[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one <t>simple</t> reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 7. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: simple
    *   Target surface form: simple
    *   Context: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."
    *   Surrounding text: The text discusses the tension between "progressive education" (romantic, creative) and traditional disciplined instruction. It mentions that the education establishment fights against common sense. It contrasts "complex" reasons with "one simple reason".
    *   Phrase: "...one simple reason..."

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved"*
        *   Examples: "a simple problem; simple mechanisms".
        *   Context fit: The text explicitly contrasts "The reasons are complex" with "one simple reason". This suggests a structural or compositional simplicity – a single, uncomplicated factor amidst a web of complicated ones. A "simple reason" here is a basic, fundamental factor. It fits the antonymy with "complex".

    *   *Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated"*
        *   Synonyms: elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic.
        *   Examples: "an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson".
        *   Context fit: While related to Sense 1, Sense 2 often leans towards difficulty (easy vs. hard). Is the reason "easy"? Or is it "uncomplicated/fundamental"? The explicit contrast "complex... but... simple" strongly favors the structural definition (Sense 1) rather than the difficulty definition (Sense 2), though they are close. However, WordNet often distinguishes "not complex in structure" (Sense 1) from "easy to do/understand" (Sense 2). Here, the reason isn't necessarily "easy" (as in "elementary, my dear Watson"), it is just not convoluted. It is a singular, basic reason.

    *   *Sense 3: "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications"*
        *   Synonyms: bare, mere.
        *   Examples: "only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea".
        *   Context fit: Does "one simple reason" mean "one mere reason"? "One mere reason ought not to be underestimated" doesn't sound quite right. "Simple" here refers to the nature of the reason (uncomplicated), not the quantification or minimization (mere). If it meant "mere", it would usually be modified differently, e.g., "a simple mistake" (a mere mistake). Here, "simple reason" stands in contrast to "complex reasons".

    *   *Sense 4: "exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity"*
        *   Synonyms: childlike, wide-eyed.
        *   Context fit: Inapplicable. The reason is not a person.

    *   *Sense 5: "lacking mental capacity and subtlety"*
        *   Synonyms: dim-witted, simple-minded.
        *   Context fit: Inapplicable.

    *   *Sense 6: "(botany) of leaf shapes..."*
        *   Context fit: Inapplicable.

    *   *Sense 7: "unornamented"*
        *   Examples: "a simple country schoolhouse".
        *   Context fit: Inapplicable. The reason is not an object with physical ornamentation.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    The sentence contrasts "complex" and "simple".
    "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason..."
    This points directly to the definition involving the opposite of complex.
    Sense 1 definition: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved".
    Sense 2 definition: "easy and not involved or complicated".

    The distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 2 is subtle in WordNet 3.0/3.1.
    Sense 1 (adj.all) is structural: "a simple problem" (structure of the problem).
    Sense 2 (adj.all) is often regarding difficulty: "easy".
    In this context, the author is saying the reason is fundamental and singular (having few parts), not that it is "easy" in the sense of a task.
    The antonym "complex" is explicitly used in the text. Sense 1's definition explicitly mentions "not complex".
    Sense 1 examples: "a simple problem", "simple mechanisms".
    Sense 2 examples: "an elementary problem".

    Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy or typical usage.
    If something is simple vs complex, it falls under Sense 1.
    If something is simple vs hard/difficult, it falls under Sense 2.
    The text contrasts "complex reasons" vs "simple reason". This indicates the structural nature of the argument (many parts vs few parts).
    Therefore, Sense 1 is the precise fit.

4.  **Format the output:**
    {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple <t>reason</t> ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context:**
    *   Target: "reason" (noun).
    *   Context sentence: "The reasons are complex, but one simple <t>reason</t> ought not to be underestimated. 'Progressive education '... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses why the education establishment fights against common sense. It says the reasons (plural) are complex, but one simple reason (singular) shouldn't be underestimated. The reason given is that "Progressive education ... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `reason%1:16:00::` | Definition: a rational motive for a belief or action | Synonyms: ground | Examples: the reason that war was declared.
        *   *Analysis:* This fits the idea of a motive or justification for an action (fighting against common sense). The "reason" here is the motivation behind the education establishment's behavior.

    *   **Sense 2:** `reason%1:10:01::` | Definition: an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | Examples: the reason a steady state was never reached...
        *   *Analysis:* This is similar to cause/explanation. It often explains *why* a physical phenomenon happened.

    *   **Sense 3:** `reason%1:09:00::` | Definition: the capacity for rational thought... | Synonyms: understanding, intellect.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the mental faculty. "Use your reason." Not applicable here; the text isn't talking about thinking capacity.

    *   **Sense 4:** `reason%1:26:00::` | Definition: the state of having good sense and sound judgment | Synonyms: rationality.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to sanity or being reasonable. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 5:** `reason%1:10:00::` | Definition: a justification for something existing or happening | Synonyms: cause, grounds | Examples: he had no cause to complain.
        *   *Analysis:* This is very close to Sense 1. It focuses on justification or cause. The reason is why the establishment fights.

    *   **Sense 6:** `reason%1:09:01::` | Definition: a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | Examples: there is reason to believe...
        *   *Analysis:* This is often used in phrases like "reason to believe". It's about evidence for a conclusion. Here, the text is explaining a cause/motive for an action taken by a group, not necessarily evidence for a proposition.

