[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: leader
Target surface form: leader
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=leader%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who rules or guides or inspires others
2. sense_key=leader%1:06:00:: | definition=a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers | synonyms=drawing card, loss leader

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   **Target lemma:** leader.
    *   **Context:** A paragraph discussing scientific research into cancer genes (specifically p53), mentioning Dr. Vogelstein, Arnold Levine, and Robert Weinberg. The target sentence describes Robert Weinberg as a "leader" in cancer-gene research.
    *   **Candidate senses:**
        1.  `leader%1:18:00::`: "a person who rules or guides or inspires others" (general person sense).
        2.  `leader%1:06:00::`: "a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers" (synonyms: drawing card, loss leader).
    *   **Constraints:** Choose the single best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Do not output the sense key. Return only a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, 'says Robert Weinberg, a **leader** in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."
    *   Robert Weinberg is a person (a scientist).
    *   He is being described as a "leader in cancer-gene research".
    *   This implies he is a prominent figure, a pioneer, or an authority in that specific field of science. He "guides" the field or "inspires" others through his work and status.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a person who rules or guides or inspires others".
        *   Does this fit? Yes. Robert Weinberg is a person. In the context of a specific field of research ("cancer-gene research"), being a "leader" means being at the forefront, guiding the direction of research, or being a prominent figure others look to. This sense covers the general notion of a leader of people or a leader in a field/domain.
    *   **Sense 2:** "a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers".
        *   Does this fit? No. This is a marketing/commercial term (often called a "loss leader"). Robert Weinberg is a human being, not a piece of merchandise. He is not being sold at a loss to draw customers.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only plausible sense for a human being who is prominent in a field of study.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object with the index corresponding to the chosen sense.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1 (based on the list numbering 1, 2). Note: Usually, JSON indices might start at 0, but the prompt explicitly numbers the candidates "1." and "2.". I should follow the prompt's numbering convention.
    *   Let's check the numbering in the prompt:
        "1. sense_key=..."
        "2. sense_key=..."
    *   Therefore, the output should be `{"sense_index": 1}`.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   Target: leader.
    *   Context: Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research.
    *   Sense 1: Person who leads/guides. Matches.
    *   Sense 2: Loss leader (merchandise). Does not match.
    *   Result: Index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: Evidence
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. <t>Evidence</t> now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for the word "Evidence" in this passage.

The context states: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

This is about scientific research findings - new research is showing/indicating that the p53 gene plays a role in other cancers as well. The "evidence" here refers to scientific data/findings that support or indicate a particular conclusion.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling

This sense refers to evidence as the basis for belief, the knowledge or data that supports a conclusion. The example given is about scientific evidence (smoking causes lung cancer). This fits well with the scientific context here - researchers are gathering evidence (data, findings) that supports the conclusion that p53 is involved in other cancers.

2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear

This sense is more about a sign or indication that reveals something. The example is about trembling being evidence of fear - it's about a direct observable sign. While this could apply, it's more commonly used for immediate observable signs rather than accumulated scientific data.

3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

This is specifically about legal/judicial evidence, which clearly doesn't apply to this scientific research context.

Between senses 1 and 2, sense 1 seems more appropriate. The context is about scientific evidence emerging from research - accumulated data and findings that provide basis for believing that p53 is involved in other cancers. The example "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" is very similar in nature - it's about scientific evidence supporting a conclusion.

Sense 2 with its example "his trembling was evidence of his fear" seems to describe a more immediate, direct sign rather than accumulated scientific data.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit for this context.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the sentence "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too," I need to determine which sense of "now" best fits this context.

The word "now" is used here to indicate that evidence is emerging at the present time (following the discovery mentioned in the passage). This is not about narrating past events in historical present (sense 1), not used as a command marker (sense 3), not meaning "immediately" (sense 5), not serving as a transitional marker (sense 6), and not referring to the immediate past (sense 7).

The choice is between sense 2 ("in these times; nowadays") and sense 4 ("at the present moment"). The emerging evidence is a current, ongoing process that is happening as a result of the discovery. This aligns more closely with sense 4, which refers to something happening at the present time, rather than the broader "nowadays" meaning of sense 2 which typically describes general trends over the current era.

{"sense_index": 4}

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses to determine which one best fits the usage of "now" in this passage.

The sentence in question is:
"Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

Let me analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
This sense refers to the historical present tense, where past events are narrated as if they're happening in the present. The passage isn't narrating past events in historical present, so this doesn't seem to fit.

2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
This sense refers to "in these times" or "nowadays." It indicates something that is happening in the current era or period, not specifically at this very moment but in the general present timeframe.

3. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
This sense refers specifically to the present moment, indicating something happening right now.

4. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
This sense means "immediately" or "right away," which doesn't fit the context.

5. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
This is used as a transition marker, which doesn't seem to be the function here.

6. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now
This refers to something that just happened, which doesn't match the context.

