[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `say`
    *   Context Sentence: "Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."

2.  **Analyze the Usage:**
    *   Subject: "Researchers" (scientists, experts).
    *   Object/Complement: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial..." (a proposition, a finding, a reported conclusion).
    *   Function: The researchers are communicating a finding based on their studies. They are reporting a fact or theory.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `express in words` (synonyms: state, tell). Examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her".
        *   *Analysis:* This is the most general sense of "say". It fits almost any usage of "say" followed by a that-clause. It is a hypernym of many other senses. While it works, WordNet often distinguishes between simple expression (Sense 1) and reporting/alleging/maintaining a position (Sense 2).

    *   **Sense 2:** `report or maintain` (synonyms: allege, aver). Examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene...".
        *   *Analysis:* The subject is "Researchers". In academic/scientific contexts, when researchers "say" something, they are usually reporting findings or maintaining a hypothesis. The synonym "aver" or "report" aligns well with the authoritative yet propositional nature of scientific claims. The context involves reporting findings ("reported finding a gene... Researchers say the inactivation... appears crucial"). The distinction between Sense 1 (general statement) and Sense 2 (report/maintain an assertion) is subtle but relevant here. Sense 1 is very broad. Sense 2 captures the specific act of asserting a claim or reporting a finding, often used in news or academic contexts (e.g., "Police say...", "Researchers say..."). The example "He said it was too late to intervene" fits the pattern of asserting a judgment or finding.

    *   **Sense 3:** `express a supposition` (synonyms: suppose). Examples: "Let us say..."
        *   *Analysis:* Not a supposition in the "Let's say" sense.

    *   **Sense 4:** `have or contain a certain wording or form` (synonyms: read).
        *   *Analysis:* Subject is inanimate usually. Researchers are people.

    *   **Sense 5:** `give instructions...` (synonyms: order, tell).
        *   *Analysis:* Not an order.

    *   **Sense 6:** `pronounce, articulate...`.
        *   *Analysis:* Focus is on meaning, not pronunciation.

    *   **Sense 7:** `communicate nonverbally`.
        *   *Analysis:* No.

    *   **Sense 8:** `utter aloud`.
        *   *Analysis:* Too general/focus on vocalization rather than content.

    *   **Sense 9:** `state as one's opinion or judgement` (synonyms: declare).
        *   *Analysis:* This is close. Researchers are stating an opinion/judgment based on evidence. However, Sense 2 ("report or maintain") is often specifically tagged for "say" in attribution contexts (journalism/academic writing) where someone is quoted or cited. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 again.

    *   **Comparison of Sense 1 vs Sense 2:**
        *   Sense 1 (`state`): "He said that he wanted to marry her." This is a general speech act verb.
        *   Sense 2 (`report/maintain`): "He alleged that he was the victim..." "The report says..."
        *   In the context "Researchers say...", they are reporting their findings. WordNet annotations often distinguish Sense 2 for cases of attribution in reports. The gloss "report or maintain" fits "Researchers say [finding X]" better than just "express in words". The researchers are maintaining a position on the mechanism of cancer.
        *   Let's look at standard WSD data (like SemCor or OntoNotes) tendencies for "say".
        *   "The paper says..." -> Sense 4 or 11 usually, but here subject is human.
        *   "Experts say..." -> often Sense 2 (report/maintain/allege) because it implies authority or reporting of facts, rather than just casual chatting (Sense 1).
        *   However, Sense 1 is the "catch-all". Is this specific enough to be Sense 2? The synonym "allege" suggests unproven claims, but "aver" suggests stating confidently. "Report" is in the gloss.
        *   Let's check Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement". The text says "appears crucial". This is a judgement/finding.
        *   Let's check Sense 1 vs 2 in WordNet hierarchies. Sense 1 is the root. Sense 2 is a specific type of saying (asserting validity of a proposition). When researchers report findings, they are asserting the validity of a proposition.
        *   Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" (legal context). "He said it was too late to intervene" (judgment). "Researchers say..." involves a judgment/report.
        *   Usually, Sense 1 is used for neutral conveyance of information ("He said hello"). Sense 2 is used for asserting the truth of a proposition ("The article says X", "He says he is innocent", "Researchers say X is true").
        *   Given the specific context of "Researchers say [proposition]", Sense 2 (report or maintain) is the precise fit. They are maintaining a scientific position. Sense 1 is acceptable but broad. WSD tasks usually prefer the most specific sense that fits.
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 1. Synonyms: state, tell. "Researchers state that..." fits well. "Researchers report that..." fits well.
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 2. Synonyms: allege, aver. "Researchers aver..." (formal, fits). "Researchers allege..." (suggests doubt, usually not used for scientific consensus unless contested, but "report" is in the gloss).
        *   Let's look at Sense 9. "state as one's opinion or judgement". Synonyms: declare. "Researchers declare...". This also fits.
        *   Let's look at the definitions again.
            *   S1: express in words.
            *   S2: report or maintain.
            *   S9: state as one's opinion or judgement.
        *   The sentence structure "Researchers say [clause]" is a classic attribution frame. In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "say" in news attribution is frequently tagged as Sense 2 (`say%2:32:01::`).
        *   Why Sense 2 over Sense 1? Sense 1 is often used for dialogue or simple locution. Sense 2 is used for the content of what is said being a claim, report, or assertion of fact. The context is a scientific report. "Reported finding... Researchers say...". The word "report" appears in the previous sentence ("reported finding"), and Sense 2's gloss is "report or maintain". This strong semantic overlap points to Sense 2.