3.  **Distinguish between the most likely candidates (Sense 1 and Sense 5):**

    *   Context: "The reasons are complex... one simple reason... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers."
    *   What is being explained? The action/stance of the education establishment fighting against common sense.
    *   Why do they do it? Because it's more agreeable to them.
    *   Is this a "rational motive for a belief or action" (Sense 1) or a "justification for something existing or happening" (Sense 5)?
    *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy/structure subtly implied.
    *   Sense 1 (reason%1:16:00::) is defined as a "motive". A motive is an internal drive. The teachers find it agreeable -> that is their motive.
    *   Sense 5 (reason%1:10:00::) is defined as a "justification... cause". This often leans towards the event itself or an external justification.
    *   Let's check the synonyms and examples again.
        *   Sense 1 Example: "the reason that war was declared". This is an action. The reason here is the motive for the action.
        *   Sense 5 Example: "he had no cause to complain". "They had good reason to rejoice."
    *   The text says: "one simple reason... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers".
    *   This sounds like a *motive* or a *cause*.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon". This is distinct. "The reason a steady state was never reached was that..." This is an explanatory cause.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "a rational motive". Is "progressive education is more agreeable" a rational motive? Yes, it explains the behavior.
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 5 more closely. Sense 1 is under the "motive" branch? Sense 5 is under the "justification" or "cause" branch?
    *   Actually, WordNet 3.0/3.1 distinctions:
        *   Sense 1: `reason` -- a rational motive for a belief or action. "The reason that war was declared."
        *   Sense 5: `reason` -- a justification for something existing or happening; "he had no cause to complain"; "they had good reason to rejoice".
    *   The context is explaining the *behavior* (fighting against common sense) of the education establishment.
    *   "The reasons are complex..." -> Why do they fight?
    *   "...one simple reason..." -> Because it's agreeable.
    *   This fits "cause" or "motive".
    *   Usually, when discussing human decisions or institutional behaviors, Sense 1 (motive) or Sense 5 (justification/cause) are the contenders.
    *   In WordNet, Sense 1 (`reason%1:16:00::`) is often the default for "the reason why [subject] [verb]".
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action".
        *   Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening".
    *   "Progressive education is far more interesting..." serves as the *motive* for the action (fighting against common sense). It is the "why".
    *   Often, Sense 1 is used for the specific explanation of an agent's action. Sense 5 often overlaps, but the examples for Sense 5 ("reason to rejoice", "cause to complain") involve "reason to [infinitive]".
    *   The sentence structure here is: "The reason [copula] [NP]". "One simple reason is..."
    *   Compare to Sense 1 example: "the reason that war was declared".
    *   The context is about the *cause* of the establishment's stance.
    *   Sense 2 ("explanation of the cause") is usually for natural phenomena or logical outcomes, not necessarily agent motives.
    *   Between Sense 1 and Sense 5, Sense 1 seems slightly better suited for a "motive" driving human/agent behavior (the establishment). The teachers have a motive (it's agreeable). Thus, this is the reason for their action.
    *   Let's check the indexing provided in the prompt.
        *   1: rational motive...
        *   5: justification... synonyms: cause...
    *   Many WSD datasets map "The reason X happened is Y" to Sense 1 or Sense 5.
    *   However, WordNet often distinguishes Sense 1 as the primary "why" for an action taken by an entity.
    *   Let's verify against the "cause" synonym in Sense 5. If I say "The reason for the accident was ice", that's a cause. If I say "The reason he left was anger", that's a motive.
    *   Here: "The reason [they fight] is [it is agreeable to teachers]". This is a motive (internal state of agreeableness leading to action).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the strongest fit. It fits the "motive" aspect of human behavior.

    *   Let's double check Sense 2. "explanation of the cause". Example: "The reason a steady state was never reached...". This is a mechanistic explanation.
    *   Let's double check Sense 5. "justification... cause". Example: "they had good reason to rejoice". The construction "have reason to [verb]" is typical for Sense 5. The text uses "one simple reason is...".
    *   Sense 1 example: "the reason that war was declared". This matches the structure "The reason... is..." (implicitly).
    *   The text explains the motive behind the establishment's resistance. It is a rational (in their view, or structurally rational) motive for their action.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice.

    *   Wait, let me look closer at Sense 2. "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon". Is the establishment's fighting a phenomenon? Yes. Is the sentence providing an explanation? Yes. But "motive" (Sense 1) is more specific to agents. The text contrasts "complex reasons" with "one simple reason". This implies underlying causes/motives. Since agents (teachers/establishment) are involved, "motive" is the precise semantic type.
    *   Sense 1 index: 1.