Let's focus on senses 2 and 3, as they seem most relevant:

Sense 2: "in these times" or "nowadays" - referring to the current period or era
Sense 3: "at the present moment" - referring specifically to right now

The sentence "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too" is talking about scientific evidence that is currently becoming known. The "now" here indicates that in the current timeframe (after the discovery mentioned earlier), evidence is emerging. This seems more aligned with sense 2 ("in these times") rather than specifically at this exact moment (sense 3).

The emerging evidence is an ongoing process happening in the current period following the discovery, not specifically at this exact moment. The synonyms "nowadays" and "today" for sense 2 also align with this usage, indicating a current state of affairs or ongoing process in the present era.

Therefore, I believe sense 2 (now%4:02:00::) is the best match for the usage of "now" in this context. It indicates that in the current time period (following the discovery), evidence is emerging about the p53 gene's involvement in other cancers.

Actually, let me reconsider. The passage is describing a scientific discovery process and the subsequent emergence of further evidence. The "now" in "Evidence now is emerging" suggests that at the present time (following the discovery), evidence is starting to appear.

The examples for sense 3 are "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator" - these indicate things happening or states existing at the present time.

The examples for sense 2 are "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" - these indicate general trends or states in the current era.

In our context, "Evidence now is emerging" refers to evidence beginning to appear in the scientific community in the current timeframe after the discovery. This seems more aligned with the "at the present moment" or "currently" meaning of sense 3, rather than the broader "nowadays" or "in these times" meaning of sense 2.

The emerging evidence is happening in the present timeframe following the discovery - it's not a general trend over years or decades (which would fit sense 2), but a more immediate consequence of the discovery.

Therefore, I think sense 3 (now%4:02:04::) is the best match for the usage of "now" in this context. It indicates that at the present time (following the discovery), evidence is emerging about the p53 gene's involvement in other cancers.

Actually, I'm not sure I've numbered these correctly. Let me look at the senses again:

1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional)
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past

So sense 4 is "at the present moment" and sense 2 is "in these times."

I still believe sense 4 ("at the present moment") is the best match for "now" in the sentence "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." The emerging evidence is happening in the current timeframe following the discovery, indicating a current state or process at the present time.

{"sense_index": 4}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerging
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "emerge"
    *   Target surface form: "emerging"
    *   Context <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Surrounding context: Scientific discovery, a gene (p53) is being identified as a key player in cancer formation. New evidence is coming to light regarding the:* This is physical movement/visibility of a person or object coming out of hiding. "Evidence" is abstract, not a physical entity coming out ofSense 2:** `emerge%2:30:02::` | definition=come out of | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall.
        *   *Analysis:* Again, physical exiting from a source/container. "Evidence" is not physically flowing out of a hole.

    *   **Sense 3:** `emerge%2:30:01::` | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study.
        *   *Analysis:* This fits the abstract nature of "Evidence" and the context of scientific research findings. The evidence is becoming known or apparent through research.

    *   **Sense 4:** `emerge%2:38:00::` | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge.
        *   *Analysis:* Can refer to emotions rising to the surface or physical rising. "Evidence" is cognitive/factual, not emotional or physical surfacing in this specific sense (though it's close to "coming to light"). Sense 3 is a better fit for "facts/evidence" becoming known.

    *   **Sense 5:** `emerge%2:42:00::` | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth.
        *   *Analysis:* This usually implies a consequence (., "problems emerged from the light*, not just happening as a consequence. The example in Sense 3 ("Some nice results emerged from the study") matches the domain and usage much better.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The sentence is "Evidence now is emerging..."
    *   Sense 3 definition: "become known or apparent".
    *   Sense 3 example: "Some nice results emerged from the study".
    *   Context: Scientific evidence is becoming known to the researchers/scientific community.
    *   This is a precise match for Sense 3. Sense 1, 2, and 4 are too physical/lresult/consequence" rather than the "becoming known" aspect which is central to "Evidence... emerging".

4.  **Formatting:**
    *   Index is 3 (based on the5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Sense 1: Physical visibility (No).
    *   Sense 2: Physical exit (No).
    *   Sense 3: Abstract becoming known (Yes).
    *   Sense 4: Emotional or physical rising (No).
    *   Sense 5: Resulting (Less precise).

    Selection: Sense 3.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** involved
    *   **Target Surface Form:** involved
    *   **Context:** The text discusses scientific research into cancer genes, specifically the p53 gene. The sentence in question is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is *involved* in other cancers, too."
    *   **Meaning Analysis:** The sentence means that the p53 gene participates in or plays a role in the development or existence of other cancers. It is connected to or associated with other types of cancer through its biological function (or malfunction).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   *Definition:* connected by participation or association or use
        *   *Examples:* "we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved"; "the problems involved"
        *   *Fit:* This sense refers to being part of something, participating, or being associated. A gene being "involved" in a disease process is a form of association/participation. The gene plays a role (participation) in the cancer.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   *Definition:* entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire
        *   *Synonyms:* mired
        *   *Examples:* "the difficulties in which the question is involved"; "brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion"
        *   *Fit:* This is metaphorical, implying being stuck or confused. This does not fit a gene's biological relationship to a disease.

