[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "personality" in the context "personality development."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
- The context discusses education, teachers, and what they believe they're doing.
- "Personality development" refers to developing the attributes of a person - their behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental characteristics.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00::
   - definition: the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual
   - examples: "their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others"

2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00::
   - definition: a person of considerable prominence
   - examples: "she is a Hollywood personality"

In the context "personality development," the word "personality" refers to the complex of attributes that characterize an individual - this is sense 1. The teachers are thinking they are engaged in developing the characteristics, behaviors, and traits that make up a person's personality. This does not refer to a famous or prominent person (sense 2).

Sense 1 is clearly the correct answer. The phrase "personality development" is about developing one's character, behaviors, emotional and mental attributes - exactly what sense 1 describes.

So the answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: DeepInfra


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target phrase: "personality development".
    *   Sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses "progressive education" vs. "disciplined instruction". It mentions teachers preferring to think they are shaping students' personalities rather than just teaching facts or administering tests. The focus is on the growth and maturation of the student's character/personality.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (act of improving by expanding...):** This usually refers to plans, projects, or R&D. "Personality development" isn't really an act of expanding or refining a plan. It's about the person changing.
    *   **Sense 2 (process... passes by degrees to a different stage):** This definition talks about something passing to a different, more advanced or mature stage. Synonyms include "evolution". Examples: "development of his ideas", "evolution of Greek civilization". "Personality development" fits the idea of a process moving towards a more mature stage.
    *   **Sense 3 (biology, organism growing organically):** This is strictly biological (ontogeny). While personality development has biological roots, the phrase in an educational context refers to psychological/social maturation, not just physical growth from simple to complex organism. The examples cite "osseous development". This seems too strictly biological.
    *   **Sense 4 (recent event):** "Recent developments in Iraq". Doesn't fit "personality development".
    *   **Sense 5 (land/water exploitation):** "Development of Alaskan resources". Doesn't fit.
    *   **Sense 6 (district):** "Park developments". Doesn't fit.
    *   **Sense 7 (state of improving/chess):** Doesn't fit.
    *   **Sense 8 (photography):** Doesn't fit.
    *   **Sense 9 (music):** Doesn't fit.

3.  **Refine the choice between Sense 2 and Sense 3 (or Sense 1):**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on the *act* of improving something (like a plan). One *can* speak of developing one's personality, but the phrase "personality development" usually describes the *process* the individual undergoes.
    *   Sense 3 is biological. "Personality" is psychological. However, sometimes WordNet senses can be broader than the strict biology definition implies. Let's look closely at Sense 2. Sense 2 definition: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". This captures the maturation aspect of personality development perfectly. The transition from an immature personality to a mature one.
    *   Sense 3 definition: "a purely biological unfolding of events". This is explicitly restricted to biology/organism growth. Personality is generally considered a psychological construct, though it involves the organism. Sense 2 is the general sense used for abstract concepts like ideas, civilization, and, in this case, personality maturation.

    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. "act of improving... refining". Is "personality development" an act? The context says teachers think they are engaged in it. It is a process happening to the student. Sense 2 ("a process in which something passes... to a more advanced or mature stage") is the standard definition for psychological/educational "development" (e.g., child development, character development). Sense 3 is too biological. Sense 1 is too project-oriented (R&D).

    *   Let's check the mappings in standard WSD datasets if possible (mental check).
        *   "Child development" usually maps to the biological or general growth sense.
        *   "Personality development" refers to the growth/maturational process.
        *   Sense 2 seems the best fit for "growth/maturing" in a non-biological-taxonomy sense. The synonym "evolution" supports the idea of a gradual process of change.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 2 examples: "development of his ideas took many years". Ideas develop. Personalities develop.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3 examples: "osseous development". Bones grow biologically. Personality grows psychologically/socially.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 2 is the intended sense. It covers the process of maturation and growth of abstract or complex entities (ideas, civilization, personality).

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "personality development" in education.
    *   Meaning: The process of a student's personality maturing or becoming more advanced.
    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
    *   Match: Excellent.

    *   Sense 1 ("act of improving... refining") implies an external agent creating something (like a plan). While teachers are agents, "personality development" is the name of the phenomenon/process occurring in the child, fitting Sense 2's "process... to a more advanced... stage" better than Sense 1's "act of improving... a plan".

    *   Therefore, index 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `even`
    *   Target surface form: `even`
    *   Context Sentence: "...It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and **even** nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence structure is: "It is nice [for teachers]... and **even** nicer [to do something else]."
    *   There is a comparison happening here: "nice" vs. "nicer".
    *   The word "even" is modifying the comparative adjective "nicer".
    *   It intensifies the comparison, indicating that the second state (minimizing tests) is *more* than just nice; it's an escalation of the feeling of pleasantness or advantage for the teachers.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `even%4:02:00::` | Definition: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected" | Examples: "even an idiot knows that", "declined even to consider the idea".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense usually applies to nouns or verbs, indicating something surprising (e.g., "Everyone left, even John"). While it's an intensive, the specific function in the context is modifying a comparative adjective ("nicer"). The "unexpected" aspect isn't the primary driver here; the *degree* of the adjective is.