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 5. "justification for something existing or happening". Synonym: "cause".
    *   If I replace "reason" with "cause": "The causes are complex... one simple cause ought not to be underestimated." This works perfectly.
    *   If I replace "reason" with "motive": "The motives are complex... one simple motive..." This also works.
    *   However, the definition of Sense 1 is "rational motive". Is "it's more agreeable" a *rational* motive? Yes, rational in the sense of understandable or logical self-interest.
    *   Sense 5 definition: "justification". Is "it's more agreeable" a justification? It explains the behavior, but "motive" feels slightly more appropriate for the internal driver of an agent.
    *   Let's check SemCor or similar mapping conventions.
    *   In SemCor, "reason" for "why something happened" is often Sense 1 (if agentive) or Sense 2 (if non-agentive/explanatory).
    *   Sense 5 is often "reason to [verb]" or "grounds".
    *   The sentence is "The reasons are complex...".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. Synonyms: "ground". "The grounds for their declaration". "The reason that war was declared".
    *   Let's look at Sense 5. Synonyms: "cause", "grounds". "He had no cause to complain".
    *   There is overlap. But Sense 1 is listed first in this candidate list (and usually in WN). It is the general sense of "cause/motive".
    *   The distinction between 1 and 5 in WordNet:
        *   1: `reason` (n) a rational motive for a belief or action.
        *   5: `reason` (n) a justification for something existing or happening.
    *   Motive implies an agent. Justification implies a defense or a warrant.
    *   The teachers aren't justifying it; the author is explaining the *cause* (motive) of their behavior.
    *   The text says: "The education establishment will fight against common sense... The reasons are complex..."
    *   This refers to the *cause* of the fight.
    *   Does "motive" fit better than "justification"? Yes. The teachers find it agreeable. That is a motive.
    *   So Sense 1 is the agentive cause.
    *   Sense 2 is the mechanistic explanation ("The reason the bridge fell was rust").
    *   Sense 5 is often the "grounds" sense.
    *   I will stick with Sense 1. It captures "motive" which fits "agreeable to teachers". Teachers are agents acting on preferences (motives).

    Final check:
    Target: reason.
    Context: explaining why the education establishment acts the way it does.
    Definition 1: a rational motive for a belief or action. (Fits: action = fighting; motive = agreeableness).
    Definition 5: a justification for something existing or happening. (Fits, but "justification" often implies a normative defense, whereas "motive" fits the descriptive explanation of behavior better here).
    Definition 2: an explanation of the cause... (Usually non-agentive phenomenon).

    I choose Sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: Progressive
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "<t>Progressive</t> education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "progressive"
    *   Target surface form: "Progressive" (capitalized because it starts the sentence/quote).
    *   Context snippet: "..."<t>Progressive</t> education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    *   Key phrase: "Progressive education".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1:* `progressive%3:00:01::` | Definition: favoring or promoting progress | Examples: progressive schools.
        *   Analysis: This sense relates to education ("progressive schools"). It refers to educational methods that move away from traditional rote learning towards something newer or more "progressive".

    *   *Sense 2:* `progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00` | Definition: favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | Synonyms: reformist, reform-minded.
        *   Analysis: This is usually political (liberal/reformist). While educational movements can have political alignments, the specific term "Progressive education" usually refers to a specific pedagogical movement (Dewey, etc.), not just general political liberalism, though they are related. However, "progressive schools" is the example in Sense 1, making Sense 1 more specific to the domain.

    *   *Sense 3:* `progressive%3:00:02::` | Definition: (of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases...
        *   Analysis: Clearly incorrect. The context is education, not tax policy.

    *   *Sense 4:* `progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00` | Definition: gradually advancing in extent.
        *   Analysis: Could be used in sentences like "progressive loss of memory," but "Progressive education" is a specific compound noun/term. It doesn't mean education that is gradually advancing in extent.

    *   *Sense 5:* `progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00` | Definition: (of a card game or a dance)...
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   *Sense 6:* `progressive%5:00:00:active:02` | Definition: advancing in severity | Examples: progressive paralysis.
        *   Analysis: Medical context. Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 more closely:**
    *   The phrase "Progressive education" (often associated with John Dewey, child-centered learning, whole language, etc.) fits perfectly with Sense 1's example "progressive schools".
    *   Sense 2 refers to "reform (often by government action)". While "Progressive education" was a reform movement, the specific WordNet sense for education is Sense 1. Sense 2 is labeled `liberal` and usually applies to politics/policy, not specifically the pedagogical style "progressive education".
    *   The context contrasts "Progressive education" with "disciplined instruction" and mentions "creativity" vs. "common sense" (traditional methods). This aligns with the definition of Sense 1: "favoring or promoting progress" (in educational methods), exemplified by "progressive schools".

    Let's check WordNet 3.0/3.1 mappings if possible mentally.
    *   Sense 1 (adjective): favoring or promoting progress. Example: "progressive schools".
    *   Sense 2 (adjective): favoring or promoting reform (often by government action). Synonyms: reformist, reform-minded.

    The text discusses a specific type of education methodology ("personality development", minimizing tests). This is the domain of "progressive schools" (Sense 1). Sense 2 is more about political stance (a progressive candidate, a progressive policy).

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct fit because the context specifically discusses a style of education ("Progressive education") that favors or promotes progress (new methods) over tradition, and Sense 1 explicitly lists "progressive schools" as an example. Sense 2 is politically oriented.

5.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   Index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive <t>education</t> "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "education" and the surface form is "education".
2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   "Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood..."
    *   "American education's future will be determined..."
    *   "The education establishment will fight..."
    *   "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   The context discusses a system, a field, or a process involving teachers, instruction, schools ("education establishment"), and the acquisition of knowledge/skills.
    *   Specifically, the target instance marked by `<t>education</t>` is in the phrase "Progressive education".
    *   This phrase refers to a philosophy, movement, or system of education. It's contrasted with "disciplined instruction".
    *   It implies an institutionalized activity or a field of study/practice.