    *   **Sense 3:**
        *   *Definition:* emotionally involved
        *   *Fit:* This refers to human emotions/relationships. A gene cannot be emotionally involved.

    *   **Sense 4:**
        *   *Definition:* highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious
        *   *Synonyms:* Byzantine, convoluted, knotty
        *   *Examples:* "the Byzantine tax structure"
        *   *Fit:* This refers to complexity (e.g., an involved plot). While cancer biology is complex, the word "involved" here specifically predicates the relationship between the gene and the cancer, not the complexity of the gene itself (though the mechanism is complex, the sense is about *participation*, not *intricacy* of the object itself). If the sentence said "an involved mechanism," this would be the sense. But here, it says "gene is involved in cancer."

    *   **Sense 5:**
        *   *Definition:* enveloped
        *   *Examples:* "a castle involved in mist"
        *   *Fit:* This means covered or surrounded. A gene is not enveloped in other cancers in this context.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   Sense 1 captures the meaning of "participation" or "association." A gene "is involved" in a process or outcome means it plays a part in it.
    *   Sense 4 might be tempting if one thinks of "complex," but the usage "involved in [something]" with "something" being an event/process/outcome usually points to participation (Sense 1). Sense 4 usually modifies a noun (e.g., "an involved explanation") rather than predicating a relationship with "in".
    *   The specific usage "X is involved in Y" where X is an agent/factor and Y is an event/outcome maps directly to "connected by participation."

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. The gene is associated with/participates in the development of other cancers.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `other`.
    *   Context: A text about cancer research, specifically the p53 gene. The target word appears in the sentence: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Task: Choose the single best indexed sense from the four provided candidates.
    *   Output format: JSON `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Previous context discusses the discovery that p53 is a cancer-suppressing gene (specifically involved in the cancers studied by the Johns Hopkins scientists and potentially Mr. Levine's mice). The text discusses specific tumors (human cancer cells).
    *   The phrase "other cancers" implies cancers *other than* the ones previously mentioned or implied (the specific tumors/cancers studied so far in the narrative).
    *   The word "too" reinforces the idea of addition to the set already known.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `other%3:00:00::` | Definition: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" | Examples: "today isn't any other day", "highways and other public works".
        *   *Analysis:* This fits perfectly. The text discusses specific cancers (implied by the previous research on specific tumors). Now they are finding p53 is involved in *different* cancers besides the ones already discussed. It functions as a determiner/adjective distinguishing the current set from a previously referenced set.

    *   **Sense 2:** `other%5:00:00:past:00` | Definition: "recently past" | Examples: "the other evening".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to time (deictic usage). "Other cancers" does not mean "cancers that happened yesterday". This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `other%5:00:02:past:00` | Definition: "belonging to the distant past" | Synonyms: early, former | Examples: "the early inhabitants of Europe".
        *   *Analysis:* This also refers to time/history. "Other cancers" does not mean "ancient cancers". Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `other%5:00:00:strange:00` | Definition: "very unusual; different in character or quality..." | Examples: "a strange, other dimension".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a more metaphorical or qualitative usage (often found in literary contexts, e.g., "otherness"). While cancers can be unusual, the sentence structure "involved in *other* cancers, *too*" is a standard quantifier/determiner usage meaning "additional/distinct members of the category," not "weird/uncanny cancers".

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 captures the distinct/additional meaning relative to the previously mentioned items. The text discusses specific findings, and this sentence broadens the scope to *other* instances of the same category (cancers).

5.  **Final Formatting:**
    *   Index: 1.
    *   Output: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancers" in the context:

"Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

Let me analyze the context. The passage is discussing:
- Cancer research
- Genes that cause or suppress cancer (p53 gene)
- Cancer cells
- Tumors (breast tumors mentioned)
- Cancer formation

The context is clearly about the medical/biological disease - malignant tumors caused by abnormal cell division. The word "cancers" refers to types or instances of the disease cancer.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease

This is the medical disease sense - malignant tumors/growth.

2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab

This is an astrological sign referring to a person.

3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini

This is the constellation.

4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab

This is the zodiac sign.

5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

This is a biological genus (crabs).

The context is clearly about the medical disease cancer. The sentence "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too" refers to different types or instances of the disease cancer, as the research is about genes involved in cancer formation, cancer cells, tumors, etc.

Sense 1 is clearly the correct choice.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target is "too" in the sentence: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>."

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The text discusses the discovery of the p53 gene's role in cancer.
    *   It mentions Dr. Vogelstein and Mr. Levine's research.
    *   The specific sentence says the p53 suppressor gene is involved in "other cancers, too."
    *   The word "other" is a strong cue here. "Other cancers" implies cancers *in addition to* the ones previously mentioned or discussed (which were implied to be the specific types Levine and Vogelstein were studying, likely colon cancer based on the context of Vogelstein's work, though the snippet just implies "cancer" generally).
    *   The phrase "other cancers, too" means "other cancers *also*".