4.  **Decision:**
    *   Context: Scientific reporting.
    *   Target: "Researchers say".
    *   Sense 2 gloss: "report or maintain".
    *   Sense 2 fits "Researchers report that..." or "Researchers maintain that...".
    *   Sense 1 ("express in words") is too generic.
    *   Sense 9 ("state as opinion") is possible, but Sense 2 covers "report", which matches the context of "researchers reported finding...".
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best choice.

    *   Double check Sense 2 synonyms: "allege, aver". "Allege" has a connotation of without proof, which might be misleading, but "aver" means to state or assert to be true. "Report" is the key word in the gloss.
    *   Double check Sense 1 synonyms: "state, tell". "Researchers state..." is very natural.
    *   However, usually in WordNet, Sense 2 is the "say" used in "The report says..." or "He said [assertion]". Sense 1 is often the physical act or the general vehicle.
    *   Let's look at a comparable instance. In SemCor, "say" with a clausal complement in a news text is predominantly Sense 2 (report/maintain).
    *   Example from Sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war". This is a judgment/assertion. "Researchers say the inactivation... appears crucial" is also a judgment/assertion.

    Let's confirm the sense index numbering.
    1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: (express in words)
    2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: (report or maintain)

    The best fit is Sense 2.

provider: Friendli


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alone
Target surface form: alone
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alone%4:02:00:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, only | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
2. sense_key=alone%4:02:01:: | definition=without anybody else or anything else | synonyms=solo, unaccompanied | examples=the child stayed home alone; the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "alone". The target surface form is "alone".
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges..."
    *   Key phrase: "alone or in combination".
    *   Subject: "inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes".
    *   Meaning: The inactivation of these genes, *by itself* (without other factors), or combined with other things, is crucial.
    *   The structure "X, alone or in combination" suggests a condition of exclusivity or singularity of the agent/cause.
3.  **Analyze Sense 1**:
    *   Definition: "without any others being included or involved".
    *   Synonyms: "entirely, exclusively, solely, only".
    *   Examples: "was entirely to blame", "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children".
    *   Fit with context: Does "inactivation... exclusively/solely or in combination" fit? Yes. It means the inactivation acts as the sole cause or factor, or it acts in combination with others. This captures the logical distinction between a single cause and a joint cause.
4.  **Analyze Sense 2**:
    *   Definition: "without anybody else or anything else".
    *   Synonyms: "solo, unaccompanied".
    *   Examples: "the child stayed home alone", "the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing".
    *   Fit with context: Does "inactivation... solo/unaccompanied or in combination" fit? This sense usually refers to physical solitude or being solitary in a physical or social sense (loneliness, isolation). While "alone" in the text does mean "by itself", Sense 1 emphasizes the exclusion of others *in a causal or inclusive/exclusive sense* (exclusively, solely), whereas Sense 2 emphasizes physical isolation or lack of company. In scientific contexts discussing mechanisms (genes), Sense 1 is the standard interpretation for "X alone" meaning "X considered in isolation from other factors" (equivalent to "solely").
5.  **Compare**:
    *   The text discusses the *causal role* of gene inactivation.
    *   "Alone or in combination" implies: "Solely by itself or together with other factors".
    *   Sense 1 synonyms (solely, only, exclusively) map perfectly to "by itself" in a causal/logical framework.
    *   Sense 2 synonyms (solo, unaccompanied) map more to physical presence.
    *   The WordNet distinction often separates "alone" as "only/solely" (adjective/adverb modifying scope/causality) from "alone" as "isolated/solitary" (physical state). In WordNet 3.0/3.1, `alone%4:02:00::` usually corresponds to the "exclusively, solely" meaning (often labeled `alone(a)` or similar depending on version, but the gloss "without any others being included or involved" is the key).
    *   The phrase "alone or in combination" is a classic example of the "solely/exclusively" sense. It distinguishes between the single factor acting and the single factor acting with others. This aligns with Sense 1.
6.  **Conclusion**: Sense 1 is the correct choice because it relates to exclusion/inclusion and the synonym "solely" fits the "alone or in combination" dichotomy perfectly.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: combination
Target surface form: combination
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=combination%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
2. sense_key=combination%1:14:04:: | definition=a coordinated sequence of chess moves
3. sense_key=combination%1:14:02:: | definition=a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock | examples=he forgot the combination to the safe
4. sense_key=combination%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose | examples=they were a winning combination
5. sense_key=combination%1:14:03:: | definition=an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes)
6. sense_key=combination%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
7. sense_key=combination%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   **Sentence:** "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   **Key phrase:** "alone or in combination".
    *   **Meaning:** The text discusses biological mechanisms (tumor-suppressor genes). The genes can be inactivated by themselves ("alone") or together with other genes ("in combination").
    *   **Semantic role:** Here, "combination" refers to the state of being combined or a collection of elements (genes) working together or existing together. It doesn't refer to a sequence of chess moves, a lock code, a specific political alliance, or a band of people. It's more abstract. It refers to the grouping of these genetic factors.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `combination%1:14:00::` | Definition: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities".
        *   *Fit:* This fits well. The "inactivation of genes in combination" means a collection of inactivated genes working together. It represents an assemblage of factors/qualities (gene defects).

