[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Word:** "basic" (adjective).
    *   **Context Phrase:** "...but I am convinced this **basic** research will begin showing results there soon."
    *   **Broader Context:** The text discusses genetic probes, the retinoblastoma suppressor gene, and fundamental insights into how cancer works. The speaker (Samuel Broder) is contrasting "advances in treatment" (which the public cares about) with the "basic research" (which is foundational) that leads to those advances. The research is described as leading to "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `basic%3:00:00::`
        *   Definition: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis"
        *   Examples: "a basic fact; the basic ingredients"
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to something fundamental, essential, or forming the basis. In the phrase "basic research", the research serves as the foundation for future applications (treatments). It fits well with the idea of a "basis" of knowledge.

    *   **Sense 2:** `basic%5:00:00:standard:01`
        *   Definition: "reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality"
        *   Synonyms: canonic, canonical
        *   Examples: "a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern"
        *   Analysis: This sense implies simplification or stripping away complexity (e.g., "basic English", "basic cable"). "Basic research" in the text isn't about being simplified; it's about being foundational. It's not about reducing something to its simplest form, but investigating fundamental principles.

    *   **Sense 3:** `basic%5:00:02:first:00`
        *   Definition: "serving as a base or starting point"
        *   Synonyms: introductory
        *   Examples: "a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits"
        *   Analysis: This sense has a pedagogical or procedural flavor—something introductory for beginners. "Basic training" or a "basic course" implies the first step in a sequence. While research is a starting point for treatments, "basic research" is a specific scientific term contrasting with "applied research". It doesn't mean "introductory research for beginners". It means "fundamental research".

    *   **Sense 4:** `basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00`
        *   Definition: "of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base"
        *   Analysis: This is a chemical sense (alkaline vs acidic). The context is biology and cancer research, but "basic research" is a standard collocation in science, referring to fundamental science, not the pH level of the research.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 3 emphasizes "introductory" or "first step" in a learning sequence (e.g., Basic Training).
    *   Sense 1 emphasizes "constituting a base or basis" or "fundamental".
    *   The phrase "basic research" is a standard term in science (also called fundamental or pure research). It provides the *basis* for applied research.
    *   The text mentions "fundamental insights". The word "fundamental" is a strong clue.
    *   Sense 1's definition "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis" captures the essence of "basic research" better than Sense 3's "introductory" implication. "Basic research" is not elementary or easy; it is foundational.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice. The research forms the basis of understanding. It is fundamental. Sense 2 is about simplicity. Sense 3 is about introductory levels (education/training). Sense 4 is chemistry.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 definition: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis". Examples: "basic ingredients". This fits "basic research" (the ingredients/basis of science).
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3 definition: "serving as a base or starting point". Examples: "basic course", "basic training". These imply an entry-level status. "Basic research" is not entry-level; it is often the most complex and theoretical work. Therefore, Sense 1 is distinct and more appropriate for the scientific term "basic research".

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target lemma is "begin" (verb). The context is: "...but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Speaker: Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.
    *   Topic: Basic research (specifically regarding cancer suppressors).
    *   Action: "begin showing results".
    *   Meaning: The research hasn't shown results in treatment yet, but it will start to show results soon.
    *   Syntax: "begin" + [gerund phrase "showing results"]. This is the "begin doing something" construction.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (begin%2:30:00::):**
        *   Definition: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"
        *   Synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out.
        *   Examples: "We began working at dawn"; "Who will start?"
        *   Analysis: This sense fits the "begin + V-ing" construction perfectly. It denotes the initiation of an activity or process. "Showing results" is an activity/process initiated by the research. The example "We began working" aligns structurally with "will begin showing".

    *   **Sense 2 (begin%2:42:00::):**
        *   Definition: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense"
        *   Examples: "The DMZ begins right over the hill"; "The second movement begins after the Allegro".
        *   Analysis: This is an ergative/inchoative sense usually applied to events or spatial entities themselves (the movie begins, the river begins). Here, "basic research" is the agent/subject initiating an action, not just existing at a starting point. "Begin showing results" is an action, not a static existence of a start point.

    *   **Sense 3 (begin%2:30:01::):**
        *   Definition: "set in motion, cause to start"
        *   Examples: "The U.S. started a war"; "The Iraqis began hostilities".
        *   Analysis: This is a transitive/causative sense (Subject begins Object). Here, the object is a gerund phrase "showing results". While one could argue the research *causes* the results to appear, the structure "begin showing" usually falls under Sense 1 (initiating an action). Sense 3 is more about "starting [a noun object, usually an event]" like a war or a meeting. "Showing results" is a process. Sense 1 is a better fit for the aspectual auxiliary usage (starting to do something).

    *   **Sense 4 (begin%2:32:03::):**
        *   Definition: "begin to speak or say; 'he began'"
        *   Examples: "Now listen, friends,"
        *   Analysis: Not applicable. The subject is "basic research", not a person starting a speech.

    *   **Sense 5 (begin%2:42:02::):**
        *   Definition: "be the first item or point..."
        *   Examples: "The number 'one' begins the sequence"
        *   Analysis: Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6 (begin%2:42:04::):**
        *   Definition: "have a beginning, of a temporal event"
        *   Examples: "WW II began in 1939..."
        *   Analysis: This is usually intransitive. "The tour begins next month." Here, "begin" has a complement "showing results".

    *   **Sense 7 (begin%2:42:03::):**
        *   Definition: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way"
        *   Examples: "The novel begins with a murder"
        *   Analysis: Intransitive usage describing the nature of the start. Not the case here.

