[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first <t>time</t> anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "It was the first <t>time</t> anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."
    *   Phrase: "the first time"
    *   Meaning: An instance or occasion when something happened. Specifically, the first instance of a specific event (showing gene loss leads to cancer) occurring.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `time%1:11:00::` | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times.
        *   *Match analysis:* The phrase "the first time" fits perfectly here. It refers to a specific occasion or instance where the discovery was made. The examples "this time he succeeded" aligns well with "the first time anyone had showed".

    *   **Sense 2:** `time%1:28:05::` | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control...
        *   *Match analysis:* No, this is about having "time to do something" (resource). Not the case here.

    *   **Sense 3:** `time%1:28:00::` | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time.
        *   *Match analysis:* This refers to duration (a long time). "The first time" isn't a duration in this sense. It's a count of events.

    *   **Sense 4:** `time%1:28:06::` | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go.
        *   *Match analysis:* No, this implies "it is the right moment to do X". Here, it's about the chronological order of events (first instance).

    *   **Sense 5:** `time%1:03:00::` | definition=the continuum of experience...
        *   *Match analysis:* No, this is the abstract concept of Time (physicist's view or general flow).

    *   **Sense 6:** `time%1:11:01::` | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears.
        *   *Match analysis:* This usually implies an emotional experience (often difficult or enjoyable). "It was the first time" refers to the event occurrence count, not the quality of the experience itself in this idiomatic way.

    *   **Sense 7:** `time%1:28:03::` | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock...
        *   *Match analysis:* No, not asking "what time is it?".

    *   **Sense 8:** `time%1:28:04::` | definition=the fourth coordinate...
        *   *Match analysis:* Physics context. No.

    *   **Sense 9:** `time%1:07:01::` | definition=rhythm...
        *   *Match analysis:* Music context. No.

    *   **Sense 10:** `time%1:28:01::` | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned...
        *   *Match analysis:* Legal context. No.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The phrase "the first time" indicates an instance or occurrence of an event.
    *   Sense 1 defines time as "an instance or single occasion for some event".
    *   The example "this time he succeeded" is functionally very similar to "It was the first time anyone had showed...".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Chutes


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had <t>showed</t> that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."
    *   Subject: "anyone" (referring to the scientific team/Dr. Knudson).
    *   Object clause: "that the loss of both copies... could lead to the eruption of a cancer."
    *   Meaning: The scientists provided proof or demonstrated a scientific hypothesis/fact through their research. They established the validity of the link between gene loss and cancer.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (Exhibition):** "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" (synonyms: demo, exhibit).
        *   Context check: This is about a scientific finding, not a demonstration like showing dogs or software. It's about establishing a scientific fact, not just displaying something.
    *   **Sense 2 (Establish validity):** "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish).
        *   Context check: The sentence says they "showed that...". In scientific contexts, "showing that X causes Y" is synonymous with proving or demonstrating through experiment. The definition fits perfectly: they established the validity of the causal link between gene loss and cancer.
    *   **Sense 3 (Provide evidence):** "provide evidence for" (synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence).
        *   Context check: While they provided evidence, Sense 2 is more specific to the structure "show that [clause]". Sense 3 examples ("The blood test showed that he was the father") are close, but Sense 2 focuses on the establishment of validity through experiment/explanation, which fits the "scientific team" and "finding" context better. However, Sense 2's definition "establish the validity of something... by... experiment" is the most precise fit for a scientific discovery context. Let's distinguish Sense 2 and Sense 3.
        *   Sense 2 examples: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound." "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture." -> These align very well with the target sentence ("scientific team... showed that...").
        *   Sense 3 examples: "The blood test showed that he was the father." -> This is a result reading.
        *   The target sentence is about the *act* of the scientists proving a theory ("the first time anyone had showed that..."). This aligns with Sense 2.

    *   **Sense 4 (Make visible):** "make visible or noticeable".
        *   Context check: They didn't make the loss of genes visible in a display sense (like showing a talent). They proved a concept.

    *   **Sense 5 (Picture/Depict):** Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6 (Give expression to):** Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 7 (Indicate place):** Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 8 (Become visible):** Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 9 (Instruments):** Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 10 (Records):** Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 11 (Usher):** Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 12 (Race):** Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something... by... experiment". Examples: "The experiment demonstrated...", "The mathematician showed...". This fits the "scientific team", "found the answer", "finding riveted medicine" narrative. They proved a scientific principle.
    *   Sense 3: "provide evidence for". Examples: "blood test showed...", "behavior testified...".
    *   The target sentence structure "showed that [proposition]" is common to both examples (Sense 3: "blood test showed that he was the father"). However, the agent in the target text is a scientific team performing an analysis to establish a scientific fact. Sense 2 explicitly mentions "establish the validity... as by... experiment". The target sentence describes the result of an experiment/analysis ("By analyzing cells... they found... showed that...").
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit because it captures the aspect of proving a hypothesis or establishing validity through scientific process, rather than just providing evidence (though they are related). Sense 2 is often used for "show" in academic/scientific writing when proving a theorem or hypothesis.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Target: "It was the first time anyone had showed that..."
    *   Sense 2 definition: "establish the validity of something... by... experiment".
    *   Synonyms: prove, demonstrate.
    *   This matches the context of scientific discovery and validation.

5.  **Construct JSON Output:**
    *   {"sense_index": 2}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Friendli

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: loss
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the <t>loss</t> of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about the loss of both copies of the same gene leading to cancer. The text discusses genetic research where scientists discovered that losing both copies of a gene can cause cancer.

Let me analyze each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
- This refers to a physical thing that is lost (like a car or livestock). The gene copies being lost could fit here, but this seems more about physical objects or property.

2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
- This is about gradual decline, like weight loss or business decline. The loss of gene copies isn't really a gradual decline - it's more of a complete absence/deletion.

3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
- This is about the act of losing something. The context talks about "the loss of both copies of the same gene" - this could refer to the act/process of losing the gene copies.

4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
- This is about the disadvantage or deprivation resulting from loss. Not quite fitting here.

5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
- This is about losing loved ones through death. Not applicable.

6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
- This is financial. Not applicable.

7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
- This is military. Not applicable.

8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing
- This is about death euphemisms. Not applicable.

The context says "the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer." This is about the absence or deletion of gene copies.

Looking at the options:
- Sense 1 (something that is lost) could work - the gene copies are "something that is lost"
- Sense 3 (the act of losing someone or something) could also work - it's the act/process of losing the gene copies

The example for sense 1 includes "loss of livestock" which shows a pattern of "loss of [something]" similar to "loss of both copies of the same gene."