    *   **Sense 2:** `combination%1:14:04::` | Definition: "a coordinated sequence of chess moves".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect domain. Not chess.

    *   **Sense 3:** `combination%1:14:02::` | Definition: "a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect domain. Not a lock.

    *   **Sense 4:** `combination%1:14:01::` | Definition: "a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Subject is genes, not people.

    *   **Sense 5:** `combination%1:14:03::` | Definition: "an alliance of people or corporations or countries...".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Subject is genes.

    *   **Sense 6:** `combination%1:04:01::` | Definition: "the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order".
        *   *Fit:* This is a mathematical definition (combinatorics). While biological systems are complex, this specific sense usually refers to the mathematical concept "nCr". The text isn't discussing the math of permutations vs combinations, but rather the existence of multiple factors together.

    *   **Sense 7:** `combination%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of combining things to form a new whole".
        *   *Fit:* This refers to the *act* or *process* ("the act of combining"). In the sentence "alone or in combination", "combination" functions as a state or a noun referring to the resulting group, not necessarily the dynamic *act* itself, though the lines can be blurry. However, Sense 1 ("a collection of things that have been combined") captures the result or the state of being combined better than the act itself. Sense 1 is the state/entity sense, Sense 7 is the event sense. "In combination" suggests a state of being together.

3.  **Disambiguate Sense 1 vs Sense 7:**
    *   Sense 7: The act of combining.
    *   Sense 1: The collection of things combined.
    *   The phrase "in combination" is a fixed phrase meaning "together" or "jointly". When genes are inactivated "in combination", it means multiple genes exist in an inactivated state together. This refers to the set of things (the combination of genes) rather than the act of putting them together.
    *   WordNet often distinguishes between the act (sense 7) and the result/group (sense 1).
    *   Example check:
        *   "The combination of flavors was delicious." (Sense 1).
        *   "Combining the chemicals caused an explosion." (Sense 7).
    *   "Alone or in combination": "Alone" (singular state) vs "in combination" (plural state/group).
    *   Sense 1 is the standard choice for "in combination" where it means "together with other things".

4.  **Select Index:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 7 corresponds to index 7.

    Is there any ambiguity?
    The phrase "in combination" implies the resulting group or state.
    Sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined". This applies to the set of genes.
    Sense 7: "the act of combining". The text discusses the *presence* or *state* of these genes being inactivated.

    Let's look at the specific WordNet hierarchy (1:14:00 vs 1:04:00).
    1:14:00 is a `group` or `collection`.
    1:04:00 is an `act` or `process`.
    When something is used "in combination", it describes the configuration of the elements, fitting the "collection" or "assemblage" definition (Sense 1).

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    Let's double check Sense 6 ("arranging elements..."). This is specifically mathematical combinations. Not applicable.

    Result: Sense 1.

    Index mapping:
    1 -> sense_key=combination%1:14:00::

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *appear*
    *   Target surface form: *appears*
    *   Context sentence: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, **appears** crucial to the development of such scourges..."
    *   Syntactic structure: [Subject: the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes...] + [Verb: appears] + [Adjective: crucial...].
    *   Meaning in context: The text is reporting scientific findings. The researchers are stating that, based on evidence, the inactivation of these genes *seems* to be crucial. It expresses a likelihood, impression, or deduction based on the evidence previously described, not a physical appearance or publication.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (appear%2:39:00::):** Definition: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect". Synonyms: "look, seem". Examples: "She seems to be sleeping", "This appears to be a very difficult problem".
        *   *Fit:* This fits the syntactic structure (appears + adjective) and the meaning (seems to be). It captures the "outward aspect" or impression aspect.

    *   **Sense 2 (appear%2:30:00::):** Definition: "come into sight or view".
        *   *Fit:* No. This refers to physical visibility. The inactivation of genes does not "come into sight".

    *   **Sense 3 (appear%2:30:01::):** Definition: "be issued or published".
        *   *Fit:* No. The subject is a biological process, not a book or film.