    *   **Sense 2:** `even%4:02:03::` | Definition: "in spite of; notwithstanding" | Examples: "even when he is sick, he works".
        *   *Analysis:* This acts as a conjunction or submodifier indicating concession. The context does not show a concession. The phrase is not "even [though] it is nice". It is "even nicer".

    *   **Sense 3:** `even%4:02:01::` | Definition: "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" | Synonyms: "yet", "still" | Examples: "looked sick and felt even worse", "an even (or still) more interesting problem".
        *   *Analysis:* This definition fits perfectly. The context has a comparative adjective ("nicer"). The example "felt even worse" mirrors the structure "even nicer". "Even" here emphasizes that the second quality is superior or more intense than the first.

    *   **Sense 4:** `even%4:02:04::` | Definition: "to the full extent" | Examples: "loyal even unto death".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense implies an extreme limit, often with "unto". The context is about a comparative degree, not an absolute limit or extreme boundary in this specific usage.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The context involves the phrase "even nicer".
    *   "Nicer" is a comparative adjective.
    *   Sense 3 is explicitly defined as "used with comparisons" and "to a greater degree".
    *   The example "felt even worse" matches the syntax "even nicer".

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 3.

6.  **Format Output:** Return JSON `{"sense_index": 3}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Target word: "nicer" (comparative of "nice").
    *   Subject: Teachers.
    *   Situation: The text discusses "Progressive education" versus "disciplined instruction."
    *   Meaning in context: The author argues that progressive education is "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers." Then, it says "It is nice for teachers to think..." and "even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    *   The sentiment here is about what is pleasant, enjoyable, or agreeable for the teachers. It is pleasant for them to think they are doing good (personality development) and even more pleasant/agreeable to avoid the hard work or negative feedback of tests.
    *   The word describes a feeling or experience that is positive or comfortable for the subject (teachers).

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `nice%3:00:00::` -> "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance"
        *   Examples: "what a nice fellow", "nice manners".
        *   Fit: This fits perfectly. It is "agreeable" or "pleasant" for teachers to hold these beliefs. It avoids the "irk" of tests. The text explicitly uses the word "agreeable" earlier ("...far more interesting and agreeable to teachers..."). This is a strong semantic match.

    *   **Sense 2:** `nice%5:00:00:respectable:00` -> "socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous" | Synonyms: decent.
        *   Examples: "from a decent family", "a nice girl".
        *   Fit: Is the author saying it is more "virtuous" or "socially correct" for teachers to minimize tests? No. The context implies it is convenient or enjoyable for them, not morally superior (in fact, the author implies it's a flaw or an illusion).

    *   **Sense 3:** `nice%5:00:02:precise:00` -> "done with delicacy and skill" | Synonyms: skillful.
        *   Examples: "a nice bit of craft".
        *   Fit: This refers to precision. Is minimizing tests a "delicate skill"? No. This is not the meaning.

    *   **Sense 4:** `nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00` -> "excessively fastidious and easily disgusted" | Synonyms: dainty, prissy.
        *   Fit: This refers to being picky or squeamish. While teachers might want to avoid "disappointing results," the word "nice" here describes the state of affairs (it being pleasant to avoid tests), not the personality trait of being squeamish.

    *   **Sense 5:** `nice%5:00:00:polite:00` -> "exhibiting courtesy and politeness" | Synonyms: courteous.
        *   Fit: Is it "polite" to minimize tests? No. The context is about the attractiveness or convenience of the idea to the teachers.

3.  **Compare and Confirm:**
    *   The previous sentence says progressive education is "agreeable to teachers."
    *   The target sentence says "It is nice... and even nicer..."
    *   "Nice" here functions as a synonym for "agreeable," "pleasant," or "enjoyable."
    *   Sense 1 defines "nice" as "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable."
    *   This matches the context exactly.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

5.  **Output Format:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the senses to determine which one best fits the usage of "minimize" in this passage.

Context:
"It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The passage is talking about teachers preferring "progressive education" over "disciplined instruction." The author suggests that teachers prefer methods that allow them to downplay or reduce the importance of tests (which might have disappointing results).

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
   - This sense is about making something physically smaller or less significant in amount.

2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
   - This sense is about representing something as less important than it actually is, like downplaying the significance of something.

3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence
   - This sense is similar to the second one but has a more negative connotation, implying making something seem less serious or valuable.

In this context, the teachers are trying to downplay the importance or significance of the tests, which often have disappointing results. They are representing the tests as less significant or important than they might actually be.

Between senses 2 and 3, which both capture this idea, I need to determine which is more appropriate. The synonyms for sense 2 are "understate, minimise, downplay" while for sense 3 they are "belittle, denigrate, derogate." The context doesn't suggest a strongly negative connotation like belittling or denigrating. It's more about downplaying or understating the importance of tests.

Sense 2 with its synonyms "understate" and "downplay" better captures the meaning of "minimize" in this context, where teachers are trying to make the tests seem less significant or important than they might actually be.

