[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 2}

content: sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence is "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells." The broader context discusses cancer, tumors, genes, chromosomes, and biological research (Dr. Vogelstein, colon cancer, Wilm's tumor). The target word is "cells" (plural of "cell").

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "any small compartment" (e.g., honeycomb). Too generic. Not the specific biological meaning needed here.
    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." This is the biological definition. The context is about cancer cells, malignant cells, biology, and genetics.
    *   Sense 3: "a device that delivers an electric current..." (electric cell). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4: "a small unit serving as part of... a larger political movement". Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 5: "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone..." (cell phone). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 6: "small room in which a monk or nun lives". Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 7: "a room where a prisoner is kept". Irrelevant.

3.  **Select the Best Sense:** The context explicitly discusses biology, cancer, polyps, and malignancy. "Malignant cells" refers to biological cells that have become cancerous. This perfectly matches Sense 2's definition:.  **Format the Output:** The user wants a JSON object with the key "sense_index". The sense index for "the basic structural and functional unit..." is 2 (based on the list provided: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).

    *   Sense 1: cell%1:06:03::
    *   Sense 2: cell the index is 2.

    Output: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Amazon Bedrock


status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 7. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: cell
    *   Target surface form: cells
    *   Context: A medical/scientific text about cancer, specifically colon cancer, polyps, chromosomes, genetic damage, malignant cells.
    *   Candidate senses: 7 choices provided.
    *   Task: Choose the single best indexed sense (1-7).
    *   Output format: JSON strictly `{"sense_index": <number>}`.

2.  **Evaluate the Context:**
    *   The text discusses "malignant cells" and "benign polyps" in the context of cancer, genetic damage, chromosomes, and tumors.
    *   "Cells" here refers to the biological building blocks of organisms/tissues that become cancerous.

3.  **Evaluate the Candidate Senses:**
    *   1: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb) - Incorrect.
    *   2: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms... - Correct. This matches the biological context of cancer, chromosomes, and malignant vs. benign states.
    *   3: a device that delivers an electric current... - Incorrect.
    *   4: a small unit serving as part of... a larger political movement - Incorrect.
    *   5: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... - Incorrect.
    *   6: small room in which a monk or nun lives - Incorrect.
    *   7: a room where a prisoner is kept - Incorrect.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 2 is clearly the biological definition, fitting perfectly with "malignant cells".

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   Must be exactly `{"sense_index": 2}`.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


attempt_kind: initial

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both <t>polyps</t> and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: A scientific/medical text about Dr. Vogelstein's research into the genetic causes of colon cancer. It mentions Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, cancer suppressor genes, bowel, malignant cells, and benign vs. malignant states.
    *   Candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1: "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" (synonyms: polypus). This refers to the medical pathology term (e.g., colon polyps).
        *   Sense 2: "one of two forms that coelenterates take... usually sedentary..." (examples: hydra or coral). This refers to the biological organism life stage.
    *   Task: Choose the single best indexed sense.
    *   Output format: JSON `{"sense_index": N}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses "colon cancer".
    *   It mentions "development of polyps in the **bowel**".
    *   It discusses "benign polyps" vs "malignant cells".
    *   It describes a progression: polyps -> malignant cells -> cancer.
    *   It explicitly links polyps to "cancer suppressor genes" and "genetic deletions".

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (Medical growth):** The context talks about growths in the bowel (mucous membrane lining the intestine) that can be benign or become malignant. This fits the definition "small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane". Colon polyps are a classic example of this sense. The context explicitly links "polyps" to the precursors of colon cancer.
    *   **Sense 2 (Coelenterate form):** This refers to a type of animal (coral, hydra). While "polyps" is the correct term for these organisms, the context of human medicine (colon cancer, bowel, Dr. Vogelstein, chromosomes) makes this sense completely irrelevant. Researchers are not looking for tiny sea creatures in the human bowel as a precursor to colon cancer.

4.  **Determine the Correct Index:**
    *   The candidate senses are numbered 1 and 2.
    *   Sense 1 matches the medical context.
    *   Sense 2 matches marine biology.

    Therefore, the correct sense index is 1.

