[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Word:** "state" (noun).
    *   **Context Sentence:** "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>."
    *   **Contextual Meaning:** The sentence describes the progression of cancer. Genes initiate cancer and then drive it into a "deadly state". Here, "state" refers to the condition, situation, or phase of the disease (cancer). It's about the health status or condition of the disease/tumor.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `state%1:15:01::` - Territory occupied by a district of a nation (political/geographic). *Incorrect.*
    *   **Sense 2:** `state%1:03:00::` - Definition: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes". Examples: "the current state of knowledge", "his state of health".
        *   *Analysis:* This definition fits perfectly. The "deadly state" refers to the condition or mode of the cancer. The example "state of health" is semantically very close to the medical context of cancer progression.
    *   **Sense 3:** `state%1:14:01::` - Group of people comprising the government. *Incorrect.*
    *   **Sense 4:** `state%1:14:00::` - Politically organized body of people (nation/country). *Incorrect.*
    *   **Sense 5:** `state%1:26:02::` - State of matter (solid, liquid, gas). *Incorrect.*
    *   **Sense 6:** `state%1:26:01::` - A state of depression or agitation (emotional state). *Incorrect.* The context refers to a biological condition, not an emotional one.
    *   **Sense 7:** `state%1:15:00::` - Territory occupied by a nation. *Incorrect.*
    *   **Sense 8:** `state%1:14:02::` - The US Federal Department (State Department). *Incorrect.*

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 2 captures the abstract meaning of "condition" or "mode of being," which is exactly how "state" is used in "deadly state" regarding cancer progression. It matches the "state of health" example provided in the gloss.

4.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense is the second one listed (index 2).

    *Let's double check the indexing.*
    1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: ...
    2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: ... (Correct)
    3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: ...
    ...

    Therefore, the index is 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: call
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target sentence is: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."

Let me analyze this context:
- Scientists are giving a name/classification to a new class of genes
- They are naming them "tumor-suppressors" or "anti-cancer genes"
- This is about assigning a name or term to something

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader

2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful

Sense 1 is about assigning a proper name to something.
Sense 2 is about ascribing a quality or giving a common noun name that reflects a quality.

In this context, "tumor-suppressors" is being assigned as a name/classification for this class of genes. This is more like assigning a descriptive name or classification term.

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: proper names (like David, naming a school after someone)
- Sense 2: common noun names reflecting a quality (calling someone lazy, calling someone a bastard)

"Tumor-suppressors" is a common noun/term that reflects a quality (the function of suppressing tumors). This seems more aligned with sense 2.

However, let me reconsider. The examples in sense 2 are about calling someone an adjective or quality descriptor (bastard, lazy and ungrateful). "Tumor-suppressors" is a noun phrase being used as a name for this class of genes.

Actually, both sense 1 and sense 2 could potentially apply here. Sense 1 is about giving a name to something. Sense 2 is about ascribing a quality.

"Tumor-suppressors" is a descriptive term that reflects what these genes do (suppress tumors). It's a common noun being used as a classification name.

I think sense 2 fits better because:
- "tumor-suppressors" is a common noun phrase describing a quality/function
- This is similar to "calling" something by a descriptive name
- The structure "call X Y" where Y describes the nature/function of X matches the pattern in sense 2

Let me verify with the examples:
- Sense 1: "They named their son David" - proper noun name
- Sense 2: "He called me a bastard" - descriptive noun reflecting a quality

"Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors" - This is giving a descriptive name that reflects the quality/function of these genes.

I believe sense 2 (index 2) is the best fit.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider sense 1 again. The definition says "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to." The "usually proper" suggests it doesn't have to be a proper name. And "tumor-suppressors" is being assigned as a name/classification to these genes.

Looking at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 1: "The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader" - This is about naming institutions
- Sense 2: "He called me a bastard" - This is about ascribing qualities to people

In the context, scientists are naming a class of genes. This is more similar to naming scientific entities/classifications. While "tumor-suppressors" is descriptive, it's functioning as a name for this class.

Actually, I think both could work, but sense 2 seems slightly more appropriate because "tumor-suppressors" is a descriptive term (reflecting a quality/function) rather than a proper name. The key is that it reflects a quality (the tumor-suppressing function).

Let me finalize: Sense 2 (index 2) - "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality"

The structure "call X Y" where Y is "tumor-suppressors" (a common noun describing the function/quality) matches the pattern in sense 2 examples.

Sense index:2

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "new" in this passage.

Context: "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."

The word "new" is describing a "class of genes" - specifically tumor-suppressor genes that scientists have recently discovered/identified.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars

This sense focuses on something recently discovered or made. The context mentions that scientists have "just found" these genes and they are "newly identified genes." This could fit because this class of genes was recently discovered by scientists.