Therefore, I believe sense 2 is the best fit for the usage of "minimize" in this passage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tests
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** test
    *   **Target Surface Form:** tests
    *   **Context Sentence:** "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results."
    *   **Broader Context:** The text discusses American education, "progressive education," teachers, and the contrast between "personality development" and "disciplined instruction."
    *   **Key clues:** "teachers," "minimize," "irksome," "disappointing results." Teachers usually administer or grade tests to students to evaluate knowledge or skill. The mention of "disappointing results" implies a measure of performance.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "trying something to find out about it" (synonyms: trial, trial run, tryout).
        *   *Analysis:* This usually refers to a trial period for a product or a preliminary attempt. Does not fit the educational context of teachers and students well.

    *   **Sense 2:** "any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc" (synonyms: mental test, mental testing, psychometric test).
        *   *Analysis:* This is close. It refers to standardized procedures measuring psychological attributes. While school tests can be standardized, the context mentions "minimize those irksome tests" in contrast to "disciplined instruction." This suggests standard academic assessments (like math or reading) rather than specifically psychological/psychometric testing (like IQ tests or personality tests). Sense 2 is more clinical/psychological.

    *   **Sense 3:** "a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge" (synonyms: examination, exam).
        *   *Analysis:* This fits perfectly. Teachers administer exams/tests to evaluate what students have learned. The results of these tests (grades/scores) can be disappointing. This is the standard meaning of "test" in a school/classroom setting ("disciplined instruction").

    *   **Sense 4:** "the act of undergoing testing" (synonyms: trial).
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the process/event of being tested (like a trial by fire). It's an abstract event/process, not the physical instrument (the set of questions). The context talks about minimizing the *tests* themselves (the instruments/tasks) because of the results they yield.

    *   **Sense 5:** "the act of testing something" (synonyms: trial, run).
        *   *Analysis:* This is the action of the experimenter. While teachers "test" students (verb), the noun "tests" here refers to the specific assessments/assignments, not the act of testing itself.

    *   **Sense 6:** "a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins".
        *   *Analysis:* Biological definition. Irrelevant to the context.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 2 focuses on "mental test, psychometric test" and measuring "sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality."
    *   Sense 3 focuses on "examination, exam" and "evaluating skill or knowledge."
    *   The context contrasts "personality development" with "disciplined instruction." The tests associated with "disciplined instruction" are academic evaluations of skill or knowledge (math tests, history exams). While aptitude tests (Sense 2) exist in schools, the general word "tests" in a complaint about "disappointing results" in the context of basic instruction (mentioned earlier as "adolescent illiteracy") points clearly to academic achievement tests (Sense 3) rather than psychological measurements. The synonym "exam" in Sense 3 aligns best with "disciplined instruction."

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 3 is the correct choice. It refers to school examinations used to evaluate student knowledge, which fits the context of teachers, instruction, and disappointing results.

5.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 3}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "often" in the given context.

The sentence is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

In this context, "often" is modifying "disappointing results" - it's describing how frequently the results are disappointing.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Let me think about which one fits best:

Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" - this emphasizes repetition at short intervals. The example "we often met over a cup of coffee" shows habitual/frequent occurrence.

Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" - the synonyms "much, a great deal" and examples suggest this is about quantities or amounts of activity. This seems to conflate frequency with quantity.

Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - this is about frequency in terms of many instances/cases occurring.

In the context "often disappointing results", the meaning is that the test results are disappointing in many instances or frequently. The "often" here modifies how frequently the disappointment occurs.

The phrase "often disappointing results" means results that are disappointing in many instances - it's not about short intervals specifically (sense 1), and it's not about quantities in the sense of "much" (sense 2).

Sense 3 "in many cases or instances" seems to fit best here - the results are disappointing in many cases/instances.

However, let me reconsider sense 1. The phrase "often disappointing" could mean "frequently disappointing" which aligns with sense 1's "many times" and synonym "frequently."

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "many times at short intervals" with examples of habitual actions
- Sense 2 emphasizes quantity ("much, a great deal")
- Sense 3 is more general "in many cases or instances"

For "often disappointing results", I think sense 3 captures it best - the results are disappointing in many instances. It's not about repeated actions at short intervals (sense 1), nor about quantity/magnitude (sense 2).

Let me double-check by considering what paraphrases would work:
- "frequently disappointing results" - works (aligns with sense 1 synonym)
- "results that are disappointing in many instances" - works (aligns with sense 3)
- "much disappointing results" - doesn't work as naturally (sense 2)

Actually, "frequently" as a synonym in sense 1 is quite apt. But the definition "many times at short intervals" seems more specific than what's needed here.

Sense 3's definition "in many cases or instances" is more general and seems to fit the academic/formal context better. When we say "often disappointing results," we mean that in many instances, the results prove to be disappointing.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** result
    *   **Target surface form:** results
    *   **Context:** "...minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>."
    *   **Meaning in context:** The sentence talks about tests (educational testing). Tests produce scores or outcomes. Teachers might want to minimize tests because the outcomes (results) are often disappointing (bad). Here, "results" refers to the outcome or consequence of taking the tests (the scores/grades), not the physical phenomenon of cause-and-effect in physics, nor a solution to a problem, nor a semantic role.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `result%1:19:00::` | Definition: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | Synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a broad sense referring to a consequence or effect. Test results are a consequence of taking the test. The synonym "outcome" fits well. The example "depressing consequences" is semantically similar to "disappointing results".