However, sense 3 is about "the act of losing" - this could also fit because in genetics, we often talk about the process/event of losing genes (gene loss).

Let me reconsider. In genetics, when we say "the loss of both copies," we're talking about the absence/deletion of these genes from the genome. This is more akin to "something that is lost" (sense 1) or perhaps "the act of losing" (sense 3).

Looking more carefully at the examples:
- Sense 1: "the car was a total loss" - this uses "loss" as a noun referring to the thing itself
- Sense 1: "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt" - this uses "loss of [something]" similar to our context

- Sense 3: "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock" - this uses "loss" in a different way, referring to the outcome of a competition

In the context "the loss of both copies of the same gene," this pattern matches "loss of livestock" from sense 1 more closely. It's talking about the gene copies being absent/lost, treating them as "something that is lost."

So I believe sense 1 is the best answer.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both <t>copies</t> of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:** The target is "copy" (noun), surface form "copies" (plural).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses genetics, specifically eye tumors and chromosomes.
    *   The sentence mentions "defects in the second copy of chromosome 13".
    *   It explicitly talks about "the loss of both copies of the same gene".
    *   In biology, organisms typically have two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent). These copies are biological entities made to be similar/identical to the other one present in the pair.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   *Sense 1 (copy%1:10:00::):* "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)". Synonym: transcript. This is too specific to written records/legal documents. It doesn't fit "chromosome copy".
    *   *Sense 2 (copy%1:06:00::):* "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress", "the clone was a copy of its ancestor". This is the general sense of a duplicate or counterpart. In genetics, a chromosome copy is one of the pair of identical/similar chromosomes. This fits the biological context best.
    *   *Sense 3 (copy%1:10:01::):* "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials". Synonym: written matter. This refers to printing/publishing. Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 4 (copy%1:10:02::):* "material suitable for a journalistic account". Examples: "catastrophes make good copy". This refers to news/reporting. Irrelevant.
4.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 2 is the most appropriate. It defines a copy as a thing similar or identical to another. Chromosomes exist in pairs (copies). The biological usage maps directly to "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (biological replication creates copies).
5.  **Formatting:** The output must be a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.
    *   Sense 2 is index 2.
    *   Sense 3 is index 3.
    *   Sense 4 is index 4.

    The correct sense is Sense 2.

    Result: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the <t>same</t> gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the <t>same</t> gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."
    *   Key phrase: "both copies of the same gene".
    *   Meaning: There are two copies of a chromosome (one from each parent). The sentence refers to a specific gene (let's call it Gene X). One copy is on chromosome 13 from the mother, the other copy is on chromosome 13 from the father. The text is saying that if you lose *both* copies of Gene X (the identical gene locus/identity), cancer erupts.
    *   Is it referring to "identical" (identity) or "similar" (quality)? It refers to the *identity* of the gene. The gene from the mother and the gene from the father are two *copies* of the *same* gene (e.g., the RB1 gene). They occupy the same locus. They are the "same gene" in terms of identity/naming/function/locus, even if the alleles might have slight variations (though in this context, usually implying the locus or the specific genetic entity).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `same%3:00:02::` | definition="same in identity" | examples="the same man I saw yesterday", "never wore the same dress twice".
        *   *Analysis:* This fits the idea of identity. "Both copies of the *same* gene" implies they are two instances of the identical genetic entity. The context discusses losing copy A and copy B of Gene X. Gene X is the identity. This seems the strongest match.

    *   **Sense 2:** `same%3:00:00::` | definition="closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree" | examples="curtains the same color as the walls", "two girls of the same age".
        *   *Analysis:* This is about similarity or sharing a property (color, age). The genes aren't just "similar" genes (like two different tumor suppressor genes); they are copies of the *same* specific gene (identity).

    *   **Sense 3:** `same%3:00:04::` | definition="equal in amount or value" | synonyms="like" | examples="like amounts", "equivalent amounts".
        *   *Analysis:* This is about quantitative equivalence or value. Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 4:** `same%5:00:00:unchanged:00::` | definition="unchanged in character or nature" | examples="the village stayed the same".
        *   *Analysis:* This is about lack of change over time. Not applicable.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 vs. Sense 2:**
    *   Context: "both copies of the same gene".
    *   Biology: Humans have two copies of each chromosome. Therefore, they have two copies of each gene.
    *   If I say "two girls of the same age" (Sense 2), the girls are different people, but the property (age) is the same.
    *   If I say "the same man I saw yesterday" (Sense 1), the identity of the person is the same.
    *   In the context of "copies of the same gene": Are we talking about two genes that are similar (Sense 2), or two instances of one specific genetic identity (Sense 1)?
    *   Scientifically, "the same gene" refers to the locus and the specific gene identity (e.g., the RB1 gene). Even though there are two physical copies, they are considered the *same gene* in terms of identity/locus.
    *   Compare with "same man". You can see the same man twice. You can have two copies of the same gene. The identity is the defining factor.
    *   If it were Sense 2 (similar), it might be phrased as "genes of the same type". But "copies of the same gene" strongly implies identity of the specific genetic sequence or locus.

    *   Let's look at WordNet distinctions closely.
    *   Sense 1: "same in identity".
    *   Sense 2: "closely similar... in kind".
    *   The sentence says "loss of both copies of the *same* gene". If you lose copy A of Gene X and copy B of Gene X, you have lost the *same* gene (identity).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Sentence: "loss of both copies of the same gene"
    *   Target: same
    *   Meaning: Identical gene locus/identity.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "same in identity".
    *   Sense 1 example: "the same man I saw yesterday" (identity persistence/identity across instances).
    *   This matches perfectly.

5.  **Construct JSON Output:**
    *   Selected sense: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lead
Target surface form: lead
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could <t>lead</t> to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lead%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=take, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
2. sense_key=lead%2:42:04:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, result | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=lead%2:42:12:: | definition=tend to or result in | examples=This remark lead to further arguments among the guests
4. sense_key=lead%2:38:00:: | definition=travel in front of; go in advance of others | synonyms=head | examples=The procession was headed by John
5. sense_key=lead%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to undertake a certain action | examples=Her greed led her to forge the checks
6. sense_key=lead%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=lead%2:41:00:: | definition=be in charge of | synonyms=head | examples=Who is heading this project?
8. sense_key=lead%2:42:01:: | definition=be ahead of others; be the first | synonyms=top | examples=she topped her class every year
9. sense_key=lead%2:41:12:: | definition=be conducive to | synonyms=contribute, conduce | examples=The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing
10. sense_key=lead%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=conduct, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
11. sense_key=lead%2:42:03:: | definition=lead, extend, or afford access | synonyms=go | examples=This door goes to the basement; The road runs South
12. sense_key=lead%2:38:02:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=precede
13. sense_key=lead%2:42:02:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=run | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
14. sense_key=lead%2:32:01:: | definition=preside over | synonyms=moderate, chair | examples=John moderated the discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could <t>lead</t> to the eruption of a cancer."
    *   Subject: "the loss of both copies of the same gene"
    *   Verb: "lead"
    *   Object/Complement: "to the eruption of a cancer"
    *   Meaning: The loss causes or results in the eruption of cancer. It establishes a causal relationship (cause -> effect).