    *   **Sense 4 (appear%2:39:01::):** Definition: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent". Synonyms: "seem". Examples: "It seems that he is very gifted", "It appears that the weather in California is very bad".
        *   *Fit:* This is a strong contender. It deals with probability and truth. The sentence says "appears crucial". This is close to Sense 1. Let's look at the distinction.
        *   Sense 1 vs Sense 4:
            *   Sense 1 examples: "She seems to be sleeping" (observation of state/outward aspect), "This appears to be a very difficult problem" (judgment based on appearance).
            *   Sense 4 examples: "It seems that he is very gifted" (assessment of truth/probability), "It appears that the weather in California is very bad".
            *   Syntactically, Sense 4 often (though not always, based on examples) takes a clausal complement ("It appears that..."). Sense 1 often takes an adjective complement ("This appears difficult", "She appears sleeping").
            *   The context sentence has the structure: [Subject] appears [Adjective].
            *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy (verb.cognition for both?).
                *   Sense 1 (appear%2:39:00::) is under the Trope "look" (verb.perception? No, verb.cognition usually).
                *   Sense 4 (appear%2:39:01::) is also under "seem".
            *   Let's look closer at the definition of Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect". "Crucial" is an evaluation/judgment, not necessarily an "outward aspect" in the visual sense, but "impression" fits.
            *   Let's look at Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent". The text says "appears crucial". This is an assessment of the role/nature of the inactivation. It seems to be a crucial factor.
            *   Many WSD systems distinguish between "seem" (copular with adjective) and "seem that" (impersonal).
            *   However, WordNet 3.0 definitions:
                *   Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect; "This project looks fishy"; "She looks to be very sleeping"; "This appears to be a very difficult problem"; "She seems to be sleeping" -> Note the adjective/complement structure here.
                *   Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent; "It seems that he is very gifted"; "It appears that the weather in California is very bad" -> Note the clausal structure here.
            *   The target sentence: "the inactivation ... appears crucial".
            *   Structure: Subject + Verb + Adjective.
            *   Sense 1 examples: "This appears to be a very difficult problem." (Adjective phrase).
            *   Sense 4 examples: "It appears that..." (Clause).
            *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the better structural match for the adjective complement "crucial". While Sense 4 handles the probability/epistemic modality, Sense 1 specifically covers the "copular + adjective" construction used to give an impression.

    *   **Sense 5 (appear%2:30:02::):** Definition: "come into being or existence".
        *   *Fit:* No.

    *   **Sense 6 (appear%2:36:00::):** Definition: "appear as a character on stage".
        *   *Fit:* No.

    *   **Sense 7 (appear%2:41:03::):** Definition: "present oneself formally".
        *   *Fit:* No.

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   WordNet sense 1 for *appear* (verb) typically corresponds to the "seem/look like" meaning, often taking an adjective complement.
    *   WordNet sense 4 for *appear* (verb) typically corresponds to the "it seems that / it appears that" construction, expressing propositional content likelihood.
    *   The sentence is "The inactivation... appears crucial."
    *   It is not "It appears that the inactivation... is crucial." (Though they are paraphrases, WSD relies on syntactic cues often provided in the examples).
    *   Sense 1 example: "This appears to be a very difficult problem". (Adjective/Adjectival phrase).
    *   Sense 4 example: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad". (Finite clause).
    *   The target sentence matches the syntax of Sense 1 (Subject + appear + Adjective).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *Let's double check the gloss.*
    Sense 1 gloss: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
    Does "the inactivation... appears crucial" fit? Yes, researchers are forming an impression or assessing the aspect of the inactivation. It seems crucial.

    Sense 4 gloss: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
    Does it fit? Yes, semantically. But the syntactic realization in the examples strongly favors Sense 1 for the adjective complement structure.
    Standard WSD practice (and linguistic intuition) separates the "seem ADJ" (Sense 1) from "seem that S" (Sense 4).
    For instance, in VerbNet or FrameNet, these might be different frames or subcategorizations. In WordNet, they are distinct senses based on the examples provided.

    Target: "appears crucial".
    Sense 1 Ex: "This appears to be a very difficult problem." (Adjective).
    Sense 4 Ex: "It appears that the weather..." (Clause).

    The match is clearly Sense 1.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crucial
Target surface form: crucial
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony
3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "crucial" in the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."

Let me analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition="of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis" | synonyms=important | examples="a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election"

2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition="having crucial relevance" | examples="crucial to the case; relevant testimony"

3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition="of the greatest importance" | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples="the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information"

The context is about the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes being crucial (very important) to the development of cancer. The sentence structure is "X appears crucial to Y" - meaning the inactivation is essential/of greatest importance to the development of cancer.

Sense 1 emphasizes "vital to the resolution of a crisis" - this doesn't quite fit because the context isn't about resolving a crisis, it's about something being essential for cancer to develop.

Sense 2 emphasizes "having crucial relevance" - this seems more about relevance in a legal or evidentiary context (examples are about court cases and testimony).

Sense 3 emphasizes "of the greatest importance" with synonyms like "essential, of the essence" - this fits well. The inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes is essential/of the greatest importance to the development of cancer.

The context suggests that tumor-suppressor gene inactivation is fundamentally important/necessary for cancer development. The phrase "crucial to" matches the example "crucial to the case" in sense 2, but sense 2's examples seem more about relevance in a legal context.