5.  **Formulate the Output:**
    *   Format required: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant <t>cells</t>. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   **Target lemma:** cell
    *   **Target surface form:** cells
    *   **Context:** A text about cancer research (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer), specifically discussing "malignant cells" and genetic deletions in polyps.
    *   **Candidate senses:** Seven options provided (definitions/synonyms/examples).
    *   **Task:** Choose the *single best indexed sense* based on context.
    *   **Output format:** JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses biology, medicine, cancer, tumors, chromosomes, genes, malignant/benign tissues.
    *   Specific phrases: "malignant cells", "malignant <t>cells</t>", "genetic deletions", "chromosomes".
    *   Meaning: The word "cells" refers to the biological building blocks of the body that have become cancerous.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `any small compartment`. Example: honeycomb. Too general. While biological cells are compartments, the context is specifically biological organisms.
    *   **Sense 2:** `(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...`. This is the standard biological definition. The context discusses cancer, which is a disease of cells. "Malignant cells" refers specifically to these biological units.
    *   **Sense 3:** `a device that delivers an electric current...` (electric cell/battery). Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 4:** `a small unit serving as part of... a larger political movement`. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 5:** `a hand-held mobile radiotelephone...`. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 6:** `small room in which a monk or nun lives`. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 7:** `a room where a prisoner is kept`. Irrelevant.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 2 matches the biological context perfectly.
    *   The text explicitly mentions "malignant cells" and contrasts them with "benign polyps". It talks about genetics (chromosomes, genes), which are contained within biological cells.
    *   Therefore, index 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants JSON: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: coherent
Target surface form: coherent
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a <t>coherent</t> picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=coherent%3:00:00:: | definition=marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts | synonyms=consistent, logical, ordered | examples=a coherent argument
2. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:rational:00 | definition=capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner | synonyms=logical, lucid | examples=a lucid thinker; she was more coherent than she had been just after the accident
3. sense_key=coherent%3:00:01:: | definition=(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation
4. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:adhesive:00 | definition=sticking together | synonyms=tenacious | examples=two coherent sheets; tenacious burrs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma:** "coherent" (adjective).
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    *   Surrounding text: The text describes the process of scientific discovery regarding colon cancer. Dr. Vogelstein and his student investigated genetic deletions. They found a "confusing variety" of deletions. Then, a "coherent picture" emerged.
    *   Meaning in context: The "picture" (understanding/model) became clear, logical, and organized. The confusing pieces fit together into a unified explanation of how cancer develops (genes knocked out -> polyps -> cancer). It opposes the "confusing variety" mentioned earlier. It means the picture makes sense, is logically consistent, and explains the stages observed.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `sense_key=coherent%3:00:00::` | Definition: "marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts" | Synonyms: "consistent, logical, ordered".
        *   *Fit:* This fits perfectly. The "picture" (conceptual model) became orderly and logical. The parts (genetic deletions, stages) fit together consistently. The example "a coherent argument" is metaphorically similar to "a coherent picture" (both abstract constructs).

    *   **Sense 2:** `sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:rational:00` | Definition: "capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner" | Synonyms: "logical, lucid".
        *   *Fit:* This sense usually applies to a *person* or *thoughts/speech* (e.g., "The patient was coherent"). While "lucid" relates to clarity, the definition focuses on the capability of thinking/expressing. The target here is a "picture" (a situation/model), not a person's cognitive state or speech act.

    *   **Sense 3:** `sense_key=coherent%3:00:01::` | Definition: "(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation".
        *   *Fit:* This is a technical physics term (coherent light). Irrelevant here.

    *   **Sense 4:** `sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:adhesive:00` | Definition: "sticking together" | Synonyms: "tenacious".
        *   *Fit:* This refers to physical adhesion. While "picture" can sometimes involve "sticking" metaphorically, the context emphasizes logical organization of data/stages, not physical stickiness.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 describes something consisting of related parts that form a logical whole. The context contrasts a "confusing variety" with a "coherent picture." The emerging picture is logical and orderly. Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: picture
Target surface form: picture
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent <t>picture</t> of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=picture%1:06:00:: | definition=a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface | synonyms=image, icon, ikon | examples=they showed us the pictures of their wedding; a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them
2. sense_key=picture%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface | synonyms=painting | examples=a small painting by Picasso; he bought the painting as an investment
3. sense_key=picture%1:09:00:: | definition=a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression | examples=he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world
4. sense_key=picture%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
5. sense_key=picture%1:10:00:: | definition=illustrations used to decorate or explain a text | synonyms=pictorial matter | examples=the dictionary had many pictures
6. sense_key=picture%1:10:02:: | definition=a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement | synonyms=movie, film, moving picture, moving-picture show, motion picture, motion-picture show | examples=they went to a movie every Saturday night; the film was shot on location
7. sense_key=picture%1:10:01:: | definition=the visible part of a television transmission | synonyms=video | examples=they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone
8. sense_key=picture%1:10:03:: | definition=a graphic or vivid verbal description | synonyms=word picture, word-painting, delineation, depiction, characterization, characterisation | examples=too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures; the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland
9. sense_key=picture%1:09:01:: | definition=a typical example of some state or quality | examples=the very picture of a modern general; she was the picture of despair
10. sense_key=picture%1:06:02:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, exposure, pic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:**
    *   Lemma: picture
    *   Surface form: picture
    *   Context: "...Gradually, a coherent **picture** of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop..."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence describes a scientific process where researchers (Vogelstein and Fearon) are uncovering genetic deletions and looking for signs of damage.
    *   "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    *   This is not a physical image, a painting, a photograph, a movie, or a TV screen.
    *   It is an abstract concept. It refers to an understanding, a conceptual model, or a view of the situation/process.
    *   It is a "mental representation" or an "overall perspective" of how cancer develops.

