[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting <t>growth</t>, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `growth`
    *   Context snippet: "...he p53 gene caused cancer by promoting <t>growth</t>, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."
    *   The context discusses cancer, cells, genes (p53), and the transformation of normal cells into cancerous ones.
    *   Specifically, the sentence mentions "promoting growth" in the context of cells becoming cancerous. Later it mentions "suppressed growth".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...`
        *   Focus: General biological development of an organism (simple to complex).
        *   Example: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children".
        *   Fit: This is about organisms growing. While cells grow, the context of cancer often implies a specific type of uncontrolled proliferation. However, "promoting growth" of cells is a biological process. Let's keep this in mind.

    *   **Sense 2:** `a progression from simpler to more complex forms`
        *   Focus: Abstract or cultural evolution.
        *   Example: "the growth of culture".
        *   Fit: Not applicable here. This is about biology/cells.

    *   **Sense 3:** `a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important`
        *   Synonyms: increase, increment.
        *   Examples: "the increase in unemployment", "the growth of population".
        *   Fit: This describes increase in size or number. Cancer growth is an increase in the number of cells (proliferation). This is a strong contender. However, cancer growth is often categorized specifically under pathology.

    *   **Sense 4:** `vegetation that has grown`
        *   Examples: "a growth of trees".
        *   Fit: Irrelevant. This is about plants.

    *   **Sense 5:** `the gradual beginning or coming forth`
        *   Synonyms: emergence, outgrowth.
        *   Example: "figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece".
        *   Fit: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** `(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)`
        *   Context clues: "cancer", "tumor cells", "transform normal cells into cancerous ones".
        *   The sentence says p53 "caused cancer by promoting growth".
        *   In the context of cancer biology, "growth" refers to the proliferation of cells. Sense 6 defines growth specifically as an "abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
        *   Does the text mean "growth" as the *abstract process of increasing* (Sense 3) or "growth" as the *pathological phenomenon of tumor growth* (Sense 6)?
        *   The phrase "promoting growth" is used to explain how cancer happens. Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. Sense 6 explicitly links "growth" to pathology/tumors.
        *   Let's look at the other usage in the snippet: "suppressed growth". Here, the scientists are looking for a suppressor gene. A tumor suppressor gene suppresses the proliferation of cells.
        *   Is Sense 6 ("an abnormal proliferation") or Sense 1 ("organic growing") or Sense 3 ("becoming larger/more numerous") better?
        *   Sense 6's definition says "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". The text says p53 "caused cancer by promoting growth". This implies the "growth" mentioned is the mechanism of the cancer/tumor formation. In medical contexts, "growth" in relation to tumors often maps to the specific pathological sense.
        *   Sense 3 is "a process of becoming larger... or more numerous". Cancer is cells becoming more numerous. But Sense 6 is tagged with `(pathology)` and specifically mentions "tumor". The context is explicitly about tumors and cancer.
        *   Let's evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 6. Sense 1 is "unfolding of events... simple to complex". Cancer cells are technically just dividing, not necessarily developing into a more complex level of organization (often they regress to a more primitive state). Cancer is "abnormal proliferation". Sense 6 fits the pathology context best.
        *   Wait, let's check the exact wording: "promoting growth". If a gene promotes "growth" in a cancer context, is it promoting "the tumor" or "the process of cell division"?
        *   Sense 6 defines growth as the *proliferation itself*. "p53... caused cancer by promoting [abnormal proliferation]". This makes perfect sense.
        *   Sense 3 defines growth as "a process of becoming... more numerous". "p53... caused cancer by promoting [the process of becoming more numerous]". This also makes sense but is more generic.
        *   WordNet sense inventories usually distinguish the "pathological growth" (tumor/cancer) from general "increase".
        *   Let's look at the domain. The text is about oncology ("Johns Hopkins", "tumor cells", "cancerous", "p53").
        *   Sense 6 has the domain tag `(pathology)`. The definition "abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" matches the context of "tumor cells" and "cancer" perfectly.
        *   There is a nuance: is "growth" referring to the tumor mass (Sense 6) or the biological process (Sense 1)? Sense 6 is often used for "a growth" (a lump), but the definition includes "proliferation".
        *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy or usage notes if I were a human.
        *   Sense 6 is "an abnormal proliferation of tissue". This is the mass or the event of proliferation.
        *   Sense 3 is "a process of becoming larger...".
        *   In "promoting growth", "growth" acts as the process/event.
        *   Sense 1 is "the process of an individual organism growing...". This usually applies to the whole organism (e.g., a child growing). Cell growth is usually part of this, but in the context of cancer, it's distinct.
        *   Sense 6 captures the *nature* of the growth in this context (abnormal/tumor).
        *   However, sometimes Sense 3 is used for "tumor growth" as a mass increase. But WordNet Sense 6 is specifically defined for the pathology context.
        *   Let's re-read the Sense 6 definition: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
        *   Context: "caused cancer by promoting growth". The result of this growth is cancer/tumor. The growth being promoted is the uncontrolled cell division.
        *   Sense 6 is the most specific sense fitting the medical/pathological domain provided in the options.

    *   Let's consider if Sense 1 fits better. "The process of an individual organism growing organically". Does a tumor count as an organism? No. Does a cell culture count as an organism? Borderline. But Sense 6 is explicitly about pathology/tissue.
    *   Therefore, Sense 6 is the most precise match.

    *   Let's double check if Sense 3 is better. Sense 3 is generic increase. If the text meant generic increase, it wouldn't necessarily imply the negative/cancerous aspect, though the context provides that. However, specialized dictionaries (and WordNet) often have specific senses for specialized contexts.
    *   WordNet sense 6 for growth: `(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)`.
    *   The sentence says: "p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth".
    *   Substitute Sense 6: "p53 gene caused cancer by promoting [an abnormal proliferation of tissue]". This fits perfectly.
    *   Substitute Sense 3: "p53 gene caused cancer by promoting [a process of becoming larger or more numerous]". Also fits, but less specific to the domain.
    *   Substitute Sense 1: "p53 gene caused cancer by promoting [the process of an individual organism growing organically]". Incorrect. A tumor/cancer is not an organism growing organically in the standard sense of development/ontogeny.

    *   Comparison 6 vs 3. In WSD, specific domain senses usually trump generic senses when the context matches the domain. The context is medical/pathological (cancer, tumor, gene, cells). The definition of Sense 6 explicitly includes "(pathology)" and "tumor".
    *   Therefore, Sense 6 is the intended sense.