    *   **Sense 2:** `result%1:10:00::` | Definition: a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | Synonyms: solution, answer, resolution, solvent.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a "solution" (like a math solution). While tests have answers, "disappointing results" usually refers to the *performance* or the *outcome* (the grades/scores), not the specific answers to the questions. You don't usually call a specific answer a "disappointing result" in this context; you call the overall performance a disappointing result.

    *   **Sense 3:** `result%1:11:00::` | Definition: something that results | Synonyms: resultant, final result, outcome, termination.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is very close to Sense 1. WordNet often splits senses based on hyponymy trees (specific vs. general). Let's look at the hierarchy.
        *   Sense 1 (`result%1:19:00::`) falls under `phenomenon` -> `process` -> `consequence`.
        *   Sense 3 (`result%1:11:00::`) falls under `entity` -> `object` -> `whole` -> `object` -> `end` -> `ending` -> `termination` -> `result`.
        *   Wait, let me check standard WordNet hierarchies for `result`.
        *   Usually, WordNet 3.0 or 3.1 structures:
            *   Sense 1: `result` (phenomenon/consequence).
            *   Sense 3: `result` (final result/outcome).
        *   Let's differentiate. Sense 1 emphasizes the *causal link* ("caused by some previous phenomenon"). Sense 3 emphasizes the *final outcome* or *ending* ("something that results").
        *   In the context of "tests", the "results" are the scores or the outcome of the assessment process.
        *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: `final result`, `outcome`, `termination`. "Outcome" is listed here.
        *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: `consequence`, `effect`, `outcome`.
        *   Both have "outcome".
        *   Let's check the examples.
            *   Sense 1: "magnetic effect", "depressing consequences". These sound like physical phenomena or abstract causal chains.
            *   Sense 3: "listened for the results on the radio". This example usually refers to election results or sports scores. This is very similar to test scores/results.
        *   Let's check the definitions again.
            *   Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows..."
            *   Sense 3: "something that results".
        *   Actually, looking at WordNet 3.1:
            *   Sense 1: `consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot`. Def: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon".
            *   Sense 3: `result, resultant, final result, outcome, termination`. Def: "something that results".
        *   Often, Sense 3 is the specific "final outcome" sense.
        *   In the context of testing: "disappointing results". These are the final grades/scores. They are a final outcome.
        *   However, Sense 1 includes "outcome". The distinction is often nuanced in WSD tasks.
        *   Let's look at the specific wording: "disappointing results".
        *   Are "test results" a "phenomenon"? Or are they a specific "entity/outcome"?
        *   Usually, for things like election results, test results, game results, Sense 3 (often labeled as "final result" or just "result") is preferred in corpora annotations if available.
        *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 3 in WordNet 3.0/3.1 mappings.
            *   Sense 1 (consequence) is broader.
            *   Sense 3 (final result) implies the end of a process.
        *   Tests are a process. The results are the termination/final outcome of that process.
        *   Example for Sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio". This is very similar to checking test results.
        *   Example for Sense 1: "depressing consequences". While "disappointing results" is similar, "consequences" usually implies a wider ripple effect, whereas "results" in the context of tests usually means the specific scores achieved.
        *   Also, consider the synonyms for Sense 3: `termination`. Tests terminate; the results are the termination of the test event.
        *   Sense 3 seems more specific to the "outcome of a process/event" like an election or a test. Sense 1 is more "cause and effect" (e.g., the result of an experiment in physics, or a decision having a result).
        *   The text mentions "tests". Tests yield results (scores). These are final outcomes.
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 seems the most precise fit for "test results".

    *   **Sense 4:** `result%1:10:01::` | Definition: the semantic role...
        *   *Analysis:* Linguistic terminology. Incorrect.

    *   **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
        *   Sense 1 (`result%1:19:00`) often maps to "consequence".
        *   Sense 3 (`result%1:11:00`) often maps to "final result" or "outcome".
        *   In many WSD datasets (like OntoNotes or SemCor), "test results" align with the sense corresponding to "outcome" or "final result" rather than "consequence/effect".
        *   Let's look at the definitions provided in the prompt again carefully.
        *   Sense 1: synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot.
        *   Sense 3: synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination.
        *   Both list "outcome".
        *   Let's check the definitions' nuances. Sense 1 emphasizes "phenomenon... caused by previous phenomenon". Sense 3 is "something that results".
        *   The prompt says "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results".
        *   Is "test results" a phenomenon? Yes, broadly.
        *   Is "test results" "something that results"? Yes.
        *   Key discriminator: The example for Sense 3 is "he listened for the results on the radio". This refers to election results or sports results. This is structurally identical to "test results" (quantifiable outcomes of an event).
        *   The example for Sense 1 is "magnetic effect" or "decision had depressing consequences". "Consequences" here feels slightly different from "results" in the text. "Consequences" usually implies the *implications* or *aftermath*. "Results" in the text refers to the *score* or *performance measurement*.
        *   If I say "The result of the test was an A", that is an outcome (Sense 3).
        *   If I say "The result of the decision was poverty", that is a consequence (Sense 1).
        *   The text discusses "disappointing results" of tests. Disappointing scores. This fits "final result/outcome" (Sense 3) better than "consequence/effect" (Sense 1).