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "a visual representation... produced on a surface".
        *   *Evaluation:* Literal visual image. Incorrect. This is abstract.

    *   **Sense 2:** "graphic art consisting of an artistic composition...".
        *   *Evaluation:* A painting. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** "a clear and telling mental image". Synonyms: "mental picture, impression".
        *   *Evaluation:* This fits well. "A coherent picture of cancer development" implies a mental grasp or understanding of the mechanism. It's a metaphorical "image" held in the mind.

    *   **Sense 4:** "a situation treated as an observable object". Synonyms: "scene".
        *   *Evaluation:* The examples given ("the political picture", "the religious scene") suggest a broad state of affairs or a landscape of a specific domain. While "picture of cancer development" is abstract, is it a "situation"? Or is it a mental understanding/model?
        *   Let's look closer at Sense 3 vs Sense 4.
        *   Sense 3 (mental image) examples: "he described his mental picture of his assailant", "he had no clear picture of himself". This emphasizes understanding/visualization in the mind.
        *   Sense 4 (situation/scene) examples: "the political picture", "religious scene". This emphasizes the state of affairs in the world.
        *   The context says: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged." Did the situation emerge, or did the *understanding* of the mechanism emerge?
        *   The scientists were probing. They found confusing data. Gradually, a coherent picture emerged *to them* (or in the scientific understanding). It's an epistemic sense. The understanding/model became clear.
        *   Sense 3 fits "mental image" or "impression". The scientists formed a coherent mental image/understanding of how cancer works.
        *   Let's check other definitions just in case.

    *   **Sense 5:** "illustrations used to decorate or explain a text".
        *   *Evaluation:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 6:** "form of entertainment... movie".
        *   *Evaluation:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** "visible part of a television transmission".
        *   *Evaluation:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 8:** "a graphic or vivid verbal description".
        *   *Evaluation:* This usually refers to a description given by someone. "The author gives a depressing picture...". Here, the "picture" didn't emerge via a verbal description, but through scientific discovery/understanding.

    *   **Sense 9:** "a typical example of some state or quality".
        *   *Evaluation:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 10:** "photograph".
        *   *Evaluation:* Incorrect.

4.  **Disambiguation between Sense 3 and Sense 4:**

    *   **Sense 3:** "a clear and telling mental image". Synonyms: mental picture, impression.
        *   Definition implies a cognitive construct.
        *   Context: "Gradually, a coherent picture ... emerged." The subject is the understanding of the mechanism.
        *   Example match: "he had no clear picture of himself" (understanding).

    *   **Sense 4:** "a situation treated as an observable object". Synonyms: scene.
        *   Definition implies the actual state of affairs.
        *   Example match: "the political picture is favorable".
        *   Does "picture" here mean the "situation of cancer development" or the "understanding/model of cancer development"?
        *   "A coherent picture ... emerged" suggests the *conceptualization* became clear. The cancer development itself was happening whether they understood it or not. The "picture" is the result of the probing. It is the mental model or understanding held by the researchers.
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 (mental image/understanding) is the primary fit.

    *   Let's double-check the definitions.
    *   WordNet 1.09.00 (Sense 3 in the list): "a clear and telling mental image". Synonyms: mental picture, impression.
    *   WordNet 1.26.00 (Sense 4 in the list): "a situation treated as an observable object". Synonyms: scene.
    *   In the sentence, "a coherent picture of cancer development" refers to the conceptual model the scientists constructed. It fits the "mental image" or "understanding" definition.
    *   Sense 3 is the correct choice.

5.  **Final check:**
    Context: "...searching for signs of genetic damage. ... Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    The "picture" is the synthesis of the data found. It is a mental representation of the process.
    Sense 3 definition: "a clear and telling mental image".
    Synonyms: mental picture, impression.
    This aligns perfectly.

    If I selected Sense 4 ("situation/scene"), I would be saying "the situation of cancer development emerged". While grammatically possible, in scientific discovery contexts, "a picture emerged" almost always refers to the understanding/model (mental image) rather than the situation itself (which existed prior to discovery). The "emergence" is epistemic.

    Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *cancer*
    *   Target surface form: *cancer*
    *   Context sentence: "Gradually, a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses Dr. Vogelstein's research into colon cancer, genetic damage, "hits" on suppressor genes, polyps, malignant cells, and the biological process of the disease.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `cancer%1:26:00::` - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." (Synonyms: malignant neoplastic disease). This is the medical disease definition.
    *   Sense 2: `cancer%1:18:00::` - "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" (Synonyms: Crab). Astrological sign person.
    *   Sense 3: `cancer%1:17:00::` - "a small zodiacal constellation..." (Astronomical object).
    *   Sense 4: `cancer%1:15:00::` - "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." (Astrological sign).
    *   Sense 5: `cancer%1:05:00::` - "type genus of the family Cancridae" (Biological classification/Taxonomy - crabs).

3.  **Evaluate the fit of each sense in context:**
    *   The text is clearly about medical research, specifically oncology (colon cancer, lung cancer, polyps, malignant cells, genetic damage).
    *   The target phrase is "<t>cancer</t> development".
    *   Sense 1 refers to the disease itself. The phrase "cancer development" perfectly matches the biological process described (progressing from benign polyps to malignant cells).
    *   Senses 2, 3, and 4 refer to astrology/constellations. These are completely irrelevant to the medical context.
    *   Sense 5 refers to a genus of crabs. This is irrelevant to human biology and oncology.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct sense. It refers to the disease/malignant growth. The context discusses the mechanism ("multiple 'hits'", "genetic damage") and progression ("development") of this disease.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The user explicitly said "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key."
    *   The chosen sense is the first one listed.

    Therefore, the index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer <t>development</t> emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target word: "development"
    *   Sentence: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer **development** emerged."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses Dr. Vogelstein's research into colon cancer. It describes how cancer "develops in stages," going from benign polyps to malignant cells. It talks about a "cascade of genetic damage" and a "coherent picture" of the process unfolding.
    *   Specific usage: The word "development" here refers to the process by which cancer forms and progresses. It is a biological/medical process involving the transition from one stage (healthy or benign) to another (malignant), involving increasing complexity and severity of genetic damage.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `development%1:04:01::` | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining.
        *   *Critique:* This implies improvement or planning (e.g., development of a plan). Cancer development is definitely not "improving" in a positive sense, nor is it about refining a plan. It doesn't fit well.

    *   **Sense 2:** `development%1:22:02::` | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution.
        *   *Critique:* This fits very well. Cancer development is a progression through stages (polyps -> malignant). The text explicitly mentions "stages" and "progressing." The synonym "evolution" fits the idea of a gradual unfolding of the disease state.

    *   **Sense 3:** `development%1:22:01::` | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis.
        *   *Critique:* This is the specific biological sense for "ontogeny" or the growth of an individual organism (e.g., embryo to adult). While cancer is biological, "cancer development" is not the standard growth of an organism towards maturity. It is a pathological process. However, looking closely at the definition: "a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level." Cancer isn't the organism developing; it's a disease process *within* the organism. Sense 2 is more abstract and applies to "something passing by degrees to a different stage," which captures the disease progression better than Sense 3 (which implies normal biological growth/ontogeny).

    *   **Sense 4:** `development%1:11:01::` | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation.
        *   *Critique:* This refers to a specific news event (e.g., "recent developments"). The context here refers to the scientific understanding of the *process* of cancer, not a specific news update. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `development%1:04:02::` | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful.
        *   *Critique:* Land use context. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 6:** `development%1:15:00::` | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose.
        *   *Critique:* Real estate context. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** `development%1:26:00::` | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess).
        *   *Critique:* Chess or specific situational context. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 8:** `development%1:22:00::` | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible.
        *   *Critique:* Photography context. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 9:** `development%1:10:00::` | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement...
        *   *Critique:* Music context. Incorrect.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The choice is primarily between Sense 2 and Sense 3.
    *   Sense 3 is defined as "the process of an individual organism growing organically... changing... from a simple to a more complex level." This is usually reserved for embryos, children growing, etc. (ontogeny).
    *   Sense 2 is defined as "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)."
    *   The phrase "cancer development" describes the *progression* of the disease. The text says: "it often seems to develop in stages... progressing from less severe to deadly."
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2's definition: "passing by degrees to a different stage." While cancer is a biological phenomenon, "cancer development" is viewed as a pathological process/evolution of the disease state rather than the "growth" of the host organism (Sense 3). Sense 2 is the broader "evolution/progression" sense that covers disease trajectories, idea formation, civilization history, etc. The synonym "evolution" in Sense 2 supports the idea of a gradual change/progression.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most appropriate choice.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 3 examples: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children". This confirms Sense 3 is about normal growth/maturation of the body.
    *   Let's double-check Sense 2 examples: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization". This confirms Sense 2 is about abstract processes or systems changing over time through stages.
    *   "Cancer development" fits the "process... pass[ing] by degrees to a different stage" (Sense 2) better than "organism growing organically" (Sense 3), because cancer is a pathological deviation, not the organic growth of the organism itself, though it involves biological mechanisms.