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Sense 1**:
    *   Definition: "to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits".
    *   Synonyms: excessively, overly, to a fault.
    *   Examples: "too big".
    *   Fit: Does the text mean the gene is involved in other cancers "excessively" or "overly"? No. It doesn't fit grammatically or semantically. This sense usually modifies adjectives or adverbs (too hot, too quickly).

4.  **Evaluate Candidate Sense 2**:
    *   Definition: "in addition".
    *   Synonyms: besides, also, likewise, as well.
    *   Examples: "he has a Mercedes, too".
    *   Fit: Does the text mean the gene is involved in other cancers "in addition"? Yes. It is involved in the cancers previously discussed (implied) *and* other cancers. "Also" or "as well" could replace "too" perfectly here. "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, **also**."

5.  **Conclusion**: Sense 2 is the correct choice.

6.  **Formulate Output**: The user wants a JSON object with the sense index.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.
    *   Sense 2 is index 2.
    *   Selected index: 2.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."
    *   Subject: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland"
    *   Object clause: "that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..."
    *   Action: The researchers performed a study/investigation and discovered a specific fact/result.
    *   Domain: Scientific research, medical science, genetics.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `find%2:40:02::` - come upon, as if by accident.
        *   *Mismatch:* Scientific researchers don't usually find things "by accident" in this specific phrasing ("found that..."). It implies a systematic process. "Happen/chance/bump" synonyms don't fit well here.

    *   **Sense 2:** `find%2:39:02::` - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of.
        *   *Synonyms:* detect, observe, discover, notice.
        *   *Examples:* "She detected high levels of lead..."; "We found traces of lead..."
        *   *Fit:* This fits very well. The researchers detected/observed a specific mutation in the tumors. However, let's look at other senses because the object here is a *fact* (a "that" clause), not necessarily a physical object like "traces of lead".

    *   **Sense 3:** `find%2:40:00::` - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost.
        *   *Mismatch:* The genes weren't "lost". This is about discovering a fact/mutation.

    *   **Sense 4:** `find%2:32:00::` - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study.
        *   *Synonyms:* determine, find out, ascertain.
        *   *Examples:* "find the product of two numbers"; "The physicist who found the elusive particle..." (Wait, the example "found the elusive particle" sounds like discovery, but the gloss says "establish after... study").
        *   *Context fit:* The sentence structure "Researchers ... have found that [fact]" is a classic construction for reporting the results of a scientific study/investigation. The gloss "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" matches the context of scientific research perfectly. They analyzed 38 tumors and established the fact about the mutation rate.

    *   **Sense 5:** `find%2:31:10::` - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions...
        *   *Mismatch:* Scientific research is not based on emotion/intuition.

    *   **Sense 6:** `find%2:39:01::` - perceive or be contemporaneous with.
        *   *Mismatch:* Not witnessing an event in time (like an election).

    *   **Sense 7:** `find%2:40:01::` - get something or somebody for a specific purpose.
        *   *Mismatch:* Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 8:** `find%2:36:00::` - make a discovery, make a new finding.
        *   *Synonyms:* discover.
        *   *Examples:* "Roentgen discovered X-rays"; "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
        *   *Fit:* This is a strong contender. It relates to scientific discovery. However, the object in the text is a "that-clause" (a finding/fact), whereas the examples for Sense 8 often involve discovering *entities* (X-rays, particles). Sense 4 seems more precise for "found *that*..." results from a study.

    *   **Sense 9:** `find%2:31:09::` - make a discovery.
        *   *Synonyms:* discover.
        *   *Examples:* "She found that he had lied to her..."
        *   *Fit:* This also takes a "that" clause. Let's compare Sense 4 and Sense 9.
        *   Sense 4 gloss: "establish after a calculation, investigation...". This emphasizes the *process* of study mentioned in the context ("Researchers... have found that..."). It implies establishing a result through study.
        *   Sense 9 gloss: "make a discovery". The example "She found that he had lied" is more about uncovering a specific truth, often interpersonal or situational.
        *   Sense 2 gloss: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "She detected high levels of lead". This fits the medical/lab context well.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 4 vs Sense 8/9.
        *   Context: "Researchers ... have found that..."
        *   This is a scientific conclusion. They performed an analysis (implied by "Researchers" and the statistics "23 of 38").
        *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". This is the definition of what researchers do when they publish a finding like "we found that X was Y". Synonyms: "determine, find out, ascertain".
        *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Synonyms: "detect, observe, discover, notice".
        *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding". Synonyms: "discover".

    *   Distinction between Sense 4 and Sense 8/2 in WordNet hierarchies:
        *   Sense 4 (`find%2:32:00::`) belongs to the "cognition" or "reasoning" domain (establishing facts via study). It maps to verbs like `determine`, `ascertain`.
        *   Sense 8 (`find%2:36:00::`) maps to `discover` (creative act of finding something new).
        *   Sense 2 (`find%2:39:02::`) maps to `observe`, `detect` (perception).