        *   Let's double check the sense indexing.
        *   Usually, Sense 1 is the most general "consequence/effect".
        *   Sense 3 is "final result/outcome".
        *   For "test results", the standard annotation in SemCor (which WordNet mappings often rely on) uses the sense that means "outcome" (Sense 3 in WordNet 3.0/3.1 structure provided here).
        *   Wait, let me check the definition of Sense 1 again: "a phenomenon that follows...".
        *   Let me check the definition of Sense 3 again: "something that results".
        *   This is tricky because "test results" are entities/scores (Sense 3) but they are also consequences of taking the test (Sense 1).
        *   However, "consequence" usually implies a causal chain where the result is a distinct event or state. "Test results" are the *data* produced. The "outcome" sense (Sense 3) captures the "score/data" aspect better.
        *   Also, the synonym "termination" in Sense 3 suggests the end of a process. A test is a process that terminates with a result.
        *   The synonym "event" in Sense 1 suggests a happening. Test results aren't usually called an "event" (though the announcement of them is).
        *   The example for Sense 3 ("listened for the results") is the strongest indicator. Checking results (scores/outcomes) is the context.
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the intended answer.

3.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Target: "results" (of tests).
    *   Context: "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results".
    *   Sense 1: Consequence/Effect. "Disappointing consequences" is close, but "test results" are specific outcomes.
    *   Sense 3: Final result/Outcome. "Listened for the results". Fits "test results" perfectly.
    *   Selection: Sense 3.

    *   Index mapping check:
        *   Sense 1 -> 1
        *   Sense 2 -> 2
        *   Sense 3 -> 3
        *   Sense 4 -> 4

    *   Wait, looking at WordNet 3.1 structure:
        *   `result%1:19:00::` is the "consequence" sense.
        *   `result%1:11:00::` is the "outcome/final result" sense.
    *   The prompt provides these specific definitions.
    *   Sense 3 definition: "something that results".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon".
    *   "Something that results" is the definition for "resultant" or "final result" in WordNet.
    *   In the context of tests, the results are the *outcome*.
    *   I will choose Sense 3.

    *   Let me reconsider Sense 1. Is it possible "consequence" is better?
        *   "The consequence of the test was a low score."
        *   "The result of the test was a low score."
        *   WordNet Sense 1 includes "outcome" as a synonym.
        *   However, Sense 3 *also* includes "outcome".
        *   Sense 3 example: "listened for the results". This is the clincher. It matches the genre of "checking data/outcomes" like test scores. Sense 1 examples are physical phenomena ("magnetic effect") or business impacts ("depressing consequences"). The text is about education/scores. "Disappointing results" refers to the scores.
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: provide
Target surface form: provides
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech
4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs; Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon
7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: provide
    *   Target surface form: provides
    *   Context sentence: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Subject: "It" (referring to "Progressive education" or the system/practice thereof).
    *   Object: "teachers" (indirect object) and "a superior self-definition" (direct object).
    *   Meaning: The educational approach gives or supplies teachers with a certain perception of themselves (a superior self-definition).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `provide%2:40:00::` | Definition: "give something useful or necessary to" | Synonyms: supply, render, furnish | Examples: "We provided the room with an electrical heater".
        *   *Analysis:* The context says "It... provides teachers with a superior self-definition". This fits the pattern "provide [someone] with [something]". The "superior self-definition" is intangible, but the structure is identical to Sense 1's example ("provided the room with an electrical heater"). It is giving something to the teachers.

    *   **Sense 2:** `provide%2:34:00::` | Definition: "give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance" | Synonyms: supply, ply, cater | Examples: "The hostess provided lunch for all the guests".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense tends to focus on sustenance or basic needs (food, support). A "superior self-definition" is abstract and psychological, not really sustenance or material support in the way "lunch" or "ply" suggests. Sense 1 is broader ("useful or necessary").

    *   **Sense 3:** `provide%2:32:00::` | Definition: "determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation" | Examples: "The will provides that each child should receive half of the money".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a legal/formal stipulation sense. The context is about an educational philosophy giving a psychological benefit to teachers. Not a match.

    *   **Sense 4:** `provide%2:41:00::` | Definition: "mount or put up" | Synonyms: put up, offer | Examples: "put up a good fight".
        *   *Analysis:* Idiomatic usage regarding resistance or fights. Not a match.

    *   **Sense 5:** `provide%2:42:00::` | Definition: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain" | Synonyms: leave, allow for, allow | Examples: "This leaves no room for improvement".
        *   *Analysis:* This usually involves conditions or abstract possibilities (allowing for something). While "provides teachers with..." could be loosely interpreted as creating a situation, the structure "provide X with Y" strongly points to Sense 1. Sense 5 usually appears in structures like "provide for" or "allow for".

    *   **Sense 6:** `provide%2:40:08::` | Definition: "supply means of subsistence; earn a living" | Synonyms: bring home the bacon | Examples: "He provides for his large family".
        *   *Analysis:* Financial/ subsistence sense. Not a match.

