[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bring
Target surface form: brought
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans <t>brought</t> into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bring%2:38:00:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=convey, take | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
2. sense_key=bring%2:35:04:: | definition=cause to come into a particular state or condition | examples=Long hard years of on the job training had brought them to their competence; bring water to the boiling point
3. sense_key=bring%2:36:00:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=work, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
4. sense_key=bring%2:35:00:: | definition=go or come after and bring or take back | synonyms=get, convey, fetch | examples=Get me those books over there, please; Could you bring the wine?
5. sense_key=bring%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a different state | synonyms=land | examples=this may land you in jail
6. sense_key=bring%2:35:02:: | definition=be accompanied by | examples=Can I bring my cousin to the dinner?
7. sense_key=bring%2:36:01:: | definition=advance or set forth in court; , | synonyms=institute | examples=bring charges; institute proceedings
8. sense_key=bring%2:40:02:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, add | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
9. sense_key=bring%2:40:00:: | definition=be sold for a certain price | synonyms=fetch, bring in | examples=The painting brought $10,000; The old print fetched a high price at the auction
10. sense_key=bring%2:37:05:: | definition=attract the attention of | examples=The noise and the screaming brought the curious
11. sense_key=bring%2:32:03:: | definition=induce or persuade | examples=The confession of one of the accused brought the others to admit to the crime as well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans <t>brought</t> into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982."
    *   Subject/Object structure: "freshman Republicans" (Object) were "brought" (Verb) "into office" (Resultative State/Location) "by the Reagan revolution" (Agent/Cause).
    *   Meaning: The "Reagan revolution" caused these Republicans to be elected/enter office. It moved them into the position of being officeholders.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (bring%2:38:00::): "take something or somebody with oneself somewhere".*
        *   Examples: "Bring me the box", "Take these letters".
        *   Fit: This usually implies physical transport or accompaniment by an agent who goes along. While "into office" is a destination, the "Reagan revolution" (an abstract force/event) isn't physically taking people along with it in the way this sense implies. However, "bring into office" is a common idiom for causing someone to be elected. Let's see if other senses fit better.

    *   *Sense 2 (bring%2:35:04::): "cause to come into a particular state or condition".*
        *   Examples: "brought them to their competence", "bring water to the boiling point".
        *   Fit: "Into office" acts as a state or condition (holding office). The Reagan revolution *caused* them to enter this state. This looks promising. The structure "bring [entity] into [state/location]" aligns well here.

    *   *Sense 3 (bring%2:36:00::): "cause to happen or to occur as a consequence".*
        *   Examples: "work a miracle", "wreak havoc".
        *   Fit: This usually takes an event noun as an object (bring about change, bring peace). Here, the object is "freshman Republicans" (people). This sense is less about moving people into a state and more about causing abstract events/results.

    *   *Sense 4 (bring%2:35:00::): "go or come after and bring or take back".*
        *   Examples: "Get me those books".
        *   Fit: This implies fetching. Not applicable here.

    *   *Sense 5 (bring%2:30:00::): "bring into a different state".*
        *   Examples: "this may land you in jail".
        *   Fit: Similar to Sense 2. Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 5.
        *   Sense 2 gloss: "cause to come into a particular state or condition".
        *   Sense 5 gloss: "bring into a different state".
        *   Sense 5 synonyms: "land" (e.g., land you in jail, land you in trouble).
        *   Sense 2 examples: "bring water to the boiling point" (change of state).
        *   "Bring into office" is a change of state (from private citizen to officeholder). Is it Sense 2 or 5? Sense 2 seems more general ("cause to come into..."). Sense 5 often implies a slightly more consequential or negative/unexpected shift (like "land in jail"), though the gloss is general. "Brought into office" fits the "cause to come into a particular state" definition of Sense 2 very well. The preposition "into" is explicitly used in the gloss of Sense 2 ("into a particular state"). Wait, looking closer at the provided definitions.
        *   Sense 2 definition: "cause to come into a particular state or condition".
        *   Sense 5 definition: "bring into a different state".
        *   They are very close. However, Sense 2 is often associated with "bring to X" or "bring into X". The example "bring water to the boiling point" is a change of state.
        *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. "Take something or somebody with oneself somewhere". Does "bring into office" fit Sense 1? In political contexts, "bring someone to power" or "bring someone into office" is often treated as causing them to arrive there. However, usually Sense 1 implies physical movement. Sense 2 abstracts this to a state/condition. "Office" here is a position (state), not just a physical room.
        *   Let's look at Sense 11: "induce or persuade". Not quite.

    *   *Re-evaluating Sense 1 vs Sense 2.*
        *   Context: "...freshman Republicans brought into office..."
        *   If I say "He brought the box into the room", that's Sense 1 (physical transport).
        *   If I say "He brought the team to victory", that's Sense 2/3 (causing a state/result).
        *   "Office" in "brought into office" means "elected". It is a change of status/state.
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 ("cause to come into a particular state or condition") is a strong candidate.
        *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. "Take something or somebody with oneself somewhere". Is the Reagan revolution taking the Republicans somewhere? Metaphorically, yes. But WordNet distinctions usually separate physical transport (Sense 1) from causing a state (Sense 2). Since "office" here refers to a tenure/position (state), not just a room, Sense 2 is better suited for "brought into office" in a political science context.