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Some biological contexts might use "development" (Sense 3) for pathological growth (tumors are "growths"). However, the text focuses on the "coherent picture" of the *process*—"stages," "progressing," "cascade." Sense 2 captures the "progression through stages" aspect of the noun phrase "cancer development" (often synonymous with "cancer progression" or "tumorigenesis"). Sense 2's definition "passing by degrees to a different stage" matches the text's "progressing from less severe to deadly."

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct index.

    Index mapping:
    1 -> sense_key=development%1:04:01::
    2 -> sense_key=development%1:22:02::
    3 -> sense_key=development%1:22:01::
    ...
    The target is Sense 2.

    Wait, I need to make sure I map the index correctly based on the provided list.
    The list provided in the prompt has them numbered 1 through 9.
    Candidate 2 is: `sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage...`

    Is "cancer development" Sense 2 or Sense 3?
    In WordNet, Sense 3 (ontogeny) is for the organism.
    Sense 2 is for "something" passing by degrees.
    Is cancer "something" or "an organism"? It's a disease process. It behaves like Sense 2 (evolution of the disease).
    If I say "the development of the tumor", is it Sense 3? Tumors grow organically.
    But the text says "cancer development" in the context of "stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly".
    Sense 2 explicitly mentions "passing by degrees to a different stage". This matches the context sentence "develop in stages" perfectly.
    Sense 3 implies a biological unfolding to a "more complex level" (usually maturity). Cancer results in death, not maturity.
    Thus, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    Final decision: Sense 2.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development <t>emerged</t>. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "emerged" in this passage.

The context is about Dr. Vogelstein's research on colon cancer. After months of tedious probing of chromosomes and uncovering various genetic deletions, "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged." This means that a clear understanding or pattern became apparent or known through their research.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
- This refers to physically appearing from hiding or concealment. The example shows someone coming out of an office. This doesn't fit well with the context where we're talking about a picture or understanding becoming clear.

2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
- This refers to physically coming out of something, like water from a hole. Again, this doesn't fit well with an abstract picture or understanding.

3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
- This sense is about something becoming known or apparent. The example shows results emerging from a study, which is very similar to our context where a coherent picture emerged from their research. This seems to fit well.

4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
- This refers to something rising to the surface, including emotions. While emotions are abstract, this doesn't quite fit with a picture or understanding becoming clear from research.

5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth
- This sense is about something happening as a result of something else. While the coherent picture did emerge as a result of their research, the emphasis in the context is more on the picture becoming known or apparent rather than on it occurring as a result.

The best fit appears to be sense 3, where something abstract (a coherent picture of cancer development) becomes known or apparent through their research. The example given for this sense ("Some nice results emerged from the study") is closely aligned with our context.

So my answer is {"sense_index": 3}.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both <t>copies</t> of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "copies" (plural of "copy") and the context is about genetics - specifically about genes and cancer development. The sentence is: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."

The context is clearly referring to biological copies - specifically copies of genes. In genetics, organisms typically have two copies of each gene (one from each parent).

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
- This refers to written records/transcripts, not applicable here.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
- This is a general definition of "copy" as something similar or identical to another thing. The examples mention clones, which is closer to the biological context.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
- This refers to printed matter, not applicable.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
- This refers to journalistic material, not applicable.

Looking at sense 2, the definition is "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" which could apply to gene copies. The example mentions "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" which is somewhat related to biological copies.

However, WordNet often has more specific senses for biological copies. Let me check if any of these senses fits well:

In the context of genetics, "copies" refers to duplicate copies of genes - organisms typically have two copies of each gene (alleles). This fits best with sense 2, which is about things that are similar or identical to other things. Gene copies are essentially identical (or near-identical) copies of the same gene.

Sense 2 is the best fit here, as it's the most general sense that encompasses the biological concept of gene copies being things that are identical/similar to the original gene.