    *   **Sense 8 (begin%2:41:04::):**
        *   Definition: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object"
        *   Examples: "begin a cigar"; "She started the soup".
        *   Analysis: Specific idiomatic usage involving consuming or creating a specific object. Not "showing results".

    *   **Sense 9 (begin%2:41:00::):**
        *   Definition: "achieve or accomplish in the least degree..."
        *   Examples: "doesn't even begin to deal with..."
        *   Analysis: Negative polarity usage. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 10 (begin%2:32:04::):**
        *   Definition: "begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language"
        *   Examples: "She began Russian..."
        *   Analysis: Specific domain usage. Not applicable.

4.  **Comparison:**
    *   The sentence is "this basic research will begin showing results".
    *   "Showing results" is an action/process.
    *   Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". Example: "We began working".
    *   Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start". Example: "begin hostilities".
    *   While Sense 3 is causative, Sense 1 is the standard definition for "begin + gerund" (beginning an activity). "Showing results" is a process/activity. The subject "basic research" acts as the agent of the "showing".
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1 (inchoative activity): "He began running." (He started the activity).
    *   Sense 3 (causative event): "He began the meeting." (He caused the meeting to start).
    *   "Begin showing results" is structurally similar to "begin working" (Sense 1). The research starts the process of showing results. It acts as the subject initiating the action.
    *   WordNet distinguishes between "begin doing something" (Sense 1) and "begin something" (Sense 3).
    *   The example for Sense 1 is "We began working". "Working" is a gerund. "Showing" is a gerund.
    *   The example for Sense 3 is "The U.S. started a war". "War" is a noun.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct syntactic and semantic match.

5.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the best fit because it describes the initiation of an action/process ("showing results"), matching the syntactic pattern "begin + gerund" seen in the example "We began working".

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showing
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "showing" in the context: "but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is talking about basic research "showing results"
- This is about research producing or demonstrating outcomes/results
- The phrase "showing results" means the research will produce tangible outcomes or evidence of success

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. show%2:39:02:: - "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" - This is about demonstrating something to an audience, like showing dogs or demoing software. Not quite right.

2. show%2:31:00:: - "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - This is about proving something through demonstration or experiment. The examples are about demonstrating validity. This could fit - research establishing/proving its value.

3. show%2:32:00:: - "provide evidence for" - This is about providing evidence. Examples include blood tests showing results. This could also work - research providing evidence of results.

4. show%2:39:00:: - "make visible or noticeable" - This is about making something visible. The examples are about showing talent or showing etchings. Not quite right.

5. show%2:36:00:: - "show in, or as in, a picture" - This is about depicting something visually. Not relevant.

6. show%2:32:02:: - "give expression to" - This is about expressing emotions. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: - "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing" - This is about pointing out something. Not relevant.

8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: - "be or become visible or noticeable" - This is about something becoming apparent. Could somewhat fit, but not the best.

9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: - "indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments" - This is about instruments showing readings. Not relevant.

10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: - "give evidence of, as of records" - This is about records showing something. The example is "The diary shows his distress that evening." This is about records providing evidence.

11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: - "take (someone) to their seats" - Not relevant.

12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: - "finish third or better in a horse or dog race" - Not relevant.

Now comparing sense 2, 3, and 10:

Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - This is about proving/demonstrating validity. The research would demonstrate its value.

Sense 3: "provide evidence for" - The research provides evidence. Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father" - this is about tests showing/providing evidence.

Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" - This is specifically about records giving evidence.

The context is about research "showing results" - meaning producing outcomes or evidence of success. The phrase "showing results" in scientific/research context typically means demonstrating outcomes or providing evidence of effectiveness.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate because:
- The research will "show results" meaning it will provide evidence of success
- The example "The blood test showed that he was the father" is similar to research showing results - both are about producing evidence/proof
- The synonyms include "testify, bear witness, prove, evidence"

Sense 2 could also work but it's more about establishing validity through demonstration, which is slightly different from producing results.

I think sense 3 is the best fit because the context is about research producing evidence of outcomes, similar to how a test shows/provides evidence.

Actually, let me reconsider. The phrase is "showing results" - this is a common expression meaning "to produce outcomes" or "to yield results." It's not exactly about providing evidence for something, but rather about the research demonstrating its value through tangible outcomes.

Looking at sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something" - the research would establish its validity by showing results.

But sense 3: "provide evidence for" - the research provides evidence of its effectiveness.

Both could work. But the examples for sense 3 ("The blood test showed that he was the father") are very similar to the context - a test showing/providing evidence of something.

Actually, I think sense 3 is better because:
1. The context is about research "showing results" - meaning providing evidence of effectiveness
2. The synonym "evidence" fits well - research shows/provides evidence
3. The example about blood test showing results parallels the scientific context

Wait, let me look at sense 10 again: "give evidence of, as of records" with example "The diary shows his distress that evening."

This is about documents/records giving evidence of something. The research (a form of record/evidence) would show results.

Actually, looking more carefully:

Sense 3: "provide evidence for" - synonyms include "testify, bear witness, prove, evidence"
Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" - no synonyms listed, but example is about diary showing distress

The phrase "showing results" in research context is about producing/demonstrating outcomes. This is closer to sense 3 (providing evidence) than sense 10 (records giving evidence).

I'll go with sense 3.

Actually wait - let me reconsider sense 2 one more time.

Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" with synonyms "prove, demonstrate, establish, shew"

The example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound"

This is very close to the context - research demonstrating/showing results. The context is about basic research "showing results" in terms of treatment advances. The research would demonstrate its value by producing results.