    *   *Refining the choice between Sense 2 and Sense 5.*
        *   Sense 2: "cause to come into a particular state or condition".
        *   Sense 5: "bring into a different state". Synonym: "land".
        *   The synonym "land" for Sense 5 usually implies an end result, sometimes abrupt. "Land you in jail".
        *   Sense 2 examples ("bring water to boiling point", "brought them to their competence") emphasize the process of causing the state.
        *   "Brought into office" aligns well with "cause to come into a particular state". It is the standard way of saying "caused to be elected".
        *   Let's check if WordNet 3.0 or 3.1 maps "bring into office" specifically.
        *   Usually, "bring about" is Sense 3. "Bring in" (transitive) can be Sense 1 (physical) or Sense 2/9 (abstract).
        *   Here, the structure is "bring [person] into [state/place]".
        *   Sense 2's definition "cause to come into a particular state or condition" fits the abstract nature of "office" (tenure) perfectly.

    *   *Checking Sense 1 again.*
        *   If the sentence was "The usher brought the Republicans into the office (room)", it would be Sense 1.
        *   Since it means "elected into the position", it is a change of state/condition.
        *   Sense 2 is the standard WordNet sense for "cause to enter a state" (e.g., bring to justice, bring to power, bring into disrepute).
        *   "Bring into office" is synonymous with "bring to power".
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the intended sense.

    *   *Checking Sense 3.*
        *   "Cause to happen". Object is usually an event. "Bring about a revolution". Here the object is "Republicans". So it's not Sense 3.

    *   *Checking Sense 11.*
        *   "Induce or persuade". "Brought the others to admit". This involves volition/persuasion. The Reagan revolution didn't "persuade" the Republicans into office in the sense of a debate; it carried them there on its coattails (causal force). Sense 2 fits "cause to come into a state".

    *   *Conclusion:* Sense 2 captures the causation of entering a state/condition ("into office").

    *   Let's double check Sense 5.
        *   Sense 5: "bring into a different state". Synonym "land".
        *   "Land" often implies an outcome. "The crash landed him in the hospital."
        *   "Bring" in "brought into office" feels more like the standard causative sense (Sense 2).
        *   WordNet often distinguishes "cause to come into a state" (Sense 2) from "attract" (Sense 10) or "induce" (Sense 11).
        *   Sense 2 examples: "Long hard years... brought them to their competence". "Bring water to boiling point". These are specific states.
        *   "Into office" is a specific state/condition.
        *   Sense 5 definition "bring into a different state" is actually very similar to Sense 2. However, Sense 2 seems to be the primary "cause to be in a state" sense. Sense 5 is grouped with "land" which often has a nuance of ending up there. "Brought into office" is a standard collocation for election. Most dictionaries would treat this under "cause to be in a particular state".
        *   Let's look at the Sense 2 examples again. "bring water to the boiling point". That is a change of state.
        *   Sense 5 example: "this may land you in jail".
        *   In WordNet, Sense 2 (bring%2:35:04) is defined as "cause to come into a particular state or condition".
        *   Sense 1 is physical motion.
        *   "Office" is a position/status. Thus it is a state/condition.
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    *   Final check:
        *   Sentence: "...freshman Republicans brought into office..."
        *   Meaning: Caused to hold office.
        *   Sense 2: Cause to come into a particular state or condition.
        *   Match: Excellent.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: office
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into <t>office</t> in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "office" used in the context: "The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution..."

Here, "brought into office" means being elected or appointed to a position of governmental power.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. place of business (physical location)
2. administrative unit of government (agency, bureau)
3. actions and activities assigned to a person (role, function)
4. (of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power (synonyms: power). Example: "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office"
5. professional or clerical workers (staff)
6. religious rite
7. a job in an organization (position, post)

The phrase "brought into office" strongly aligns with sense 4, which explicitly refers to a government official being in power/holding an office, and gives the example "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage", which closely parallels "brought into office" for elected officials.