So the answer should be sense_index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a <t>certain</t> gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "certain" in the phrase "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out..."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is about a specific gene that, when both copies are knocked out, causes benign polyps to develop.
- The word "certain" is used as a determiner/adjective modifying "gene"
- It refers to a particular gene, but one that is not named or identified specifically in the text

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
- This sense means "definite but not specified or identified" - used when referring to something specific but unnamed
- Examples: "set aside a certain sum each week" and "to a certain degree"
- This fits the context well - the text refers to a specific gene that exists, but it's not being named/identified in this sentence

2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
- This is about being confident or feeling certain about something - not applicable here

3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
- This is about facts being established or definitely known - not the usage here

4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
- This is about inevitability - not applicable

5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
- This is about something being finalized/irrevocable - not applicable

6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
- This is about reliability - not applicable

7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors
- This is about being careful - not applicable

The correct sense is clearly sense 1. The phrase "a certain gene" means "a specific gene that I'm referring to but not naming" - definite but not specified or identified. This is exactly what sense 1 describes.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: knock_out
Target surface form: knocked out
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were <t>knocked out</t>, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=knock out a target
2. sense_key=knock_out%2:35:00:: | definition=knock unconscious or senseless | synonyms=knock cold, kayo | examples=the boxing champion knocked out his opponent in a few seconds
3. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:00:: | definition=destroy or break forcefully | examples=The windows were knocked out
4. sense_key=knock_out%2:37:00:: | definition=overwhelm with admiration | examples=All the guys were knocked out by her charm
5. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:02:: | definition=empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out | examples=knocked out a pipe

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "knock_out" and the surface form is "knocked out". The context is about genetic research and cancer development. Let me analyze the context:

"If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."

In this context, "knocked out" refers to genes being deleted or eliminated - both copies of a gene being removed or rendered non-functional. This is a technical/scientific context where "knock out" means to eliminate or delete a gene.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=knock out a target
2. sense_key=knock_out%2:35:00:: | definition=knock unconscious or senseless | synonyms=knock cold, kayo | examples=the boxing champion knocked out his opponent in a few seconds
3. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:00:: | definition=destroy or break forcefully | examples=The windows were knocked out
4. sense_key=knock_out%2:37:00:: | definition=overwhelm with admiration | examples=All the guys were knocked out by her charm
5. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:02:: | definition=empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out | examples=knocked out a pipe

Sense 1 with "eliminate" is the closest match. In genetics, a "knockout" refers to a gene that has been made nonfunctional or deleted. The example "knock out a target" is general enough to encompass this technical use. The genes are being eliminated or deleted from the chromosomes.

Sense 2 (knock unconscious) doesn't fit - this is about genes, not people.
Sense 3 (destroy or break forcefully) doesn't quite fit the scientific context.
Sense 4 (overwhelm with admiration) doesn't fit.
Sense 5 (empty a pipe) doesn't fit.

So the best sense is sense 1, which has the sense_index of 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign <t>polyps</t> would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target lemma is "polyp", appearing in the plural form "polyps".
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses "colon cancer".
    *   It mentions "development of polyps in the bowel".
    *   It discusses progression from "benign polyps" to "malignant cells".
    *   It refers to "genetic deletions" found in "benign polyps".
    *   The context is clearly medical/anatomical, specifically relating to the colon/bowel and cancer development.
3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `polyp%1:26:00::` | Definition: "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" | Synonyms: "polypus".
    *   **Sense 2:** `polyp%1:05:00::` | Definition: "one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral)..." | Examples: mentions hydra, coral, life cycle phases.
4.  **Match Context to Senses:**
    *   Sense 2 refers to a biological form of animals like hydras or corals. This is unrelated to colon cancer or the human bowel.
    *   Sense 1 refers to a growth on a mucous membrane. The colon/bowel is lined with mucous membrane. The text describes these growths as potentially benign or malignant, which fits the medical definition of a polyp (an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane).
5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct fit. It describes the medical condition (growths in the bowel/colon) mentioned in the text.
6.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object with the key "sense_index". Since Sense 1 is the first one listed, the index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would <t>develop</t>. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target lemma is "develop" in its base form. The context describes a biological process: the formation of benign polyps in the body as a result of genetic changes (genes being knocked out).

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would <t>develop</t>."
    *   Subject: "benign polyps" (biological structures/growths).
    *   Process: They come into existence or form due to genetic deletions.
    *   Previous context: Discusses cancer developing in stages, polyps becoming malignant. It's about the natural progression and formation of disease/tissue.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (make something new):* Transitive. "Her company developed a new kind of building material". Here, the polyps are the subject, and the verb is intransitive (or ergative, implying they form themselves). The context is not about an agent making polyps intentionally.
    *   *Sense 2 (work out):* Transitive. "We have developed a new theory". Doesn't fit biological growth.
    *   *Sense 3 (gain through experience):* "develop a sense of right and wrong". Mental/abstract acquisition. Doesn't fit physical polyps.
    *   *Sense 4 (come to have... physical features):* "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains". This is close. "The patient developed abdominal pains" is a very similar medical usage. However, "develop" here often takes a patient subject and an object (symptoms/conditions). In the target sentence, "polyps" are the *thing* that develops/forms, not a feature possessed by something else in the syntax of the sentence (though they are in the bowel). The structure is "Polyps would develop." This suggests an intransitive sense of coming into existence or growing.
    *   *Sense 5 (come into existence; take on form or shape):* Synonyms: originate, arise, spring up, grow. Examples: "A new religious movement originated...", "a love that sprang up...". This fits the idea of polyps forming or appearing where they weren't before. Polyps "arise" or "spring up".
    *   *Sense 10 (grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth...):* Examples: "A flower developed on the branch". This captures the biological growth aspect perfectly. A flower developing on a branch is structurally and semantically very similar to polyps developing in the bowel. It implies natural biological formation and growth.
    *   *Sense 20 (happen):* "Report the news as it develops". Too general.