    *   **Sense 7:** `provide%2:30:05::` | Definition: "take measures in preparation for" | Examples: "provide for the proper care of the passengers".
        *   *Analysis:* Preparatory sense. Not a match.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 (the strongest contenders):**
    *   Sense 1 definition: "give something useful or necessary to".
    *   Sense 2 definition: "give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance".
    *   The object given is "a superior self-definition". This is an abstract psychological benefit. Sense 1's example "provided the room with an electrical heater" shows the transfer of possession/utility. The context "provides teachers with a superior self-definition" matches the transfer of possession/utility structure.
    *   Sense 2 restricts the scope to "especially support, food or sustenance". While "self-definition" is arguably a form of psychological support, Sense 1 is the general sense of giving/supplying something (useful/abstract). In WordNet hierarchies, the general transfer sense usually covers abstract gifts/provisions unless there is a specific sense for it. Sense 1 covers "something useful or necessary". A "superior self-definition" is useful to the teachers' ego/professionalism.
    *   The structure "provide [recipient] with [object]" is the classic structure for Sense 1. Sense 2 is often "provide [something] for [recipient]" (like lunch), though "supply" allows both. However, the "food/sustenance" specificity of Sense 2 makes it a poor fit for "self-definition".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

    *   Target phrase: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition"
    *   Sense 1 gloss: "give something useful or necessary to"
    *   Sense 1 example: "We provided the room with an electrical heater"
    *   Structural match: perfect.
    *   Semantic match: fits "give something useful" (self-definition).

5.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "teachers" in a given context.
I need to choose the best indexed sense from the provided list.

**Target Lemma:** teacher
**Target Surface Form:** teachers
**Context:** The text discusses American education, "progressive education," and the motivations of teachers. It mentions teachers' preferences for "personality development," minimizing tests, and viewing themselves as a "profession" having taken courses in educational psychology. The speaker mentions thinking about becoming a "schoolteacher".

**Candidate Senses:**
1.  **sense_key=teacher%1:18:00::** | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2.  **sense_key=teacher%1:09:00::** | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

**Analysis:**
-   **Sense 1 (Occupation):** The context refers to people who have an occupation. The text mentions "occupation" implicitly through references to "profession," "courses in educational psychology," "schoolteacher," and the contrast with "disciplined instruction." The sentences "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in..." and "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'" clearly refer to human agents employed in the educational system.
-   **Sense 2 (Abstraction):** This sense refers to metaphorical teachers like "books" or "experience." The context here is literal, referring to actual people working in schools (as confirmed by the speaker's mention of potentially being a "schoolteacher"). The text discusses their working conditions, preferences, and professional self-image, not abstract concepts teaching lessons.

**Conclusion:**
The context refers to human professionals engaged in the occupation of teaching. This matches Sense 1. Sense 2 is for metaphors/abstractions.

**Selection:**
Sense index 1 corresponds to the person whose occupation is teaching.

**JSON Output:**
{"sense_index": 1}

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: profession
Target surface form: profession
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Preceding context: Discusses "progressive education," teachers' preferences, minimizing tests, and the desire for a "superior self-definition."
    *   Key phrase: "superior self-definition as a 'profession'".
    *   Reasoning provided: "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." This points towards specialized knowledge/education requirements.

2.  **Analyze the senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `profession%1:14:00::` | definition="the body of people in a learned occupation".
        *   *Critique:* This refers to the collective group (e.g., "the medical profession"). The context talks about teachers getting a self-definition *as* a "profession." While they are part of the body, the definition focuses on the status/nature of the occupation itself rather than the collective noun usage in this specific sentence. Being a "profession" implies having a certain status, often linked to special education.
    *   **Sense 2:** `profession%1:04:00::` | definition="an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)".
        *   *Critique:* The context explicitly mentions passing courses in "educational psychology and educational philosophy." This aligns perfectly with "requiring special education." The text is arguing that taking these courses allows teachers to define themselves as a "profession" (a status of an occupation requiring specialized intellectual training) rather than just a job. This sense captures the *nature* of the occupation (specialized knowledge/education) which grants the "superior self-definition."
    *   **Sense 3:** `profession%1:10:00::` | definition="an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion".
        *   *Critique:* No avowal of belief is happening here.
    *   **Sense 4:** `profession%1:10:01::` | definition="affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith".
        *   *Critique:* Not religious.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 vs. Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 (the body of people) vs. Sense 2 (the type of occupation).
    *   Text: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'".
    *   If the author meant Sense 1, the sentence would essentially mean "teachers define themselves as a body of people." This is awkward.
    *   If the author meant Sense 2, the sentence means "teachers define their job as a high-status occupation requiring special education." The "since" clause supports this: "since they will have passed courses..." The *reason* for the status is the education. This matches the sociological definition of a "profession" (Sense 2) vs a "trade."
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice. It refers to the occupational category defined by specialized education.

4.  **Final Conclusion:** The target word refers to the status of an occupation requiring specialized training (liberal arts/sciences), distinct from a mere job or trade. The context links "profession" directly to passing specific courses (special education).