Therefore, sense 4 is the correct match.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: revolution
Target surface form: revolution
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan <t>revolution</t> and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=revolution%1:11:01:: | definition=a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving | examples=the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution
2. sense_key=revolution%1:04:00:: | definition=the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
3. sense_key=revolution%1:11:00:: | definition=a single complete turn (axial or orbital) | synonyms=rotation, gyration | examples=the plane made three rotations before it crashed; the revolution of the earth about the sun takes one year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target word is "revolution" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses political science theory, ticket splitting, Congress, incumbents, and the election of Ronald Reagan.
    *   The specific phrase is "the Reagan revolution".
    *   The text mentions: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making..."
    *   Context clues: "New Deal", "Reagan", "national policy making", "partisan role".
    *   Meaning in context: This refers to a significant shift in political ideology, policy direction, and governance style associated with Ronald Reagan's presidency. It's often called a "revolution" because it marked a dramatic change from previous eras (like the New Deal era) regarding the role of government, taxes, and conservatism.
3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `revolution%1:11:01::` | definition="a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving" | examples="the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution".
        *   *Fit:* The "Reagan revolution" was a drastic and far-reaching change in political thinking and behavior (shifting towards conservatism, supply-side economics, etc.). This matches the abstract, metaphorical sense of revolution often applied to political movements that aren't necessarily violent overthrows but represent major shifts. Note: Sometimes WordNet distinguishes "political revolution" (overthrow) vs "cultural/social revolution" (change in thinking). Let's look at Sense 2.
    *   **Sense 2:** `revolution%1:04:00::` | definition="the overthrow of a government by those who are governed".
        *   *Fit:* The Reagan revolution was not a violent overthrow of the US government by the governed. It was an electoral victory and a shift in policy. Reagan was elected legally. While "revolution" *can* imply political upheaval, this specific definition usually implies a coup or uprising (like the French Revolution or American Revolution). The "Reagan revolution" is a figurative extension of this, but Sense 1 captures the *nature* of the change (drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking/behaving/policy) better than the specific mechanism of "overthrow by those governed".
    *   **Sense 3:** `revolution%1:11:00::` | definition="a single complete turn (axial or orbital)" | synonyms="rotation, gyration".
        *   *Fit:* This is a physical/mechanical definition. It does not fit the political context.
4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the *act* of overthrowing a government. Reagan did not overthrow the government in the sense of insurrection.
    *   Sense 1 focuses on the *change* in ways of thinking and behaving. The "Reagan revolution" is widely characterized as a shift in the political landscape, ideology, and policy approach (a change in "ways of thinking and behaving" within the political sphere).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the closest fit. It captures the "Industrial Revolution" / "Cultural Revolution" style of usage where "revolution" means a paradigm shift rather than a violent coup. The "Reagan revolution" is a shift in the paradigm of governance.
5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.
6.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: run
Target surface form: running
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and <t>running</t> for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=run%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time | examples=Don't run--you'll be out of breath; The children ran to the store
2. sense_key=run%2:38:04:: | definition=flee; take to one's heels; cut and run | synonyms=scat, scarper, turn tail, lam, run away, hightail it | examples=If you see this man, run!; The burglars escaped before the police showed up
3. sense_key=run%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=go, pass, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
4. sense_key=run%2:41:02:: | definition=direct or control; projects, businesses, etc. | synonyms=operate | examples=She is running a relief operation in the Sudan
5. sense_key=run%2:42:04:: | definition=have a particular form | synonyms=go | examples=the story or argument runs as follows; as the saying goes...
6. sense_key=run%2:38:01:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=flow, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
7. sense_key=run%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, work, operate, go | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
8. sense_key=run%2:42:07:: | definition=change or be different within limits | synonyms=range | examples=Estimates for the losses in the earthquake range as high as $2 billion; Interest rates run from 5 to 10 percent
9. sense_key=run%2:33:06:: | definition=run, stand, or compete for an office or a position | synonyms=campaign | examples=Who's running for treasurer this year?
10. sense_key=run%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to emit recorded audio or video | synonyms=play | examples=They ran the tapes over and over again; I'll play you my favorite record
11. sense_key=run%2:38:11:: | definition=move about freely and without restraint, or act as if running around in an uncontrolled way | examples=who are these people running around in the building?; She runs around telling everyone of her troubles
12. sense_key=run%2:42:01:: | definition=have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined | synonyms=tend, be given, lean, incline | examples=She tends to be nervous before her lectures; These dresses run small
13. sense_key=run%2:35:04:: | definition=be operating, running or functioning | examples=The car is still running--turn it off!
14. sense_key=run%2:30:03:: | definition=change from one state to another | examples=run amok; run rogue
15. sense_key=run%2:30:07:: | definition=cause to perform | examples=run a subject; run a process
16. sense_key=run%2:42:02:: | definition=be affected by; be subjected to | examples=run a temperature; run a risk
17. sense_key=run%2:42:03:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=prevail, persist, die hard, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
18. sense_key=run%2:42:06:: | definition=occur persistently | examples=Musical talent runs in the family
19. sense_key=run%2:41:00:: | definition=carry out a process or program, as on a computer or a machine | synonyms=execute | examples=Run the dishwasher; run a new program on the Mac
20. sense_key=run%2:36:02:: | definition=include as the content; broadcast or publicize | synonyms=carry | examples=We ran the ad three times; This paper carries a restaurant review
21. sense_key=run%2:36:00:: | definition=carry out | examples=run an errand
22. sense_key=run%2:35:01:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, draw, pass | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
23. sense_key=run%2:42:08:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=lead | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
24. sense_key=run%2:41:01:: | definition=make without a miss
25. sense_key=run%2:40:06:: | definition=deal in illegally, such as arms or liquor | synonyms=black market
26. sense_key=run%2:38:10:: | definition=cause an animal to move fast | examples=run the dogs
27. sense_key=run%2:38:08:: | definition=be diffused | synonyms=bleed | examples=These dyes and colors are guaranteed not to run
28. sense_key=run%2:38:03:: | definition=sail before the wind
29. sense_key=run%2:38:05:: | definition=cover by running; run a certain distance | examples=She ran 10 miles that day
30. sense_key=run%2:42:05:: | definition=extend or continue for a certain period of time | synonyms=run for | examples=The film runs 5 hours
31. sense_key=run%2:41:04:: | definition=set animals loose to graze
32. sense_key=run%2:38:02:: | definition=keep company | synonyms=consort | examples=the heifers run with the bulls to produce offspring
33. sense_key=run%2:38:06:: | definition=run with the ball; in such sports as football
34. sense_key=run%2:38:13:: | definition=travel rapidly, by any (unspecified) means | examples=Run to the store!; She always runs to Italy, because she has a lover there
35. sense_key=run%2:38:09:: | definition=travel a route regularly | synonyms=ply | examples=Ships ply the waters near the coast
36. sense_key=run%2:33:02:: | definition=pursue for food or sport (as of wild animals) | synonyms=hunt, hunt down, track down | examples=Goering often hunted wild boars in Poland; The dogs are running deer
37. sense_key=run%2:33:01:: | definition=compete in a race | synonyms=race | examples=he is running the Marathon this year; let's race and see who gets there first
38. sense_key=run%2:30:02:: | definition=progress by being changed | synonyms=move, go | examples=The speech has to go through several more drafts; run through your presentation before the meeting
39. sense_key=run%2:30:00:: | definition=reduce or cause to be reduced from a solid to a liquid state, usually by heating | synonyms=melt, melt down | examples=melt butter; melt down gold
40. sense_key=run%2:30:01:: | definition=come unraveled or undone as if by snagging | synonyms=ladder | examples=Her nylons were running
41. sense_key=run%2:30:04:: | definition=become undone | synonyms=unravel | examples=the sweater unraveled

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "running" in the context:

"The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982."