    *   Wait, let's look at the wording of Sense 6 again. "an abnormal proliferation...". Is "growth" here the countable noun "a growth" (a tumor) or the uncountable noun "growth" (the process)?
    *   The text says "promoting growth". This treats "growth" as a process or abstract noun. Sense 6 definition "an abnormal proliferation..." acts as a noun which can be the event or the result.
    *   Example of Sense 6 usage: "The doctor found a growth." (Countable).
    *   Usage in text: "promoting growth". (Uncountable/Abstract).
    *   Does Sense 6 cover the uncountable process sense? "abnormal proliferation" can be uncountable.
    *   Let's check Sense 3 again. "a process of becoming larger... or more numerous".
    *   In biology, "cell growth" usually refers to increase in size or number. "Cancer growth" is uncontrolled proliferation.
    *   Sense 6 is the specific mapping for "tumor growth" in WordNet. Even if the syntax "promoting growth" feels like a process (Sense 3), the *meaning* in this domain is the pathological proliferation.
    *   Many WSD systems map "growth" in cancer contexts to the pathology sense.
    *   Let's check Sense 1. "organic unfolding... simple to complex". Cancer is often described as chaotic or regression, not simple to complex unfolding. So Sense 1 is out.
    *   Choice is between 3 (generic increase) and 6 (pathology/tumor).
    *   Given the explicit "tumor cells", "cancerous", "deletion", "gene", the context is strictly pathological. Sense 6 has the domain tag. The definition "abnormal proliferation" describes exactly what is happening in cancer.
    *   Thus, Sense 6 is the best choice.

    *   Wait, I need to check if Sense 6 implies only the *mass* (the tumor itself) or the *process*.
    *   WordNet 3.1/3.0 definition for growth%1:26:00::: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
    *   Proliferation is a process. A tumor is a mass.
    *   The phrase "promoting growth" means promoting the process of proliferation.
    *   Is there a "process" sense for pathological growth?
    *   Usually, WordNet senses distinguish "a growth" (the entity) from "growth" (the process).
    *   Sense 1 is process. Sense 3 is process. Sense 6 is usually interpreted as the entity (the tumor) or the phenomenon.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important".
    *   Synonyms: increase, increment.
    *   Does Sense 3 cover pathological increase? Yes, it's a generic "becoming larger/more numerous".
    *   However, standard WSD practice favors the specific sense. If WordNet has a specific sense for "abnormal proliferation" in pathology, that is the correct tag for a text about cancer genes.
    *   Let's verify if Sense 6 allows the usage "promoting growth".
    *   If Sense 6 is "a growth" (synonym: tumor), then "promoting a tumor" makes sense. "Promoting [the abnormal proliferation]" makes sense.
    *   Sense 1 says "unfolding... simple to complex". This doesn't fit cancer well.
    *   Sense 3 says "process of becoming larger/more numerous". This fits the mechanism.
    *   However, is Sense 6 strictly a countable sense?
    *   Let's check examples for Sense 6. None provided in the prompt.
    *   Standard dictionary example: "He has a growth on his lung."
    *   Text usage: "...promoting growth..."
    *   If I use Sense 3, I miss the pathological specificity.
    *   If I use Sense 6, I might be using a sense defined as a mass (countable) for a process (uncountable).
    *   But "proliferation" is the key word in Sense 6's definition. Proliferation is a process.
    *   Also, Sense 6 is the *only* sense mentioning "pathology".
    *   In the context of "cancer", "growth" is a technical term for cell proliferation.
    *   Most WSD gold standards for biomedical text map "growth" in "tumor growth" or "cell growth" (in cancer) to the pathological sense if available, or the biological process sense (Sense 1).
    *   Sense 1 "organic unfolding" is distinct. Cancer is not "organic unfolding" in the sense of normal development. It is abnormal.
    *   Therefore, Sense 6 is the semantically correct match, despite potential syntactic nuances (countable vs uncountable). "Growth" here refers to the phenomenon of abnormal proliferation.
    *   Sense 3 is too general (unemployment, population). Sense 6 is domain-specific.
    *   I will go with Sense 6.

    *   Let me double check Sense 1. "he proposed an indicator of osseous development". "unfolding of events".
    *   Some annotators might tag "cell growth" as Sense 1 (biological process).
    *   But this is *cancer* growth. "abnormal proliferation".
    *   Sense 6 is defined exactly as "abnormal proliferation". The definition matches the situation perfectly.
    *   The gloss "unfolding of events... simple to complex" in Sense 1 does not match the chaotic nature of cancer.
    *   Therefore, Sense 6 is the intended sense.

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 3. "process of becoming more numerous". Cancer cells become more numerous. Is that Sense 3?
    *   If WordNet didn't have Sense 6, Sense 3 would be the backup.
    *   But WordNet *does* have Sense 6 specifically for this domain.
    *   Therefore, Sense 6.

    *   Wait, let me check if there is a trap.
    *   "p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth".
    *   Is "growth" here the normal growth that went wrong? Or the cancer growth itself?
    *   The text says: "Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth".
    *   Later it says he was observing a damaged form of p53.
    *   If p53 promotes growth, and that causes cancer, then the growth being promoted is the tumor growth.
    *   Therefore, Sense 6.

    *   One more check: Sense 6 is noun, countable/uncountable?
    *   If the definition is "an abnormal proliferation", "an" suggests countable.
    *   But proliferation is often used abstractly.
    *   "Promoting proliferation". This works.
    *   "Promoting [an abnormal proliferation]". This works.
    *   Conclusion: Sense 6.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were <t>looking for</t> a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `look_for`
    *   Target surface form: `looking for`
    *   Context: "The Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."
    *   Situation: Researchers are physically searching through genetic material (chromosome 17) to find a specific gene. The text describes a process of "crawled down the length of chromosome 17," "search was over," "found it."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `look_for%2:35:00::`
        *   Definition: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of"
        *   Synonyms: "search, seek"
        *   Examples: "The police are searching for clues", "searching for the missing man"
    *   Sense 2: `look_for%2:37:00::`
        *   Definition: "be excited or anxious about"
        *   Synonyms: "anticipate, look to"
        *   Examples: (Not explicitly listed, but "anticipate" implies expecting something future, often positive or negative).

3.  **Compare context with senses:**
    *   The researchers are conducting scientific research/experiments ("using gene probes," "crawled down... chromosome 17").
    *   Their goal is to find ("locate/discover") a specific genetic sequence.
    *   Earlier in the text, it says "The police are searching for clues" (analogy: researchers looking for a gene). The text actually uses the word "search" explicitly ("dubious that the search was over").
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "try to locate or discover".
    *   Sense 2 implies an emotional state of anticipation or expectation (e.g., "I'm looking for a good time" or "Looking for trouble" in the sense of expecting/inviting it). The researchers are not "anticipating" a gene in the sense of expecting it to happen to them; they are actively trying to locate it.