3.  **Analyze candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1 (education%1:04:00::)**: Definition: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill". Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy. Examples: "he received no formal education".
        *   *Fit*: This fits well. "Progressive education" refers to a method or set of activities involved in teaching. It is a system of instruction.
    *   **Sense 2 (education%1:09:00::)**: Definition: "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction". Examples: "it was clear that he had a very broad education".
        *   *Fit*: This refers to the *result* (knowledge) held by a person. "Progressive knowledge acquired by learning" doesn't make sense as a phrase. "Progressive education" is a type of schooling/pedagogy, not a type of knowledge result.
    *   **Sense 3 (education%1:09:01::)**: Definition: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge". Examples: "education is a preparation for life".
        *   *Fit*: This is very similar to Sense 1, but focuses on the *process of acquiring* (from the learner's perspective) rather than the *activities of instructing* (from the teacher's perspective). However, "Progressive education" is usually defined as a pedagogical movement/philosophy (activities/teaching methods) rather than just the mental process of acquiring knowledge.
    *   **Sense 4 (education%1:04:01::)**: Definition: "the profession of teaching".
        *   *Fit*: "Progressive profession of teaching"? No. While teachers are mentioned, "education" here refers to the domain/activity, not the profession itself as a job title/category.
    *   **Sense 5 (education%1:07:01::)**: Definition: "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)". Synonyms: breeding.
        *   *Fit*: "Progressive breeding"? No. Clearly incorrect.
    *   **Sense 6 (education%1:14:00::)**: Definition: "the United States federal department..."
        *   *Fit*: "Progressive Department of Education"? No. Incorrect.

4.  **Disambiguate between Sense 1 and Sense 3**:
    *   Sense 1 emphasizes "activities of educating or instructing... impart knowledge". Synonyms include "pedagogy", "didactics".
    *   Sense 3 emphasizes "gradual process of acquiring knowledge".
    *   The phrase "Progressive education" (a specific movement) refers to a pedagogical approach—activities, methods, and philosophy of instruction. It aligns with "pedagogy" or "didactics".
    *   The context mentions "disciplined instruction" as the alternative. Instruction is a synonym for Sense 1.
    *   The text talks about what teachers do ("agreeable to teachers", "minimize tests"). This points to the *activities of instructing* (Sense 1) rather than just the internal process of acquiring knowledge (Sense 3). "Progressive education" is a label for a system/movement of instruction.
    *   WordNet often distinguishes between the activity (Sense 1) and the process/result (Sense 2/3). Since "Progressive education" is a named pedagogical movement/philosophy involving specific activities and methods of teaching, Sense 1 (activities/pedagogy) is the best fit.
    *   Wait, let me double-check the specific tagging guidelines for "education". Often, "American education" (mentioned earlier) refers to the system/field. "Progressive education" refers to the method/movement.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 examples: "he received no formal education". This encompasses the schooling process.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 examples: "education is a preparation for life".
    *   The text contrasts "Progressive education" with "disciplined instruction". "Instruction" is a synonym for Sense 1.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the strongest match.

5.  **Final Selection**: Sense 1.
    *   Definition: the activities of educating or instructing.
    *   Synonyms include pedagogy/didactics.
    *   "Progressive education" is a pedagogical method/activity.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   The phrase is "as it was once called".
    *   The target word "once" modifies the time when it was called that.
    *   The implication is that it used to be called "Progressive education" (perhaps implying it isn't called that anymore, or that the name was used in the past).
    *   The context contrasts a past state/label with the current situation or implies a historical label.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: "on one occasion" (synonyms: one time, in one case). Example: "once I ran into her". This refers to a specific single event happening. Does "as it was once called" mean "as it was called on a single occasion"? No, it implies a general state in the past. It doesn't mean they called it that one specific Tuesday. It means that was the name used in a past era.
    *   **Sense 2**: "as soon as". Example: "once we are home, we can rest". This is a conditional/temporal conjunction usage. Here, "once" connects a condition to a result. In the sentence "as it was once called", "once" is an adverb modifying "called", not a conjunction starting a clause like "once it is called...". So this doesn't fit.
    *   **Sense 3**: "at a previous time" (synonyms: formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst). Example: "at one time he loved her". This fits perfectly. "As it was formerly called". "As it was at a previous time called". The label "Progressive education" belonged to a past period (or at least started there).

3.  **Compare context to senses**:
    *   "As it was [formerly] called" fits the meaning best.
    *   "As it was [on one occasion] called" doesn't make sense (implies a single utterance).
    *   "As it was [as soon as] called" is grammatically incorrect here.

4.  **Select the index**:
    *   Sense 1 index: 1 (on one occasion)
    *   Sense 2 index: 2 (as soon as)
    *   Sense 3 index: 3 (at a previous time)

    The correct sense is "at a previous time", which corresponds to index 3.

5.  **Formulate output**:
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 3}`

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Lemma: "call"
    *   Surface form: "called"
    *   Context segment: "\"Progressive education \"(as it was once <t>called</t>)"
    *   Sentence: "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses "Progressive education".
    *   The phrase is "as it was once called".
    *   This is a passive construction.
    *   The word "called" is being used to refer to the name or term applied to a concept or movement.
    *   The subject is "it" (referring to "Progressive education").
    *   The complement is implied (the name "Progressive education").

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to (name).*
        *   Examples: "They named their son David", "The new school was named after..."
        *   Fit: This sense is about giving something a specific name. "Progressive education" is a specific term/name given to a movement. The phrase "as it was once called" refers to the label/name given to the educational philosophy. This seems very strong.

    *   *Sense 2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality.*
        *   Examples: "He called me a bastard", "She called her children lazy".
        *   Fit: This is about labeling someone with a descriptive adjective or insult (predicate nominative). "Progressive education" is a proper name/term, not just an adjective describing a quality like "lazy" or "bastard". This is not the right fit.

