they are copies of the gene unit). The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is close to the biological concept of replication. This fits the idea that the gene from the mother is a "copy" of the gene (conceptually) and the gene from the father is another "copy".
    *   **Sense 3 (copy%1:10:01::):** Definition: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials". Synonyms: "written matter".
        *   *Evaluation:* Refers to publishing/printing. Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 4 (copy%1:10:02::):** Definition: "material suitable for a journalistic account". Examples: "catastrophes make good copy".
        *   *Evaluation:* Refers to journalism/news. Incorrect.

3.  **Select the best match:**
    *   Sense 2 is the only one dealing with the concept of a duplicate or a thing similar/identical to another. Genes exist in pairs; each gene in the pair is referred to as a "copy". This falls under the general semantic category of "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (genetic replication). Even though the WordNet example uses a dress and a clone, the definition covers the biological sense of a gene copy.

4.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   The target sense is Sense 2.
    *   Format: JSON object {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "needed" in the context: "Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is about proteins that are required/necessary for controlling cell growth
- The proteins are "needed" in the sense of being required, necessary, essential
- This is about something being required as useful/necessary/proper

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work

2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner

3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Sense 3 is about having a feeling of need - "always needing friends and money" suggests an emotional/psychological need. This doesn't fit the context about proteins being needed for cell growth control.

Sense 2 is "have need of" with examples like "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner" - this is about something requiring something else. This could potentially work.

Sense 1 is "require as useful, just, or proper" with examples like "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work" - this is about something being required/necessary for a purpose.

Looking at the context more carefully: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth"

The proteins are required/necessary for controlling cell growth. They are needed in the sense of being required as necessary/useful for a purpose.

Sense 1 seems to fit best - "require as useful, just, or proper" - the proteins are required for the purpose of controlling cell growth. The examples "success usually requires hard work" parallels well - proteins are required for cell growth control.

Sense 2's example "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner" is also about requirement, but sense 1 seems more general and better captures the notion of something being required for a specific purpose/function.

Actually, let me reconsider. The word "needed" here is functioning as a past participle adjective modifying "proteins" - "the proteins needed to control cell growth" - this is essentially saying "the proteins that are required/necessary to control cell growth."

Sense 1 with definition "require as useful, just, or proper" and the example "success usually requires hard work" captures this well - the proteins are required for the function of controlling cell growth.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "control" appears in the context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."

Let me analyze this context:
- The passage discusses tumor-suppressor genes and how they regulate cell growth
- These genes produce proteins that suppress/limit/regulate cell growth
- When damaged, cells can turn malignant because the growth is no longer being restrained
- The proteins "control cell growth" - meaning they regulate, limit, or keep in check the growth of cells

Now let me evaluate each sense:

1. "exercise authoritative control or power over" - This is more about authority and power (command). Not really fitting for biological regulation.

2. "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" - synonyms: hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate. This fits well! The context is about tumor-suppressor genes that keep cell growth in check/restraint, preventing cells from proliferating uncontrollably. "be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something" - synonyms: see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain. Not fitting.

8. "have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of" - synonyms: master. Not fitting.

The best fit is sense 2 - "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits." The tumor-suppressor genes and their proteins work to keep cell growth in check, holding it within normal limits, preventing excessive proliferation.

Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 2 with synonyms like "hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate" - this is exactly what tumor-suppressor genes do: they curb, check, or keep cell growth restrained within normal limits.

Sense index 2 (which corresponds to the second candidate sense in the list) is the best match.