4.  **Select the best index:**
    *   Sense 1 matches the physical/scientific search process described.
    *   Index: 1

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suppress
Target surface form: suppressed
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that <t>suppressed</t> growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suppress%2:30:00:: | definition=to put down by force or authority | synonyms=stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb | examples=suppress a nascent uprising; stamp down on littering
2. sense_key=suppress%2:41:01:: | definition=come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority | synonyms=oppress, crush | examples=The government oppresses political activists
3. sense_key=suppress%2:41:00:: | definition=control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior | synonyms=inhibit, bottle up
4. sense_key=suppress%2:31:00:: | definition=put out of one's consciousness | synonyms=repress
5. sense_key=suppress%2:30:12:: | definition=reduce the incidence or severity of or stop | examples=suppress a yawn; this drug can suppress the hemorrhage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target lemma "suppress" (past tense: "suppressed") in a specific context.

**Context Analysis:**
The text describes researchers looking for a gene involved in cancer.
- Dr. Vogelstein's team was looking for a gene that "suppressed" growth.
- Contrast is drawn with Levine's finding that p53 *caused* cancer by *promoting* growth.
- The Johns Hopkins team was looking for a gene that did the opposite: *suppressing* growth (stopping or reducing cell division/growth).
- Later, it mentions a "cancer-suppressing gene".
- The specific sentence is: "...the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that <t>suppressed</t> growth."

**Candidate Sense Analysis:**

1.  **sense_key=suppress%2:30:00::**
    *   Definition: "to put down by force or authority"
    *   Synonyms: stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb
    *   Examples: "suppress a nascent uprising"; "stamp down on littering"
    *   Fit: This is usually political or physical authority. While "inhibit" and "curb" are listed as synonyms, the definition "put down by force or authority" doesn't fit a biological gene's action on cell growth perfectly. However, "inhibit" is a strong semantic link.

2.  **sense_key=suppress%2:41:01::**
    *   Definition: "come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority"
    *   Synonyms: oppress, crush
    *   Fit: "unjust use of one's authority" implies a human agent. Does not fit a gene.

3.  **sense_key=suppress%2:41:00::**
    *   Definition: "control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior"
    *   Synonyms: inhibit, bottle up
    *   Fit: Psychological context. Does not fit a gene acting on growth.

4.  **sense_key=suppress%2:31:00::**
    *   Definition: "put out of one's consciousness"
    *   Synonyms: repress
    *   Fit: Psychological context. Does not fit.

5.  **sense_key=suppress%2:30:12::**
    *   Definition: "reduce the incidence or severity of or stop"
    *   Examples: "suppress a yawn"; "this drug can suppress the hemorrhage"
    *   Fit: This definition is about reducing/stopping a physiological process or symptom. The context is about a gene that stops or reduces cell growth (preventing cancer). The example "this drug can suppress the hemorrhage" is very close semantically to "a gene can suppress growth". It implies a reduction or cessation of a natural phenomenon/process.

**Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 5:**

*   **Sense 1** focuses on "force or authority" (uprisings, littering). This is metaphorically applicable (curbing growth), but the domain is usually social/political.
*   **Sense 5** focuses on "reduce the incidence or severity of or stop". The examples are physiological ("yawn", "hemorrhage"). In biology/medicine, "suppress" often maps to this sense (suppressing a function, suppressing growth, suppressing symptoms). The context "suppressed growth" describes a biological reduction/stopping of a process.

Let's check the mapping of Sense 1 again. Synonyms include "inhibit" and "curb". In biology, "inhibit" is the standard term. Sense 5 examples are "suppress a yawn", "suppress the hemorrhage". The context is "suppress growth".
Does "growth" fit "reduce the incidence or severity of or stop"? Yes. It's stopping the incidence of growth.
Does "growth" fit "put down by force or authority"? No, not really. A gene doesn't have authority.

Therefore, Sense 5 is the most appropriate. It captures the medical/biological nuance of stopping or reducing a physiological process (growth).

**Confirmation:**
WordNet 3.1 (or similar versions) often distinguishes between:
- Social/Political suppression (sense 1).
- Psychological suppression (sense 3 or 4).
- Physiological/Medical suppression (sense 5).

Context: "suppressed growth".
Sense 5 definition: "reduce the incidence or severity of or stop".
This matches perfectly.

**Output Format:**
JSON object `{"sense_index": 5}`.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed <t>growth</t>. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Context:**
    *   **Lemma:** growth
    *   **Context:** The text discusses cancer research, specifically the p53 gene. It contrasts two roles for the gene: one researcher thought it *promoted* growth (causing cancer), while the Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that *suppressed* growth.
    *   **Key Phrase:** "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones... promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."
    *   **Biological Context:** This is about cell division/proliferation. Normal cells grow and divide. Cancer cells grow uncontrollably. A "suppressor" gene stops this proliferation. "Promoting growth" in this context implies causing the uncontrolled proliferation associated with cancer/transforming normal cells into cancerous ones.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level` (synonyms: growing, maturation, development).
        *   *Critique:* This refers to the development of an organism (ontogeny), moving from simple to complex. While "biology" is relevant, "growth" here isn't about a mouse developing into an adult; it's about cell proliferation (specifically cancerous transformation or the lack thereof).

    *   **Sense 2:** `a progression from simpler to more complex forms` (examples: growth of culture).
        *   *Critique:* Abstract/metaphorical growth. Not applicable to biological cell growth.

    *   **Sense 3:** `a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important` (synonyms: increase, increment).
        *   *Critique:* This is a very general sense of "increase" (size, number, importance). While cell growth is a form of becoming more numerous (population of cells), this definition feels more quantitative or abstract than the specific biological process described in the text. However, it captures the "becoming more numerous" aspect of cell division.

    *   **Sense 4:** `vegetation that has grown` (examples: a growth of trees).
        *   *Critique:* Refers to plants/vegetation. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `the gradual beginning or coming forth` (synonyms: emergence).
        *   *Critique:* Incorrect meaning.