2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem

This sense emphasizes that something is original and a kind not seen before. The tumor-suppressor genes as a class were not previously known or categorized. This could also fit well - scientists discovered a "new class" of genes that was not previously identified.

3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits

This doesn't apply - genes don't have experience.

4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity

This is about having no precedent, which could somewhat apply, but seems too strong. These genes existed before; they just weren't discovered.

5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it

This is about replacing something former with something different. This doesn't apply - there wasn't a "former class" of genes being replaced.

6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new

This doesn't apply - not about genes being unused.

7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them

This has a negative connotation of being gratuitously new or faddish, which doesn't fit the scientific context.

8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties

This doesn't apply to genes.

9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew

This doesn't apply to genes.

10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn

This doesn't apply to genes.

11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

This is about something being unfamiliar to a person. The genes are unfamiliar to scientists because they're newly discovered, but this sense seems more about personal unfamiliarity rather than objective newness.

The main contenders are:
- Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
- Sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before"

Looking at the context more carefully:
- The passage talks about "newly identified genes"
- Scientists "just found" these genes
- The genes represent a "class" that was discovered

The key question is: Is "new" here emphasizing that:
a) This class of genes was recently discovered (sense 1)
b) This class of genes is of a kind not seen before, original/novel (sense 2)

The phrase "new class of genes" suggests that the category/classification itself is new/novel - it's a type of gene that wasn't previously known to exist. This is closer to sense 2, which emphasizes that something is "original and of a kind not seen before."

However, sense 1's definition includes "recently... discovered" which also fits well given the context of scientific discovery.

Let me look at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 1: "a new law; new cars" - these are things that recently came into being or were acquired
- Sense 2: "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem" - this is about something original and unprecedented in kind

The "new class of genes" is being discovered for the first time - it's not just that the classification is recent, but that this type of gene was not previously known. The genes themselves existed before, but the class as a concept is "of a kind not seen before" in scientific understanding.

I think sense 2 (original and of a kind not seen before) captures this better than sense 1. The emphasis is on the novelty and uniqueness of this class of genes as a scientific discovery, not just on the timing of the discovery.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider. The class of genes as a category didn't exist before scientists identified it. So it's not just "recently discovered" but it's a "new kind" - tumor-suppressor genes as a category are a new classification.

Sense 2's definition "original and of a kind not seen before" with synonyms "fresh, novel" fits this. The discovery isn't just recent - it's a novel type of gene function that wasn't previously understood.

I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: class
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `class`
    *   Context sentence: "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
    *   Preceding context: Discusses newly identified genes, cancer prediction, altered genes initiating cancer.
    *   Following context: Describes the function of these genes (tumor-suppressors).

2.  **Analyze the meaning in context:**
    *   The word "class" here refers to a grouping or categorization of genes.
    *   Specifically, it groups genes that share a common attribute (they are tumor-suppressors or anti-cancer genes).
    *   It is not a social class (sense 3).
    *   It is not a group of students (sense 2 or 6).
    *   It is not a course of education (sense 4).
    *   It is not a league ranked by quality (sense 5).
    *   It is not the biological taxonomic rank "class" (sense 7), though it is related to biology. In taxonomy, "class" is a specific rank (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). Here, "class of genes" means a category or type of genes, not the taxonomic rank of Class.
    *   It is not elegance (sense 8).

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `class%1:14:00::` | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents.
        *   *Fit:* Excellent. The context talks about a "class of genes" defined by their function (tumor-suppressors). This matches the definition of a collection of things sharing an attribute. The example "classes of detergents" is structurally similar to "class of genes".
    *   **Sense 2:** `class%1:14:03::` | definition=a body of students...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 3:** `class%1:14:01::` | definition=people having the same social...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 4:** `class%1:04:00::` | definition=education imparted...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 5:** `class%1:14:05::` | definition=a league ranked by quality...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. While genes differ, this isn't a sports league division.
    *   **Sense 6:** `class%1:14:04::` | definition=a body of students who graduate...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 7:** `class%1:14:02::` | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders.
        *   *Fit:* This is a distractor because the context is biological (genes). However, genes are not classified under the taxonomic rank "Class". Genes are molecular units. "Class" here is used in the general sense of a category or type, not the specific Linnaean rank. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice over sense 7.
    *   **Sense 8:** `class%1:07:00::` | definition=elegance in dress or behavior.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 matches the usage "class of genes" as a category of objects sharing a function.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense is index 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 1}

content: sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
1.  context:**
    The sentence is: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes."
    The saying the same thing, without the technical jargon "tumor-suppressors". It's not about manner (dressing plainly), nor is it an intensifier (absolutely/really). It's about limiting the description to that specific term or presenting it as an02:00::`
        *   Definition: and nothing more
        *   Synonyms: merely, just, only, but
        *   Examples: I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
        *   Fit: This fits well. "Scientists call them tumor-suppressors, or *merely/just* anti-cancer genes." It suggests that "anti-cancer genes" is the other name, and "simply" highlights the alternative nature or the directness of the term. It implies "nothing more than".