    *   *Sense 3: get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone.*
        *   Fit: No, this is not about telephone communication.

    *   *Sense 4: utter a sudden loud cry.*
        *   Fit: No.

    *   *Sense 5: order, request, or command to come.*
        *   Fit: No.

    *   *Sense 6: pay a brief visit.*
        *   Fit: No.

    *   *Sense 27: consider or regard as being.*
        *   Examples: "I would not call her beautiful".
        *   Fit: This is for estimating/evaluating (calling X Y). While "Progressive education" is a noun phrase, the usage "as it was once called" usually refers to the naming convention rather than an estimation of quality. However, sometimes there's a blur between naming and terming. Let's look closely at Sense 1 vs Sense 27.
        *   Sense 1 is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
        *   Sense 27 is "consider or regard as being".
        *   "Progressive education" is a specific name/term used to identify the movement. The text says "as it was once called", implying that was the name used for it. It fits the "naming" function better than the "consideration" function. If the text said "I would call it a disaster," that would be Sense 2 or 27. Here, "Progressive education" is the established label.

    *   *Re-evaluating Sense 1 definition:* "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
        *   "Progressive education" functions as a proper name for a movement (like "The New Deal" or "The Renaissance").
        *   The example "The new school was named after..." fits the passive voice structure seen in the context ("as it was once called").

    *   Let's check if there is another sense regarding "terming" or "referring to".
    *   Sense 1 synonyms include "name".
    *   Sense 2 is "ascribe a quality...". This is often "call [someone] [adjective/noun acting as adjective]".
    *   "Progressive education" is a noun phrase title.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    *   Let's check the other senses just in case.
    *   Sense 7: call a meeting. No.
    *   Sense 12: greet/address. No.
    *   Sense 23: order/request. No.

    *   Is there a sense for "refer to as"?
    *   Sense 1 covers proper names. "Progressive education" is a specific name of a theory/movement.
    *   Sense 2 covers descriptions.
    *   Sense 27 covers judgments ("I wouldn't call her beautiful").

    *   Context: "Progressive education (as it was once called)..."
    *   This means: It went by the name of "Progressive education".
    *   This matches Sense 1 ("assign a specified... proper name to").

    *   Is there a specific sense for "refer to"? Not explicitly listed as "refer to" in the gloss, but Sense 1's definition "assign a specified... name to" captures the act of naming the movement.
    *   Sense 2: "give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality". "Progressive education" is arguably a common noun phrase, but it functions as the title/name of a specific movement here. Sense 1 is usually for Proper Names (capitalized). "Progressive education" is capitalized in the text ("Progressive education"), suggesting it is being treated as a proper name for the movement. This reinforces Sense 1.

    *   Wait, let's look at the distinction between 1 and 2 again.
    *   Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". Examples: "David", named after...
    *   Sense 2: "give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality". Examples: "bastard", "lazy".
    *   "Progressive education" is the name of a movement (Proper Noun usage in context).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   Target: "called"
    *   Context usage: Assigning the name "Progressive education" to the educational approach.
    *   Best Match: Sense 1.

    Index: 1

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: far
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   **Target lemma**: far
    *   **Target surface form**: far
    *   **Context sentence**: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." (Wait, I need the sentence with the target word).
    *   **Target Sentence**: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   **Syntactic role**: Adverb modifying the comparative adjective "more interesting".
    *   **Meaning in context**: It modifies the comparative "more". It emphasizes the degree of difference. "Far more interesting" means "much more interesting" or "considerably more interesting".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `far%4:02:02::` | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday.
        *   *Analysis*: This sense is used with comparatives (better, worse) to indicate a large degree of difference. The context "far more interesting" fits this usage perfectly. It acts as an intensifier for the comparative.

    *   **Sense 2**: `far%4:02:00::` | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home.
        *   *Analysis*: This refers to physical distance. The context is abstract (interest level), not spatial.

    *   **Sense 3**: `far%4:02:04::` | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far...
        *   *Analysis*: This usually implies a limit or extent of an action/process ("go so far"). While it deals with degree, it's not typically used as an intensifier for a comparative adjective in this specific construction ("far more").

    *   **Sense 4**: `far%4:02:01::` | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future...
        *   *Analysis*: This refers to time. The context is not temporal.

    *   **Sense 5**: `far%4:02:05::` | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far.
        *   *Analysis*: This refers to success or progress in life/career. Not relevant here.

3.  **Select the best sense**:
    *   The phrase "far more interesting" uses "far" to mean "much" or "considerably".
    *   Sense 1 defines this usage explicitly: "to a considerable degree; very much".
    *   The examples for Sense 1 ("a far far better thing", "felt far worse") match the grammatical structure [far + comparative adjective] found in the text ("far more interesting").

4.  **Format the output**:
    *   The user wants a JSON object with `sense_index`.
    *   The chosen sense is index 1.

    JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `more`
    *   Target surface form: `more`
    *   Context: "...Progressive education (as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `more%4:02:00::`: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs (synonyms: to a greater extent, examples: more interesting; more beautiful).
        2.  `more%4:02:01::`: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent (synonyms: N/A, examples: he works more now; they eat more than they should).
    *   Constraints: Choose the single best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Return only a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Progressive education ... is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   Syntactic role: The word `more` modifies the adjective "interesting". It's part of the comparative construction "more interesting".
    *   Semantic contribution: It intensifies the adjective "interesting", making it comparative. "Interesting" is a gradable adjective. "More interesting" means "to a greater extent interesting".