Sense 3 with "of the greatest importance" and synonyms "essential" best captures the meaning here - the inactivation is essential/fundamental to cancer development.

I'll choose sense 3.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target word is "development" (noun). The context is about the biological process leading to cancer. The sentence is: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses biological processes, genes (p53), tissues, and diseases (cancer).
    *   The specific phrase is "development of such scourges as cancer".
    *   It refers to the process by which a disease (cancer) forms and progresses in the body. It's about the biological unfolding of the disease state from healthy cells to cancerous cells.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1 (improving/expanding):* This usually refers to plans, land, or ideas. Cancer development is not an "improvement". Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 2 (process passing by degrees to a different stage):* This is a general sense of evolution or progression. It could fit, but there is a more specific biological sense available.
    *   *Sense 3 (biology - organism growing organically):* Definition: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". Synonyms: growth, maturation. While usually applied to embryos or children ("osseous development"), in medical contexts, the "development" of a disease or pathology is a biological unfolding process. The definition mentions "unfolding of events involved in an organism changing". The progression of cancer is a biological process of change. This is the closest biological sense.
    *   *Sense 4 (recent event):* Refers to news events ("recent developments in Iraq"). Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 5 (land/resources):* Refers to land exploitation. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 6 (district):* Refers to a housing development. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 7 (state of improving/chess):* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 8 (photography):* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 9 (music):* Incorrect.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 2 is "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".
    *   Sense 3 is specifically "(biology) the process... biological unfolding...".
    *   The context is clearly biological/medical ("genes", "tissue", "cancer", "tumor-suppressing").
    *   While the development of cancer is a pathological process rather than the growth of a normal organism, WordNet often uses the biological growth sense (Sense 3) for biological processes of unfolding or formation. Sense 3's definition "purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing" fits the context of cells turning cancerous and forming tumors better than the general abstract change of Sense 2.
    *   Let's look at standard WSD practice for "development" in medical contexts. Usually, the biological sense (Sense 3) is selected for disease progression or biological growth.
    *   Sense 3 synonyms include "growth". We often speak of "tumor growth" or "cancer development".
    *   Sense 2 examples are "development of his ideas", "evolution of Greek civilization". These are abstract/social.
    *   Sense 3 examples are "osseous development". This is biological.
    *   The text describes the biological mechanism (genes inactivation) leading to the disease. This fits the "biological unfolding" description.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 3 is the intended meaning, representing the biological process of formation or progression within a living system.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   Target: "crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer".
    *   Meaning: The biological formation/progression of the disease.
    *   Best match: Sense 3 (biology: organic growing/unfolding).

    The instruction says "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key."
    The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

    Index mapping:
    1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving...
    2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees...
    3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...
    ...
    So the index is 3.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scourge
Target surface form: scourges
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scourge%1:06:00:: | definition=a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor) | synonyms=flagellum
2. sense_key=scourge%1:26:00:: | definition=something causing misery or death | synonyms=bane, curse, nemesis | examples=the bane of my life
3. sense_key=scourge%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, threat | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:**
    *   Target lemma: "scourge"
    *   Target surface form: "scourges" (plural noun)
    *   Context: The text discusses cancer (brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix) and how the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes leads to these diseases. It refers to these cancers as "scourges".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor)" | synonyms=flagellum.
        *   *Analysis:* This is the literal, historical meaning of a whip. The context talks about diseases (cancer), not physical instruments of punishment. This doesn't fit.
    *   **Sense 2:** "something causing misery or death" | synonyms=bane, curse, nemesis | examples=the bane of my life.
        *   *Analysis:* The context describes cancers that kill people ("collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year"). Cancer causes misery and death. This fits perfectly.
    *   **Sense 3:** "a person who inspires fear or dread" | synonyms=terror, threat | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a *person* (like a criminal or a tyrant). Cancer is a disease, not a person. This sense does not fit.

3.  **Evaluate Context against Senses:**
    *   The sentence is: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial to the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain..."
    *   The referent is "cancer".
    *   Cancer causes death and misery.
    *   Sense 2 defines "scourge" as "something causing misery or death".
    *   Sense 1 is a whip.
    *   Sense 3 is a person.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

4.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object with "sense_index".
    *   The chosen sense is Sense 2.
    *   JSON: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context**:
    *   Target lemma: "cancer"
    *   Context snippet: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   The context talks about genes (p53, tumor-suppressor genes), malignant growth, diseases, killing Americans, tumor suppressing, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix. It is clearly discussing a medical condition/disease.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." (Synonyms: malignant neoplastic disease). This is the medical definition of the disease.
    *   Sense 2: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" (Synonyms: Crab). Astrological person.
    *   Sense 3: "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere..." Astronomical object.
    *   Sense 4: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." Astrological sign.
    *   Sense 5: "type genus of the family Cancridae" (Synonyms: genus Cancer). Biological taxonomy (crabs).

3.  **Match context to senses**:
    *   The context discusses "tumor-suppressing genes," "scourges," "cancer of the brain," and associations with "colon, lung and breast cancers" earlier in the text.
    *   This clearly refers to the disease characterized by malignant growth.
    *   Sense 1 is the medical disease definition.
    *   Senses 2, 3, 4 refer to astrology/astronomy.
    *   Sense 5 refers to the genus of crabs.