    *   **Sense 2:** `simply%4:02:03::`
        *   Definition: absolutely
        *   Synonyms: just
        *   Examples: I just can't take it anymore
        *   Fit: This is an intensifier of naming/classification.

    *   **Sense 3:** `simply%4:02:02::`
        *   Definition: absolutely; altogether; really
        *   Examples: we are simply broke
        *   Fit: Similar to Sense 2, this is an intensifier. Doesn't fit the naming context.

    *   **Sense 4:** `simply%4:02:01::`
        *   Definition: in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment
        *   Synonyms: plainly
        *   Examples: she was dressed plainly
        *   Fit: This the naming act or the term itself, functioning much closer to "merely/just" (Sense 1) than the manner "plainly". The usage "or simply X" is a standard construction where "simply" means "just" or "merely" (introducing an alternative).

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    Context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
    Replacement test:
    - "Scientists call them tumor-suppressors, or *just* anti-cancer genes." (Works perfectly, matches Sense 1 synonyms).
    - "Scientists call them tumor-suppressors, or *merely* anti-cancer genes." (Works This falls under the "and nothing more" / "merely" definition (Sense 1). It signifies that the second term is another name, "just" that.

    Let's double-check the mapping.
    WordNet 3.0/3.1 usually has these senses.
    Sense 1: "and nothing more" (just, merely).
    Sense 4: "in a simple manner" (plainly).

    The phrase "or simply X" is a discourse marker construction. "Call it X, or simply Y." It means "call it X, or [merely/just] Y."
    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Indexing:
    The user provided a list numbered 1, 2, 3, 4.
    1 -> simply%4:02:00:: (and nothing more)
    2 -> simply%4:02:03:: (absolutely)
    3 -> simply%4:02:02:: (absolutely; altogether)
    4 -> simply%4:02:01:: (in a simple manner)

    Correct index: 1.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 4. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "simply" in the context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes."

Let me analyze this context:
- The sentence is explaining that scientists have two names for this class of genes: "tumor-suppressors" or "simply anti-cancer genes."
- The word "simply" here is being used to indicate that "anti-cancer genes" is another, perhaps simpler or alternative name.
- It's not used as an intensifier (like "absolutely" or "really").
- It's not describing how something is done in a simple manner.
- It seems to be used in the sense of "just" or "merely" - indicating an alternative, simpler designation.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "and nothing more" with synonyms "merely, just, only, but" - examples like "it is simply a matter of time"
2. "absolutely" with synonym "just" - examples like "I just can't take it anymore"
3. "absolutely; altogether; really" - examples like "we are simply broke"
4. "in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment" with synonym "plainly" - examples like "she was dressed plainly"

In the context "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes", the word "simply" is used to introduce an alternative, simpler term. It could be paraphrased as "merely" or "just" - the genes are called tumor-suppressors, or just anti-cancer genes.

Sense 1 with definition "and nothing more" and synonyms "merely, just, only, but" seems most appropriate. The phrase could be rewritten as "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or just anti-cancer genes."

So the answer should be sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: functioning
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When <t>functioning</t> normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "functioning" used in the context: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
This means the genes are operating or working as they are supposed to.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

"functioning normally" refers to working/operating properly (as expected). Sense 1 fits perfectly (synonyms: work, operate). "When operating normally" or "When working normally".
Sense 2 is about serving a purpose (like "The tree stump serves as a table").
Sense 3 is about officiating/performing duties (human office).

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genes that "hold a cell's growth in check." This means they keep the growth under control or restrain it.

Let me look at the options:

1. hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity - This could work, as it's about keeping growth in check (a certain state).

7. hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine - This seems very relevant. "Hold back" aligns with "hold in check."

27. hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate - This is also very relevant. The phrase "hold in check" appears in the definition, and "check" is a synonym. This seems to be the best fit.

Looking at the context: "they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."

The phrase "hold in check" is about restraining, controlling, or keeping within limits. Sense 27 specifically mentions "hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" and has "check" as a synonym.

Let me compare:

- Sense 1 is about keeping in a certain state, position, or activity. While this could loosely apply, it's more general.
- Sense 7 is about restraining, confining, holding back from movement. This is closer.
- Sense 27 is about lessening intensity, tempering, holding in restraint, keeping within limits. The synonym "check" directly matches "hold in check" in the context.