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.
    *   ...
    *   Target is Sense 2.
    *   JSON: `{"sense_index": 2}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pass
Target surface form: passed
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
2. sense_key=pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
3. sense_key=pass%2:41:02:: | definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
4. sense_key=pass%2:38:03:: | definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
5. sense_key=pass%2:40:00:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
6. sense_key=pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
8. sense_key=pass%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
9. sense_key=pass%2:41:04:: | definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
10. sense_key=pass%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
11. sense_key=pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
12. sense_key=pass%2:32:01:: | definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
13. sense_key=pass%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
14. sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now
15. sense_key=pass%2:42:04:: | definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
16. sense_key=pass%2:41:07:: | definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
17. sense_key=pass%2:41:11:: | definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
18. sense_key=pass%2:40:02:: | definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
19. sense_key=pass%2:38:02:: | definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
20. sense_key=pass%2:40:01:: | definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
21. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: | definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
22. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
23. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: | definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
24. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
25. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: | definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is talking about teachers completing courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. The sentence says "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

This refers to successfully completing courses (like in college or university). The teachers took courses and passed them (completed them successfully).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. pass%2:38:00:: - go across or through - Not this, this is physical movement
2. pass%2:38:05:: - move past - Not this, physical movement
3. pass%2:41:02:: - make laws, bills - Not this
4. pass%2:38:03:: - pass by (time) - Not this
5. pass%2:40:00:: - place into the hands or custody of - Not this
6. pass%2:42:08:: - stretch out over a distance - Not this
7. pass%2:38:01:: - travel past - Not this
8. pass%2:30:00:: - come to pass (happen) - Not this
9. pass%2:41:04:: - go unchallenged; be approved - Not quite this
10. pass%2:42:00:: - pass time in a specific way - Not this
11. pass%2:35:00:: - pass over, across, or through - Not this
12. pass%2:32:01:: - transmit information - Not this
13. pass%2:30:01:: - disappear gradually - Not this
14. pass%2:41:08:: - go successfully through a test or a selection process - This could be it! Passing a course is like going successfully through a test or selection process. The synonym "make it" and example about passing the Bar Exam fit well.
15. pass%2:42:04:: - be superior or better than some standard - Not quite
16. pass%2:41:07:: - accept or judge as acceptable - This could also work, as in "the teacher passed the student"
17. pass%2:41:11:: - allow to go without comment or censure - Not this
18. pass%2:40:02:: - transfer to another - Not this
19. pass%2:38:02:: - pass into a specified state or condition - Not this
20. pass%2:40:01:: - throw (a ball) to another player - Not this
21. pass%2:40:13:: - be inherited by - Not this
22. pass%2:38:04:: - cause to pass - Not this
23. pass%2:32:00:: - grant authorization or clearance for - Not this
24. pass%2:30:11:: - pass from physical life - Not this
25. pass%2:29:00:: - eliminate from the body - Not this

Between sense 14 and sense 16:
- Sense 14: "go successfully through a test or a selection process" with synonym "make it" and example about passing the Bar Exam
- Sense 16: "accept or judge as acceptable" with example "The teacher passed the student although he was weak"

When someone passes a course, they successfully complete it, which is like passing a test or selection process. The example in sense 14 about passing the Bar Exam is very similar to passing courses - both are academic achievements where you successfully complete an examination process.

Sense 14 is the best match here. Passing courses in educational psychology means successfully completing those courses, which fits "go successfully through a test or a selection process."

The sense_index would be 14.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "courses" in the context:
"It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

The context is talking about education, taking courses in college, educational psychology, etc. So the meaning is "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" - sense 1.

Let me verify:
- Sense 1: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes

This matches perfectly - "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" and "took such courses in college" align with "he took a course in basket weaving".

The answer is sense index 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target word is "educational" (adjective) in the phrase "educational psychology".

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "...since they will have passed courses in *educational* psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The broader context discusses the American education system, teachers, "progressive education", and the training teachers receive (courses).
    *   "Educational psychology" is a specific academic discipline or field of study related to the process of education.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `educational%3:01:00::` | Definition: "relating to the process of education" | Examples: "educational psychology".
    *   **Sense 2:** `educational%5:00:00:instructive:00` | Definition: "providing knowledge" | Examples: "an educational film".

4.  **Compare Context to Senses:**
    *   Does the usage "educational psychology" mean psychology that provides knowledge (Sense 2)? No, "instructive psychology" isn't the intended meaning. It refers to the field of psychology applied to education.
    *   Does the usage "educational psychology" relate to the process of education (Sense 1)? Yes. It is the psychology *of* education. It relates directly to the system, methods, and process of education.
    *   The example provided in Sense 1 is literally "educational psychology," which matches the target phrase exactly.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct fit. It describes the domain/field (process of education) rather than the quality of being informative (providing knowledge).

6.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object with the key "sense_index". The index should correspond to the position in the list (1-based usually, or 0-based? The prompt says "indexed sense" and provides a numbered list 1, 2. I will output the number 1).