In this context, "running" is being used in the sense of campaigning or competing for a political office/position. The freshman Republicans were "running for re-election" - meaning they were candidates seeking re-election to their positions in Congress.

Looking at the candidate senses:

Sense 9: sense_key=run%2:33:06:: | definition=run, stand, or compete for an office or a position | synonyms=campaign | examples=Who's running for treasurer this year?

This sense is clearly the correct one. The definition "run, stand, or compete for an office or a position" with the synonym "campaign" and example "Who's running for treasurer this year?" matches perfectly with the usage "running for re-election."

The context is about politicians seeking re-election, which is exactly what sense 9 describes - competing for an office or position.

The answer is sense index 9.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: freshman
Target surface form: freshmen
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these <t>freshmen</t> placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=freshman%1:18:00:: | definition=a first-year undergraduate | synonyms=fresher
2. sense_key=freshman%1:18:01:: | definition=any new participant in some activity | synonyms=newcomer, fledgling, fledgeling, starter, neophyte, newbie

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "freshman"
    *   Target surface form: "freshmen"
    *   Context snippet: "...the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution... Because these <t>freshmen</t> placed far more emphasis on their partisan role..."
    *   Meaning in context: The text discusses "freshman Republicans" running for re-election in 1982. These are members of the House of Representatives. They were elected in 1980 and were running for re-election in 1982. This means they were in their first term. They are politicians/legislators, not undergraduate students.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `freshman%1:18:00::` | definition="a first-year undergraduate" | synonyms=["fresher"]
        *   Does it fit? No. The context is about politicians (House members), not college students.
    *   Sense 2: `freshman%1:18:01::` | definition="any new participant in some activity" | synonyms=["newcomer", "fledgling", "starter", "neophyte", "newbie"]
        *   Does it fit? Yes. These "freshmen" are new participants in Congress (first-term members). The context explicitly mentions "first-term members of the House".

3.  **Verify with context clues:**
    *   The text says: "For example, first-term members of the House..." and then "...the 52 freshman Republicans...".
    *   This usage refers to being new to a position or activity (Congress), not specifically to being a student. While sometimes terms like "freshman" are metaphorically applied, in political contexts, "freshman legislator" or just "freshmen" is the standard term for first-term officials. WordNet sense 2 captures the "new participant" aspect, which applies to legislators in their first term.

4.  **Determine the best sense index:**
    *   Sense 1 is clearly wrong (undergraduate).
    *   Sense 2 fits (new participant).

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Since Sense 2 is the correct one, the index is 2.

    *Wait, let me double-check the indexing.*
    *   Candidate senses list:
        1. freshman%1:18:00:: (undergraduate)
        2. freshman%1:18:01:: (new participant)

    The correct definition is "any new participant in some activity". This matches the usage for a first-term politician.

    Therefore, `sense_index` is 2.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: place
Target surface form: placed
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen <t>placed</t> far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=place%2:35:00:: | definition=put into a certain place or abstract location | synonyms=put, set, pose, position, lay | examples=Put your things here; Set the tray down
2. sense_key=place%2:41:01:: | definition=place somebody in a particular situation or location | examples=he was placed on probation
3. sense_key=place%2:31:01:: | definition=assign a rank or rating to | synonyms=rate, rank, range, order, grade | examples=how would you rank these students?; The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide
4. sense_key=place%2:40:00:: | definition=assign a location to | synonyms=locate, site | examples=The company located some of their agents in Los Angeles
5. sense_key=place%2:32:01:: | definition=to arrange for | examples=place a phone call; place a bet
6. sense_key=place%2:31:03:: | definition=take a place in a competition; often followed by an ordinal | synonyms=come in, come out | examples=Jerry came in third in the Marathon
7. sense_key=place%2:33:03:: | definition=intend (something) to move towards a certain goal | synonyms=target, aim, direct, point | examples=He aimed his fists towards his opponent's face; criticism directed at her superior
8. sense_key=place%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=identify | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
9. sense_key=place%2:41:00:: | definition=assign to (a job or a home)
10. sense_key=place%2:36:00:: | definition=locate | synonyms=set, localize, localise | examples=The film is set in Africa
11. sense_key=place%2:31:13:: | definition=estimate | synonyms=put, set | examples=We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M.
12. sense_key=place%2:42:00:: | definition=identify the location or place of | synonyms=localize, localise | examples=We localized the source of the infection
13. sense_key=place%2:40:03:: | definition=make an investment | synonyms=invest, put, commit | examples=Put money into bonds
14. sense_key=place%2:33:00:: | definition=assign to a station | synonyms=station, post, send
15. sense_key=place%2:33:02:: | definition=finish second or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to place
16. sense_key=place%2:32:00:: | definition=sing a note with the correct pitch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "placed" in the context: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

Let me analyze this sentence:
- "placed far more emphasis on their partisan role"
- This is about putting/placing emphasis on something
- The freshmen legislators directed their attention/focus/emphasis toward their partisan role

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=place%2:35:00:: | definition=put into a certain place or abstract location | synonyms=put, set, pose, position, lay | examples=Put your things here; Set the tray down
- This is about physical placement or abstract location. "Emphasis" could be seen as an abstract concept being placed somewhere.

2. sense_key=place%2:41:01:: | definition=place somebody in a particular situation or location | examples=he was placed on probation
- This is about placing a person in a situation, not relevant here.