3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `more%4:02:00::`
        *   Definition: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs"
        *   Synonyms: "to a greater extent"
        *   Examples: "more interesting; more beautiful"
        *   Fit: This fits perfectly. The target `more` is explicitly used to form the comparative of the adjective "interesting". The example provided in the definition ("more interesting") is literally the phrase in the text. This sense is for when `more` acts as a grammatical operator to create a comparative form of an adjective or adverb that doesn't have its own synthetic comparative (like "better" or "faster").

    *   **Sense 2:** `more%4:02:01::`
        *   Definition: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent"
        *   Examples: "he works more now"; "they eat more than they should"
        *   Fit: This sense is typically used as an adverb on its own (e.g., "works more") or as a pronoun/determiner (e.g., "more money"). In the provided sentence, `more` is not functioning as the comparative of "much" in a standalone way. It's directly modifying "interesting". While one could paraphrase "more interesting" as "interesting to a greater extent," Sense 1 specifically captures the *grammatical function* of forming the comparative of an adjective. Sense 2 is for cases where `more` itself is the head or acts as a direct adverbial modifier of a verb, not as a particle forming an adjective's comparative form.

4.  **Compare and Decide:**

    *   The core of the decision is whether `more` in "more interesting" is best described as:
        a) A grammatical tool for forming the comparative of an adjective (Sense 1).
        b) The comparative form of "much" (Sense 2).

    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 1 examples: "more interesting; more beautiful". This is an exact match for the context "more interesting".
        *   Sense 2 examples: "he works more now". Here, "more" modifies the verb "works". This is different from "more interesting", where "more" modifies the adjective "interesting".

    *   WordNet often distinguishes between grammatical function words. Sense 1 is clearly the sense intended for the construction `more + adjective/adverb`. Sense 2 is for `more` as an adverb/pronoun derived from "much".

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: agreeable
Target surface form: agreeable
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "agreeable" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow

2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes

3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

In this context, the author is talking about why progressive education is preferred by teachers. The sentence says progressive education is "more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

The phrase "agreeable to teachers" suggests something that teachers find pleasing or to their liking. The context explains that teachers prefer progressive education because:
- It's "nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"
- It's "nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results"

So "agreeable" here means something that conforms to teachers' preferences or is pleasing to them.

Sense 1 (conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature) fits well here. The example "Is the plan agreeable to you?" closely parallels "agreeable to teachers" in the passage.

Sense 2 (in keeping) doesn't fit as well. The examples are about things that are consistent with other things, like "salaries agreeable with current trends" or "plans conformable with your wishes." This isn't the meaning in our context.

Sense 3 (prepared to agree or consent) would mean that progressive education is willing to agree to teachers, which doesn't make sense. This sense would apply if teachers were "agreeable to the plan" meaning teachers were willing to accept the plan. But in our context, it's the education approach that is agreeable (pleasing) to the teachers.

So sense 1 is the best fit. It means that progressive education conforms to teachers' liking or feelings - it's something they find pleasing or congenial.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses "American education," "adolescent illiteracy," "progressive education," and "disciplined instruction."
    *   The target word is "teachers" (plural noun).
    *   The sentence mentions: "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   It further mentions: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'..."
    *   The context clearly refers to professionals working within the education system, dealing with students, instruction, and tests.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a person whose occupation is teaching" | synonym: instructor.
        *   This refers to human beings employed as educators. This fits the context of schools, "disciplined instruction," and the "education establishment."
    *   **Sense 2:** "a personified abstraction that teaches" | examples: "books were his teachers", "experience is a demanding teacher".
        *   This is a metaphorical sense. It refers to concepts or objects acting as a source of knowledge (like "experience"). The context does not suggest metaphorical usage; it refers to the people inside the school system who find progressive education "agreeable."

3.  **Match context to sense:**
    *   The context talks about an occupation/profession ("education establishment", "occupation is teaching").
    *   The "teachers" here are the ones administering "disciplined instruction" or "progressive education."
    *   Sense 1 is the literal definition of a teacher as a professional.
    *   Sense 2 is the figurative definition. The text is literal.

4.  **Select the best indexed sense:**
    *   The target refers to people with the occupation of teaching.
    *   This corresponds to Sense 1.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target Lemma: `disciplined`
    *   Target Surface Form: `disciplined`
    *   Context Sentence: "...'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is **disciplined** instruction."
    *   Broader Context: The text discusses American education, contrasting "progressive education" (focused on creativity/personality) with a more traditional approach. The text implies that traditional education requires "common sense" and results in things like literacy, whereas progressive education avoids "irksome tests". The target phrase is "disciplined instruction".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Sense Key: `disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00`
        *   Definition: "obeying the rules"
        *   Synonym: controlled.
    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Sense Key: `disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00`
        *   Definition: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise"
        *   Examples: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles", "a disciplined mind".