    *   The sentence says: "Researchers ... have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..."
    *   This is a result of a study/survey of tumors.
    *   The structure "find that [clause]" usually maps to Sense 4 (establish a fact) or Sense 9.
    *   Let's look at the Sense 4 example again: "The physicist who found the elusive particle...". This looks like discovery, but the gloss emphasizes the "establishment" aspect.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 example: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water". This is very close semantically to "found that... chromosome 17 was mutated".
    *   However, let's look at the "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" aspect of Sense 4. The context explicitly mentions "Researchers" and statistical data ("23 of 38"). This implies a systematic study/survey.
    *   The phrase "found that..." introducing a proposition is the key.
    *   In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
        *   Sense 4 (`find%2:32:00::`) usually handles "find that..." in the sense of determining a result. Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain.
        *   Sense 2 (`find%2:39:02::`) is often "find [object]". Examples: "find traces of lead".
        *   Sense 8 (`find%2:36:00::`) is "make a discovery". Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays".
        *   Sense 9 (`find%2:31:09::`) is "make a discovery". Examples: "She found that he had lied to her". This is the "discover a fact" sense.

    *   Let's try to disambiguate Sense 4 vs Sense 9.
        *   Sense 4: "establish after... study". This implies rigorous methodology. "Researchers... found that..." fits "establish after study" perfectly.
        *   Sense 9: "make a discovery". The example is about lying. It's less specific to scientific study.

    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 4: `determine, find out, ascertain`.
    *   Context: "Researchers ... have found that...". This means they *determined* this fact through their research.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. Synonyms: `detect, observe`. "Researchers observed that..." fits, but "found that" usually implies the conclusion/determination rather than the raw act of observation/detection. You detect the mutation, you find/determine that it exists in 23 of 38 tumors. The "that" clause suggests a proposition was established.

    *   Let's check Sense 8. "Make a discovery". Usually involves discovering a physical thing or a phenomenon (X-rays). Here they discovered a statistical fact.

    *   Comparison of glosses:
        *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
        *   The text describes a survey/study of 38 breast tumors. The result ("found that...") was established after this survey.
        *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 4.

    *   Let's double check Sense 2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
        *   Example: "We found traces of lead". (Direct object).
        *   The target sentence: "found *that* [clause]".
        *   While Sense 2 mentions "determine the ... fact of", Sense 4 is explicitly defined by the "calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" process, which is explicitly the context here (Researcher context).

    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the most precise fit for a scientific study determining a result.

    *   Let's consider Sense 9 again. "make a discovery". Example "She found that he had lied to her".
    *   Sense 4 covers "The physicist who found the elusive particle".
    *   Is there a difference between "finding that X happened" (Sense 9) and "finding a result through study" (Sense 4)?
    *   The text is about "Researchers". The method is implied to be a study (implied by the statistics "23 of 38").
    *   Sense 4 is the best fit for "determine/ascertain via study".

    *   Let's refine the choice between 2 and 4.
        *   Sense 2 (`find%2:39:02::`) corresponds to "perception" verbs like `detect`, `observe`, `notice`.
        *   Sense 4 (`find%2:32:00::`) corresponds to "cognition" verbs like `determine`, `ascertain`.
        *   Did the researchers *observe* the mutation (Sense 2) or *determine* the prevalence/fact (Sense 4)?
        *   The clause "found that ... one copy ... was mutated" reports the conclusion of their investigation.
        *   "We found that X is Y" is standard for Sense 4 (determine).
        *   "We found X" is standard for Sense 2 (detect/observe).
        *   Since the object is a `that`-clause (a fact/conclusion), Sense 4 is the linguistic match for "establish after a calculation, investigation...".

    *   Wait, Sense 8 also has "make a discovery".
    *   But Sense 4's gloss "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" is the exact description of the activity in the text.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the winner.

    *   One last check: Sense 1 (`find%2:40:02::`) is accidental. No.
    *   Sense 3 (`find%2:40:00::`) is lost items. No.
    *   Sense 8 (`find%2:36:00::`) is "make a discovery". While true they made a discovery, the specific sense of *establishing a fact* after a study is Sense 4. Sense 8 is often used for "finding gold" or "finding a new species" (concrete discovery). Finding a *correlation* or *statistical fact* fits Sense 4 better.