3. sense_key=place%2:31:01:: | definition=assign a rank or rating to | synonyms=rate, rank, range, order, grade | examples=how would you rank these students?; The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide
- Not about ranking.

4. sense_key=place%2:40:00:: | definition=assign a location to | synonyms=locate, site | examples=The company located some of their agents in Los Angeles
- This is about locating something, not quite fitting.

5. sense_key=place%2:32:01:: | definition=to arrange for | examples=place a phone call; place a bet
- Not about arranging.

6. sense_key=place%2:31:03:: | definition=take a place in a competition; often followed by an ordinal | synonyms=come in, come out | examples=Jerry came in third in the Marathon
- Not about competition placement.

7. sense_key=place%2:33:03:: | definition=intend (something) to move towards a certain goal | synonyms=target, aim, direct, point | examples=He aimed his fists towards his opponent's face; criticism directed at her superior
- This is about directing/aiming something toward a goal. "Placed emphasis on" could be seen as directing emphasis toward something.

8. sense_key=place%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=identify | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
- Not relevant.

9. sense_key=place%2:41:00:: | definition=assign to (a job or a home)
- Not relevant.

10. sense_key=place%2:36:00:: | definition=locate | synonyms=set, localize, localise | examples=The film is set in Africa
- Not relevant.

11. sense_key=place%2:31:13:: | definition=estimate | synonyms=put, set | examples=We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M.
- Not about estimating.

12. sense_key=place%2:42:00:: | definition=identify the location or place of | synonyms=localize, localise | examples=We localized the source of the infection
- Not relevant.

13. sense_key=place%2:40:03:: | definition=make an investment | synonyms=invest, put, commit | examples=Put money into bonds
- Not about investment.

14. sense_key=place%2:33:00:: | definition=assign to a station | synonyms=station, post, send
- Not relevant.

15. sense_key=place%2:33:02:: | definition=finish second or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to place
- Not relevant.

16. sense_key=place%2:32:00:: | definition=sing a note with the correct pitch
- Not relevant.

The expression is "place emphasis on something" which means to give emphasis to something, to direct attention/focus toward something.

Looking at sense 1: "put into a certain place or abstract location" with synonyms "put, set, pose, position, lay" - This could work because "place emphasis" involves putting emphasis on something, where emphasis is being placed in an abstract location (on their partisan role).

Looking at sense 7: "intend (something) to move towards a certain goal" with synonyms "target, aim, direct, point" - The example "criticism directed at her superior" is similar to "placed emphasis on their partisan role". The emphasis is being directed toward their partisan role.

Actually, I think sense 1 is the best fit. "Place emphasis" is a common expression meaning to put emphasis on something. The emphasis is being put/placed on an abstract location (their partisan role). This matches "put into a certain place or abstract location."

The construction "place emphasis on" is similar to "put emphasis on" - and "put" is a synonym of sense 1.

Sense 7 with "target, aim, direct, point" is close, but "place emphasis" doesn't quite fit "intend (something) to move towards a certain goal." The emphasis isn't really intended to move toward a goal - it's just being put/assigned to something.

I'll go with sense 1 as the best match. The phrase "placed emphasis on" is about putting/placing emphasis (an abstract concept) onto something (an abstract location - their partisan role).

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emphasis
Target surface form: emphasis
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more <t>emphasis</t> on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emphasis%1:26:00:: | definition=special importance or significance | synonyms=accent | examples=the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis; the room was decorated in shades of grey with distinctive red accents
2. sense_key=emphasis%1:07:00:: | definition=intensity or forcefulness of expression | synonyms=vehemence | examples=the vehemence of his denial; his emphasis on civil rights
3. sense_key=emphasis%1:10:01:: | definition=special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.
4. sense_key=emphasis%1:10:00:: | definition=the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch) | synonyms=stress, accent | examples=he put the stress on the wrong syllable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** emphasis
    *   **Target Surface Form:** emphasis
    *   **Context Snippet:** "Because these freshmen placed far more <t>emphasis</t> on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."
    *   **Meaning in Context:** The politicians focused more time, energy, or importance on their partisan role rather than local benefits. They gave "special importance" to that role.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `emphasis%1:26:00::`
        *   *Definition:* special importance or significance
        *   *Synonyms:* accent
        *   *Examples:* "the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis", "the room was decorated in shades of grey with distinctive red accents"
        *   *Fit:* This fits well. Placing "more emphasis on their partisan role" means giving it more importance or significance relative to other things (like local benefit-seeking).

    *   **Sense 2:** `emphasis%1:07:00::`
        *   *Definition:* intensity or forcefulness of expression
        *   *Synonyms:* vehemence
        *   *Examples:* "the vehemence of his denial", "his emphasis on civil rights" (Wait, the example "his emphasis on civil rights" usually aligns with Sense 1 in many dictionaries, but here WordNet maps it to intensity/forcefulness. However, the context "placed far more emphasis on their partisan role" is about *prioritization* or *focus*, not necessarily shouting or forceful speech, though there is overlap. Let's look closer at the definition: "intensity or forcefulness of expression". Is the text describing the *way* they spoke, or the *priority* they assigned? The text says "placed far more emphasis on...". This implies a distribution of attention/effort, which aligns strongly with "special importance or significance". Sense 2 usually implies strong feeling or vigorous expression.)

    *   **Sense 3:** `emphasis%1:10:01::`
        *   *Definition:* special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.
        *   *Fit:* This sounds linguistic or rhetorical (rhetorical device). While placing emphasis is rhetorical, this definition seems tied to "position or repetition" in a discourse/text structure sense, or perhaps prosody.