    *   **Sense 6:** `(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)`.
        *   *Critique:* The context explicitly mentions "tumor cells" and "cancerous ones." The text says p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones by "promoting growth." In a pathological context, "growth" often refers to a tumor or the process of abnormal proliferation.
        *   However, look at the contrast: "promoting growth" vs "suppressing growth." Normal cells also have regulated "growth" (cell division). The text talks about "promoting growth" that turns normal cells *into* cancerous ones. Is "growth" here the *abnormal proliferation* (Sense 6) or the *biological process of growing* (Sense 1)?
        *   Let's look closely at the usage: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones... promoting growth." If a gene promotes "an abnormal proliferation," that fits the cancer context perfectly.
        *   But wait, the Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that "suppressed growth." Tumor suppressor genes stop *uncontrolled* cell division. Do they suppress "abnormal proliferation"? Yes. Do they suppress "biological growth"? Yes, specifically the cell cycle.
        *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 6.
        *   Sense 1 is "unfolding of events... simple to complex level" (organism level).
        *   Sense 6 is "abnormal proliferation... tumor".
        *   The text discusses "tumor cells" and "transform normal cells into cancerous ones." The "growth" being promoted is the type that leads to tumors. The "growth" being suppressed is the type that leads to tumors.
        *   However, Sense 6 defines "growth" as the *mass* or the *phenomenon* of the tumor itself (pathology sense).
        *   Is there a sense for cell proliferation?
        *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. "process of an individual organism growing organically". Is a cell culture an "individual organism"? In cell biology, "growth" usually refers to cell division/proliferation.
        *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 1 in WordNet 3.1/3.0: `(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level`. This is usually organism-level (ontogeny).
        *   Let's look at Sense 6 again: `(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)`.
        *   The context is pathology ("tumor cells", "cancerous ones"). The word "growth" is used to describe the process or result that distinguishes the cancerous state.
        *   Usage 1: "promoting growth" -> causing cancer.
        *   Usage 2: "suppressing growth" -> preventing cancer.
        *   If we say "suppressing growth," we generally mean suppressing the process of cell proliferation. If that proliferation is abnormal (cancer), then Sense 6 is very strong because of the tag "(pathology)".
        *   WordNet definitions are schematic. Sense 6 explicitly links "growth" to "tumor". The text links "growth" to "tumor cells" and "cancerous ones".
        *   Consider the phrase: "He had a growth removed." (Sense 6).
        *   Consider the phrase: "The growth of the bacteria was rapid." (Likely Sense 3 or Sense 1, depending on interpretation of organism).
        *   Consider the phrase: "Cell growth." (Biological process).
        *   The text contrasts "promoting growth" (which causes cancer) with "suppressing growth" (which prevents cancer).
        *   The critical clue is the domain: Pathology/Oncology. The "growth" in cancer research refers to the proliferation of cells, specifically when it results in a tumor.
        *   Sense 1 is defined as "individual organism growing... simple to complex level". A tumor isn't exactly an individual organism developing from simple to complex in the standard ontogeny sense. It is an abnormal proliferation.
        *   Sense 6 defines it as "abnormal proliferation of tissue". This matches the *nature* of the growth in cancer contexts. Even when they talk about "suppressing growth," they are referring to the prevention of that specific *pathological* proliferation (or the potential for it). Tumor suppressor genes regulate the cell cycle to prevent the "abnormal proliferation."
        *   Therefore, because the context is explicitly about cancer, tumors, and the transformation of cells, Sense 6 (pathology sense) is the intended meaning. It captures the "abnormal proliferation" aspect that defines the cancer context.

    *   **Sense 7:** `something grown or growing` (hair).
        *   *Critique:* Too generic/physical object sense.

    *   **Re-evaluating Sense 1 vs 6.**
        *   Sentence: "promoting growth".
        *   If it were Sense 1 (normal biological growth), promoting normal growth wouldn't necessarily cause cancer.
        *   The fact that "promoting growth" causes cancer implies the "growth" referred to is the abnormal kind (Sense 6).
        *   The fact that "suppressing growth" is the cure/prevention implies the target of suppression is the abnormal proliferation.
        *   Therefore, the "growth" mentioned here is synonymous with the tumor-forming proliferation.
        *   Sense 6 is the specific WordNet sense for pathological growth (tumors/cancer).

    *   Let's double check if Sense 1 could apply. "Organically... individual organism". Cancer cells are not typically described as "individual organisms" in the standard definition of ontogeny (which Sense 1's synonyms like 'maturation', 'development', 'ontogeny' imply). Sense 1 is about the life cycle of a healthy organism.
    *   The text is about cancer. Sense 6 is explicitly `(pathology)`. This is the strongest discriminator.

    *   **Conclusion:** Sense 6 is the best fit.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists <t>compared</t> the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine the correct sense of "compared" in this sentence.

Context sentence: "Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie

2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes

3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed

4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Now, let me analyze the context:

In the sentence "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical," the scientists are examining two genes to see how they relate to each other. They are specifically looking at both genes to determine if they are similar or different, and they found that "the two were identical."

This is clearly about examining and noting the similarities between two things (the gene found by Johns Hopkins scientists and Mr. Levine's p53 gene).

Sense 1 (examine and note the similarities or differences of) fits this context perfectly. The scientists were examining both genes and noting that they were identical (a similarity).

Sense 2 (be comparable) doesn't fit because this sense is about whether things can be compared, not about the action of comparing.

Sense 3 (consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous) with synonyms "liken, equate" is close but not quite right. This sense seems to be about metaphorically describing something as similar to something else, rather than a direct examination of two things to find similarities or differences.

Sense 4 (to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb) is clearly about grammar and is not relevant to this context.

The best fit is Sense 1: "examine and note the similarities or differences of".

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had <t>found</t> in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine the most appropriate sense for "found" in this passage.

The target word is "found" (past tense of "find"), appearing in the sentence:
"...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene..."

The context describes scientists who discovered/identified a gene in human cancer cells through their research. This was not an accidental discovery but rather the result of deliberate scientific investigation.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "come upon, as if by accident; meet with" - This doesn't fit because the scientists were deliberately searching for a gene, not accidentally encountering it.

2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This seems relevant as the scientists discovered the presence of a gene.

3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - The gene wasn't "lost" - it was being sought through scientific investigation.

4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This fits well. The scientists found/established the gene through scientific research and investigation.

5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds" - Not relevant to scientific discovery.

6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - Not applicable here.

7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Not applicable.

8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This could potentially fit as it relates to scientific discovery.

9. "make a discovery" - Also potentially applicable, though the example "She found that he had lied to her" suggests a more personal discovery.

10. "obtain through effort or management" - Not quite right for this context.

11. "decide on and make a declaration about" - Not applicable.