4.  **Compare Sense 4, Sense 5, and Sense 10:**
    *   *Sense 4:* "The patient developed polyps" -> Here "develop" is transitive. In the text: "benign polyps would develop". Here "polyps" is the subject. This makes Sense 4 less syntactically appropriate (Sense 4 is usually the experiencer/subject acquiring the feature/object).
    *   *Sense 5:* "come into existence". Fits well. "Polyps would come into existence."
    *   *Sense 10:* "grow, progress... natural growth". Example: "A flower developed on the branch". "Benign polyps would develop [in the bowel]". This sense specifically highlights *natural growth* and *differentiation*.

    Let's look closely at Sense 10 vs Sense 5.
    Sense 5 is "come into existence; take on form or shape".
    Sense 10 is "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".

    The context talks about "cancer development", "progressing from less severe to deadly", "cascade of genetic damage". The polyps aren't just popping into existence (Sense 5); they are biological growths forming through a process.
    However, Sense 4's example "The patient developed abdominal pains" is medical. But the syntax is crucial. "Polyps would develop" is intransitive. Sense 4 definition says "come to have or undergo a change of...". It implies the subject *has* the attribute. Polyps don't "have" themselves; they *are* the entity growing. Therefore, Sense 4 is syntactically wrong.

    Sense 10: "A flower developed on the branch". This is the closest structural parallel. A flower is a biological growth. A polyp is a biological growth.
    Sense 5: "A new religious movement originated...". This is abstract or societal.

    Wait, let's check the specific mapping for medical conditions.
    "The patient developed cancer." -> usually Sense 4.
    "Cancer developed." -> What sense is this?
    WordNet often groups these.
    Let's look at Sense 10 again: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower".
    Let's look at Sense 5 again: "A new religious movement originated in that country".

    The text says: "benign polyps would <t>develop</t>."
    Is it "polyps come into existence" (Sense 5) or "polyps grow" (Sense 10)?
    Polyps are growths. They grow from the tissue.
    "A flower developed on the branch" (Sense 10) seems the strongest match for a biological structure forming naturally.

    Let's re-read Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". Synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire.
    Examples: "He grew a beard" (transitive). "The patient developed abdominal pains" (transitive/ergative depending on analysis, but patient is the subject).
    In "Polyps would develop", "polyps" is the subject. You don't say "The bowel developed polyps" in this specific sentence (though you could). The sentence focuses on the polyps themselves appearing/growing.
    Sense 10 is "grow... natural growth". "Polyps would grow". This fits.

    Let's check Sense 5. "Come into existence". Synonyms: originate, arise. "Polyps would arise". This also fits.
    However, "develop" in a medical context for a disease or biological structure usually leans towards the biological growth/unfolding sense (Sense 10) or the acquisition sense if a patient is the subject (Sense 4).
    Since the subject is the biological structure itself ("polyps"), Sense 10 (A flower developed on the branch) is the best analogy.
    "A flower developed" = "Polyps developed".
    "A flower originated" (Sense 5) is possible but "develop" implies the biological process of formation/growth more strongly than just origin.

    Let's check the definitions again.
    Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation...". This matches the context of "genetic damage", "cascade", "stages". The context emphasizes the *process* and *stages* of development. The sentence preceding says "cancer... develop in stages".
    The target sentence: "benign polyps would develop".
    The context emphasizes the biological progression.
    Therefore, Sense 10 captures the nuances of biological growth/progression better than Sense 5 (mere origin).

    Let's double check Sense 20 "happen". "Report the news as it develops". Too generic.
    Let's double check Sense 4. Definition: "come to have...". If the sentence was "The patient developed polyps", it would be Sense 4 (or arguably Sense 4 covers the medical condition aspect). But here the polyps are the subject. "The polyps developed." -> They grew/formed. Sense 10.

    Sense 10 examples:
    "A flower developed on the branch."
    "The country developed into a mighty superpower."

    Target:
    "benign polyps would <t>develop</t>."

    This is a biological growth forming. Sense 10 is the correct choice.

    Let's confirm index.
    1. make something new
    2. work out
    3. gain experience
    4. change of physical features (patient subject)
    5. come into existence (abstract/origin)
    ...
    10. grow, progress... natural growth.