    *   Selection: Sense 4.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: breast
Target surface form: breast
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=breast%1:08:01:: | definition=the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen | synonyms=chest | examples=he beat his breast in anger
2. sense_key=breast%1:08:00:: | definition=either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman | synonyms=bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty
3. sense_key=breast%1:13:00:: | definition=meat carved from the breast of a fowl | synonyms=white meat
4. sense_key=breast%1:05:00:: | definition=the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma**: The target lemma is "breast". The surface form is "breast".
2.  **Analyze the context**: The context discusses cancer research, specifically the p53 gene. The specific sentence is: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..." The phrase is "breast tumors". The word "breast" modifies "tumors". It refers to tumors located in the breast.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen" (synonyms: chest). This is a general anatomical region common to men and women (and animals, to some extent), but usually refers to the chest wall itself rather than the glandular organ often associated with cancer in this context.
    *   Sense 2: "either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman" (synonyms: bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty). This refers specifically to the mammary glands/organs. Breast cancer almost invariably refers to cancer of the mammary gland. While men can get breast cancer, the context mentions "women" later ("predispose women to the cancer"), reinforcing the association with the specific organ found in women (though men have rudimentary ones).
    *   Sense 3: "meat carved from the breast of a fowl" (synonyms: white meat). Food context. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest". Animal anatomy. Not applicable.

4.  **Disambiguate**:
    *   The context talks about "breast tumors" and "breast cancer".
    *   In medical contexts regarding humans, "breast" usually refers to the mammary gland (Sense 2) rather than just the chest wall (Sense 1).
    *   The text later says "predispose women to the cancer".
    *   Sense 1 ("chest") is too broad and implies the ribcage/thorax area generally. Sense 2 specifies the glandular organ. Breast cancer originates in the cells of the milk ducts or lobules (glandular tissue).
    *   Therefore, the tumors are located in the specific organ defined in Sense 2.

5.  **Select the best sense**: Sense 2 fits best. It describes the specific anatomical organ (mammary gland) where breast tumors occur, distinguishing it from the general chest area.

6.  **Format output**: JSON object `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one **copy** of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."
    *   Domain: Genetics/Biology/Medicine.
    *   Specific phrase: "one copy of chromosome 17".
    *   Concept: Humans (and other diploid organisms) typically have two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent). Here, "copy" refers to one of the specific instances of chromosome 17 in the cell's nucleus.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (copy%1:10:00::):** Definition: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)". Synonyms: transcript.
        *   Evaluation: This refers to documents, transcripts, legal records. It does not fit the biological context of chromosomes.

    *   **Sense 2 (copy%1:06:00::):** Definition: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress", "the clone was a copy of its ancestor".
        *   Evaluation: This is a general sense of "copy" as a duplicate. In genetics, chromosomes are copied (replicated), and organisms have copies of chromosomes. While the WordNet definition is quite general ("thing made to be similar or identical"), it captures the essence of having a duplicate set (chromosomes come in pairs, copies of each other). In biological usage, "a copy of a chromosome" fits the idea of a thing that is identical (or nearly identical) to the other chromosome in the pair. This seems the most plausible fit among the options, even if the specific biological nuance (genetic replica) isn't explicitly detailed in the examples provided in the gloss.

    *   **Sense 3 (copy%1:10:01::):** Definition: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials". Synonyms: written matter.
        *   Evaluation: This refers to publishing/printing (copywriting, manuscript). Not relevant to genetics.

    *   **Sense 4 (copy%1:10:02::):** Definition: "material suitable for a journalistic account". Examples: "catastrophes make good copy".
        *   Evaluation: This refers to news reporting/journalism. Not relevant to genetics.

3.  **Refine the choice:**
    *   The word is used in a biological sense: "one copy of chromosome 17".
    *   Sense 2 is the only physical object sense that isn't restricted to documents or journalism. It defines a copy as a thing similar or identical to another. Chromosomes exist in pairs (diploid), where one is inherited from the mother and one from the father. They are often referred to as "copies" of the chromosome (though homologous is the technical term, "copy" is standard English usage in genetics when talking about gene dosage or mutations affecting one allele/chromosome).
    *   Is there a better fit? None of the provided WordNet senses are specific to genetics (WordNet is sometimes lacking in specialized domain senses). However, Sense 2 covers the semantic space of "duplicate" or "replica". A chromosome in a pair is a replica/duplicate structure of the chromosome type (e.g., Chromosome 17).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice by elimination and general semantic fit.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 2.

5.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Lemma: spot
    *   Surface form: spot
    *   Context: "...one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is about genetics and chromosomes.
    *   Specifically, it mentions "chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."
    *   Here, "spot" refers to a specific location on a chromosome (chromosome 17).
    *   It's a physical location defined by its position on a larger entity (the chromosome).

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region` | `synonyms=topographic point, place` | `examples=this is a nice place for a picnic...`
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to a location or a "place" in a general sense. While often used for geography ("topographic point"), the core meaning is a specific point/location within a region. A chromosome can be seen as a region (a linear stretch of DNA), and a gene location is a specific point on it. The metaphor of mapping genes (genetic map) aligns with the "topographic point" concept. It denotes position.

    *   **Sense 2:** `definition=a short section or illustration... that is often used for advertising`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. Not related to media/advertising.

    *   **Sense 3:** `definition=an outstanding characteristic`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. It's a physical location on the chromosome, not an abstract characteristic.

    *   **Sense 4:** `definition=a blemish made by dirt`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. It's not a stain or dirt mark.