12. "receive a specified treatment (abstract)" - Not applicable.

13. "perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place" - Not applicable.

14. "get or find back; recover the use of" - Not applicable.

15. "succeed in reaching; arrive at" - Not applicable.

16. "accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation" - Not applicable.

The key is distinguishing between senses 2, 4, and 8, which all seem potentially relevant to scientific discovery:

- Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with synonyms like "detect, observe, discover, notice"
- Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" with synonyms like "determine, find out, ascertain"
- Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" with the synonym "discover"

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 2 has examples like "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water" and "We found traces of lead in the paint" - these are about detecting presence.
- Sense 4 has examples like "find the product of two numbers" and "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - these are about establishing something through investigation.
- Sense 8 has examples like "Roentgen discovered X-rays" and "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - these are about scientific discoveries.

In this context, the scientists "found" a gene through their research. They didn't just detect its presence (sense 2); they established its existence and identity through investigation (sense 4), and this was indeed a discovery (sense 8).

The difference between sense 4 and sense 8 seems subtle. Sense 4 emphasizes the process of establishing through investigation, while sense 8 emphasizes the result as a discovery.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 4's definition emphasizes "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
- Sense 8's definition emphasizes "make a discovery, make a new finding"

In the context, the scientists were doing research to find a gene that suppressed growth. They compared what they found with p53 gene and found them identical. This sounds like sense 8 - making a discovery through their research.

However, sense 4 also fits well because they established the gene's existence and identity through their scientific study.

Let me look more carefully at the distinctions:
- Sense 4 is about determining/establishing something through study, calculation, etc.
- Sense 8 is specifically about making a new finding/discovery.

Given that this is a scientific discovery context and the scientists made a new finding about the gene, sense 8 seems most appropriate.

Wait, but let me reconsider sense 4 again. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very similar to the context here where scientists found a gene. The word "elusive" suggests the particle was actively sought, just as the gene was being sought.

Looking back at the context:
"When they found it last winter..."
"Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice..."
"...the gene they had found in the human cancer cells..."

These all describe finding something through scientific investigation/experimentation.

Sense 4 specifically mentions "experiment" in its definition, and the context mentions experiments multiple times.

Both sense 4 and sense 8 could work, but I think sense 4 is slightly more precise because it explicitly mentions the scientific process of investigation, experiment, and study, which matches the context well.

Actually, let me reconsider. Looking at sense 8's examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays" and "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - these are very similar to the scientific discovery context in our passage.

And sense 4's examples: "find the product of two numbers" (calculation) and "The physicist who found the elusive particle" (investigation).

The passage is about scientists making a scientific discovery - finding a gene through their research. This aligns well with sense 8's focus on making a discovery.

But sense 4 also fits because they established the gene's existence through their study/experiment.

The distinction is subtle. Let me look at the synonyms:
- Sense 4: "determine, find out, ascertain"
- Sense 8: "discover"

"Discover" as a synonym for sense 8 really fits the context of scientific discovery.

However, the phrase "found... in the human cancer cells" suggests determining the presence/location of something, which leans toward sense 4.

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with examples like "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water" and "We found traces of lead in the paint" - this also seems relevant because the scientists found/detected the gene in the cancer cells.

Let me reconsider all three:
- Sense 2: detecting/determining presence or existence
- Sense 4: establishing through calculation/investigation/experiment
- Sense 8: making a discovery

In the context, the scientists:
1. Were searching for a gene
2. Found/detected it in human cancer cells
3. Made a discovery that it was identical to p53

The target sentence is: "...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells..."

This seems to be referring to finding/detecting/identifying the gene's presence in the cancer cells, which leans toward sense 2.

However, sense 4 also fits because they found it through their scientific study.

And sense 8 fits because this was a discovery.

Given the full context, I think sense 4 is the best fit because:
1. The definition explicitly mentions "investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - matching the scientific research context
2. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very similar to our context
3. The synonyms "determine, find out, ascertain" fit well with the scientific process

But I also recognize that sense 8 (making a discovery) is very close and could also be correct.

Let me make my final decision. I'll go with sense 4 because it most precisely captures the scientific investigation context where researchers establish something through their study/experiment.

Actually, looking at this again, I notice that sense 2 and sense 4 are quite similar in their definitions, with sense 2 being "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" and sense 4 being "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".

The key difference is that sense 4 emphasizes the process (calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study), while sense 2 focuses more on the result (determining existence/presence/fact).

In the context, the finding is clearly the result of scientific research/investigation, which points more to sense 4.

However, there's also sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" with synonym "discover". The examples include scientific discoveries like X-rays and elementary particles.

Comparing sense 4 and sense 8:
- Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
- Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"

In this context, the scientists were making a discovery about a gene. They didn't just "establish" it after study - they discovered something new (the gene's identity and its role).

Given the emphasis on discovery in the passage (words like "discovery" appear: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation'"), sense 8 seems more appropriate.

Let me finalize: I'll go with sense 8 because the context emphasizes scientific discovery and making new findings, which aligns with sense 8's definition "make a discovery, make a new finding" and its examples about scientific discoveries.

Wait, actually let me reconsider this more carefully. The target instance is:
"...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene..."

This is referring to finding/identifying the gene in the cancer cells. It's not necessarily about making a new discovery at that point in the sentence - they're comparing what they found.

Also, looking at the other instances of "found" in the passage:
1. "When they found it last winter..."
2. "...Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform..."
3. "...The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
4. "...they had found in the human cancer cells..."
5. "...they found the two were identical..."

These are all instances of finding/determining something through scientific research. Some involve discovery (finding that the genes were identical), others involve detecting/locating (finding the deletion, finding the gene in cells).

Looking at sense 2's examples: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint" - these are about detecting presence, which is similar to "found in the human cancer cells."

Sense 4's example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - this is about establishing something through investigation.

Sense 8's examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - these are about discoveries.

For the target instance specifically ("found in the human cancer cells"), the scientists found/detected/identified the gene in the cells. This is similar to sense 2's examples about detecting substances.

But it's also similar to sense 4's example about finding an elusive particle.

And the overall context is about discovery (sense 8).

Given the context, I think sense 4 is the best fit because:
1. It explicitly mentions "experiment, survey, or study" in the definition
2. The example about finding an elusive particle is analogous to finding a gene
3. It captures the scientific investigation process

Let me go with sense 4.

Actually, I'm still going back and forth. Let me think about this more systematically.

The target sentence: "...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene..."