Sense 27 seems to be the best fit because:
1. The definition includes "hold in restraint" and "hold or keep within limits"
2. "check" is one of the synonyms, which directly matches the phrase "hold in check" used in the context
3. The example "hold your tongue" shows restraint/control

So my answer is sense_index: 27.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target word is "cell" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses cancer research, genes, tumor-suppressors, proteins, and molecular levels.
    *   Key phrases: "accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer", "proteins that hold a **cell**'s growth in check", "genes are damaged", "chance accident in cell division", "cells normally under control turn malignant".
    *   The context is clearly biological/medical, referring to the fundamental unit of life that can become malignant (cancerous).
3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   1. `cell%1:06:03::`: "any small compartment" (e.g., honeycomb). Too general. Not specifically biological in the sense of a living unit.
    *   2. `cell%1:03:00::`: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...". This matches the biological context perfectly (cell division, malignant cells, growth in check).
    *   3. `cell%1:06:00::`: "electric cell". Irrelevant.
    *   4. `cell%1:14:00::`: "political movement cell". Irrelevant.
    *   5. `cell%1:06:04::`: "mobile phone". Irrelevant.
    *   6. `cell%1:06:02::`: "monk's room". Irrelevant.
    *   7. `cell%1:06:01::`: "prison cell". Irrelevant.
4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 2 is the definition of a biological cell.
    *   The context mentions "cell division", "malignant", "growth", "proteins". All these are properties and processes associated with biological cells.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.
5.  **Format Output:** The user requested a JSON object with the format `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the integer index of the chosen sense.
    *   Chosen index: 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** growth
    *   **Target surface form:** growth
    *   **Context sentence:** "...they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check."
    *   **Broader context:** The text discusses cancer, genes, tumor-suppressors, and the molecular mechanisms of cell division. It talks about "accumulation of... altered genes," "initiate a cancer," and cells "turn malignant." Specifically, the target phrase is "hold a cell's growth in check."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...`
        *   *Definition:* A biological process of unfolding/change from simple to complex in an organism.
        *   *Fit:* This is close. It refers to biological growth. However, it often implies the growth of a whole organism (ontogeny), though it can apply to parts. The context talks about a *cell's* growth.
    *   **Sense 2:** `a progression from simpler to more complex forms`
        *   *Examples:* "the growth of culture".
        *   *Fit:* This is abstract/figurative growth (culture), not physical biological growth.
    *   **Sense 3:** `a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important`
        *   *Synonyms:* increase, increment.
        *   *Examples:* "growth of population".
        *   *Fit:* This is about getting bigger or more numerous. Cells growing means getting larger or dividing (increasing in number).
    *   **Sense 4:** `vegetation that has grown`
        *   *Examples:* "a growth of trees".
        *   *Fit:* Specific to plants/vegetation. Incorrect for cells.
    *   **Sense 5:** `the gradual beginning or coming forth`
        *   *Synonyms:* emergence.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect aspect of meaning.
    *   **Sense 6:** `(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)`
        *   *Fit:* The text is about cancer/tumors, but the specific sentence says tumor-suppressor genes hold a cell's *growth* in check. If the "growth" referred to the tumor itself (the pathological mass), Sense 6 might apply to the result. However, the phrase "hold a cell's growth in check" refers to the natural, normal process of a cell dividing or increasing in size which needs to be regulated. The "growth" being held in check is the *normal* biological process of cell multiplication/expansion, which, if unchecked, leads to the pathology (Sense 6). The context says "When functioning normally... hold a cell's growth in check." This implies the process is normal but regulated.
    *   **Sense 7:** `something grown or growing`
        *   *Examples:* "a growth of hair".
        *   *Fit:* Refers to the object (the hair) rather than the process. Here "growth" is the abstract process.