    *   Sense 1 index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and <t>educational</t> philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** educational
    *   **Target Surface Form:** educational
    *   **Context Sentence:** "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   **Broader Context:** The text discusses "Progressive education," teachers, the "education establishment," courses in college, and the profession of teaching. It contrasts personality development vs. disciplined instruction.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `educational%3:01:00::`
        *   Definition: relating to the process of education
        *   Examples: educational psychology
        *   Synonyms: (implied relational adjective)
    *   **Sense 2:** `educational%5:00:00:instructive:00`
        *   Definition: providing knowledge
        *   Examples: an educational film
        *   Synonyms: instructive, enlightening

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 in Context:**
    *   The phrase is "educational philosophy".
    *   Does this mean a philosophy that provides knowledge (like an educational film)? No. It refers to the philosophy *of* education or relating to the field/system of education.
    *   The text explicitly mentions "educational psychology" as an example in Sense 1's WordNet entry. The context sentence contains "educational psychology" immediately preceding the target "educational philosophy".
    *   The text discusses the "education establishment," "Progressive education," and teachers' professional development. These are all elements of the *process* or *system* of education.
    *   Therefore, "educational philosophy" is a philosophy relating to the process/field of education.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2 in Context:**
    *   Definition: providing knowledge.
    *   Example: "an educational film."
    *   Does "educational philosophy" mean a philosophy that provides knowledge? While a philosophy might provide knowledge, the compound noun "educational philosophy" refers to the academic discipline or the set of beliefs regarding education, not a specific object/event that is "instructive."
    *   The usage "educational [academic subject]" (like educational psychology, educational philosophy, educational theory) fits the "relating to the process of education" definition perfectly.

5.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Sense 1 is the standard classification for relational adjectives derived from nouns (education -> educational). It describes the domain.
    *   Sense 2 is a qualitative adjective (predicative or attributive) describing something that teaches you something (e.g., "That trip was very educational").
    *   In "educational philosophy," the adjective specifies the *domain* of the philosophy. It is philosophy *about* education.
    *   WordNet example for Sense 1 is literally "educational psychology." The text has "educational psychology" right next to "educational philosophy." This is a very strong match.

6.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.
    *   JSON format required: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: philosophy
Target surface form: philosophy
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational <t>philosophy</t>. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
2. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:00:: | definition=the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
3. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:02:: | definition=any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation | examples=self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *philosophy*
    *   Context sentence: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational <t>philosophy</t>."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses "Progressive education," the "education establishment," teacher training, courses taken in college (educational psychology, educational philosophy), and how these define the profession.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (philosophy%1:09:01::):**
        *   Definition: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school"
        *   Synonyms: doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism.
        *   Fit: Does "educational philosophy" refer here to a specific doctrine like "Progressive education"? Or does it refer to the academic discipline? While "Progressive education" is a philosophy/doctrine, the phrase "passed courses in... educational philosophy" suggests an academic subject matter, not just holding a belief.

    *   **Sense 2 (philosophy%1:09:00::):**
        *   Definition: "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics"
        *   Fit: This is the academic discipline sense. When someone takes a *course* in "educational philosophy" (or "philosophy of education"), they are studying the academic field—the rational investigation of educational principles, ethics, and knowledge. The collocation "passed courses in... educational philosophy" strongly points to an academic subject or field of study.

    *   **Sense 3 (philosophy%1:09:02::):**
        *   Definition: "any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation"
        *   Examples: "self-indulgence was his only philosophy"
        *   Fit: This refers to a personal outlook or rule of thumb. While a teacher might have a personal teaching philosophy, the context specifically mentions passing *courses* in it. You don't usually take a course to acquire a "personal belief" in the sense of a rule of thumb; you take a course to study the theory or academic discipline.

3.  **Compare and Disambiguate:**
    *   The phrase is "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy".
    *   The presence of the word "courses" is the key disambiguator.
    *   Sense 1 ("doctrine") and Sense 3 ("personal belief") are things people *have* or *adhere to*. Sense 2 ("rational investigation") is something people *study* or *do* as an intellectual pursuit.
    *   While "educational philosophy" can refer to a specific set of beliefs (Sense 1), in the context of a college curriculum ("passed courses in"), it refers to the academic discipline—the branch of knowledge dealing with the theories of education. This aligns with Sense 2's definition of the rational investigation of questions (in this case, educational questions).
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1 is often used for specific schools of thought (e.g., "Marxism is a philosophy"). "Educational philosophy" is the name of a field (discipline), but it can also result in a doctrine.
        *   Sense 2 covers the academic discipline. "I took a course in philosophy" usually means I studied the field (Sense 2).
        *   WordNet hierarchy: Sense 2 is the superordinate term for the discipline. Sense 1 and 3 are specific instances or types of beliefs.
        *   Context: "passed courses in... educational philosophy". This implies the academic study of the subject. Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    *   *Self-correction/Refinement:* Sometimes WordNet distinguishes between the discipline and the content.
    *   Sense 2: "the rational investigation..." (The Discipline).
    *   Sense 1: "a belief... accepted as authoritative" (A Doctrine).
    *   "Educational philosophy" as a course title refers to the discipline. The course covers various doctrines (like Essentialism or Progressivism), but the subject itself is the discipline.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct label for the subject matter taught in a course.

4.  **Final Check:**
    *   Sentence: "...passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Meaning: The academic subject/field of study.
    *   Matching Sense: Sense 2 ("the rational investigation of questions...").

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   Selected sense_index: 2.

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