    *   **Sense 4:** `emphasis%1:10:00::`
        *   *Definition:* the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch)
        *   *Synonyms:* stress, accent
        *   *Fit:* This is phonological/prosodic. Definitely not the meaning here.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Context: "...placed far more **emphasis** on their partisan role..."
    *   Sense 1: "special importance or significance". The freshmen treated the partisan role as more important.
    *   Sense 2: "intensity or forcefulness of expression". Did they express their role more forcefully? Or did they simply prioritize it?
    *   Standard usage: "Place emphasis on X" is a standard collocation meaning "to treat X as important" or "to highlight the importance of X". This maps most directly to Sense 1.
    *   Sense 2 is often used when someone says something loudly or with great feeling. Here, the contrast is between "national policy making" (partisan role) and "local benefit-seeking". This is a matter of allocation of effort and political priority (importance), not necessarily the volume or force of their speech acts.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit. It captures the idea of prioritization and significance in a general abstract sense, which is how "emphasis" is used in political science contexts regarding legislative behavior.

    *   Index 1 corresponds to `emphasis%1:26:00::`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan <t>role</t> -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "role" in the context: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is talking about freshman Republicans in Congress who focused on their "partisan role" - specifically spreading the Reagan revolution in national policy making.
- This is about what was expected of them as Republicans/legislators, their function or activity in that political capacity.

Now let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part

This sense is about the actions and activities expected or assigned to a person or group. The freshmen Republicans had a "partisan role" - their expected activities as party members, which was spreading the Reagan revolution. This fits well.

2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona

This is about theatrical acting roles. Not relevant to the political context here.

3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?

This is about the purpose or use of an object/thing. Not relevant to a person's role in politics.

4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

This is about normal or customary activity in a social setting. This could potentially apply, but it seems more about social/team contexts rather than the formal expected duties/activities of a person in a position.

Comparing sense 1 and sense 4:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected" of a person or group
- Sense 4 emphasizes "normal or customary activity" in a "particular social setting"

The context is about legislators and their expected activities as party members (Republicans). The phrase "partisan role" suggests their expected function as party members in national policy making.

Sense 1 seems more appropriate because it emphasizes the assigned or expected activities, which fits the political context where these freshmen had a role (function, expected activities) as partisan Republicans. The gloss mentions "actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" which captures the idea of a "partisan role" - what they were expected to do as members of their party.

Sense 4 is more about customary activity in social settings, which seems slightly less fitting for this formal political context about legislators' duties and expectations.

I believe sense 1 is the best fit. The index should be 1.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spread
Target surface form: spreading
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- <t>spreading</t> the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spread%2:35:00:: | definition=distribute or disperse widely | synonyms=distribute | examples=The invaders spread their language all over the country
2. sense_key=spread%2:35:07:: | definition=become distributed or widespread | synonyms=propagate | examples=the infection spread; Optimism spread among the population
3. sense_key=spread%2:42:00:: | definition=spread across or over | synonyms=overspread | examples=A big oil spot spread across the water
4. sense_key=spread%2:35:03:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread out, open | examples=open the map; spread your arms
5. sense_key=spread%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to become widely known | synonyms=circulate, circularize, circularise, distribute, disseminate, propagate | examples=spread information; circulate a rumor
6. sense_key=spread%2:32:02:: | definition=become widely known and passed on | synonyms=go around, circulate | examples=the rumor spread; the story went around in the office
7. sense_key=spread%2:38:00:: | definition=strew or distribute over an area | synonyms=scatter, spread out | examples=He spread fertilizer over the lawn; scatter cards across the table
8. sense_key=spread%2:38:02:: | definition=move outward | synonyms=diffuse, spread out, fan out | examples=The soldiers fanned out
9. sense_key=spread%2:35:12:: | definition=cover by spreading something over | examples=spread the bread with cheese
10. sense_key=spread%2:35:13:: | definition=distribute over a surface in a layer | examples=spread cheese on a piece of bread

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "spreading" in the context: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence talks about freshman Republicans who emphasized "spreading the Reagan revolution"
- This is about disseminating or making known a political movement/ideology (the Reagan revolution)
- They were trying to make this political ideology widely known and adopted

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. **spread%2:35:00::** - "distribute or disperse widely" - This could apply, but it's more physical distribution.

2. **spread%2:35:07::** - "become distributed or widespread" - This is intransitive (the infection spread). Our context has a transitive use (spreading the Reagan revolution), so this doesn't fit.

3. **spread%2:42:00::** - "spread across or over" - This is about physical spreading across something, not applicable here.

4. **spread%2:35:03::** - "spread out or open from a closed or folded state" - Not applicable.

5. **spread%2:32:00::** - "cause to become widely known" with synonyms like "circulate, circularize, circularise, distribute, disseminate, propagate" and examples "spread information; circulate a rumor" - This seems to fit! The context is about spreading/making known the Reagan revolution (a political ideology/movement).

6. **spread%2:32:02::** - "become widely known and passed on" - This is intransitive ("the rumor spread"), but our context is transitive ("spreading the Reagan revolution").

7. **spread%2:38:00::** - "strew or distribute over an area" - Physical distribution, not applicable.

8. **spread%2:38:02::** - "move outward" - Physical movement, not applicable.

9. **spread%2:35:12::** - "cover by spreading something over" - Physical covering, not applicable.

10. **spread%2:35:13::** - "distribute over a surface in a layer" - Physical distribution in a layer, not applicable.

The best fit is sense 5: "cause to become widely known" with synonyms like "disseminate, propagate, circulate" and examples like "spread information; circulate a rumor". The Reagan revolution is being spread in the sense of being disseminated or made widely known throughout national policy making.