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3 vs Sense 6:**

    *   **Sense 6 (Pathology):** The text discusses cancer. "Growth" can be a synonym for a tumor. However, the phrase "hold a cell's growth in check" refers to the *mechanism* preventing cancer. Tumor suppressors stop cells from dividing uncontrollably. They regulate the natural process. Therefore, the "growth" being held in check is the normal biological process of increasing in size/number. If it were the pathological mass, the sentence structure would be odd ("hold a cell's tumor in check" vs "hold a cell's process of growing in check"). The "growth" is the activity of the cell, not the disease state itself in this specific grammatical slot. The genes stop the *process* of growing to prevent the tumor.
    *   **Sense 1 (Biology/Organism):** Defined as "process of an individual organism growing organically... changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". While accurate for biology, does it apply to a single cell? "Organism" usually implies the whole creature. However, cells do grow.
    *   **Sense 3 (Process of becoming larger/longer/more numerous):** Defined as "a process of becoming larger... or more numerous". Synonyms: "increase".
    *   *Comparison:* In biology, "cell growth" usually means increase in size (volume) or increase in number (proliferation).
    *   Sense 1 is specific to "organism... unfolding... simple to complex". This sounds like development/ontogeny.
    *   Sense 3 is "process of becoming larger or more numerous".
    *   Looking at the definition of Sense 1: "unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". This is "development/ontogeny". A single cell doesn't really undergo ontogeny in the way an organism does.
    *   Sense 3 is the most general definition of "growth" as increase. Cells growing means they are increasing in size or number.
    *   *Re-evaluating Sense 1:* Is cell growth covered by Sense 1? Sometimes WordNet senses are broad. But Sense 1 explicitly mentions "organism" and "simple to complex level" (ontogeny). Sense 3 is "becoming larger or more numerous". Cancer is a proliferation (increase in number). Normal cells proliferate (increase in number) or increase in mass.
    *   The phrase "hold a cell's growth in check" implies stopping it from expanding/proliferating.
    *   Let's look at Sense 6 again. "Abnormal proliferation". The context is about suppressing the *potential* for abnormal proliferation. The genes hold the *growth* (the normal proliferation process) in check so it doesn't become the "abnormal proliferation".
    *   Therefore, the target word refers to the normal process.
    *   Between Sense 1 and Sense 3:
        *   Sense 1 is "biological unfolding... organism... simple to complex".
        *   Sense 3 is "becoming larger... or more numerous".
        *   Cell division/proliferation fits "becoming more numerous" or "larger". It fits Sense 3 better than Sense 1 (which is about embryology/development of the whole entity).
    *   *However*, looking at how WordNet often treats biological growth: Sense 1 is the primary biological sense. Is there a specific sense for "cell growth"?
    *   Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children". This confirms Sense 1 is about development/maturation of an organism.
    *   Sense 3 examples: "growth of population". This is increase in number.
    *   Context: "hold a cell's growth in check". This refers to the cell cycle (division/proliferation). Is this "becoming more numerous" (Sense 3) or "biological unfolding" (Sense 1)?
    *   Actually, usually, "cell growth" in biology texts is treated as the biological process.
    *   Let's check the synonyms for Sense 1: "growing, maturation, development". "Maturation" and "development" suggest ontogeny.
    *   Let's check Sense 3 synonyms: "increase, increment".
    *   A cell dividing is an increase in number. But it is also a biological process.
    *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy/definitions more closely.
    *   Sense 1 is often the "catch-all" for biological growth in many WSD tasks if it's not population/numbers.
    *   But wait, Sense 1 definition: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically". Is a cell an organism? Unicellular organisms are. Human cells are part of an organism.
    *   But the "simple to a more complex level" part of Sense 1 is the "ontogeny" aspect.
    *   Sense 3 is purely quantitative (larger/longer/more numerous).
    *   In the context of cancer, "growth" usually refers to proliferation (multiplication). Is proliferation Sense 3? "Process of becoming... more numerous". Yes.
    *   However, "growth" in a biological context ("cell's growth") is strongly associated with the biological nature of the process.
    *   Let's consider the "black box" aspect. The text contrasts the molecular level with the unknown.
    *   Let's look at the specific phrase "cell's growth". If I say "limit the growth of the city", that's Sense 3. If I say "stunt the child's growth", that's Sense 1.
    *   "Hold a cell's growth in check" sounds analogous to "stunt the child's growth" (biological process) rather than "limit the population growth" (quantity). Although cell growth *is* an increase in quantity (of cells or mass), the collocation "cell's growth" invokes the biological nature of the entity.
    *   Let's look at Sense 6 again. "Abnormal proliferation". The text is about "tumor-suppressors". They prevent the "abnormal proliferation". But the sentence says "hold a cell's [normal] growth in check". It implies the growth itself is the target of the regulation. The regulation keeps it normal. Without regulation, it becomes abnormal (cancer).
    *   So, is "cell's growth" Sense 1 or Sense 3?
    *   Sense 1: "process of an individual organism... purely biological unfolding".
    *   Sense 3: "process of becoming larger... or more numerous".
    *   If a cell divides, does it become "more complex"? Not necessarily. It just divides.
    *   However, standard WSD mapping for "biological growth" usually points to Sense 1 if the domain is biology and it's not a population statistic.
    *   But let's look at the definition of Sense 1 again. It is explicitly about "ontogeny" (ontogenesis). "Unfolding... simple to complex". This describes the development of a fertilized egg into an adult. A single cell in a tissue just divides or grows larger. It doesn't undergo "ontogeny".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is likely too specific to organismal development.
    *   Sense 3: "process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". Cell growth (increase in cytoplasm/volume) or proliferation (increase in number) fits this perfectly. "Tumor growth" is often mapped to Sense 3 (increase in size/mass) or Sense 6 (the tumor itself). Here the word is "growth" as a process.
    *   Let's verify Sense 3 again. "Growth of population". "Growth of unemployment". These are quantities.
    *   Is "cell growth" considered an increase in quantity? Yes, it's proliferation (quantity of cells) or hypertrophy (size of cell).
    *   Is there any other sense?
    *   Sense 6 is the pathological entity (the lump). "He has a growth". Here, "hold a cell's growth" is not "hold a cell's tumor". It is holding the *process*.
    *   So it's Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "maturation, development".
    *   Sense 3: "increase, increment".
    *   The text contrasts "normal" functioning with "malignant". "Hold... in check" implies regulating the rate or extent.
    *   If we look at the WordNet 3.0/3.1 hierarchy:
        *   Sense 1 (biological process).
        *   Sense 3 (process - increase).
    *   In many biological corpora, "growth" of a cell culture or tissue is often Sense 3 (increase in numbers/mass) rather than Sense 1 (development of an organism).
    *   Sense 1 is defined as "a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". A cell becoming cancerous is not becoming "more complex" in the evolutionary/developmental sense; it's becoming dysregulated. Normal cell division is reproduction/maintenance.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the better fit for "growth" as an increase in size or number (proliferation).
    *   Let's check the "synonyms" for Sense 3 again: "increase, increment". "Cell proliferation" is an increase in cell number.
    *   Let's double check Sense 1. Is there a sub-sense? No.
    *   Let's compare with Sense 6. "Abnormal proliferation". The context mentions "tumor-suppressors" and "anti-cancer genes". The *result* of unchecked growth is a tumor (Sense 6 or Sense 1 modified). But the *target word* is the process being checked.
    *   If I say "bacterial growth", I mean the increase in numbers (Sense 3). I do not mean the bacteria are developing into a higher life form (Sense 1).
    *   Similarly, "cell's growth" in a petri dish or in tissue refers to increase in mass/number. Sense 3 fits "becoming larger or more numerous".
    *   Sense 1 fits "a child's growth".
    *   Distinction: Organism growth (Sense 1) vs Population/Size growth (Sense 3). A single cell is a biological unit, but "a cell's growth" in the context of cancer/cell division almost always refers to the cell cycle (duplication/proliferation), which is a process of becoming "more numerous" (in terms of lineage) or "larger" (in terms of size).
    *   Thus, Sense 3 seems the most technically accurate for "cell growth" regarding proliferation and size increase, distinct from the ontogenic development of an organism.