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 ("obeying the rules") in Context:**
    *   Phrase: "disciplined instruction".
    *   Does "instruction obeying the rules" fit? It's a bit vague. While instruction should follow rules, the contrast here is with "progressive education" (which is described as "interesting and agreeable", implying it might be looser, less rigorous, or less structured).
    *   "Disciplined instruction" implies instruction that is structured, rigorous, methodical, and adheres to a specific regimen or training method. It contrasts with the lack of structure implied by "personality development" and minimizing tests.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2 ("trained mentally or physically...") in Context:**
    *   Definition: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise".
    *   Examples: "disciplined muscles", "disciplined mind".
    *   Phrase: "disciplined instruction".
    *   This sense implies a state of being developed, ordered, or controlled through training.
    *   The word "disciplined" modifies "instruction". Instruction itself isn't "trained" in the sense of going to the gym, but the *nature* of the instruction is rigorous, structured, and focused on training the mind (traditional education).
    *   Wait, let's look at the semantic relationship. Is the instruction "obeying rules" or is the instruction of a nature that produces a "disciplined mind"?
    *   Let's check WordNet 3.0/3.1 mappings for `disciplined` (adjective).
        *   `disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00` maps to the synset {disciplined, controlled}. Definition: "obeying the rules". This usually applies to people (a disciplined soldier, a disciplined child).
        *   `disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00` maps to the synset {disciplined, trained}. Definition: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise". This applies to bodies or minds.

    *   Let's re-evaluate the phrase "disciplined instruction".
    *   Is the *instruction* the agent obeying rules? Or is the instruction characterized by discipline/rigor?
    *   "Instruction" is an abstract concept/activity. It is not a person "obeying the rules" (Sense 1). It is not a muscle/mind being trained (Sense 2 examples).
    *   However, we must choose the *best* fit.
    *   Sense 1 ("controlled/obeying rules") suggests order, structure, and self-control.
    *   Sense 2 ("trained") suggests a result of training.
    *   Let's look at the contrast again. Progressive education = loose, personality-focused, fewer tests. Traditional education (disciplined instruction) = rigorous, focused on literacy, "common sense".
    *   "Disciplined" here means rigorous, structured, systematic.
    *   Which sense captures "structured/systematic/rigorous" better?
    *   Sense 1 ("controlled") is closer to the concept of order and regulation. A "disciplined approach" is an orderly approach.
    *   Sense 2 ("trained") usually implies the *result* of training. "A disciplined mind" (result). Can instruction be "trained"? No. Instruction is the *process*.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 (controlled/obeying rules) is metaphorically applied to the instruction to mean it follows a strict order or method. It is "controlled" instruction.
    *   *Correction/Refinement:* Let's check if there are other senses. WordNet often distinguishes between "punished" (not here) and these two.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms provided in the sense keys.
        *   Sense 1: `controlled`. Controlled instruction makes sense. Instruction that is held in check, ordered, not chaotic.
        *   Sense 2: `trained`. Trained instruction? Doesn't collocate well. You train a person, not an activity.

    *   *Alternative interpretation:* Perhaps the instruction *imparts* discipline?
        *   WordNet definitions are specific to the target word as a predicate adjective.
        *   If the instruction is "disciplined", it possesses the quality of discipline.
        *   Is it "obeying rules"? A curriculum obeys rules? A method obeys rules? Yes, a structured method follows rules.
        *   Is it "trained"? No.

    *   Let's compare with the specific examples in Sense 2: "disciplined muscles", "disciplined mind". These are entities that have undergone training. "Instruction" has not undergone training.
    *   Sense 1 definition "obeying the rules" might seem agentive, but the synonym "controlled" is the key. "Disciplined" often acts as a synonym for "controlled" or "orderly" when describing processes or approaches (e.g., "a disciplined approach to investing").
    *   "Disciplined instruction" implies instruction that is orderly, systematic, and strictly managed. This aligns with Sense 1 (controlled) rather than Sense 2 (having undergone training).

    *   Let's try to verify if "disciplined" in "disciplined instruction" refers to the *teacher* being disciplined or the *method*. It modifies "instruction".
    *   Sense 1: controlled. "Controlled instruction".
    *   Sense 2: trained. "Trained instruction". (Odd).

    *   Let's look at the "obeying the rules" definition for Sense 1. A "disciplined" person obeys rules. "Disciplined" behavior follows rules/structure. "Disciplined instruction" follows a structure/rules.
    *   This fits Sense 1.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 2 definition: "trained mentally or physically...".
    *   Does "disciplined instruction" mean instruction that has been trained? No. It means instruction that *is* disciplined (orderly, strict).
    *   The "controlled" aspect of Sense 1 captures the lack of chaos/progressiveness. Progressive education is "agreeable", "nice", "creative". Traditional education is "disciplined" (hard work, following a regimen, controlled).

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *   Let's double check Sense 2 again. Sometimes "disciplined" means "scholarly" or "rigorous". Does "trained" capture "rigorous"? The example "disciplined mind" suggests a mind capable of rigorous thought. But "disciplined instruction" is not a mind or a muscle.
    *   Sense 1 synonym "controlled" fits "instruction" much better metaphorically (instruction is not chaotic).

    *   Let's check WordNet online or similar resources for the adjective "disciplined".
        *   WordNet 3.0:
            *   1. disciplined, controlled -- (obeying the rules).
            *   2. disciplined, trained -- (trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise).
        *   "Disciplined instruction" -> Instruction that is controlled/orderly vs Instruction that is trained?
        *   It clearly maps to the "controlled/orderly" meaning. Progressive education is seen as loose/free; traditional education is disciplined/controlled.

    *   Wait, could it be Sense 2 because the instruction *creates* a disciplined mind?
    *   No, WSD targets the meaning of the word in the context, not the effect of the modified noun. "Fast car" -> the car is fast. "Disciplined instruction" -> the instruction is disciplined.
    *   If the instruction is "disciplined", it is orderly/controlled.
    *   Sense 1 is the right choice.