Between sense 2 and sense 3:
- Sense 2: establish validity through demonstration/experiment
- Sense 3: provide evidence for

Both could work. The phrase "showing results" is somewhat idiomatic - it means producing outcomes, yielding results, or demonstrating success.

I think sense 3 is slightly better because:
- "showing results" is more about providing evidence of outcomes
- The synonym "evidence" fits well
- The example about blood test showing something is similar

But sense 2 could also work since the research is establishing its validity through results.

Let me think about this more carefully. The sentence says "this basic research will begin showing results there soon." The word "there" refers to "advances in treatment." So the research will show results in treatment advances.

This is about research demonstrating outcomes, producing results, or providing evidence of effectiveness.

I think sense 3 is the best fit. The research shows/provides evidence of results. The synonym "evidence" captures this well.

Actually, on further reflection, I think I should consider sense 8 as well: "be or become visible or noticeable" with synonyms "show up" and example "His good upbringing really shows."

This is about something becoming apparent or visible. The research results will become visible/noticeable.

But I don't think this captures the full meaning. The research doesn't just become visible - it actively demonstrates or produces results.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate: "provide evidence for" - the research provides evidence of its effectiveness through results.

Final answer: sense 3.

Hmm, let me reconsider once more. The phrase "showing results" is really about yielding outcomes, producing results, or demonstrating success. It's not exactly about "providing evidence for" something in the sense of testifying or bearing witness.

Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - This could work. The research establishes its validity/value by showing results.

Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable" - This is about making something visible, like showing talent. Could somewhat fit - making results visible.

Actually, I think sense 2 or sense 3 could work, but I'm leaning toward sense 3 because:
- The research shows/provides evidence of results
- Similar to how a test shows results (example in sense 3)
- The synonym "evidence" fits the idea of producing demonstrable outcomes

I'll stick with sense 3.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: result
    *   Target surface form: results
    *   Context snippet: "...but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon."
    *   The speaker is the director of the National Cancer Institute.
    *   The topic is basic research (genetic probes, cancer suppressor genes).
    *   The expectation is that this research will yield practical benefits (specifically in "treatment" mentioned earlier in the sentence: "concerned about advances in treatment... begin showing results there").

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `result%1:19:00::`
        *   Definition: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon"
        *   Synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
        *   Examples: "the magnetic effect was greater...", "his decision had depressing consequences..."
        *   Analysis: This fits the general idea of a result being an outcome or effect of an action (research).

    *   **Sense 2:** `result%1:10:00::`
        *   Definition: "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem"
        *   Synonyms: solution, answer, resolution, solvent
        *   Examples: "find a peaceful solution", "answers were in the back of the book"
        *   Analysis: This is about a specific answer or solution to a problem. While cancer research seeks a "solution," "showing results" usually refers to outcomes/effects/data/findings rather than a single "answer" or "statement". The context "showing results" refers to the manifestation of effects or successful outcomes, not a specific statement solving a puzzle.

    *   **Sense 3:** `result%1:11:00::`
        *   Definition: "something that results"
        *   Synonyms: resultant, final result, outcome, termination
        *   Examples: "he listened for the results on the radio" (referring to election results or sports scores usually).
        *   Analysis: This sense seems very similar to Sense 1, often overlapping in general usage. However, looking at the hierarchy (hypernyms), Sense 1 is often linked to *phenomenon* (an occurrence), whereas Sense 3 is often linked to *entity* (a thing). Let's look closer at WordNet distinctions.
        *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 structure:
            *   Sense 1 (result%1:19:00) -> Hypernym: phenomenon. Focus on cause and effect (consequence).
            *   Sense 3 (result%1:11:00) -> Hypernym: thing (something that results). This often refers to final scores (election results) or specific tangible outcomes.
        *   Context check: "begin showing results there". This refers to the practical effects/outcomes of the research in the field of treatment. Is it a phenomenon (Sense 1) or a specific outcome entity (Sense 3)?
        *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3. The phrase "show results" often implies "produce effects" or "yield outcomes".
        *   Sense 1 (consequence/effect) fits "showing results" in the sense of "becoming effective". The research will start having an effect.
        *   Sense 3 (outcome) fits "showing results" in the sense of "producing findings/outcomes".
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio". This strongly implies specific data points or final scores (election/sports).
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 1: "decision had depressing consequences". This implies a cause-effect relationship.
        *   The context here: Basic research will produce outcomes in treatment.
        *   There is a nuance in WordNet. Sense 3 often deals with the *end* of a process (termination/outcome). Sense 1 deals with the causal link (consequence/effect).
        *   However, looking at standard WSD tasks and WordNet definitions:
            *   Sense 1 is usually the "consequence, effect" sense.
            *   Sense 3 is "something that results" -> often defined as "final result, outcome".
        *   In the context "showing results", it usually means "yielding successful outcomes" or "producing data/findings".
        *   Let's consider "consequences" (Sense 1) vs "outcome" (Sense 3).
        *   Is the "result" here a phenomenon? Yes, the improvement in treatment.
        *   Is it a "final result"? No, it's an ongoing process ("begin showing").
        *   Let's check the synonyms again. Sense 1 synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome. Sense 3 synonyms: resultant, final result, outcome.
        *   Crucially, Sense 1 includes "effect". "The research will begin showing effects." This makes sense.
        *   Sense 3 includes "termination". The research hasn't terminated.
        *   The example for Sense 3 ("listened for the results") refers to a finalized set of data (like election results). The text talks about a process ("begin showing") yielding effects/benefits.
        *   Sense 1's "consequence/effect" seems more aligned with "results" meaning "practical effects/benefits". The research causes improvements (results).