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `lead%2:38:01::` | definition=take somebody somewhere. (Physical movement/guidance). Incorrect.
    *   2. `lead%2:42:04::` | definition=have as a result or residue. Examples talk about physical residue (water left a mark). While it touches on result, the context is abstract causation, not physical residue.
    *   3. `lead%2:42:12::` | definition=tend to or result in. Examples: "This remark lead to further arguments". This fits the "cause -> effect" relationship perfectly. "The loss ... could lead to ... cancer".
    *   4. `lead%2:38:00::` | definition=travel in front of. (Spatial position). Incorrect.
    *   5. `lead%2:32:00::` | definition=cause to undertake a certain action. Examples: "Her greed led her to forge the checks". This involves causing a *person* to perform an action. Here, the subject is an event/condition ("loss of gene") and the result is an event ("eruption of cancer"). While close in meaning (causation), sense 3 is more general regarding events causing events, whereas sense 5 is about agents causing agents to act.
    *   6. `lead%2:42:00::` | definition=stretch out over a distance... (Spatial extension). Incorrect.
    *   7. `lead%2:41:00::` | definition=be in charge of. Incorrect.
    *   8. `lead%2:42:01::` | definition=be ahead of others. Incorrect.
    *   9. `lead%2:41:12::` | definition=be conducive to. Examples: "The use of computers... lead to better writing". This is very similar to sense 3. It denotes facilitating or contributing to a result. "Conducive" is a strong semantic match for a biological mechanism resulting in a disease.
    *   10. `lead%2:36:00::` | definition=lead, as in the performance... (Musical conducting). Incorrect.
    *   11. `lead%2:42:03::` | definition=lead, extend, or afford access. (Spatial connection). Incorrect.
    *   12. `lead%2:38:02::` | definition=move ahead... (Temporal/spatial precedence). Incorrect.
    *   13. `lead%2:42:02::` | definition=cause something to pass... (Spatial routing). Incorrect.
    *   14. `lead%2:32:01::` | definition=preside over. Incorrect.

3.  **Refine the choice between sense 3, sense 5, and sense 9.**

    *   Sense 5: "cause to undertake a certain action". The example "Her greed led her to forge the checks" involves an animate agent (her) being influenced. The target sentence involves inanimate forces (gene loss) resulting in a state/event (cancer).
    *   Sense 9: "be conducive to". Synonyms: "contribute, conduce". Example: "The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing". This is a very close match. "Gene loss leads to cancer" is similar to "Computer use leads to better writing". It suggests a causal link or facilitation.
    *   Sense 3: "tend to or result in". Example: "This remark lead to further arguments". This is also a very close match for "event leads to event".

    Let's look at the gloss and examples more closely to distinguish 3 and 9.
    *   Sense 3 gloss: "tend to or result in". Example: "This remark lead to further arguments".
    *   Sense 9 gloss: "be conducive to". Example: "The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing".

    In the context: "...loss of both copies of the same gene could <t>lead</t> to the eruption of a cancer."
    This expresses a causal relationship where an event/condition results in another event.
    Both sense 3 and sense 9 describe this. However, sense 3 ("tend to or result in") is often used for specific events triggering consequences (remark -> arguments), whereas sense 9 ("be conducive to") implies a general condition that facilitates an outcome (use of computers -> better writing).

    Let's look at the phrase "lead to".
    Sense 3 specifically uses "lead to" in the example.
    Sense 9 specifically uses "lead to" in the example.

    Let's check the WordNet hierarchy or distinctness.
    WordNet often separates "result in" (consequence) from "conduce" (contribute).
    The sentence says "loss... could lead to...". "Could" implies potentiality or tendency.
    "Tend to or result in" (Sense 3) captures the idea of a chain of events.
    "Be conducive to" (Sense 9) captures the idea of being a contributing factor.
    Cancer is usually seen as a result of the gene loss (causation).

    Let's compare with Sense 2: "have as a result or residue". The examples are physical ("water left a mark"). This is clearly distinct.

    Let's compare Sense 3 and Sense 9 again.
    Sense 3: "tend to or result in". "This remark lead to further arguments". (Trigger -> Result).
    Sense 9: "be conducive to". "The use of computers... lead to better writing". (Condition -> Improved Outcome).

    The context is: "loss of both copies... could lead to... eruption of a cancer."
    Is it a condition conducive to cancer, or a specific event causing a result?
    "The loss... could lead to..."
    In medical contexts, "lead to" usually means "cause" or "result in".
    Sense 3's definition "tend to or result in" seems slightly stronger for the definitive causality implied in scientific discovery (showing that X causes Y).
    Sense 9 ("conducive") implies "helps to bring about".

    Let's look at the nuances.
    If I say "Smoking leads to cancer", is it sense 3 or 9?
    Smoking results in cancer (3). Smoking is conducive to cancer (9).
    Usually, in WordNet, if a sense is defined as "result in", it captures the core meaning.
    Sense 3 examples: "This remark lead to further arguments".
    Context: "...loss... could lead to the eruption..."

    Let's consider Sense 5 again. "cause to undertake a certain action".
    The example "Her greed led her to forge the checks" follows the pattern [Cause] led [Animate Agent] to [Action].
    The context is [Inanimate Event] led to [Inanimate Event].
    Therefore Sense 5 is out.

    We are between 3 and 9.
    Sense 3: "tend to or result in".
    Sense 9: "be conducive to".

    "Eruption of a cancer" is a specific result. The gene loss is the cause.
    "Result in" feels slightly more precise than "conducive to" for a direct mechanistic link described in a scientific finding. "Conducive" often implies a favorable environment (e.g., "warm weather led to the growth of bacteria" might be conducive, but "the insertion of the gene led to the expression of the protein" is result). "The loss... led to the eruption" sounds like a direct result.

    However, looking at standard WSD datasets (like SemCor/ONTONotes) usage of "lead to":
    "This leads to another point" -> Sense 3.
    "This leads to confusion" -> Sense 3.

    Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 3: "This remark lead to further arguments among the guests".
    Let's look at the context: "loss of both copies... could lead to the eruption of a cancer".
    The structure matches perfectly: Event X -> Event Y.

    Sense 9 example: "The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing".
    This implies a broad improvement.

    Sense 3's definition "tend to or result in" covers the modal "could lead to" well ("tend to").

    I will select Sense 3.

    Wait, let me check Sense 5's definition again. "cause to undertake a certain action".
    The target sentence uses the preposition "to". "lead to".
    Sense 5 examples often take an object + infinitive ("led her to forge").
    Sense 3 example uses "lead to" ("lead to further arguments").
    Sense 9 example uses "lead to" ("lead to better writing").

    Comparing 3 and 9.
    Sense 3 is defined as "tend to or result in".
    Sense 9 is defined as "be conducive to".

    "The loss ... could lead to the eruption".
    "Result in" is the standard definition for this causal link.
    "Conducive" means "making a certain situation or outcome likely or possible".
    "Result in" means "have as a result".
    The sentence says "showed that... loss... could lead to...". It establishes the causal link (result).

    I lean towards Sense 3 because "result in" is the most direct definition of the causal relationship described.

    Let's double check sense 2. "have as a result or residue". Examples are "The water left a mark". This usually implies a physical trace remaining after the action. "Eruption of cancer" is an event, not a physical residue left by the gene loss (though the cancer is physical, the *eruption* is an event). Sense 2 is often "leave". "The explosion left a crater". "The loss led to cancer" vs "The loss left cancer". "Lead to" is the phrase in the text. Sense 2 is "lead/leave". Sense 3 is specifically "lead".

    So it is Sense 3.

    Let's check Sense 5 again just in case.
    "Her greed led her to forge the checks".
    Subject (greed) -> Object (her) -> Action (forge).
    Context: Subject (loss) -> (no object) -> Result (eruption).
    Syntax mismatch. Sense 5 requires a direct object (usually animate). Context has no direct object, just a prepositional phrase starting with "to".

    So it's between 3 and 9.
    Sense 3: "tend to or result in".
    Sense 9: "be conducive to".

    WordNet 3.0 (which these keys usually map to).
    01889090-v: "tend to or result in" (Sense 3).
    01904357-v: "be conducive to" (Sense 9).

    Is the gene loss conducive to cancer, or does it result in cancer?
    "It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss... could lead to..."
    This sounds like a proof of causation. Result.
    Sense 3 fits "result in" better. Sense 9 implies contribution. While a single gene might be a contribution, the context "loss of both copies... lead to" implies the complete trigger (sufficient cause in this specific mechanistic model).

    Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eruption
Target surface form: eruption
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the <t>eruption</t> of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eruption%1:11:00:: | definition=the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material | synonyms=volcanic eruption
2. sense_key=eruption%1:26:02:: | definition=symptom consisting of a breaking out and becoming visible
3. sense_key=eruption%1:26:01:: | definition=(of volcanos) pouring out fumes or lava (or a deposit so formed) | synonyms=eructation, extravasation
4. sense_key=eruption%1:11:03:: | definition=a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition) | synonyms=outbreak, irruption | examples=the outbreak of hostilities
5. sense_key=eruption%1:11:01:: | definition=a sudden very loud noise | synonyms=bang, clap, blast, bam
6. sense_key=eruption%1:11:02:: | definition=the emergence of a tooth as it breaks through the gum

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "eruption"
    *   Context: The text discusses the discovery that the loss of both copies of a gene on chromosome 13 leads to the start/appearance of cancer (specifically eye tumors/retinoblastoma implied by "eye tumors" and Dr. Knudson). The phrase is: "lead to the eruption of a cancer."
    *   Meaning in context: It refers to the sudden or violent onset or occurrence of a disease (cancer). It's metaphorical, likening the onset of cancer to a volcanic eruption or an outbreak.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material" (volcanic eruption).
        *   *Analysis:* This is the literal volcanic meaning. While "eruption" is often used metaphorically based on this, the context is biology/medicine, not geology. The definition is too specific to volcanoes.

    *   **Sense 2:** "symptom consisting of a breaking out and becoming visible".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a skin rash or visible symptom breaking out. While cancer is a disease, "eruption of a cancer" usually refers to the onset/manifestation of the disease process, not just a skin rash. However, "breaking out and becoming visible" shares some conceptual ground with a disease appearing. But looking at Sense 4, Sense 4 seems more applicable to the *occurrence* of an undesirable condition. Let's keep evaluating.

    *   **Sense 3:** "(of volcanos) pouring out fumes or lava...".
        *   *Analysis:* Again, strictly volcanic.

    *   **Sense 4:** "a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition)" | synonyms: *outbreak, irruption* | examples: "the outbreak of hostilities".
        *   *Analysis:* This definition fits perfectly. Cancer is an "undesirable condition". The text describes the cause (gene loss) leading to the *occurrence* of cancer. Synonyms "outbreak" fit well (e.g., an outbreak of disease, though usually used for epidemics, "outbreak of hostilities" shows its use for non-disease sudden occurrences). The phrase "eruption of a cancer" metaphorically treats the cancer's sudden onset like a violent event or outbreak. Sense 4 is the generalized sense of a sudden occurrence of something bad.

    *   **Sense 5:** "a sudden very loud noise".
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** "the emergence of a tooth...".
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 2 is about symptoms (rashes). While cancer is a medical condition, "eruption of a cancer" here refers to the development/onset of the disease state caused by genetic defects, not a skin rash. The "breaking out" in Sense 2 is usually specific to dermatological contexts.
    *   Sense 4 defines "a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition)". This captures the metaphorical use of "eruption" regarding the onset of cancer. The synonym "outbreak" is very close to the intended meaning here (the cancer breaking out/occurring).

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 4 is the correct choice. It covers the figurative use of "eruption" to describe the sudden onset of a negative condition (cancer).

5.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 4}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a <t>cancer</t>. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** cancer
    *   **Target surface form:** cancer
    *   **Context snippet:** "...found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13... showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."
    *   **Meaning in context:** The text discusses genes, tumors, cells, and medical research. Specifically, it talks about a disease caused by abnormal cell division. The phrase "eruption of a cancer" refers to the onset of the disease or the manifestation of a tumor.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cancer%1:26:00::` | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease. This is the medical definition of the disease/pathology.
    *   **Sense 2:** `cancer%1:18:00::` | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer... | synonyms=Crab. This refers to a person (astrological sign).
    *   **Sense 3:** `cancer%1:17:00::` | definition=a small zodiacal constellation... This refers to the astronomical object.
    *   **Sense 4:** `cancer%1:15:00::` | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac... This refers to the astrological sign.
    *   **Sense 5:** `cancer%1:05:00::` | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae... This refers to a genus of crabs.