What does "found" mean here?
- They identified/located a gene in human cancer cells
- This was through scientific research/investigation
- It was a discovery

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
- This fits because they determined the presence of the gene in the cells

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
- This fits because they established the gene's presence through investigation

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"
- This fits because this was a scientific discovery

Between these three, which is the best fit?

Sense 2's examples focus on detecting presence: "detected high levels of lead", "found traces of lead". This matches "found in the human cancer cells."

Sense 4's examples include both calculation ("find the product of two numbers") and investigation ("The physicist who found the elusive particle").

Sense 8's examples are about major scientific discoveries: "discovered X-rays", "found a new elementary particle".

The finding in this context is:
- Finding a specific gene in cancer cells
- Through scientific research
- Leading to a discovery

I think sense 4 is the most appropriate because:
1. The definition explicitly mentions investigation/experiment/study
2. The example about finding an elusive particle is very similar to finding a gene
3. The context is about scientific research establishing the gene's identity

Let me finalize with sense 4.

Hmm, but I want to reconsider one more time.

Looking at the sense definitions and examples more carefully:

Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::): "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
- Examples: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water"; "We found traces of lead in the paint"
- This is about detecting/finding something that exists

Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::): "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
- Examples: "find the product of two numbers"; "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
- This is about determining/establishing something through a process

Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::): "make a discovery, make a new finding"
- Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays"; "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
- This is about making discoveries

The key distinction:
- Sense 2: determining existence/presence (detection)
- Sense 4: establishing through process (determination)
- Sense 8: making a discovery (discovery)

In the context, the scientists:
- Were searching for a gene (active investigation)
- Found the gene in cancer cells (detected its presence)
- Made a discovery (the gene was identical to p53)

For the specific instance "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells", this refers to detecting/locating the gene in the cells. This seems most like sense 2 (determining presence).

However, this detection was the result of their scientific study, which also points to sense 4.

And it led to a discovery, pointing to sense 8.

I think the best fit is sense 4 because it explicitly captures the scientific investigation context and includes an analogous example (finding an elusive particle).

Final answer: sense 4

Wait, I want to reconsider sense 2 once more.

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
Synonyms: "detect, observe, discover, notice"

The phrase "found in the human cancer cells" specifically refers to detecting the presence of the gene in the cells. This aligns with sense 2's definition "determine the existence, presence, or fact of" and the synonym "detect."

Sense 4 emphasizes "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - this is about determining/establishing a result, not necessarily about presence/detection.

The example for sense 2: "We found traces of lead in the paint" is very similar to "found the gene in the human cancer cells."

I think sense 2 might be more accurate for this specific instance of "found."

Let me compare once more:

Sense 2: determining presence/existence (detecting)
Sense 4: establishing through investigation (determining)
Sense 8: making a discovery

The phrase "found in the human cancer cells" is about detecting presence, which matches sense 2.

But wait, the overall context is scientific research leading to discovery. The finding wasn't just detecting something; it was establishing the gene's identity through investigation.

Actually, I think I've been overcomplicating this. Let me focus on the specific sentence:

"...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene..."

This is about finding/detecting the gene in the cancer cells. This is determining presence, which matches sense 2.

But it's also about the result of their scientific investigation, which matches sense 4.

And it's part of a larger discovery, which matches sense 8.

Given the full context and the emphasis on scientific investigation and discovery, I believe sense 4 is the most appropriate because:
1. It explicitly mentions investigation/experiment in the definition
2. The example about finding a particle is analogous to finding a gene
3. It captures the scientific process leading to the finding

I'll go with sense 4.

Actually, let me re-read the definitions one more time:

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"

For the phrase "found in the human cancer cells":
- The scientists determined the presence of the gene in the cells
- This was established through their investigation
- This was part of a discovery

Sense 2 seems most appropriate for "found in" constructions, as it's about determining presence.

Sense 4 is more about establishing a fact or result through study (e.g., "find the product of two numbers").

Sense 8 is about making discoveries.

For the specific target phrase "found in the human cancer cells," I think sense 2 is most appropriate.

However, the broader context is about scientific discovery (sense 8) and establishing facts through investigation (sense 4).

Given the scientific research context and the fact that they found a specific gene through their study, I believe sense 4 captures this best.

Let me make a final decision. I'll choose sense 4 because:
1. The context is about scientific investigation and research
2. The definition explicitly mentions "investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
3. The example about finding an elusive particle is analogous to finding a gene
4. It captures both the process (investigation) and the result (finding the gene)

Final answer: sense 4.

Actually, I realize I need to be more careful. Let me look at the WordNet hierarchy and think about this more systematically.

WordNet organizes senses in a hierarchy, and these three senses are related:

Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::): "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
- This is in the "cognition" domain (39)
- Focus: perception/cognition of existence/presence

Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::): "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
- This is in the "communication" domain (32)
- Focus: establishing/determining through a process

Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::): "make a discovery, make a new finding"
- This is in the "creation" domain (36)
- Focus: creating new knowledge through discovery

The domain numbers suggest different aspects:
- 39: cognition/perception
- 32: communication/establishing
- 36: creation/discovery

For "found in the human cancer cells":
- The scientists cognized/perceived the gene's presence (sense 2)
- The scientists established this through investigation (sense 4)
- The scientists made a discovery (sense 8)

Given the scientific research context, I think sense 4 (establishing through investigation) or sense 8 (making a discovery) are most appropriate.

Between sense 4 and sense 8:
- Sense 4 focuses on the process of establishing through study
- Sense 8 focuses on the outcome of making a discovery

In this context, the scientists were conducting research to find a gene. They established its presence through their study. This is sense 4.

Additionally, the example in sense 4 "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very similar to "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells."

I'll go with sense 4.

Actually, let me reconsider the example more carefully:

Sense 4 example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
- Here, "found" means discovered/identified through investigation
- Similar to our context: "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells"

Sense 8 example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
- Here, "found" means made a discovery
- Also similar to our context

The key difference seems to be:
- Sense 4: finding something through investigation/study
- Sense 8: making a new discovery

In the target context, the scientists were searching for a gene and found it through their research. This matches sense 4.

But the finding was also a discovery (they discovered the gene was identical to p53), which matches sense 8.

For the specific phrase "found in the human cancer cells," the focus is on finding/detecting the gene through their investigation, not necessarily on the discovery aspect.

I think sense 4 is the best fit for the target instance because it specifically captures the scientific investigation process.

Final decision: sense 4.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: human
Target surface form: human
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the <t>human</t> cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=human%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of humanity | examples=human nature
2. sense_key=human%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to a person | examples=the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
3. sense_key=human%3:00:00:: | definition=having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples=human beings; the human body

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "human" (adjective or noun? The text says "human cancer cells"). The surface form is "human". In the context "human cancer cells", "human" functions as an adjective modifying "cancer cells". It specifies the origin or type of the cells.