    *   **Sense 4:** `result%1:10:01::`
        *   Definition: "the semantic role of the noun phrase..."
        *   Synonyms: resultant role
        *   Analysis: This is a linguistic/semantic role definition, not the lexical meaning of the word in this context. The text is not about grammar.

    *   **Comparison of Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
        *   Sense 1: Phenomenon, causal link. "Show results" -> "Show effects". Matches well.
        *   Sense 3: Entity, outcome, often finality. "Show results" -> "Show final outcomes".
        *   In the phrase "begin showing results", it is synonymous with "showing success" or "showing effects".
        *   WordNet Sense 1 (result%1:19:00) is the most general and common sense for "consequence" or "effect" derived from a cause. The context emphasizes the link between "basic research" (cause) and the "results" (effect/outcome in treatment).
        *   Sense 3 often feels like the specific "outcome of an election" or "final score" based on the example, though "outcome" is listed for both. Sense 1 is usually the preferred sense for general consequences/effects of actions.

    *   **Checking WordNet mapping:**
        *   Sense 1: "the magnetic effect..." -> scientific context (effect).
        *   Sense 3: "listened for the results" -> data reporting context.
        *   The text speaks about scientific research producing practical outcomes (treatments). This feels more like an *effect* or *consequence* of the research (Sense 1) rather than a mere "final result" or score (Sense 3). The phrase "showing results" implies "yielding benefits/effects".
        *   Actually, let's look at how "show results" is typically annotated.
        *   "The new drug showed results." -> It produced effects/outcomes.
        *   If I look at Sense 1: "consequence, effect, outcome". This is the broad "result" sense.
        *   If I look at Sense 3: "something that results". It's a bit circular in the gloss, but examples point to specific end-points.
        *   Sense 1 is defined via *phenomenon*.
        *   Sense 3 is defined via *thing* (something).
        *   In this context, "results" refers to the tangible benefits (improvements in treatment). These are phenomena that follow the research.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 seems the best fit.

    *   **Re-evaluating Sense 3:**
        *   Sometimes Sense 3 is used for "outcome" specifically.
        *   Synonyms for Sense 3 include "final result".
        *   The research has "opened a field... exploded". It hasn't finished. It will "begin showing results". These are emerging outcomes.
        *   Sense 1 encompasses "consequence" and "effect".
        *   Sense 1 is the standard definition for "result" meaning "outcome of a process" in a general sense, often preferred over Sense 3 which is often restricted to "end result" or specific data points (like election results).
        *   Most WSD systems and lexicographers treat the "outcome/consequence" sense as the primary sense (Sense 1).

    *   **Conclusion:** Sense 1 fits the "cause and effect" relationship described (Research -> Results/Effects). Sense 3 implies a finalized status or a specific data readout, which fits the example "listened for the results", but fits the context "begin showing results" less well than Sense 1's "effect" definition.

    Let's double check Sense 1 vs Sense 3 definitions in WordNet 3.0/3.1.
    *   Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; "the magnetic effect was greater..." Synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome...
    *   Sense 3: something that results; "he listened for the results on the radio" Synonyms: resultant, final result...
    *   In the text: "basic research will begin showing results there soon."
    *   "Results" here means "successful outcomes" or "beneficial effects".
    *   Does it fit "phenomenon that follows"? Yes. Research -> Effect (treatment).
    *   Does it fit "something that results"? Yes. But the specific usage "show results" is idiomatic for "have an effect".
    *   Idiom "show results" = "demonstrate effects".
    *   WordNet Sense 1 includes "effect" as a synonym. Sense 3 does not.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: there
Target surface form: there
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=there%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
2. sense_key=there%4:02:02:: | definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
3. sense_key=there%4:02:01:: | definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "there" in the given context:

Context: "...but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results **there** soon."

The sentence is talking about basic research showing results. Let me look at what "there" refers to in this context.

Looking at the three senses:

1. **there%4:02:00::** - "in or at that place" | synonyms: at that place, in that location | examples: "they have lived there for years; it's not there"
   - This is a spatial/locational sense, referring to a physical place.

2. **there%4:02:02::** - "in that matter" | synonyms: in that respect, on that point | examples: "I agree with you there"
   - This is an abstract sense, referring to a particular matter, respect, or point.

3. **there%4:02:01::** - "to or toward that place; away from the speaker" | synonyms: thither | examples: "go there around noon!"
   - This is a directional sense, indicating movement toward a place.

Now, in the context: "this basic research will begin showing results there soon"

What does "there" refer to? It seems to be referring to a field or domain - specifically the field of cancer study mentioned earlier, or perhaps more broadly "in that area/domain of research." The results will show "there" - meaning in that field/domain of research.

However, I need to think about this more carefully. Could "there" be referring to:
- The field of cancer study?
- The area of basic research?
- The National Cancer Institute?
- A physical location?

Let me re-read the context more carefully. The speaker (Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute) is saying that basic research will begin showing results "there" soon.

The most natural interpretation is that "there" refers to:
- "in that field" (the field of cancer study mentioned)
- "in that area/domain"

This seems to align better with sense 2: "in that matter" / "in that respect" / "on that point" - referring to an abstract domain rather than a physical location.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider. The phrase "showing results there" - could "there" simply mean "in that place/field/domain"?