4.  **Select the best sense**:
    *   The target word "<t>cancer</t>" is used in the phrase "cancer of the brain". This is the disease sense.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the output**:
    *   The user requests a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 3}`.
    *   My chosen sense is index 1.

    Final check:
    *   Target: "cancer" in "cancer of the brain..."
    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor. Matches perfectly.
    *   Index: 1.

    Construct JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the <t>brain</t>, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target Lemma: `brain`
    *   Context: "...crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the <t>brain</t>, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Sentence Meaning: The text discusses cancer affecting specific organs or body parts. The target word "brain" is listed alongside other organs/tissues: skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `brain%1:08:00::` | Definition: "that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord" | Synonyms: encephalon.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the physical anatomical organ. Since the text discusses cancer (a disease affecting physical tissues and organs) and lists other organs (kidney, prostate), this sense fits perfectly. Cancer of the brain affects the physical organ.

    *   **Sense 2:** `brain%1:09:00::` | Definition: "mental ability" | Synonyms: brainpower, learning ability...
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to abstract intelligence or capacity to learn. One cannot have "cancer of the mental ability" in the literal anatomical sense described here. This is metaphorical or functional, not anatomical.

    *   **Sense 3:** `brain%1:09:01::` | Definition: "that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason" | Synonyms: mind, head, psyche...
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the mind or consciousness. Again, the text is about cancer affecting organs. While the mind is associated with the brain, the medical context of "cancer of the X" requires the physical body part definition (Sense 1), not the philosophical or psychological entity.

    *   **Sense 4:** `brain%1:18:00::` | Definition: "someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality" | Synonyms: genius, mastermind...
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a person. "Cancer of the genius" makes no sense in this context.

    *   **Sense 5:** `brain%1:13:00::` | Definition: "the brain of certain animals used as meat"
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to food. The context is about diseases in human anatomy, not culinary items.

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The context lists organs susceptible to cancer (colon, lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix).
    *   Sense 1 is the anatomical definition of the organ.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: skin
Target surface form: skin
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=skin%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch | synonyms=tegument, cutis | examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body
2. sense_key=skin%1:06:01:: | definition=an outer surface (usually thin) | examples=the skin of an airplane
3. sense_key=skin%1:05:01:: | definition=body covering of a living animal | synonyms=hide, pelt
4. sense_key=skin%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's skin regarded as their life | examples=he tried to save his skin
5. sense_key=skin%1:13:00:: | definition=the rind of a fruit or vegetable | synonyms=peel
6. sense_key=skin%1:06:02:: | definition=a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:** The target is "skin" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "...development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   The context discusses cancer, organs, and body parts (brain, kidney, prostate, cervix).
    *   "Skin" here refers to a specific organ or body part that can get cancer.
    *   It is part of a list of internal organs/body parts affected by the disease.
3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch; your skin is the largest organ of your body". This definition explicitly mentions "organ of your body". The context lists skin alongside brain, kidney, etc., as a site for cancer. This fits perfectly with the biological/medical usage in the text.
    *   **Sense 2:** "an outer surface (usually thin); the skin of an airplane". This is metaphorical or refers to inanimate objects. Not applicable here.
    *   **Sense 3:** "body covering of a living animal; hide, pelt". This focuses on the skin as a covering (often removed, like a pelt) or specific to non-human animals in some contexts, though "hide" and "pelt" suggest this. While skin *is* a body covering, Sense 1 is more specific to the human anatomical organ context (implied by "Americans", "people", "cancer") and mentions it being an organ.
    *   **Sense 4:** "a person's skin regarded as their life; he tried to save his skin". Idiomatic/metaphorical. Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 5:** "the rind of a fruit or vegetable; peel". Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 6:** "a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal". Not applicable.
4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 synonyms: tegument, cutis. Examples focus on the human body and the organ aspect.
    *   Sense 3 synonyms: hide, pelt. Examples focus on the covering aspect, often associated with animals or leather.
    *   The context is about human anatomy (cancer in Americans/people). "Skin" is listed as an organ alongside brain and kidney. Sense 1's definition "largest organ of your body" and "natural protective body covering" fits the medical/anatomical context best. Sense 3 is usually reserved for the pelt/hide of an animal or the material. Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.
5.  **Formulate the output:** The instruction asks for a JSON object with the index.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cervix
Target surface form: cervix
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cervix%1:08:01:: | definition=the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body | synonyms=neck | examples=he admired her long graceful neck; the horse won by a neck
2. sense_key=cervix%1:08:02:: | definition=necklike opening to the uterus | synonyms=uterine cervix, cervix uteri

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cervix" in the context of cancer.
The context mentions "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
Here, "cervix" refers to the uterine cervix, which is a part of the female reproductive system often affected by cancer (cervical cancer).
Sense 1 refers to the neck of an organism (human or animal) connecting the head to the body.
Sense 2 refers to the necklike opening to the uterus (uterine cervix).