2.  **Analyze the context**: The text discusses scientific research comparing genes in mice and humans. Specifically, "the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the *human* cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene".
    *   Key contrast: The text mentions experiments with "mice" earlier and now focuses on "human cancer cells".
    *   Semantic role: "human" here distinguishes these cells from "mouse" cells or cells of other organisms. It refers to the biological species *Homo sapiens*.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `human%3:01:00::` | definition="characteristic of humanity" | examples="human nature".
        *   Analysis: "Human nature" refers to psychological or moral traits. "Human cancer cells" are biological entities. This sense doesn't fit the biological/species classification needed here.

    *   **Sense 2**: `human%3:01:01::` | definition="relating to a person" | examples="the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects".
        *   Analysis: This is closer. It relates to people. The example "human subjects" is similar to "human cancer cells" in that it distinguishes from animals (monkeys). However, "relating to a person" often implies the social or individual aspect of being a person. In biology, we often talk about "human cells" vs "mouse cells" strictly as a taxonomic distinction.

    *   **Sense 3**: `human%3:00:00::` | definition="having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings" | examples="human beings; the human body".
        *   Analysis: This definition highlights the distinction from "animals". The context contrasts mice (animals) with humans. "Human cancer cells" are cells belonging to the human species (as opposed to mouse cells).
        *   Let's look closely at the WordNet hierarchy or usage.
        *   In WordNet 3.0/3.1, "human" as an adjective usually maps to:
            *   `human.a.01`: having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings. "human beings"; "the human body".
            *   `human.a.02`: characteristic of humanity. "human nature".
        *   The provided candidate senses seem slightly reordered or specific to the WSD task dataset.
        *   Sense 3 definition: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings".
        *   Context: "human cancer cells" vs "experiments with mice". The contrast is explicitly between humans and animals (mice).
        *   Therefore, the sense that opposes humans to animals is the correct one.
        *   Is Sense 3 the one that does that? Yes. "as opposed to those of animals".
        *   Let's check Sense 2 again: "relating to a person". While true, the specific biological contrast suggests Sense 3 is the base taxonomic distinction.
        *   However, in many WSD frameworks (like OntoNotes or specific WordNet mappings), "human cells" might fall under "relating to a person" or the "human/animal" distinction.
        *   Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 2: "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects". This example involves a direct contrast between monkeys (animals) and humans.
        *   Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 3: "human beings; the human body". These are inherent properties or the entity itself.
        *   The phrase "human cancer cells" is a biological classification.
        *   Let's re-read the definitions carefully.
            *   Sense 1: characteristic of humanity (abstract quality).
            *   Sense 2: relating to a person.
            *   Sense 3: having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals...
        *   In standard WordNet, `human` (adj) usually has two main senses.
            1.  characteristic of humanity (human kindness, human nature).
            2.  relating to a person or persons (human history, human body).
            *Wait, let me double check standard WordNet entries vs the provided list.*
            Standard WN:
            *   `human.a.01`: characteristic of humanity. "human nature".
            *   `human.a.02`: relating to a person. "human history", "human body".
            *   *Actually, WN usually puts the "form/attributes" definition first or second depending on version.*
            Let's look at the provided list specifically.
            *   Sense 1: "characteristic of humanity".
            *   Sense 2: "relating to a person". Example: "human subjects".
            *   Sense 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals...". Example: "human beings".

            Context: "human cancer cells".
            Is it Sense 2 or Sense 3?
            Sense 3 emphasizes the distinction from animals. The text contrasts mice and humans.
            Sense 2 emphasizes "relating to a person". "Human cancer cells" are cells taken from a person.
            However, the specific wording of Sense 3 ("as opposed to those of animals") aligns perfectly with the context's comparison of "human cancer cells" to "mice" experiments.
            In biomedical contexts, "human" distinguishes the species.
            Often, "human body" (Sense 3 example) and "human cells" are treated similarly.
            Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3 examples.
            Sense 2 example: "human subjects". This is about the participants in the experiment.
            Sense 3 example: "human body". This is biological.

            Let's check the Sense Keys if possible to see the hierarchy.
            `human%3:00:00::` corresponds to WN `human.a.01` in some versions? Or `human%3:01:00::`?
            Usually `00` suffix is the most frequent sense.
            Standard WordNet 3.0:
            S: (adj) human (characteristic of humanity) "human nature"
            S: (adj) human (relating to a person) "the human body"
            Wait, standard WordNet 3.0 `human.a.01` is "characteristic of humanity". `human.a.02` is "relating to a person".
            The provided list has 3 senses.
            Sense 3 has the definition "having human form or attributes...". This looks like the adjectival derivation of the noun or a specific split.
            Actually, `human%3:00:00::` usually maps to the first sense in the list. But the definitions provided are the ground truth here.

            Let's analyze the definitions provided in the prompt again.
            Sense 1: Abstract quality ("characteristic of humanity"). -> Incorrect.
            Sense 2: Relation ("relating to a person"). Example: "human subjects".
            Sense 3: Distinction ("having human form... as opposed to animals"). Example: "human body".

            In the context: "found in the human cancer cells".
            The contrast is with "mice" (animals).
            Sense 3 explicitly defines itself in opposition to animals.
            Therefore, Sense 3 captures the specific semantic relation (Species vs Species) better than Sense 2 (which is broader: relating to a person).
            Also, "human body" (Sense 3 example) and "human cancer cells" are physical biological entities, whereas "human subjects" (Sense 2 example) implies agency or personhood in an experiment. "Cancer cells" lack agency; they are purely biological material. Thus, the biological/attribute sense (Sense 3) fits better than the relational sense.

            Wait, let me look at the Sense Key `human%3:00:00::`.
            In WordNet-HTML, `human%3:00:00::` usually corresponds to "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings".
            `human%3:01:00::` corresponds to "characteristic of humanity".
            `human%3:01:01::` corresponds to "relating to a person".

            This ordering (00, 01, 01) suggests Sense 3 (index 3 in the list provided) is the '00' sense key (often the most frequent or root concept).
            Context: "human cancer cells". This is biological. It contrasts with mice.
            Sense 3 definition includes "as opposed to those of animals".
            The text explicitly contrasts mice (animals) and human cells.
            Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice.