3.  **Match context to senses:**
    *   The context mentions "eye tumors," "gene probes," "chromosome 13," "molecular geneticist," "medicine," and "Cancer Research Center." This is clearly a biomedical context.
    *   The phrase "eruption of a cancer" refers to the disease state or a malignant growth.
    *   Sense 1 defines it as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division."
    *   Senses 2, 3, and 4 are related to astrology/astronomy.
    *   Sense 5 is biological (zoological) but refers to crabs, not the disease.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only appropriate sense for the disease discussed in the text.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The correct index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: satisfying
Target surface form: satisfying
Context:
Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily <t>satisfying</t>, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=satisfying%5:00:00:wholesome:00 | definition=providing abundant nourishment | synonyms=hearty, solid, square, substantial | examples=a hearty meal; good solid food
2. sense_key=satisfying%5:00:00:satisfactory:00 | definition=providing freedom from worry | synonyms=comforting, cheering

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma:** The target is "satisfying" (adjective).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   A scientific team found a genetic answer regarding cancer (retinoblastoma).
    *   Dr. Knudson (presumably the researcher whose hypothesis was validated) reacts.
    *   He says, "It was extraordinarily <t>satisfying</t>..."
    *   He explains why: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."
    *   The emotion conveyed is one of intellectual fulfillment, vindication of a theory, and relief that the mystery was solved. It relates to finding a solution or confirmation after a long scientific search.
3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1:**
    *   Definition: "providing abundant nourishment".
    *   Synonyms: "hearty, solid, square, substantial".
    *   Examples: "a hearty meal", "good solid food".
    *   Evaluation: This sense is physical and relates to food/eating. It does not fit the context of scientific discovery or emotional fulfillment.
4.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2:**
    *   Definition: "providing freedom from worry".
    *   Synonyms: "comforting, cheering".
    *   Evaluation: While "satisfying" often means "fulfilling a need or desire" or "giving fulfillment," this specific WordNet definition focuses on "freedom from worry" and "comforting/cheering".
    *   Let's look closer at the options provided. Neither seems like the standard "fulfilling/pleasing" definition often associated with "satisfying" (often 'satisfying%3:00:00:pleasing:00').
    *   However, I must choose between the two provided candidate senses.
    *   Sense 1 is about food (nourishment). Clearly incorrect for a scientific discovery.
    *   Sense 2 is about providing freedom from worry / comforting / cheering.
    *   Does the discovery provide freedom from worry? Knudson was likely worried if his theory was correct, or just eager for validation. Finding the answer resolves the uncertainty. "Satisfying" in the sense of "fulfilling an intellectual quest" aligns better with "freedom from worry/uncertainty" (resolution) than "abundant nourishment" (food). While "freedom from worry" isn't the *primary* definition of "satisfying" (which usually implies meeting a standard or desire), compared to Sense 1, Sense 2 is the only plausible option. The emotional state of a scientist seeing their life's work validated is one of relief, comfort, and gratification.
    *   Let's check if "satisfying" maps to "comforting" in other contexts. "It was a satisfying conclusion to the mystery." It resolves the tension. "Freedom from worry" is a bit of a stretch for "satisfying" (usually "reassuring" would be "freedom from worry"), but "satisfying" implies the need/desire is met, removing the tension of the unmet need.
    *   Given the constraint to choose the *single best indexed sense* from the provided list:
        *   Sense 1: Food/Nourishment. Definitely not.
        *   Sense 2: Freedom from worry / comforting. Plausible in the broad sense of relief/resolution of a problem.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice among the candidates.

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "<t>says</t> Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: say
    *   Target surface form: says
    *   Context sentence: "It was extraordinarily satisfying," says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."
    *   The context involves a person (Dr. Knudson) speaking words (a quote) to express a thought or opinion.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (say%2:32:00::):* Definition: "express in words". Synonyms: state, tell. Examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you".
        *   This is the most general and common sense of "say" (communication verb). It fits the action of someone making a statement.

    *   *Sense 2 (say%2:32:01::):* Definition: "report or maintain". Synonyms: allege, aver. Examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"; "He said it was too late to intervene in the war".
        *   This often implies a claim without proof or a formal report. While Dr. Knudson is "maintaining" a viewpoint, the direct quote structure " 'Quote,' says X " is the standard quotative frame. Sense 1 is usually the default for quotatives unless there's a specific nuance of allegation or formal reporting of facts (news report style "The report says..."). Here, it's a personal reaction ("It was extraordinarily satisfying"), which aligns better with expressing thoughts/words generally (Sense 1) rather than "alleging" or "averring" (which feels slightly too formal or specific for a personal reaction in a narrative).

    *   *Sense 3 (say%2:32:03::):* Definition: "express a supposition". Synonyms: suppose. Examples: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth".
        *   Doesn't fit. Dr. Knudson is making a factual statement about his feelings/beliefs, not hypothesizing.

    *   *Sense 4 (say%2:42:00::):* Definition: "have or contain a certain wording or form". Synonyms: read. Examples: "The passage reads as follows".
        *   Doesn't fit. Subject is a person, not a text.

    *   *Sense 5 (say%2:32:04::):* Definition: "give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority". Synonyms: order, tell, enjoin.
        *   Doesn't fit. He is not ordering anyone.

    *   *Sense 6 (say%2:32:02::):* Definition: "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way". Synonyms: pronounce, articulate.
        *   Doesn't fit. The focus is not on the *manner* of pronunciation.

    *   *Sense 7 (say%2:32:07::):* Definition: "communicate or express nonverbally".
        *   Doesn't fit. He is speaking.

    *   *Sense 8 (say%2:32:15::):* Definition: "utter aloud". Examples: "She said 'Hello' to everyone".
        *   This is very close to Sense 1. However, Sense 1 ("express in words") encompasses the content of communication. Sense 8 ("utter aloud") focuses on the act of vocalization. The context involves a quote: "It was extraordinarily satisfying." This involves expressing a specific message. Sense 1 is the standard definition for introducing reported speech or thoughts. Sense 8 is often used for short interjections (like "Hello"). In WordNet, Sense 1 (express in words / state / tell) is the hypernym and the most appropriate general quotative sense.