This matches because:
- It's transitive (spreading something)
- The object is the Reagan revolution (an ideology/movement, not a physical object)
- The goal is to make it widely known/adopted
- The synonyms "disseminate, propagate" fit well with spreading a political ideology

So the answer is sense_index 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: revolution
Target surface form: revolution
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan <t>revolution</t> -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=revolution%1:11:01:: | definition=a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving | examples=the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution
2. sense_key=revolution%1:04:00:: | definition=the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
3. sense_key=revolution%1:11:00:: | definition=a single complete turn (axial or orbital) | synonyms=rotation, gyration | examples=the plane made three rotations before it crashed; the revolution of the earth about the sun takes one year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: revolution
    *   Target surface form: revolution
    *   Context: The text discusses political trends in the US, specifically ticket splitting, incumbency advantage, and the "Reagan revolution". The phrase "spreading the Reagan revolution" refers to the political movement and significant shifts in national policy making associated with Ronald Reagan's presidency.
    *   Key phrase: "spreading the Reagan revolution in national policy making". This implies a significant shift in political ideology, policy direction, and perhaps behavior, rather than a violent overthrow of the government or a physical rotation.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `revolution%1:11:01::`
        *   Definition: "a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving"
        *   Examples: "the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution"
        *   Analysis: This sense focuses on broad changes in thought, culture, or behavior. The "Reagan revolution" is often described as a shift in political ideology (conservatism) and economic policy (Reaganomics). It fits the idea of a "revolution" as a major shift in approach or policy, without necessarily being a violent overthrow.

    *   **Sense 2:** `revolution%1:04:00::`
        *   Definition: "the overthrow of a government by those who are governed"
        *   Analysis: This is the classic political definition of a revolution (like the French or American Revolution). While Reagan brought significant change, it wasn't an overthrow of the US government by the governed; it was a democratic transition and a shift in policy direction within the existing system. The context mentions "national policy making" and "partisan role," suggesting a policy/ideological shift rather than a regime overthrow.

    *   **Sense 3:** `revolution%1:11:00::`
        *   Definition: "a single complete turn (axial or orbital)"
        *   Synonyms: rotation, gyration
        *   Analysis: This is the physical/astronomical sense. The context is political. This is clearly incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   The context talks about "spreading the Reagan revolution" through "national policy making".
    *   Is the "Reagan revolution" an overthrow of government (Sense 2)? No, it was an electoral victory and a change in the governing philosophy.
    *   Is it a "drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving" (Sense 1)? Yes. The "Reagan revolution" refers to the shift in the political landscape, the rise of modern conservatism, and changes in economic and social policy. It represents a paradigm shift in governance.
    *   WordNet often distinguishes between the violent overthrow (Sense 2) and broader cultural/social/political shifts (Sense 1). The Industrial Revolution (Sense 1 example) is the closest analogy—a massive, transformative process, not a singular violent event of overthrowing a regime.
    *   In political science contexts, terms like "Reagan revolution" or "Republican revolution" often map to the concept of a major realignment or shift in policy/ideology (Sense 1) rather than the literal insurrection sense (Sense 2), although they share the etymological root of "turning things around." Sense 1 captures the "far-reaching change in ways of thinking [and behaving]" (e.g., regarding governance, taxes, the role of government).

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1's definition: "a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving".
    *   Does the Reagan revolution fit this? Yes. It changed how people thought about government, taxes, and the Cold War.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2's definition: "the overthrow of a government by those who are governed".
    *   Does the Reagan revolution fit this? No. Reagan was elected democratically. The government structure remained the same; the policies changed.

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement*: Sometimes WordNet definitions are tricky. Is there another sense missing? Sometimes there is a sense specifically for "political revolution". Here we only have 3 options. Sense 2 is strictly "overthrow". Sense 1 is "change in ways of thinking and behaving". The "Reagan revolution" is a metaphorical revolution—a massive change in the political status quo and policy direction. It fits the "change in ways of thinking and behaving" (specifically regarding political behavior and policy) much better than "overthrow".

    *   Let's look at the example in Sense 1: "the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution". This implies broad societal shifts. The "Reagan revolution" is a shift in political ideology and policy direction.
    *   Let's look at the context: "spreading the Reagan revolution". You spread an ideology or a way of thinking (Sense 1). You don't usually "spread" the overthrow of a government (Sense 2) in the context of national policy making within a stable democracy; you enact the changes associated with that revolution.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit among the choices provided.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 is the best match because it describes a major shift in ideology/policy ("ways of thinking and behaving") rather than a violent overthrow.

    *   Target index: 1

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in <t>national</t> policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "national" in the phrase "national policy making".

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is discussing Congress and legislators
- It mentions "national policy making" versus "local benefit-seeking"
- The contrast is between national (country-wide/federal level) policy making and local (constituency-level) benefit-seeking

The phrase is "national policy making" - this refers to policy making at the national/federal level, as opposed to local or constituency-level matters.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. "of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country" - examples: national hero, national anthem
2. "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation" - examples: national interests, isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" - examples: the national government, national elections
4. "owned or maintained for the public by the national government" - examples: national parks
5. "inside the country" - synonyms: home, interior, internal - examples: the British Home Office, internal politics
6. "characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation" - examples: a national trait
7. "of or relating to nationality" - examples: national origin

In the context, "national policy making" refers to policy making at the federal/national level of government, as opposed to local/state level. This is about scope - policy that applies to the entire nation, federal-level policy making.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" with examples like "the national government" and "national elections" - this captures the idea of national-level (federal) policy making.