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Some annotators might lean towards Sense 1 because of the "biology" tag. However, the definition "simple to a more complex level" (ontogeny) is a strong distractor against it being a simple cell division cycle. Sense 3 "process of becoming larger... or more numerous" describes the cell cycle (Gap phases - larger; Mitosis - more numerous).
    *   Context: "hold a cell's growth in check".
    *   Synonyms in text: "proteins that hold... in check". "initiate a cancer... propel it".
    *   Result of unchecked growth: "cells normally under control turn malignant".
    *   This confirms the "growth" is the normal expansion process.
    *   Therefore: Sense 3.

    *   Let me check if Sense 6 could be the intended sense.
    *   Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
    *   Could "hold a cell's growth in check" mean "hold the potential tumor in check"?
    *   "Growth" in "hold a cell's growth" acts as an abstract noun for the process. Sense 6 defines a concrete pathology (a growth on the skin). You don't "hold a growth in check" to prevent a growth; you hold the *process* in check. Sense 6 refers to the *result* (the tumor). The sentence refers to the *cause/process*.
    *   So Sense 6 is out.
    *   Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Definition of Sense 1: "purely biological unfolding... simple to complex".
    *   Definition of Sense 3: "process of becoming larger or more numerous".
    *   Is a cell dividing "simple to complex"? No.
    *   Is a cell dividing "becoming more numerous"? Yes (cell population).
    *   Is a cell enlarging "becoming larger"? Yes.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct sense.

    *   Let's verify with the provided examples.
    *   Sense 1: "osseous development in children" -> organism development.
    *   Sense 3: "growth of population", "increase in unemployment" -> increase in quantity.
    *   Biological cells dividing/populating are analogous to "growth of population" (quantity of entities) or "growth of trees" (Sense 4 - vegetation), but since it's a single cell's process being described as an attribute ("cell's growth"), it describes the attribute of increasing/multiplying.
    *   Wait, could it be Sense 4? "vegetation that has grown". No, that's plants.
    *   Could it be Sense 7? "something grown or growing". No, that's a concrete entity (like hair).
    *   It is definitely the process.
    *   Between 1 and 3, the "simple to complex" constraint in Sense 1 makes it unsuitable for cell proliferation (which is replication, not differentiation into higher complexity in that specific moment). Cancer is often described as "regression" to simpler forms or just uncontrolled multiplication.
    *   Sense 3 covers "becoming larger or more numerous".
    *   Therefore, I choose Sense 3.