In the context of cancer, "cervix" clearly refers to the uterine cervix.
Therefore, the best indexed sense is 2.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target word is "evidence", functioning as a noun in the phrase "There is [evidence] that...".

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses scientific research into cancer and genetics (p53 gene, tumor-suppressor genes).
    *   The specific sentence is: "There is [evidence] that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
    *   The surrounding text talks about research teams "uncovered evidence" earlier.
    *   The usage implies facts, data, or findings that support a scientific conclusion or hypothesis.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `evidence%1:09:00::`
        *   Definition: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief"
        *   Synonyms: "grounds"
        *   Examples: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling"
        *   Analysis: This sense fits well. The context discusses scientific findings that provide a basis for believing a hypothesis (that inherited defective genes cause cancer proneness). The example sentence "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer..." is remarkably similar in structure and semantic field to "There is evidence that if people inherit...". It refers to the body of knowledge or facts supporting a conclusion.

    *   **Sense 2:** `evidence%1:10:01::`
        *   Definition: "an indication that makes something evident"
        *   Examples: "his trembling was evidence of his fear"
        *   Analysis: This sense usually refers to a specific sign or symptom (like trembling). While scientific data can be an "indication", Sense 1 is more appropriate for the abstract concept of "proof" or "basis for belief" in a scientific/argumentative context. Sense 2 often implies a direct physical manifestation or sign, whereas Sense 1 implies a collection of facts or reasoning supporting a conclusion. The phrase "There is evidence that..." strongly suggests the existence of facts supporting the proposition (Sense 1).

    *   **Sense 3:** `evidence%1:10:00::`
        *   Definition: "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved"
        *   Analysis: The context is scientific/medical research, not a legal trial. Therefore, this sense is incorrect.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 (grounds/basis for belief) vs Sense 2 (indication/sign).
    *   The sentence "There is evidence that..." introduces a proposition supported by data. In scientific discourse, "evidence" refers to the data/grounds that justify the belief in the hypothesis.
    *   Example for Sense 1: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling." This mirrors the target sentence's structure and domain (medical science).
    *   Example for Sense 2: "his trembling was evidence of his fear." This is more about a visible sign revealing a hidden state.
    *   The target text describes research teams uncovering facts and researchers drawing conclusions. This aligns with Sense 1 (basis for belief).

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit. It captures the meaning of scientific data supporting a hypothesis.

6.  **Format Output:** Return JSON `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Preceding context: Discusses cancer research, tumor-suppressor genes, and the prevalence of certain cancers.
    *   Following context: Mentions why some cancers seem to "haunt certain families."
    *   Core meaning: The sentence discusses a biological/genetic mechanism. If *individuals* or *humans* inherit defective genes, they get cancer. It refers to human beings in a general biological sense, specifically focusing on the mechanism of inheritance.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively`. Examples: "old people", "200 people in the audience". This is the most general sense of "people" as human beings. It fits the biological context perfectly (humans inherit genes).
    *   Sense 2: `the body of citizens of a state or country`. Synonyms: citizenry. Examples: "the Spanish people". This is a political/national sense. The context is biological/medical, not political or national. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: `members of a family line`. Examples: "his people have been farmers...", "are your people still alive?". While the text mentions families later ("haunt certain families"), the target word "people" refers to the general population or any human who might inherit these genes, not specifically "my ancestors" or "your relatives" in the colloquial sense. The sentence says "if people inherit...", meaning any human beings. If it meant "family members," it would likely be phrased differently, like "if one's people inherit...". This sense is too specific to kinship/ancestry in a genealogical way.
    *   Sense 4: `the common people generally`. Synonyms: masses, hoi polloi. Examples: "power to the people". This is a sociopolitical sense distinguishing commoners from elites. The text is about cancer genetics, not class struggle. Incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   The text talks about inheritance of genes. Sense 3 involves "family line". However, the usage here is "if *people* inherit...". This functions as a generic plural subject, equivalent to "if humans inherit..." or "if individuals inherit...".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "any group of human beings... collectively". This captures the biological entity capable of inheriting genes.
    *   Sense 3 usually implies parents, ancestors, or kin (e.g., "my people came from Ireland"). The sentence does not mean "if members of a specific family line inherit...". It means "if human beings (in general) inherit...".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct fit. It refers to humans as biological entities.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

5.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people <t>inherit</t> defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** inherit
    *   **Context:** The text discusses genetics, specifically "damaged p53 gene", "tumor-suppressing genes", "genetic defects", "genetic transmission" (implied by family history), and the phrase "people *inherit* defective versions of these genes". It mentions why cancers "seem to haunt certain families".
    *   **Meaning in context:** The text describes the biological process where parents pass down genes (specifically defective ones) to their offspring. This is about biological heredity.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `inherit%2:40:00::` | Definition: "obtain from someone after their death" | Example: "I inherited a castle from my French grandparents". This refers to legal inheritance of property or money. It does not fit the biological/genetic context.
    *   **Sense 2:** `inherit%2:40:02::` | Definition: "receive from a predecessor" | Example: "The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair". This is metaphorical or organizational inheritance. It does not fit the biological/genetic context.
    *   **Sense 3:** `inherit%2:40:01::` | Definition: "receive by genetic transmission" | Example: "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother". This refers to biological inheritance of traits or genes. This matches the context perfectly ("defective versions of these genes", "haunt certain families").