    *   *Sense 9 (say%2:32:13::):* Definition: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Examples: "I say let's forget this whole business".
        *   This is also a strong contender because Dr. Knudson is expressing an opinion/satisfaction. However, the usage here is a standard reporting verb ("says Dr. Knudson") introducing a direct quote. The quote contains the opinion. Sense 1 ("express in words") is the broad sense covering the introduction of speech. Sense 9 often implies a specific stance usage like "I say we go now" or a formal declaration. While Dr. Knudson is expressing a judgment, the verb "says" functions primarily to attribute the quote. The WordNet distinction can be tricky here. Sense 1 is the general "express in words" (state, tell). Sense 9 is "state as one's opinion". Given the examples for Sense 1 ("He said that he wanted to marry her"), it covers personal statements. Sense 9 examples ("I say let's forget this whole business") suggest a performative opinion or imperative usage. The text is a narrative attribution. Sense 1 is the default for narrative attribution of speech.

    *   *Sense 10 (say%2:32:08::):* Definition: "recite or repeat a fixed text".
        *   Doesn't fit.

    *   *Sense 11 (say%2:32:09::):* Definition: "indicate". Examples: "The clock says noon".
        *   Doesn't fit.

3.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2.**
    *   Context: "'It was extraordinarily satisfying,' says Dr. Knudson..."
    *   Sense 1: express in words. (Synonyms: state, tell).
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain. (Synonyms: allege, aver).
    *   "Aver" and "allege" have specific connotations of asserting something to be true, often in a legal or argumentative context, or implying doubt (allege). Dr. Knudson is just commenting on his satisfaction. This is a standard speech report.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct general sense for quotative "say".

    *   Let's check Sense 1 examples again: "He said that he wanted to marry her". This is a statement of feeling/wish.
    *   Our quote: "It was extraordinarily satisfying." This is a statement of feeling.
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly.

4.  **Final selection:** Sense 1.

    *   Sense index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, <t>now</t> at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "now"
    *   Context sentence: "'It was extraordinarily satisfying,' says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses a past scientific discovery (by Webster Cavenee's team) and quotes Dr. Knudson. The quote describes his feeling *at that past time* ("It was extraordinarily satisfying"). The text then updates his current status: "now at Fox Chase..."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `now%4:02:05::` - Definition: "in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events". Examples: "President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard".
        *   *Critique:* This is used in narratives where the past is described as if it is happening now (historical present). In our context, the text uses past tense ("found the answer", "found defects") but the specific clause "says Dr. Knudson, now at..." describes his *current* status relative to the time of writing/reading, not a narrative device shifting time perspective within the story.

    *   **Sense 2:** `now%4:02:00::` - Definition: "in these times; - Nancy Mitford". Synonyms: "nowadays, today". Examples: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles..."
        *   *Critique:* This refers to the general present era. While Dr. Knudson is at Fox Chase in the current era, the syntax "now at Fox Chase" acts more as a locator of his current position/status, synonymous with "currently" or "at present". This sense fits quite well. It contrasts his past location (where the discovery happened) with his current location. "Nowadays at Fox Chase" sounds clumsy, but "at the present time" fits.

    *   **Sense 3:** `now%4:02:02::` - Definition: "used to preface a command or reproof or request". Examples: "now hear this!".
        *   *Critique:* Clearly incorrect. Not an imperative.

    *   **Sense 4:** `now%4:02:04::` - Definition: "at the present moment". Synonyms: "at present". Examples: "goods now on sale".
        *   *Critique:* This refers to the specific present moment. "Dr. Knudson, at present at Fox Chase". This is very similar to Sense 2. Sense 2 often implies a duration or an era ("in these times"), whereas Sense 4 emphasizes the specific moment ("at the present moment"). When describing someone's current affiliation in a biographical note, it usually means "at present" or "currently". Let's look at the distinction between 2 and 4.
        *   Sense 2 (nowadays/today): "It is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished." (General trends in the current era).
        *   Sense 4 (at present): "Goods now on sale." (Current state).
        *   "Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase..." implies his current state/position. It is synonymous with "currently". Is it Sense 2 or Sense 4?
        *   Sense 2 examples: "we now rarely see..." (General habit of the current era).
        *   Sense 4 examples: "goods now on sale" (State of the object at this time).
        *   Describing a person's location/affiliation usually falls under "at present" (Sense 4) rather than the more generalized "nowadays" (Sense 2). "Nowadays at Fox Chase" is not the intended meaning. "At present at Fox Chase" is the intended meaning. However, WordNet 3.0/3.1 distinctions can be tricky. Let's check the synonyms again.
        *   Sense 2 synonyms: nowadays, today. (The era).
        *   Sense 4 synonyms: at present. (The status right now).
        *   The context "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase..." is a standard journalistic appositive indicating the person's current affiliation at the time of writing. This aligns with "at present".

    *   **Sense 5:** `now%4:02:01::` - Definition: "without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening". Synonyms: "immediately, instantly".
        *   *Critique:* Incorrect. This is temporal proximity to a preceding action (e.g., "Do it now!").

    *   **Sense 6:** `now%4:02:07::` - Definition: "(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity".
        *   *Critique:* Incorrect. It's not starting a new topic sentence like "Now, let's move on."

    *   **Sense 7:** `now%4:02:06::` - Definition: "in the immediate past".
        *   *Critique:* Incorrect. Example "told me just now". This refers to the past. The text refers to his current location relative to the narrative past.

3.  **Narrowing down (Sense 2 vs Sense 4):**

    *   Context: "says Dr. Knudson, **now** at Fox Chase..."
    *   Meaning: At this time (relative to the narrative voice/writing), he is at Fox Chase.
    *   Sense 2 (in these times / nowadays): Usually used for general statements about the modern era. "These days, people do X." "We now rarely see..." It frames the current era against the past.
    *   Sense 4 (at the present moment): Used for specific states of being. "Goods now on sale." "The now-aging dictator."
    *   Dr. Knudson's location is a specific state of affairs.
    *   Also, Sense 1 (historical present) is a distractor because the text narrative is mostly past tense ("found the answer"), but "says Dr. Knudson" (present tense attribution) anchors the quote in the present. The "now" refers to the time of the article's writing/publication or the "present" of the speaker.
    *   However, Sense 1 is specific to the "historical present" narrative style where you recount history as if it is happening now. While "says Dr. Knudson" is a present tense verb, the "now" modifies the prepositional phrase "at Fox Chase". It describes his *actual* current location, not a narrative trick.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1. Example: "President Kennedy **now** calls in the National Guard." This happens in the flow of a story being told in the present tense.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2. Example: "The upper classes **nowadays** are distinguished." General current time.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 4. Example: "Goods **at present** on sale."
    *   In "Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase", it means "Dr. Knudson, who is currently at Fox Chase."
    *   "Currently" is the best synonym. Which sense maps to "currently"?
    *   WordNet 3.0:
        *   Sense 2: nowadays, today.
        *   Sense 4: at present.
    *   "Currently" is much closer to "at present" (Sense 4) than "nowadays" (Sense 2).
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit. It indicates the state of the subject at the time of the utterance/writing.