    *   Let's double check standard WSD datasets (like SemCor) for "growth".
    *   In SemCor, "population growth" or economic growth is Sense 3.
    *   "Child growth" or "plant growth" is Sense 1.
    *   Is "cell growth" treated like "plant growth" or "population growth"?
    *   In biology, "growth" is a property of life.
    *   However, "growth" in the context of "tumor growth" or "cell growth" is about the increase in size/mass/number.
    *   If I look at the gloss of Sense 1 again: "process of an individual organism growing organically". A cell *is* an organism (if unicellular) or part of one.
    *   But the "simple to complex" part is the definition of "ontogeny" (synonyms listed: ontogeny, ontogenesis). This strongly links Sense 1 to development/evolutionary complexity increase.
    *   Cell proliferation is not ontogeny.
    *   Therefore Sense 3 (Increase/Increment) is the precise definition for "becoming larger/more numerous".
    *   The text mentions "accumulation of... genes", "initiate a cancer", "propel it". The growth is the engine of this accumulation.
    *   Sense 3 fits best.

    *   Wait, let me look at the provided candidate list again.
    *   Sense 1: "growing, maturation, development, ontogeny".
    *   Sense 3: "increase, increment".
    *   The phrase is "hold a cell's growth in check".
    *   Meaning: Stop the cell from growing (expanding/dividing).
    *   If I check "bacterial growth", it is an increase.
    *   I will stick with Sense 3.

    *   One potential counter-argument: In general English, "biological growth" is often Sense 1. If an annotator sees "cell" and "growth", they might default to Sense 1 due to the "biology" tag. However, the definition of Sense 1 is too specific (ontogeny) for the act of cell division. The "simple to complex" clause is a filter. A cell dividing is not becoming more complex; it's just becoming two cells (increase in number).
    *   Sense 3: "process of becoming... more numerous". This matches cell division.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the fine-grained correct answer.

    Final check:
    Context: "...hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check."
    Meaning: Regulate the process of the cell getting bigger or dividing.
    Sense 1: Biological unfolding, simple to complex. (Matches organism development).
    Sense 3: Becoming larger or more numerous. (Matches cell expansion/division).
    Sense 6: Abnormal proliferation. (Matches the disease state, not the regulated process).

    Decision: Sense 3.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** damage
    *   **Target surface form:** damaged
    *   **Context:** "But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
    *   **Syntactic role:** It's used as a past participle in a passive construction ("if the genes are damaged").

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `damage%2:30:00::` | Definition: "inflict damage upon" | Examples: "The snow damaged the roof", "She damaged the car..."
        *   This is a transitive verb sense. It describes the action of causing harm to something. In passive voice ("the roof was damaged"), it corresponds to this sense. The subject (snow, she) does the damaging; the object (roof, car) receives the damage.
    *   **Sense 2:** `damage%2:30:01::` | Definition: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" | Examples: "These fine china cups damage easily"
        *   This is an ergative or intransitive use (often middle voice). It implies the subject is fragile or prone to receiving damage. "These cups damage easily" means they break/scratch easily. The subject is the patient/theme undergoing the change, not an agent.

3.  **Map the context to the senses:**
    *   The sentence is: "But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation..."
    *   This is a passive construction. The agent of the damage is "radiation, a chemical or... accident". The patient is "the genes".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 ("inflict damage upon"). The active form would be "Radiation damages the genes." This fits perfectly. The passive form "The genes are damaged by radiation" corresponds to this transitive sense.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 ("suffer or be susceptible to damage"). The examples usually involve an adverb like "easily" indicating a property of the subject. "Genes damage easily" (intransitive/middle) might fit Sense 2, but the text is "the genes are damaged".
    *   Crucially, WordNet often organizes passive participles under the transitive verb sense (Sense 1) because the action is being done *to* the genes by an external force (radiation, etc.). The state of being damaged is the result of the action defined in Sense 1.
    *   Sense 2 is usually reserved for usages where the grammatical subject is the thing getting damaged *without* an external agent mentioned as the actor in an active sentence, often implying a tendency (e.g., "this material damages easily"). While "genes are damaged" looks like it might fit "suffer damage", the presence of agents ("by radiation") and the structural passive nature aligns strongly with the transitive sense "inflict damage upon" mapped to a passive construction.