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "they have lived there for years" - clearly spatial
- Sense 2: "I agree with you there" - abstract, referring to a point/argument

The example for sense 2 is about agreeing on a point. But in our context, "showing results there" - where "there" refers to a field of study - this is somewhat abstract but has a quasi-spatial feel to it (a field can be seen as a metaphorical "place").

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me think about whether "there" in "showing results there" is more like:
- "showing results in that place" (sense 1, metaphorically applied to a field)
- "showing results in that matter/respect" (sense 2)

I think sense 1 is the better fit. The phrase "showing results there" is more about results appearing/manifesting in a particular area/field, which is a spatial metaphor. It's not quite the same as "I agree with you there" where you're agreeing on a specific point in a discussion.

Sense 3 is directional (toward a place), which doesn't fit here.

So between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 is locational/spatial - "in or at that place"
- Sense 2 is about a matter/respect/point - "in that matter"

The context "showing results there" - "there" refers to the field of cancer study or the domain of basic research. This is more of a metaphorical location than a "matter" or "point" in a discussion.

I believe sense 1 is the best fit here. Even though the "place" is metaphorical (a field of study), the sense is about results manifesting in a particular domain, which aligns with the locational sense rather than the "in that matter" sense.

Let me double-check with the synonyms:
- Sense 1: "at that place, in that location" - "showing results at that place/in that location" (metaphorically, the field of study) - this works
- Sense 2: "in that respect, on that point" - "showing results in that respect/on that point" - this doesn't sound as natural

So I'll go with sense 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target sentence is: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

I need to determine what "made" means in this context. The sentence says Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986.

Looking at the context:
- Earlier, it mentions "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja"
- Then it says "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986"

So Dr. Dryja made/accomplished a discovery. He discovered something important about retinoblastoma.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. make%2:41:00:: | engage in | synonyms=do - "make love, not war; make an effort" - Not about discoveries
2. make%2:30:00:: | give certain properties to something | synonyms=get - Not relevant
3. make%2:36:00:: | make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | "make a mess in one's office; create a furor" - This is about causing something to exist/become
4. make%2:32:00:: | cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner - Not relevant
5. make%2:36:08:: | give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do - Not really about discoveries
6. make%2:36:01:: | create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create - Not about discoveries
7. make%2:31:00:: | make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | "I draw a line here; draw a conclusion" - This could be relevant - formulating or deriving something in the mind
8. make%2:36:15:: | compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way - Not relevant
9. make%2:36:09:: | create by artistic means | synonyms=create - Not relevant
10. make%2:40:01:: | earn on some commercial or business transaction - Not relevant
16. make%2:36:12:: | perform or carry out | examples="make a decision; make a move" - This is about performing an action

Wait, let me reconsider. "Make a discovery" is a common collocation. What does it mean to "make a discovery"?

When someone "makes a discovery," they are accomplishing/achieving/performing the act of discovering something. The discovery is an abstract accomplishment.

Looking at sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move" - This seems close. Making a discovery is similar to making a decision - it's performing/carrying out an action.

But let me also consider sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" | synonyms=create - A discovery is "created" in the sense that it didn't exist as knowledge before, and now it does.

Hmm, but a discovery isn't really "caused to be" - the discovery is the act of finding something that already exists. The knowledge is new, but the thing discovered already existed.

Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" - This doesn't quite fit either, as the discovery is more of an achievement than causing something to happen.

Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - A discovery involves mental work, but it's more about finding something than formulating in the mind.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 16 "perform or carry out" with examples like "make a decision" seems most appropriate. "Make a discovery" is similar to "make a decision" - it's about performing an action/achievement.

But wait, let me also check sense 3 again. The examples are "make a mess in one's office; create a furor" - these are about creating/bringing about a state of affairs.

Let me think about this more carefully. When you "make a discovery," what exactly are you doing?

1. You are performing the act of discovering
2. You are bringing into existence new knowledge
3. You are achieving something

In WordNet, I need to find the sense that best captures this.

Looking at the examples again:
- "make a decision" (sense 16) - This is about taking an action
- "make a mess" (sense 3) - This is about creating/causing a state

A discovery is more like an achievement/accomplishment. Let me look for other senses...

Actually, let me reconsider sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create" - When you make a discovery, you are creating new knowledge, bringing it into existence. The discovery exists because you made it happen.

But sense 16 "perform or carry out" also makes sense because making a discovery is performing an intellectual action.

Let me also consider sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" - A discovery could be seen as an occurrence that the scientist causes.

Hmm, I think the best fit is sense 3 or sense 16.

Let me look at sense 3 more carefully: "make or cause to be or to become" - The examples are "make a mess in one's office; create a furor". These are about creating states of affairs.

For "make a discovery," the discovery is the result of the scientist's action. The discovery "comes into being" because of the scientist's work. This aligns with sense 3.

Sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move" - These are actions you perform. Making a discovery is also an action you perform.

I think sense 3 is slightly better because:
1. A discovery is something that comes into existence (is created) through the scientist's work
2. The synonym "create" fits - discoveries are created/found through research
3. The definition "make or cause to be or to become" captures that the discovery is brought into being

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider. When we say "make a decision," the decision is being created/formulated. When we say "make a discovery," the discovery is being made/achieved.

Both sense 3 and sense 16 could work, but I think sense 3's definition "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create" is slightly more appropriate for "make a discovery."

Actually, let me look at sense 3 again: "make or cause to be or to become" | synonyms=create | examples="make a mess in one's office; create a furor"

And sense 16: "perform or carry out" | examples="make a decision; make a move"

Hmm, "make a mess" and "create a furor" are about creating chaotic situations. "Make a decision" and "make a move" are about performing actions.