Sense 1 is more general ("of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country") but the examples "national hero" and "national anthem" don't quite capture the governmental/federal level aspect.

Sense 2 is about being "limited to or in the interests of a particular nation" which is more about nationalism/isolationism, not quite right.

Sense 5 is about "inside the country" as in domestic versus foreign, which is not quite what's being contrasted here - the contrast is national vs. local, not domestic vs. foreign.

Sense 3 best captures the idea of "national" as in "national government" or "national elections" - pertaining to the federal/national level of governance, which is what "national policy making" refers to here.

So the answer should be sense_index: 3

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national <t>policy</t> making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is about legislators and their roles in "national policy making". This refers to a plan of action adopted by a government or social group, particularly in the context of government action.
Sense 1: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" - examples: "it was a policy of retribution", "a politician keeps changing his policies". This fits the general idea of "national policy making".
Sense 2: "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" - examples: "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation".
Sense 3: "written contract or certificate of insurance" - clearly wrong.

Let's differentiate between Sense 1 and Sense 2.
Sense 1 focuses on a plan of action (a course of action). "National policy making" refers to making plans of action or courses of action at the national level.
Sense 2 focuses on a line of argument rationalizing a course of action.
In the context, "national policy making" is about creating plans of action or courses of action for the government/society.
Sense 1 fits "national policy making" better as it refers to the plan of action itself rather than the line of argument rationalizing it. The legislators are engaged in making the actual policies (laws/plans of action).

Let's check the examples:
Sense 1: "a politician keeps changing his policies" -> relates to politicians and their policies.
Sense 2: "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" -> relates to the rationale or advisability of legislation.
Here, the freshmen placed emphasis on their partisan role in "national policy making" - they are making the policies (laws/plans of action). So Sense 1 is the best fit.

Therefore, sense_index should be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy <t>making</t>, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** "making".
    *   Lemma: making.
    *   Context phrase: "national policy making".
    *   Grammatical function: It's part of a compound noun phrase "policy making", or arguably "making" acts as a noun derived from the verb "make" in the context of creating policy.

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence is: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."
    *   "Policy making" refers to the process of creating or devising policies.
    *   The phrase "national policy making" refers to the activity or act of creating national policies.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `making%1:04:00::`
        *   Definition: "the act that results in something coming to be".
        *   Synonyms: "devising", "fashioning".
        *   Examples: "the devising of plans", "the fashioning of pots and pans".
        *   Fit: "Policy making" is the act of creating policy. "Devising plans" is very close semantically to "making policy". This fits perfectly.

    *   **Sense 2:** `making%1:07:00::`
        *   Definition: "an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something".
        *   Synonyms: "qualification".
        *   Examples: "qualifications for the job".
        *   Fit: This refers to a prerequisite or a quality of a person. The context is about a political process/activity, not a personal attribute. Not a match.

    *   **Sense 3:** `making%1:06:00::`
        *   Definition: "(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something".
        *   Examples: "the makings for a chocolate cake".
        *   Fit: This refers to ingredients or materials. "National policy making" is not referring to the components of a policy, but the action of creating it. Not a match.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 describes an act or process resulting in creation.
    *   "National policy making" is the act/process of creating national policy.
    *   Synonyms like "devising" align well with "making" in this context.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: indicate
Target surface form: indicates
Context:
Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory <t>indicates</t> why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=indicate%2:32:01:: | definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | synonyms=bespeak, betoken, point, signal | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis
2. sense_key=indicate%2:32:03:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=point, designate, show | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
3. sense_key=indicate%2:32:00:: | definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter
4. sense_key=indicate%2:32:02:: | definition=give evidence of | synonyms=argue | examples=The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work
5. sense_key=indicate%2:32:04:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=suggest | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "indicates" in the context: "Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office."

Let me analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=indicate%2:32:01:: | definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | synonyms=bespeak, betoken, point, signal | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis

2. sense_key=indicate%2:32:03:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=point, designate, show | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space

3. sense_key=indicate%2:32:00:: | definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter

4. sense_key=indicate%2:32:02:: | definition=give evidence of | synonyms=argue | examples=The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work

5. sense_key=indicate%2:32:04:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=suggest | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

In this context, the theory is providing an explanation or pointing out why something is the case. The sentence structure is "the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time..."

Looking at the senses:

- Sense 1 (be a signal for or a symptom of) - This doesn't quite fit. The theory isn't signaling or being a symptom.
- Sense 2 (indicate a place, direction, person, or thing) - This is about pointing spatially or figuratively to something specific, which doesn't fit well.
- Sense 3 (to state or express briefly) - This could work. The theory is stating/expressing why something is the case.
- Sense 4 (give evidence of) - The theory is providing evidence or making an argument for why something is the case. This fits well with "The results indicate the need for more work" example.
- Sense 5 (medical intervention) - Not applicable.

Let me reconsider. The theory "indicates why" something is happening. This seems more like sense 4 - giving evidence of something, or making an argument. The theory is providing the reasoning/evidence for why Republicans may have difficulty.

Actually, sense 1 could also work - "be a signal for or a symptom of" - the theory signals/shows why... But sense 4 with "give evidence of" seems more appropriate for a theory explaining a phenomenon.

Looking at the example for sense 4: "The results indicate the need for more work" - this is similar structure. The results/theory indicate why something is the case.

Sense 3 "to state or express briefly" doesn't seem right because the theory isn't just stating something briefly - it's providing evidence/reasoning.

I think sense 4 is the best fit: "give evidence of" - The theory gives evidence of/for why the Republican Party may have a difficult time.