    *   Let's verify the WordNet hierarchy.
        *   Sense 1 is the standard transitive verb.
        *   Sense 2 is the "middle" or intransitive usage.
    *   In the context "if the genes are damaged", "damaged" acts as a past participle. In WordNet, participles of verbs are usually mapped to the base verb sense.
    *   Is the process "inflicting damage upon" the genes? Yes. Radiation inflicts damage upon the genes. The genes are the recipient of the action defined in Sense 1.
    *   Does the context imply the genes "suffer damage" in the specific sense of Sense 2? Sense 2 implies susceptibility ("damage easily"). The sentence says "if the genes are damaged... by radiation". This is a specific instance of damage occurring, caused by an agent. This is the passive of Sense 1.

    *   Let's consider if Sense 2 is appropriate. If I say "The car damaged," that's weird. I say "The car was damaged." If I say "Soft metals damage easily," that's Sense 2. The context "genes are damaged" is a passive construction of the transitive verb (Sense 1), not the intransitive "susceptibility" sense (Sense 2). The phrase "by radiation" confirms an external agent is inflicting the damage.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The context describes an action inflicted upon the genes.
    *   Active equivalent: "Radiation damages the genes."
    *   This matches Sense 1: "inflict damage upon".
    *   Sense 2 ("suffer or be susceptible") is typically used for intransitive/middle constructions like "damages easily" and doesn't fit the passive construction with an agent ("by radiation").

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: radiation
Target surface form: radiation
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: | definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: | definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: | definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: | definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: | definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: | definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "radiation"
    *   Target surface form: "radiation"
    *   Context snippet: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."

2.  **Analyze the meaning in context:**
    *   The sentence discusses causes of gene damage.
    *   The list of causes is: "radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division".
    *   "Radiation" here refers to the physical agent or energy that causes damage to genes (DNA). It acts as a mutagen or carcinogen source.
    *   It is an external factor (or internal exposure) consisting of energy transmission that damages biological structures.

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (radiation%1:19:00::):* Definition: "energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles".
        *   This fits well. Radiation (energy) damages genes. It refers to the physical phenomenon (ionizing radiation usually, in this context) that causes the damage.

    *   *Sense 2 (radiation%1:04:00::):* Definition: "the act of spreading outward from a central source".
        *   This is usually about figurative spreading or geometrical arrangement. It doesn't fit the context of causing gene damage alongside chemicals.

    *   *Sense 3 (radiation%1:26:00::):* Definition: "syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation...". Synonyms: "radiation sickness".
        *   The context says "damaged ... by radiation". One is not damaged by a "syndrome" or "sickness"; one suffers a syndrome *because* of exposure to radiation. The cause is the energy, not the sickness itself. The target is the agent of damage, not the medical condition resulting from it.

    *   *Sense 4 (radiation%1:22:00::):* Definition: "the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay". Synonyms: "radioactivity".
        *   While related, this definition is specific to *nuclear decay* (radioactivity). Radiation (sense 1) is broader and includes X-rays, UV rays, etc., which are also mutagens. Sense 1 ("energy that is radiated...") is the hypernym that covers the general physical agent responsible for the damage described. The text doesn't explicitly specify nuclear decay as the source (though that's a subset), whereas "energy transmitted" is the fundamental physical cause of the damage. Sense 1 is the best fit for the general class of physical agent.

    *   *Sense 5 (radiation%1:11:00::):* Definition: "the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats".
        *   Biological evolution context. Not relevant here.

    *   *Sense 6 (radiation%1:08:00::):* Definition: "a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain".
        *   Neuroanatomy context. Not relevant here.

    *   *Sense 7 (radiation%1:04:01::):* Definition: "(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance". Synonyms: "radiotherapy".
        *   The context is about *causing* cancer/damage, not treating it. Although radiation therapy damages cells, the context here ("genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation") implies an environmental or accidental cause alongside "a chemical" or "chance accident", referring to the physical hazard, not a medical procedure.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 4 restricts "radiation" to "spontaneous emission ... in nuclear decay". This is synonymous with radioactivity.
    *   Sense 1 defines it as "energy ... transmitted ... rays or waves or particles".
    *   In a biological context discussing mutagens (like chemicals or accidents), "radiation" usually refers to the physical energy (ionizing radiation, UV radiation) capable of breaking DNA strands. While nuclear decay is a source, the damaging factor is the energy itself. Sense 1 captures the physical phenomenon that causes the damage. Sense 4 is too specific to the process of emission from a nucleus, whereas Sense 1 describes the energy itself which interacts with the genes.
    *   Furthermore, standard WordSense Disambiguation practices often map general physical "radiation" (like background radiation, cosmic radiation, medical imaging radiation) to the general sense (Sense 1).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It refers to the physical agent.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

    *   Definition: energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.
    *   Context match: "damaged ... by [energy transmitted in rays/particles]".

6.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: StreamLake