"Make a discovery" - Is the discovery being created, or is the action of discovering being performed?

I think it's both. But in terms of WordNet's categorization, I should look at which sense the "make + discovery" construction most closely aligns with.

Let me also consider the earlier sentence in the context: "the initial discovery of the gene... made by a Boston doctor" - Here, the discovery is something that was made (created/accomplished) by the doctor.

I think sense 3 is the best fit. A discovery is something that is created/brought into existence through someone's efforts. The synonym "create" and the definition "make or cause to be or to become" capture this well.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" | synonyms=draw | examples="I draw a line here; draw a conclusion"

Drawing a conclusion is somewhat similar to making a discovery - both are intellectual achievements. But "draw a conclusion" is more about reasoning, while "make a discovery" is about finding something new.

I still think sense 3 is the best fit. The discovery is created/brought into being by the scientist's work.

Let me finalize: sense 3 - "make or cause to be or to become" | synonyms=create

This makes the most sense for "make a discovery" - the discovery is created/brought into existence through the scientist's research efforts.

Wait, let me reconsider one more time. In "make a discovery," the direct object is "discovery." What does it mean to "make" a discovery?

Looking at various senses:
- Sense 3: create/cause to be - A discovery is brought into being
- Sense 16: perform/carry out - The act of discovering is performed

In the sentence "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986," Dr. Dryja is credited with creating/achieving the discovery. The discovery is a noun that represents his intellectual achievement.

I think sense 3 "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create" is the most appropriate. The discovery is something that comes into existence (is created) through Dr. Dryja's research.

Final answer: sense_index 3


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discovery" used in the phrase "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986" and "the initial discovery of the gene".
Let's analyze the candidate senses:
1. discovery%1:04:00:: - the act of discovering something (synonyms: find, uncovering)
2. discovery%1:10:00:: - something that is discovered
3. discovery%1:09:00:: - a productive insight (synonyms: breakthrough, find)
4. discovery%1:10:01:: - (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...

Context: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
Is "discovery" here the act of discovering, or the thing discovered, or a productive insight?
"the initial discovery of the gene" could be the act of discovering the gene, or the gene itself.
"made his retinoblastoma discovery" - usually "make a discovery" refers to the act or the finding/insight. "Breakthrough" or "find" as synonyms make sense. But is it a productive insight or the act?
Wait, sense 1 is "the act of discovering something". Sense 2 is "something that is discovered". Sense 3 is "a productive insight" (breakthrough).
Let's look closely at "the initial discovery of the gene". If it's "the act", you'd say "the initial discovery of the gene by Dr. Dryja". But here it's "made his retinoblastoma discovery", which aligns with "making a discovery" (the act or the result).
Actually, "discovery" in "made his retinoblastoma discovery" seems to refer to the act or the finding. But WordNet distinguishes "act" (1:04:00) from "cognition/insight" (1:09:00) from "object/substance" (1:10:00).
Is the discovery the *gene* (something that is discovered) or the *act/event* of finding it, or the *insight/breakthrough*?
Usually, scientific discoveries that open a field of study are considered "breakthroughs" or "productive insights" (Sense 3). "opened a field of cancer study... fundamental insights". But the text says "made his retinoblastoma discovery". Can you "make" a "something that is discovered"? You "make a discovery" -> the act. Sense 1: "the act of discovering something".
Let's check the synonyms for Sense 1: find, uncovering. "Make a find".
Sense 3 synonyms: breakthrough, find. "Make a breakthrough".
"Discovery of the gene" points more to the act/event (discovering the gene) rather than the gene itself. The gene is the thing discovered. The discovery is the act of finding it, or the breakthrough it represents.
Wait, "the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field of cancer study". The *event* or *breakthrough* opened the field.
Let's look at Sense 1: the act of discovering something.
Sense 3: a productive insight.
In WordNet, `discovery%1:09:00::` is under `insight` (under `cognition`). `discovery%1:04:00::` is under `discovery` (under `action`). `discovery%1:10:00::` is under `object` (under `physical entity`).
The discovery of the gene is an act/event. "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery" - "made" collocates strongly with the act or the breakthrough. But is it Sense 1 or Sense 3?
"the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field" -> the act of discovering it opened the field. Or the productive insight opened the field.
Often, "a discovery" in science is Sense 1 (act) or Sense 3 (insight/breakthrough). But the phrase "the initial discovery of the gene" strongly favors the act of discovering. You discover a gene, so the discovery is the act/event.
Wait, if it's Sense 1 (the act), the definition is "the act of discovering something".
If it's Sense 3 (a productive insight), it's "a productive insight". A discovery of a gene is a physical finding, not just an insight. The act of finding it is the discovery.
Let's search for similar WordNet annotations. In SemCor, "discovery" of a specific thing (like a gene, a planet, a tomb) is usually Sense 1 (the act of discovering) or Sense 2 (the thing discovered). Since the gene is the thing discovered (Sense 2), the "discovery of the gene" is the act of discovering it (Sense 1).
Wait! "made his retinoblastoma discovery" -> "make a discovery" is the act of discovering.
Let's consider Sense 1 vs Sense 3. Sense 1: the act of discovering. Sense 3: a productive insight.
"the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor..." -> "made by" points to the act.
Let's choose Sense 1. "the act of discovering something".

Wait, could it be Sense 1? Let me double check.
Sense 1: the act of discovering something. Synonyms: find, uncovering.
Sense 2: something that is discovered.
Sense 3: a productive insight. Synonyms: breakthrough, find.