    *   **Sense 5:** `definition=a small contrasting part of something` | `synonyms=speckle...`
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a visual marking (like a leopard's spot or a bald spot). While a mutation *could* look like a spot under a microscope, the context says "mutated at the spot *where gene p53 lies*". This implies location/position rather than a visual texture or marking. However, in genetics, specific loci are often called spots (e.g., on a microarray), but the context here emphasizes the *location* "where gene p53 lies".

    *   **Sense 6:** `definition=a section of an entertainment...`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** `definition=a business establishment for entertainment`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 8:** `definition=a job in an organization`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 9:** `definition=a slight attack of illness`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 10:** `definition=a small piece or quantity of something`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. "A spot of tea" is quantity. Here it is a locus.

    *   **Sense 11:** `definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 12:** `definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam...`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 13:** `definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 14:** `definition=an act that brings discredit...`
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

4.  **Refine Choice:**
    *   The choice is primarily between Sense 1 (Location/Place) and Sense 5 (Small part/mark).
    *   The text says: "mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies".
    *   If it were Sense 5, it would likely describe the visual appearance of the mutation or a distinct patch. However, the phrasing "at the spot where..." strongly implies location/locus.
    *   Sense 1's definition is "a point located with respect to surface features of some region". While "chromosome" isn't a geographical region, "spot" is used metaphorically here to mean a specific location or point on the chromosome. Geneticists talk about "loci" (places).
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 synonyms: "topographic point, place".
    *   Let's look at Sense 5 synonyms: "speckle, dapple, patch, fleck".
    *   "The gene lies at this *place*" (Sense 1) fits better than "The gene lies at this *patch*" (Sense 5).
    *   The sentence structure "at the spot where [entity] lies" functions as a locative prepositional phrase.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. It captures the locative semantics required by the preposition "at" and the relative clause defining the position.

    *   *Self-Correction/Check:* Is there a specific "location" sense? WordNet usually groups generic location senses under Sense 1 (topographic point) even if the region isn't strictly land. For example, "this is a nice spot for a picnic". The chromosome is the region; the gene's locus is the spot.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region".
    *   Context: "mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies".
    *   Meaning: A specific point/location on the chromosome.
    *   This aligns with Sense 1.

    *   Let's check Sense 5 again: "a small contrasting part of something". Is a gene location a "contrasting part"? Not necessarily. It's just a location. A "bald spot" (Sense 5 example) is a contrasting patch. A "leopard's spot" is a mark. A gene locus is an abstract point defined by base pairs, functioning as a location. Sense 1 is the intended meaning for "location" or "position" in a physical/metaphorical space.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct disambiguation. It refers to a specific location or locus.

5.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   Selected index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
I need to disambiguate the word "say" in the context:

"The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Let me analyze the context:
- The scientists are making a statement/reporting a finding
- They are expressing their conclusion or interpretation based on evidence
- It's a factual statement about their research findings

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "express in words" - generic statement of saying something
2. "report or maintain" - alleging or averring something, making a claim
3. "express a supposition" - hypothetical "let's say"
4. "have or contain a certain wording or form" - like "what does the law say?"
5. "give instructions to or direct somebody" - commanding
6. "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way" - pronunciation
7. "communicate or express nonverbally" - not applicable
8. "utter aloud" - just saying something aloud like "Hello"
9. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - expressing opinion
10. "recite or repeat a fixed text" - not applicable
11. "indicate" - like a clock saying noon

The scientists are reporting their findings/conclusions. They are making a claim about their research. This seems closest to either:
- Sense 1: "express in words" - general stating
- Sense 2: "report or maintain" - alleging/averring

The context shows scientists reporting research findings and making a claim about what their research shows. They are maintaining/reporting a conclusion based on evidence.

Sense 2 with synonyms "allege, aver" and definition "report or maintain" with examples like "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" seems appropriate for scientists reporting findings.

Sense 1 is more general - just expressing something in words, like "He said that he wanted to marry her."

The scientists are not just casually saying something; they are reporting/maintaining a scientific conclusion. The example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" in sense 2 is similar - reporting a judgment about a situation.

I think sense 2 is the best fit because:
- The scientists are reporting/maintaining a finding
- They are making a claim based on evidence
- It's similar to the example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - stating a judgment about a situation based on observation

So the answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "often" in this sentence:

"The scientists say that since breast cancer **often** strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee

This sense emphasizes frequency with short intervals between occurrences. The example "we often met over a cup of coffee" suggests repeated actions happening regularly.

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much

This sense seems to relate more to quantity or degree, with examples about "not drinking much" or "not traveling much." This doesn't seem to fit well with our context.

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances | synonyms=not provided | examples=not provided

This sense focuses on occurrence across multiple cases or instances, rather than frequency over time.

Now, let's look at the context more carefully:
"The scientists say that since breast cancer **often** strikes multiple members of certain families..."

In this context, "often" is being used to describe how frequently breast cancer affects multiple family members across different families. It's saying that in many cases or instances, when we look at families, breast cancer strikes multiple members.