            Let's double check Sense 2's applicability. "Relating to a person". "Human cancer cells" are cells relating to a person. But Sense 3's definition is more specific to the biological distinction ("human form or attributes"). Since cancer cells are a biological attribute/form component of the human, and the context emphasizes the species difference (mice vs human), Sense 3 is the intended target.

            Summary:
            Sense 1: Abstract quality. No.
            Sense 2: Relating to a person. Possible, but "human subjects" example suggests whole persons.
            Sense 3: Biological/Form distinction from animals. Matches "human cancer cells" (biological) vs "mice" (animals).

            Choice: Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they <t>found</t> the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "found" in the context: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

Let me analyze the context:
- Scientists were comparing a gene they had found in human cancer cells with another gene
- After comparison, they "found the two were identical"
- This is about discovering/determining a fact through investigation/comparison

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: - "come upon, as if by accident; meet with" - This is about accidental discovery, not applicable here since this was a deliberate scientific comparison.

2. find%2:39:02:: - "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with synonyms like detect, observe, discover, notice. Examples include "We found traces of lead in the paint" - This could work. It's about determining a fact.

3. find%2:40:00:: - "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - This is about finding lost objects, not applicable.

4. find%2:32:00:: - "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" with synonyms determine, find out, ascertain. Examples include "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - This seems very appropriate! The scientists established after investigation/comparison that the two genes were identical.

5. find%2:31:10:: - "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds" - This is about feelings, not scientific determination.

6. find%2:39:01:: - "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - Not applicable.

7. find%2:40:01:: - "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Not applicable.

8. find%2:36:00:: - "make a discovery, make a new finding" with synonym discover - This could potentially work, but it's more about making a new discovery rather than establishing something through investigation.

9. find%2:31:09:: - "make a discovery" with synonym discover - Similar to above.

10. find%2:40:03:: - "obtain through effort or management" - Not applicable.

11. find%2:32:01:: - "decide on and make a declaration about" - Not applicable.

12. find%2:30:00:: - "receive a specified treatment" - Not applicable.

13. find%2:39:05:: - "perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place" - Not applicable.

14. find%2:40:15:: - "get or find back; recover the use of" - Not applicable.

15. find%2:38:10:: - "succeed in reaching; arrive at" - Not applicable.

16. find%2:30:13:: - "accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation" - Not applicable.

The key distinction is between sense 2 and sense 4:
- Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::) is about detecting/observing/discovering the existence or fact of something
- Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) is about establishing something after calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

In this context, the scientists compared two genes and "found" (established/determined) that they were identical. This is a result that came from an investigation/comparison study. The sense 4 example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is particularly relevant as it's also a scientific context.

The phrase "found the two were identical" suggests determining/establishing a fact through investigation, which aligns with sense 4.

However, let me reconsider sense 2 as well. The examples for sense 2 are "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint" - these are about discovering the presence of something.

Sense 4 examples are "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - these are about establishing/determining through calculation or investigation.

"found the two were identical" - this is establishing/determining a conclusion from their comparison, which is more aligned with sense 4.

I'll go with sense 4.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identical
Target surface form: identical
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were <t>identical</t>; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:same:00 | definition=exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different | synonyms=indistinguishable | examples=rows of identical houses; cars identical except for their license plates
2. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:same:02 | definition=being the exact same one; not any other: | synonyms=selfsame, very | examples=this is the identical room we stayed in before; the themes of his stories are one and the same
3. sense_key=identical%3:00:00:: | definition=(of twins) derived from a single egg or ovum | synonyms=monovular | examples=identical twins are monovular
4. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:isotropic:00 | definition=having properties with uniform values along all axes
5. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:congruent:00 | definition=coinciding exactly when superimposed | synonyms=superposable | examples=identical triangles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "...they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies..."
    *   The subject "the two" refers to two genes: the gene found by Johns Hopkins scientists in human cancer cells and the p53 gene found by Arnold Levine.
    *   The comparison is between two distinct entities (two genes discovered by different researchers in different places/contexts) that turned out to have the same sequence or structure.
    *   Crucially, they are *two* things being compared. They were found separately. They turned out to be the same in terms of their makeup.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different". Synonyms: indistinguishable. Examples: rows of identical houses.
    *   **Sense 2:** "being the exact same one; not any other". Synonyms: selfsame, very. Examples: this is the identical room we stayed in before.
    *   **Sense 3:** "(of twins) derived from a single egg or ovum". Biology specific. Not applicable here.
    *   **Sense 4:** "having properties with uniform values along all axes". Physics/Math specific. Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 5:** "coinciding exactly when superimposed". Geometry specific. Not applicable.

3.  **Differentiate Sense 1 vs Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 2 (selfsame/very) implies numerical identity. It's the *same specific object*. Example: "This is the identical car I drove yesterday" (it's the single same physical object).
    *   Sense 1 (indistinguishable) implies qualitative identity. Two different objects that are exactly alike. Example: "They are wearing identical shirts" (two shirts, same appearance).

4.  **Apply to the text:**
    *   Are the gene found by Hopkins and the gene found by Levine the *same specific physical object*? No. They are DNA sequences. One was found in human cancer cells, one was found in mice experiments (though the text says Levine found p53 in mice, then later they compare the human gene to "Mr. Levine's p53 gene"). Even if they are the same type of gene, they are instances of a sequence.
    *   Actually, the text says: "compared the gene they had found ... with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene".
    *   Let's look closer at the biology. A gene is a sequence of DNA. If sequence A has the same nucleotides as sequence B, they are "identical" in the sense of being exactly alike (Sense 1). They are not "the same one" in the sense of being the single molecule (Sense 2). They are copies/instances.
    *   Sense 1 fits "exactly alike". Two different isolations of a gene can be identical in sequence.
    *   Sense 2 would imply they are the exact same entity. While conceptually one might argue they are the "same gene" (same locus/same name), in the context of comparing physical findings from two different labs, they are establishing that they are *copies* of the same thing or *alike*.
    *   The example for Sense 1: "cars identical except for their license plates". This is qualitative identity (same make/model), not numerical identity.
    *   The example for Sense 2: "this is the identical room we stayed in before". This is numerical identity.
    *   In the text: "found the two were identical". This usually means they matched. They were indistinguishable in structure/sequence. It is extremely unlikely to mean they found the exact same physical molecule of DNA that Levine had (Sense 2). They found that their discovery matched Levine's discovery.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. Two distinct items (the Hopkins gene sample and Levine's gene sample) turned out to be exactly alike.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Sense 1 definition: "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different".
    *   Context: Comparing two genes. They match.
    *   This fits perfectly.

6.  **Construct the JSON:** `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: Chutes