Is the discovery the *act* or the *insight*? The discovery of the gene is the act of finding the gene. The text focuses on the *act* of finding it ("made by a Boston doctor"). You "make" a discovery (Sense 1). You don't "make" a physical object (Sense 2).
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit for "made his discovery" and "discovery ... made by".

Let me review if it could be Sense 3. A scientific discovery that opens a field could be a breakthrough. But "discovery of the gene" is a specific physical discovery. The definition of Sense 3 is "a productive insight". Finding a gene is more of an uncovering (Sense 1) than just an insight.
I'll go with Sense 1.

Wait, let's think about SemCor. "discovery of the tomb" -> Sense 1 (the act). "the discovery was a breakthrough" -> Sense 3.
Here: "the initial discovery of the gene ... has opened a field of cancer study". It's the act of discovering the gene that opened the field.
So Sense 1 is correct.

Let me confirm the numbering:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...

Index 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word**: The target word is "Then" (adverb), appearing at the beginning of the sentence "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene..."

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   Preceding context: "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
    *   Target sentence: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
    *   Following context: "Soon after that report, two other research teams..."
    *   Timeline of events:
        *   Event 1: Dr. Dryja makes discovery in 1986.
        *   Event 2 (Target): Researchers reported finding p53 gene last spring.
        *   Event 3: Two other teams uncovered evidence soon after.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)"
        *   *Synonyms*: so, and so, and then.
        *   *Examples*: "then he left", "go left first, then right".
        *   *Fit*: The narrative describes a sequence of events in time. Dr. Dryja made a discovery (1986), and *subsequently* (then last spring), another discovery was made. The word "Then" here acts as a temporal marker indicating the next event in the sequence after the previously mentioned event. It connects the past discovery to the next discovery chronologically.

    *   **Sense 2**: "in that case or as a consequence"
        *   *Examples*: "if he didn't take it, then who did?", "keep it then if you want to".
        *   *Fit*: This is a logical deduction or conditional usage (e.g., "If A, then B"). The context is not conditional. It is narrating a historical timeline of scientific discoveries. There is no "if" clause or logical deduction being made here.

    *   **Sense 3**: "at that time"
        *   *Examples*: "I was young then", "prices were lower back then".
        *   *Fit*: This usually refers to a specific past time mentioned previously, often looking back from the present or a later time (anaphoric reference to a time setting). E.g., "I went to Paris in 1990. I was young then."
        *   In the target text, the structure is "Then last spring...". Here, "Then" introduces the time of the event relative to the previous sentence, meaning "After that / Next". It functions as a discourse connector indicating temporal sequence. While sense 3 is close in that it relates to time, the specific construction "Then last spring..." suggests a transition to the next event in a narrative sequence, rather than describing the state of things *at* the time of the previous event. The previous event was 1986. The target event is "last spring". "Then" here bridges the gap, meaning "after that point" or "subsequently". Sense 1 (subsequently) captures this narrative sequencing better than Sense 3 (at that specific time), especially given the explicit time marker "last spring" immediately following "Then".
        *   If the text were "Dr. Dryja made his discovery in 1986. Then, there were fewer tools available," Sense 3 ("at that time") would be appropriate.
        *   However, the text says "Then last spring, researchers reported..." This marks a progression of events. Event A happened. Subsequently (Then), Event B happened.

4.  **Refine Decision**:
    *   Sense 1 focuses on "subsequently" and sentence connection.
    *   Sense 3 focuses on "at that time".
    *   The narrative flow: Event A (1986) -> *Then* (Subsequently) -> Event B (last spring).
    *   The word is signaling the next step in the timeline.
    *   Sense 1 is defined as "subsequently or soon afterward". This matches the chronological progression from 1986 to "last spring".

5.  **Final Selection**: Sense 1.

    *   Check sense key mapping:
        *   1 = then%4:02:00:: (subsequently)
        *   2 = then%4:02:02:: (consequence)
        *   3 = then%4:02:01:: (at that time)

    *   Decision: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target lemma: `last`
    *   Target surface form: `last`
    *   Context sentence: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
    *   Phrase: "last spring"

2.  **Analyze the meaning in context**:
    *   The phrase "last spring" refers to the spring immediately preceding the current moment (the time of writing/utterance).
    *   The context talks about a sequence of events in scientific discovery.
    *   Event 1: Dr. Dryja made his discovery in 1986.
    *   Event 2: "Then last spring..." (relative to the "recent months" or the "to date" mentioned earlier).
    *   "Last" here indicates the immediate past instance of the season "spring". It refers to the spring that just happened or the one immediately preceding the reference point.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:

    *   *Sense 1: `last%5:00:00:past:00` | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read*
        *   This fits perfectly with "last spring". "Last Thursday" is the Thursday immediately past. "Last spring" is the spring immediately past. This sense specifically handles the adjectival use indicating the immediate past time unit.

    *   *Sense 2: `last%3:00:00::` | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month*
        *   This sense implies a sequence where the item is the final one or the most recent one *so far* (but usually implies a specific endpoint). While "last spring" is the most recent spring, Sense 1 is more specific and accurate for "immediately past". Sense 2 often carries the connotation of "final" or "only remaining" (e.g., "the last day"). "Last spring" isn't the *final* spring ever; it's the one immediately preceding the present. While related, Sense 1 is the distinct WordNet entry for "immediately past" (e.g., "last week", "last year").

    *   *Sense 3: `last%5:00:00:closing:00` | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | examples=his concluding words...*
        *   This refers to an end point. "Last spring" is not the termination of spring, nor the termination of time.