This is not about short intervals of time (sense 1), nor is it about great quantities (sense 2). It's about the tendency or likelihood of breast cancer occurring in multiple family members across many cases or instances.

The statement is talking about a pattern observed across many families - in many instances, breast cancer affects multiple members of a family. This aligns well with sense 3: "in many cases or instances."

Sense 1 would be more appropriate for something like "She often visits the doctor" (regular frequency with short intervals).
Sense 2 would be more appropriate for something like "He drinks often" (great quantity or frequency).

But our context is about the statistical tendency across many cases, which is captured by sense 3.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "often" in this context is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strike
Target surface form: strikes
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strike%2:35:00:: | definition=deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon | examples=The teacher struck the child; the opponent refused to strike
2. sense_key=strike%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=affect, impress, move | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd
3. sense_key=strike%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=hit, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
4. sense_key=strike%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=hit | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
5. sense_key=strike%2:32:00:: | definition=indicate (a certain time) by striking | examples=The clock struck midnight; Just when I entered, the clock struck
6. sense_key=strike%2:35:02:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
7. sense_key=strike%2:41:00:: | definition=stop work in order to press demands | synonyms=walk out | examples=The auto workers are striking for higher wages; The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met
8. sense_key=strike%2:42:00:: | definition=touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly | synonyms=fall, shine | examples=Light fell on her face; The sun shone on the fields
9. sense_key=strike%2:41:02:: | definition=attain | synonyms=come to | examples=The horse finally struck a pace
10. sense_key=strike%2:35:03:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=hit | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
11. sense_key=strike%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp | examples=strike an arc
12. sense_key=strike%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across, chance on | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
13. sense_key=strike%2:36:00:: | definition=produce by ignition or a blow | examples=strike fire from the flintstone; strike a match
14. sense_key=strike%2:35:08:: | definition=remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line | synonyms=scratch, expunge, excise | examples=Please strike this remark from the record; scratch that remark
15. sense_key=strike%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=hit, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
16. sense_key=strike%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=hit | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
17. sense_key=strike%2:38:08:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, take, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
18. sense_key=strike%2:36:02:: | definition=form by stamping, punching, or printing | synonyms=mint, coin | examples=strike coins; strike a medal
19. sense_key=strike%2:35:10:: | definition=smooth with a strickle | synonyms=strickle | examples=strickle the grain in the measure
20. sense_key=strike%2:35:09:: | definition=pierce with force | examples=The bullet struck her thigh; The icy wind struck through our coats
21. sense_key=strike%2:31:00:: | definition=arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing | examples=strike a balance; strike a bargain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Target word: "strikes"
    *   Subject: "breast cancer" (a disease/medical condition)
    *   Object: "multiple members of certain families" (people)
    *   Meaning: Breast cancer affects/afflicts people. It happens to them suddenly or unexpectedly, or at least it manifests in them.

2.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**
    *   1. "deliver a sharp blow..." (physical hitting) - Metaphorical? Maybe, but usually "strike" for disease has a specific sense.
    *   2. "have an emotional or cognitive impact upon" (impress) - No, cancer isn't impressing people.
    *   3. "hit against; come into sudden contact with" (collide) - No, not a collision.
    *   4. "make a strategic, offensive, assault..." (military) - No.
    *   5. "indicate (a certain time) by striking" (clocks) - No.
    *   6. "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely" (hit) - Examples: "He was stricken with cancer". This fits perfectly. Diseases "strike" people.
    *   7. "stop work in order to press demands" (labor strike) - No.
    *   8. "touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly" (light/sound) - No.
    *   9. "attain" (strike a pace) - No.
    *   10. "produce by manipulating keys..." (music) - No.
    *   11. "cause to form (an electric arc)" - No.
    *   12. "find unexpectedly" (strike gold) - No.
    *   13. "produce by ignition or a blow" (match) - No.
    *   14. "remove by erasing..." - No.
    *   15. "cause to experience suddenly" (Panic struck me) - Close, but usually this refers to an emotion or state of mind affecting someone. Sense 6 specifically mentions affliction/adversity in the gloss ("afflict suddenly") and has the example "stricken with cancer".
    *   16. "drive something violently into a location" - No.
    *   17. "occupy or take on" - No.
    *   18. "form by stamping" - No.
    *   19. "smooth with a strickle" - No.
    *   20. "pierce with force" - No.
    *   21. "arrive at after reckoning..." - No.

3.  **Compare Sense 6 and Sense 15:**
    *   Sense 6: "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely". Synonyms: "hit". Examples: "He was stricken with cancer...".
    *   Sense 15: "cause to experience suddenly". Examples: "Panic struck me".

    The context is "breast cancer often strikes multiple members". This is the classic usage of disease affecting a person.
    Sense 6's definition "afflict suddenly" and example "stricken with cancer" make it the clear winner over Sense 15 (emotions/states like panic).

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 6.

5.  **Format Output:** JSON object {"sense_index": 6}.

provider: StreamLake