3.  **Match context to sense:**
    *   The context explicitly mentions "genes", "genetic defects", and family history.
    *   Sense 3 is defined as "receive by genetic transmission".
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 3 is the target.

5.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   `{"sense_index": 3}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: version
Target surface form: versions
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective <t>versions</t> of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel
4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering
5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target word is "versions" (plural of "version").
2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   Sentence: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective <t>versions</t> of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Domain: Biology/Genetics/Medicine.
    *   Meaning in context: The sentence discusses genes. Genes come in different forms (alleles). Some are "defective" (mutated), and some are presumably normal functional ones. The text says people inherit "defective versions of these genes". This implies variations of the gene sequence that result in a non-functional or harmful protein. It refers to specific types or variants of the gene.
3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:
    *   *Sense 1 (interpretation/viewpoint)*: "his version of the fight...". This is about a narrative or opinion. Not applicable to genes.
    *   *Sense 2 (something a little different from others of the same type)*: Synonyms: variant, variation, edition. Examples: "experimental version", "variant of the same word".
        *   Fit: This fits perfectly. A defective gene is a variant of the normal gene. It is a specific type or form of the gene that differs from the standard/functional type.
    *   *Sense 3 (recast written work)*: "adaptation of a short novel". Literary context. Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 4 (translation)*: Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 5 (mental representation)*: Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 6 (medical procedure)*: Turning a fetus. While the text is medical, the word refers to the gene itself, not a procedure.
4.  **Select the best sense**:
    *   Sense 2 defines "version" as "something a little different from others of the same type", with synonyms like "variant". In genetics, different versions of a gene are often called variants or alleles. This matches the context of "defective versions of these genes" perfectly.
    *   Index: 2.
5.  **Format the output**: JSON object `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Target word: "especially".
    *   Sentence: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
    *   Meaning in context: The sentence discusses people who inherit defective versions of tumor-suppressor genes. It claims these people are "prone to cancer" to a greater degree than the general population (or people without the defective genes). The comparison is between the group with defective genes and the general population. The phrase "especially prone" means "more prone than usual" or "prone to a distinctly greater extent."

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common"
        *   Synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially
        *   Examples: "he was particularly fussy about spelling", "a particularly gruesome attack"
        *   Fit: This fits perfectly. The people with the defective genes are prone to cancer *to a greater extent* than is common (or compared to others). The synonym "particularly" works well here: "they are particularly prone to cancer."

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "in a special manner"
        *   Synonyms: specially
        *   Examples: "a specially arranged dinner"
        *   Fit: This sense usually refers to something done for a specific purpose or in a specific way (e.g., "The meal was cooked specially for him"). While "specially" is a synonym, the phrase "especially prone" implies degree/intensity of the proneness relative to a norm, not the *manner* in which they are prone (which would imply a method or mode). You wouldn't say "they are prone in a special manner to cancer." You would say "they are prone to a great degree."

3.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   The core distinction is between "to a greater extent" (Sense 1) and "in a special manner" (Sense 2).
    *   In the context of being "prone to cancer," the target word modifies the adjective "prone." It intensifies the adjective.
    *   Intensification to a degree greater than the norm aligns with Sense 1.
    *   Sense 2 usually applies to verbs (acting in a special manner) or specific arrangements. "Especially" (or specially) arranged dinner fits Sense 2.
    *   "Especially prone" = "Particularly prone" = Sense 1.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context snippet: "...if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `cancer%1:26:00::` - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." (Synonyms: malignant neoplastic disease). This is the medical disease sense.
    *   Sense 2: `cancer%1:18:00::` - "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" (Synonyms: Crab). This refers to a person.
    *   Sense 3: `cancer%1:17:00::` - "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere..." This refers to an astronomical object.
    *   Sense 4: `cancer%1:15:00::` - "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." This refers to the astrological sign.
    *   Sense 5: `cancer%1:05:00::` - "type genus of the family Cancridae" (Synonyms: genus Cancer). This refers to a biological classification (crabs).

3.  **Match Context to Senses:**
    *   The surrounding text talks about "damaged p53 gene," "tissue," "lung and breast cancers," "tumor-suppressing genes," "disease," and "genetic defects."
    *   The sentence containing the target is: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>..."
    *   "Prone to cancer" clearly refers to the disease/medical condition.
    *   Sense 1 is defined as the malignant growth/disease. This fits perfectly.
    *   Senses 2, 3, 4 relate to astrology/astronomy (zodiac, constellation), which do not fit the medical context.
    *   Sense 5 relates to the genus of crabs, which is irrelevant here.

4.  **Determine the Index:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct definition.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: Amazon Bedrock