    *   Wait, let's double check Sense 1's application. Sometimes "says Dr. Knudson, now at..." is parsed as indicating his state at the time of the quote (which is actually the time of writing, or shortly after the events). But the quote "It was extraordinarily satisfying" is in the past tense. The attribution "says Dr. Knudson" is in the present (standard journalism). The "now" clarifies his current affiliation.
    *   Sense 4 definition: "at the present moment".
    *   Synonyms: "at present".
    *   This fits "now at Fox Chase" perfectly. He is at Fox Chase at present.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Target: "says Dr. Knudson, [now] at Fox Chase..."
    *   Sense 4: "at the present moment". Synonym "at present".
    *   Paraphrase: "says Dr. Knudson, [at present] at Fox Chase..."
    *   This works perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 would imply "says Dr. Knudson, [nowadays] at Fox Chase..." which is ungrammatical/awkward.
    *   Sense 1 would imply a narrative "historical present" style, but the text is factual reporting of a past discovery ("found the answer") mixed with a present-day update. The "now" refers to the real-world present, not a narrative present.

    *   Index check:
        1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: (historical present)
        2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: (nowadays)
        3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: (imperative)
        4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: (at present)
        5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: (immediately)
        6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: (transitional)
        7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: (immediate past)

    *   Selected Sense: 4.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: true
Target surface form: true
Context:
The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was <t>true</t> of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=true%3:00:00:: | definition=consistent with fact or reality; not false; ; - B. Russell | examples=the story is true; it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true
2. sense_key=true%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=accurately placed or thrown | synonyms=dead on target | examples=his aim was true; he was dead on target
3. sense_key=true%5:00:02:faithful:00 | definition=devoted (sometimes fanatically) to a cause or concept or truth | examples=true believers bonded together against all who disagreed with them
4. sense_key=true%3:00:04:: | definition=expressing or given to expressing the truth | synonyms=truthful | examples=a true statement; gave truthful testimony
5. sense_key=true%5:00:00:typical:00 | definition=conforming to definitive criteria | examples=the horseshoe crab is not a true crab; Pythagoras was the first true mathematician
6. sense_key=true%5:00:00:trustworthy:00 | definition=worthy of being depended on | synonyms=dependable, honest, reliable | examples=a dependable worker; an honest working stiff
7. sense_key=true%5:00:00:sincere:00 | definition=not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed | synonyms=genuine, unfeigned | examples=genuine emotion; her interest in people was unfeigned
8. sense_key=true%5:00:00:real:02 | definition=rightly so called | examples=true courage; a spirit which true men have always admired
9. sense_key=true%5:00:00:geographic:00 | definition=determined with reference to the earth's axis rather than the magnetic poles | examples=true north is geographic north
10. sense_key=true%5:00:00:legitimate:00 | definition=having a legally established claim | synonyms=lawful, rightful | examples=the legitimate heir; the true and lawful king
11. sense_key=true%5:00:00:harmonious:00 | definition=in tune; accurate in pitch | synonyms=on-key | examples=a true note
12. sense_key=true%5:00:00:even:01 | definition=accurately fitted; level | synonyms=straight | examples=the window frame isn't quite true

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "true" in this passage.

The context is: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."

In this sentence, "true" is being used in the phrase "what was true of retinoblastoma" - meaning "what was correct/accurate regarding retinoblastoma" - and would be "true for all cancers" - meaning would be correct/accurate for all cancers.

This is referring to a proposition or statement about retinoblastoma that the speaker believes applies to all cancers. The speaker is talking about a scientific finding or hypothesis.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=true%3:00:00:: | definition=consistent with fact or reality; not false
   - This refers to propositions, statements, or ideas being correct according to reality. Examples: "the story is true"
   - This could fit - the statement about retinoblastoma being "true" means it's consistent with reality/fact.

2. sense_key=true%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=accurately placed or thrown
   - This is about physical accuracy, like aiming.
   - Not relevant to the context.

3. sense_key=true%5:00:02:faithful:00 | definition=devoted to a cause or concept
   - This is about people being faithful/believing.
   - Not relevant to the context.

4. sense_key=true%3:00:04:: | definition=expressing or given to expressing the truth
   - This is about someone being truthful in their statements.
   - Not quite right - the context isn't about a person expressing truth, but about a proposition being correct.

5. sense_key=true%5:00:00:typical:00 | definition=conforming to definitive criteria
   - This is about something being a "true" example of a category, like "true crab"
   - Not relevant here.

6. sense_key=true%5:00:00:trustworthy:00 | definition=worthy of being depended on
   - This is about trustworthiness of people.
   - Not relevant to the context.

7. sense_key=true%5:00:00:sincere:00 | definition=not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed
   - This is about genuine feelings.
   - Not relevant to the context.

8. sense_key=true%5:00:00:real:02 | definition=rightly so called
   - This is about something being genuinely what it's called, like "true courage"
   - Not the meaning here.

9. sense_key=true%5:00:00:geographic:00 | definition=determined with reference to the earth's axis
   - Technical geographic term.
   - Not relevant.

10. sense_key=true%5:00:00:legitimate:00 | definition=having a legally established claim
    - About legal legitimacy.
    - Not relevant.

11. sense_key=true%5:00:00:harmonious:00 | definition=in tune; accurate in pitch
    - Musical sense.
    - Not relevant.

12. sense_key=true%5:00:00:even:01 | definition=accurately fitted; level
    - Physical/mechanical sense.
    - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1: "consistent with fact or reality; not false." The speaker is saying that what they believed about retinoblastoma (the finding about gene loss leading to cancer) was true (consistent with reality/fact), and they believed this same principle would be true (consistent with reality/fact) for all cancers.