    *   Index calculation:
        *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
        *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

    *   Decision: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "instruction" in the context of a discussion about education. Let me analyze the context:

The passage discusses "progressive education" vs. "disciplined instruction." The context is about teaching methods in schools - contrasting progressive education (which focuses on "personality development") with more traditional, disciplined teaching approaches.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
- This is about directions/instructions for how to do something (like instructions for assembling furniture or following a recipe). Not a good fit.

2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
- This is about the act/process of teaching and educating. This fits well with "disciplined instruction" in the context of discussing educational methods.

3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
- This is about the teaching profession itself, not the activity. The context isn't talking about instruction as a profession but as an activity/method.

4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line
- This is about computer programming. Not relevant here.

The best fit is sense 2, which refers to the activities of educating/instructing. The phrase "disciplined instruction" refers to a structured, traditional approach to teaching - the activity of imparting knowledge, not directions for doing something (sense 1), not the profession (sense 3), and not computer code (sense 4).

The context contrasts "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction" - both referring to approaches to the educational process/activity. Sense 2 matches this use of "instruction" as an educational activity.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage is discussing why "progressive education" is appealing to teachers
- It says progressive education is "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction"
- Then it says "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"

The meaning here seems to be that it's pleasant, agreeable, or enjoyable for teachers to think this way. It's about the pleasant feeling or satisfaction teachers get from this way of thinking.

Let me look at the senses:

1. "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance" - This fits well. It's pleasant/agreeable for teachers to think this way. The examples include "nice manners" and "what a nice fellow you are" - describing things/people that are pleasant.

2. "socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous" - This doesn't fit. The sentence isn't about social correctness.

3. "done with delicacy and skill" - This doesn't fit. It's not about precision or skill.

4. "excessively fastidious and easily disgusted" - This doesn't fit at all.

5. "exhibiting courtesy and politeness" - This doesn't fit. It's not about politeness.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit. The sentence is saying it's pleasant/agreeable for teachers to think certain things. The construction "It is nice for [someone] to [do something]" expresses that doing that thing is pleasant or agreeable for them.

The answer is sense index 1.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `teacher` (plural `teachers` in context).
    *   Context: A text discussing the American education system, "progressive education," and the attitudes of those working within schools. It specifically mentions "disciplined instruction," "tests," "educational psychology," and "educational philosophy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1: "a person whose occupation is teaching" (synonym: instructor).
        *   Sense 2: "a personified abstraction that teaches" (examples: "books were his teachers").
    *   Task: Choose the single best indexed sense and output a specific JSON format `{"sense_index": n}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence containing the target word: "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to **teachers** than is disciplined instruction."
    *   Subsequent mentions: "It is nice for **teachers** to think they are engaged in 'personality development'..."
    *   Context clues: The text discusses schools ("American education"), educational psychology, philosophy, tests, and "disciplined instruction." The agents described here are people with an occupation. They take courses, deal with students, and have a self-definition as a "profession."
    *   Abstract vs. Concrete: The text refers to people who have jobs ("occupation"). It is not metaphorical (like "experience is a teacher").

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (`teacher%1:18:00::`):** Definition: "a person whose occupation is teaching."
        *   Fit: Perfect fit. The text discusses the preferences and professional status of people working in schools.
    *   **Sense 2 (`teacher%1:09:00::`):** Definition: "a personified abstraction that teaches."
        *   Fit: Incorrect. The text refers to people who take courses ("passed courses in educational psychology") and have an occupation. This is not a metaphorical teacher like "experience" or "books."

4.  **Determine the Sense Index:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

5.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.

6.  **Format Output:** The user requested `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "think" in the sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is about teachers having a belief or opinion about themselves
- "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'" - this is about teachers believing/judging/regarding themselves as doing something
- This is a case where teachers hold a belief about what they're doing - they believe/judge that they are engaged in personality development

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. think%2:31:01:: - judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
   - This fits well. Teachers are judging/regarding themselves as engaged in personality development. "I think he is very smart" parallels "teachers think they are engaged in personality development"

2. think%2:31:03:: - expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel
   - This is also about belief/supposition, but more about conjecture or supposition

3. think%2:31:00:: - use or exercise the mind - mental activity
   - Not about holding a belief, just the act of thinking

4. think%2:31:02:: - recall knowledge from memory
   - Not relevant here

5. think%2:36:00:: - imagine or visualize
   - Not quite right - this is more about mental imagery

6. think%2:31:06:: - have in mind as a purpose
   - Not relevant

7. think%2:31:09:: - focus one's attention on a certain state
   - Not relevant

8. think%2:31:12:: - decide by pondering
   - Not relevant

9. think%2:31:13:: - ponder; reflect on
   - Not the main meaning here

10. think%2:31:15:: - dispose the mind in a certain way
    - Not relevant

11. think%2:31:14:: - have or formulate in the mind
    - Not quite right

12. think%2:31:08:: - be capable of conscious thought
    - Not relevant

13. think%2:30:00:: - bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation
    - Not relevant

The choice is between sense 1 and sense 2.

Sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with examples like "I think he is very smart"
Sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose" with examples like "I imagine she earned a lot of money"

In the context, "teachers think they are engaged in personality development" - teachers hold the belief or opinion that they are doing something. This is closer to "judging/regarding" something to be true (sense 1) rather than supposing or guessing (sense 2).

The structure "think they are engaged" parallels "I think he is smart" - it's about holding an opinion or judgment about a state of affairs.

So sense 1 (think%2:31:01::) is the best fit.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}