    Comparison:
    "A flower developed on the branch" (Sense 10).
    "Polyps developed in the bowel."
    This is the closest match.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both <t>copies</t> of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "copies" in the provided context.

**Context Analysis:**
- The text is about genetics, specifically the development of colon cancer.
- It talks about chromosomes, genes, genetic deletions, and malignant cells.
- The specific sentence is: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out..."
- The target word refers to the number of times a specific gene exists in a chromosome (usually two copies, one from each parent).

**Candidate Senses Analysis:**

1. **sense_key=copy%1:10:00::**
   - Definition: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)"
   - Synonyms: transcript
   - Relevance: No, this refers to documents or records. Not applicable to biology.

2. **sense_key=copy%1:06:00::**
   - Definition: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing"
   - Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress", "the clone was a copy of its ancestor"
   - Relevance: This is a general sense of a duplicate or a replica. In genetics, a gene copy is a duplicate of the gene sequence (one from mother, one from father). This fits the biological concept of having "two copies" of a gene. While WordNet might not have a specific "genetics" sub-sense listed here, this is the general category of "duplicate things".

3. **sense_key=copy%1:10:01::**
   - Definition: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials"
   - Synonyms: written matter
   - Relevance: No, this refers to publishing/printing.

4. **sense_key=copy%1:10:02::**
   - Definition: "material suitable for a journalistic account"
   - Examples: "catastrophes make good copy"
   - Relevance: No, this refers to journalism/news.

**Comparison:**
- Sense 1 is too specific to written records/transcripts.
- Sense 2 is the broad definition of a duplicate. A gene copy is a biological duplicate of a sequence of DNA. This is the closest fit among the options provided. Even though the WordNet gloss might seem broad ("a thing made to be similar..."), in WSD tasks without a specific bio-sense, the general "duplicate" sense is the standard choice.
- Senses 3 and 4 are about text/media.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice. It captures the essence of there being multiple instances of the gene (the gene and its duplicate).

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "second" and the surface form is "second".
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."
    *   Previous sentence: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."
    *   The text describes a sequence of genetic events leading to cancer.
    *   First, one gene is knocked out -> benign polyps.
    *   Then, a *second* gene is deleted -> malignancy.
    *   The usage here implies an ordering or enumeration: first gene, then another gene (the second one).
    *   It is describing the position in a sequence of events or items (genes in this case).
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude" | synonyms=2nd, 2d. This is the ordinal adjective sense. It describes something following the first in a sequence.
    *   **Sense 2:** "a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first" | examples=second flute; the second violins. This is a specific noun or adjective usage related to music/orchestras.
4.  **Compare context to senses:**
    *   The context is about biology and genetics (genes), not music.
    *   The phrase "a second gene" refers to the next gene in the sequence of events described ("preceded by...", "progressing...", "If both copies of a certain gene... If both copies of a second gene...").
    *   It fits the definition of Sense 1 perfectly: "coming next after the first in position...". It is an ordinal usage.
    *   Sense 2 is inappropriate for the domain and the semantic function here.
5.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.
6.  **Format the output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. Since Sense 1 is the correct one, the index is 1.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "then" in this passage.

The sentence with "then" is: "If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
This sense refers to something happening after something else in a temporal sequence.

2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
This sense refers to a consequence or result in a conditional statement.

3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then
This sense refers to a specific point in time in the past.

Now, let's analyze the context:

"If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

In this context, "then" is used in a conditional sentence structure. It's not referring to a specific point in time (sense 3). It could be referring to a temporal sequence (sense 1), as the deletion of the second gene happens after the first gene is knocked out. But more specifically, it's being used in a conditional statement where the deletion of the second gene leads to the consequence of polyps progressing to malignancy (sense 2).

The sentence structure is "If X then Y" which is a conditional statement. In this case, "then" is marking the consequence or result of the condition "if both copies of a second gene were deleted."

So the best match is sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence".

However, there's a slight complication. The passage is describing a sequence of genetic changes: first one gene is knocked out (leading to benign polyps), and then a second gene is deleted (leading to malignancy). So there's a temporal aspect to it as well.

Let me reconsider this. The sentence is "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

Here, "then" is positioned within the conditional clause, not between the "if" clause and the main clause. It's not saying "If X, then Y" in the traditional sense. It's saying "If X were subsequently/successively done, Y would happen." This suggests that "then" is indicating a sequence of events rather than a consequence. So sense 1 might be more appropriate.

Actually, looking more closely, the sentence is structured as "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy." The "then" is placed within the "if" clause, indicating that the deletion of the second gene happens after the deletion of the first gene. This is a temporal sequence, which matches sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward".

So after reconsideration, I believe sense 1 is the most appropriate for this context.