This is the standard, most common sense of "true" when referring to propositions, statements, or claims being correct or accurate according to reality.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: true
Target surface form: true
Context:
The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be <t>true</t> for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=true%3:00:00:: | definition=consistent with fact or reality; not false; ; - B. Russell | examples=the story is true; it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true
2. sense_key=true%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=accurately placed or thrown | synonyms=dead on target | examples=his aim was true; he was dead on target
3. sense_key=true%5:00:02:faithful:00 | definition=devoted (sometimes fanatically) to a cause or concept or truth | examples=true believers bonded together against all who disagreed with them
4. sense_key=true%3:00:04:: | definition=expressing or given to expressing the truth | synonyms=truthful | examples=a true statement; gave truthful testimony
5. sense_key=true%5:00:00:typical:00 | definition=conforming to definitive criteria | examples=the horseshoe crab is not a true crab; Pythagoras was the first true mathematician
6. sense_key=true%5:00:00:trustworthy:00 | definition=worthy of being depended on | synonyms=dependable, honest, reliable | examples=a dependable worker; an honest working stiff
7. sense_key=true%5:00:00:sincere:00 | definition=not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed | synonyms=genuine, unfeigned | examples=genuine emotion; her interest in people was unfeigned
8. sense_key=true%5:00:00:real:02 | definition=rightly so called | examples=true courage; a spirit which true men have always admired
9. sense_key=true%5:00:00:geographic:00 | definition=determined with reference to the earth's axis rather than the magnetic poles | examples=true north is geographic north
10. sense_key=true%5:00:00:legitimate:00 | definition=having a legally established claim | synonyms=lawful, rightful | examples=the legitimate heir; the true and lawful king
11. sense_key=true%5:00:00:harmonious:00 | definition=in tune; accurate in pitch | synonyms=on-key | examples=a true note
12. sense_key=true%5:00:00:even:01 | definition=accurately fitted; level | synonyms=straight | examples=the window frame isn't quite true

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."
    *   Meaning: The speaker (Dr. Knudson) believes that the mechanism or fact discovered regarding retinoblastoma (loss of both copies of a gene leading to cancer) applies similarly to all other cancers.
    *   Lemma: "true" (used twice).
    *   The core meaning here is about the correspondence of a proposition (a fact/mechanism) with reality. "What was true of retinoblastoma" means "what was a fact regarding retinoblastoma." "Would be true for all cancers" means "would be a fact for all cancers."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `true%3:00:00::` | definition=consistent with fact or reality; not false.
        *   Examples: "the story is true", "it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true".
        *   Analysis: This fits perfectly. "What was true of retinoblastoma" = "what was consistent with fact/reality regarding retinoblastoma." It is the general propositional truth sense.

    *   **Sense 2:** `true%5:00:00:accurate:00` | definition=accurately placed or thrown.
        *   Examples: "his aim was true".
        *   Analysis: Physical accuracy/aim. Not relevant to propositions or scientific findings.

    *   **Sense 3:** `true%5:00:02:faithful:00` | definition=devoted... to a cause.
        *   Examples: "true believers".
        *   Analysis: Loyalty. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 4:** `true%3:00:04::` | definition=expressing or given to expressing the truth (truthful).
        *   Examples: "a true statement" (meaning truthful).
        *   Analysis: This is close but usually applies to a person or a specific statement as an act of communication. While a "statement" can be true, the phrase "what was true of X" refers to the state of affairs or the validity of the proposition about X. Sense 1 covers the validity of propositions ("consistent with fact or reality"). Sense 4 is more about the quality of being truthful/veracious. Sense 1 is the broader, standard definition for propositions being valid/correct.

    *   **Sense 5:** `true%5:00:00:typical:00` | definition=conforming to definitive criteria.
        *   Examples: "not a true crab".
        *   Analysis: Taxonomy. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** `true%5:00:00:trustworthy:00` | definition=worthy of being depended on.
        *   Analysis: Reliability. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 7:** `true%5:00:00:sincere:00` | definition=not pretended.
        *   Analysis: Emotion/sincerity. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 8:** `true%5:00:00:real:02` | definition=rightly so called.
        *   Examples: "true courage".
        *   Analysis: Intensifier or authenticity of a quality. "True courage" vs "courage". "True of retinoblastoma" doesn't fit this pattern. It's not saying "retinoblastoma is a *true* cancer". It's saying a fact *is true* of it.

    *   **Sense 9:** `true%5:00:00:geographic:00` | definition=determined with reference to the earth's axis.
        *   Analysis: Geography. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 10:** `true%5:00:00:legitimate:00` | definition=having a legally established claim.
        *   Analysis: Legitimacy. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 11:** `true%5:00:00:harmonious:00` | definition=in tune.
        *   Analysis: Music. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 12:** `true%5:00:00:even:01` | definition=accurately fitted; level.
        *   Analysis: Construction/Carpentry. Not relevant.

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The sentence discusses scientific findings: "what was true of retinoblastoma". This refers to facts or propositions (the loss of gene copies leading to cancer).
    *   Sense 1 is defined as "consistent with fact or reality". This captures the essence of a scientific observation being valid/accurate/factual.
    *   The example provided for Sense 1 ("...supposing it true") aligns well with the context ("...what was true of retinoblastoma...").
    *   Sense 4 is about "truthful" (describing a person or statement). While a statement can be true, "what was true of X" implies the state of affairs corresponds to reality. Sense 1 is the fundamental logical/semantic sense for "true" in this context.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all <t>cancers</t>. "It was an audacious claim.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses medical research ("gene probes," "tumors," "chromosome 13," "retinoblastoma").
    *   The target word is "cancers" (plural noun).
    *   The specific sentence is: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all <t>cancers</t>."
    *   The context talks about the loss of gene copies leading to the eruption of a cancer.
    *   Dr. Knudson is speaking about retinoblastoma (a type of eye tumor) and generalizing to "all cancers."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cancer%1:26:00::` - Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease". This refers to the medical disease/pathology.
    *   **Sense 2:** `cancer%1:18:00::` - Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer". Synonyms: "Crab". This refers to a person (astrological sign).
    *   **Sense 3:** `cancer%1:17:00::` - Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation...". This refers to a group of stars.
    *   **Sense 4:** `cancer%1:15:00::` - Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac...". This refers to the astrological sign.
    *   **Sense 5:** `cancer%1:05:00::` - Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae". This refers to a biological genus (crabs).

3.  **Map context to senses:**
    *   The context involves "eye tumors," "retinoblastoma," and "Dr. Knudson" at a "Cancer Research Center."
    *   The phrase "true for all cancers" refers to types of the disease or instances of the disease.
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly. It describes the medical condition characterized by malignant growth/tumors.
    *   Senses 2, 3, and 4 relate to astrology/astronomy. These are irrelevant to the medical context.
    *   Sense 5 relates to the genus of crabs. This is irrelevant to the medical context.

4.  **Select the best indexed sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct definition for the disease being discussed.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction requires a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.