    *   *Sense 4: `last%5:00:00:unlikely:00` | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable*
        *   Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 5: `last%5:00:00:dying:00` | definition=occurring at the time of death*
        *   Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 6: `last%5:00:00:ultimate:00` | definition=conclusive in a process or progression*
        *   Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 7: `last%5:00:00:high:02` | definition=highest in extent or degree*
        *   Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 8: `last%5:00:00:unalterable:00` | definition=not to be altered or undone*
        *   Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 9: `last%5:00:00:worst:00` | definition=lowest in rank or importance*
        *   Not applicable.

4.  **Distinguish between Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   Sense 1 gloss: "immediately past". Example: "last Thursday".
    *   Sense 2 gloss: "coming after all others in time... or being the only one remaining". Example: "the last day of the month".
    *   The phrase "last spring" is structurally identical to "last Thursday". It refers to the instance of the season immediately preceding the current time. It does not mean the final spring of existence. It definitely means the "immediately past" spring.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the precise definition for time units referring to the immediate past (last week, last month, last year, last spring).

5.  **Final Selection**: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spring
Target surface form: spring
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spring%1:28:00:: | definition=the season of growth | synonyms=springtime | examples=the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year
2. sense_key=spring%1:06:00:: | definition=a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed | examples=the spring was broken
3. sense_key=spring%1:17:00:: | definition=a natural flow of ground water | synonyms=fountain, outflow, outpouring, natural spring
4. sense_key=spring%1:15:00:: | definition=a point at which water issues forth
5. sense_key=spring%1:07:00:: | definition=the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length | synonyms=give, springiness
6. sense_key=spring%1:04:00:: | definition=a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards | synonyms=leap, leaping, saltation, bound, bounce

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form**: The target word is "spring" (lemma: spring, surface form: spring).

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   The text discusses scientific discoveries regarding cancer-suppressing genes (retinoblastoma, p53).
    *   The sentence containing the target is: "Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
    *   The phrase is "last spring". This is a temporal reference indicating a specific time of year.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:
    *   *Sense 1*: "the season of growth". Synonyms: springtime. Examples: "he will hold office until the spring of next year".
        *   *Fit*: This fits perfectly. "Last spring" refers to the season following winter and preceding summer. It is a standard temporal usage.
    *   *Sense 2*: "a metal elastic device...".
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. The context is about time, not a mechanical object.
    *   *Sense 3*: "a natural flow of ground water". Synonyms: fountain, natural spring.
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. The context is not about water sources.
    *   *Sense 4*: "a point at which water issues forth".
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. Similar to Sense 3, but refers to the location rather than the flow. Still not relevant to the context.
    *   *Sense 5*: "the elasticity of something...".
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. No physical property of elasticity is being discussed.
    *   *Sense 6*: "a light, self-propelled movement upwards...". Synonyms: leap, bound.
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. No jumping motion is involved.

4.  **Select the Best Sense**: Sense 1 matches the temporal usage of "spring" in the phrase "last spring". It denotes a season.

5.  **Format the Output**: The user requested a JSON object with the key "sense_index". The index corresponding to the chosen sense is 1.

    *   Sense 1 -> index 1.

    JSON structure: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers <t>reported</t> finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Then last spring, researchers <t>reported</t> finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."
    *   Subject: "researchers" (scientists).
    *   Object/Complement: "finding a gene called p53..."
    *   Situation: Scientific discovery/investigation being communicated to the public/scientific community.
    *   Nuance: The researchers are announcing a specific finding (the discovery of a gene) resulting from their work/study. They aren't just describing it casually; they are publishing or announcing the results of an investigation.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `report%2:32:00::` | Definition: "to give an account or representation of in words" | Synonyms: describe, account.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a general sense of "telling a story" or describing something. While the researchers *are* describing their findings, this sense is usually broader and less focused on the *outcome of an investigation* specifically. It's often used for narratives or descriptions of events (e.g., "He reported the accident").

    *   **Sense 2:** `report%2:32:04::` | Definition: "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" | Examples: "The team reported significant advances in their research".
        *   *Analysis:* This fits perfectly. The context is about researchers/scientists ("The team") announcing a specific scientific discovery ("finding a gene..."). The example provided in the gloss ("The team reported significant advances in their research") is semantically very close to the context sentence ("researchers reported finding a gene..."). The core meaning here is the public announcement of a discovery.

    *   **Sense 3:** `report%2:32:03::` | Definition: "announce one's presence" | Examples: "I report to work every day..."
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. This is about showing up for duty.

    *   **Sense 4:** `report%2:32:01::` | Definition: "make known to the authorities" | Examples: "One student reported the other to the principal".
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. This usually implies reporting a crime, a wrongdoer, or a problem to a figure of authority.

    *   **Sense 5:** `report%2:32:13::` | Definition: "be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism" | Synonyms: cover.
        *   *Analysis:* This is about the role of a journalist covering a beat or a story. The researchers are the *source* of the news, not the journalists covering it. They aren't "covering" an event; they are announcing their own results.

    *   **Sense 6:** `report%2:32:02::` | Definition: "complain about; make a charge against".
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. This is about reporting misconduct.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is generic ("give an account").
    *   Sense 2 is specific to investigations/findings ("announce as the result of an investigation").
    *   The context explicitly mentions "researchers" and "finding a gene". This constitutes the result of an investigation. Therefore, Sense 2 is the precise fit. The example "The team reported significant advances in their research" under Sense 2 clinches it.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   Target: Sense 2.

provider: Parasail