[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular <t>votes</t> for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular *votes* for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..."
    *   Key phrase: "popular *votes* for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates".
    *   Usage: The word "votes" here refers to the count of ballots cast for specific candidates. It's talking about the aggregate number of people voting for a candidate (popular votes). It compares the number of votes received by presidential candidates vs. senatorial candidates.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (vote%1:04:00::):**
        *   Definition: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative"
        *   Synonyms: ballot, voting, balloting
        *   Examples: "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion"; "they allowed just one vote per person"
        *   Fit: This sense refers to the act of voting or the result of counting. However, the example "17 votes" suggests a count.

    *   **Sense 2 (vote%1:04:01::):**
        *   Definition: "the opinion of a group as determined by voting"
        *   Examples: "they put the question to a vote"
        *   Fit: This refers to a collective decision or opinion. The context talks about numbers ("popular votes"), not the group opinion itself.

    *   **Sense 3 (vote%1:07:00::):**
        *   Definition: "a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment..."
        *   Synonyms: right to vote, suffrage
        *   Examples: "American women got the vote in 1920"
        *   Fit: This is the abstract right to vote. The context is clearly not about the right.

    *   **Sense 4 (vote%1:14:00::):**
        *   Definition: "a body of voters who have the same interests"
        *   Examples: "he failed to get the Black vote"
        *   Fit: This refers to a specific demographic group of voters (e.g., the Black vote, the Latino vote). The context mentions "popular votes", which refers to the tally/count, not necessarily a demographic block (though "popular vote" is a specific term). However, looking closely at Sense 1 vs Sense 4: Sense 4 is about a constituency.

    *   **Sense 5 (vote%1:09:00::):**
        *   Definition: "the total number of voters who participated"
        *   Synonyms: voter turnout
        *   Examples: "they are expecting a large vote"
        *   Fit: This refers to turnout.

3.  **Refine the analysis between Sense 1 and Sense 4 (or others):**

    *   The phrase is "popular votes". This usually refers to the total count of ballots cast for a candidate (as opposed to electoral votes).
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. Definition: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor...". Examples: "17 votes". This treats "vote" as the unit of support. In the context, "popular votes" are the units of support counted.
    *   Let's look at Sense 4. Definition: "a body of voters who have the same interests". Example: "the Black vote". Here "vote" acts as a collective noun for the group's support. In the context, "popular votes" isn't referring to a demographic group (like the "urban vote" or the "youth vote"). It refers to the numerical count of ballots cast.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2. "Opinion of a group". Not quite.
    *   Let's look at Sense 5. "Total number of voters who participated". While related to turnout, "popular votes for Republican... candidates" implies the specific count allocated to those candidates, not just the total turnout of the election.

    *   Comparison:
        *   Context: "difference between popular *votes* for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates".
        *   Meaning: The number of ballots cast for X vs Y.
        *   Sense 1 example: "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion". This is the closest match. It quantifies the support. "Votes" here are units of choice counted.
        *   Sense 4 example: "failed to get the Black vote". Here "vote" means the collective support of that group. In the text, "popular votes" refers to the *count* (the total number of votes cast by the people). It is effectively the sum of individual votes (Sense 1). It isn't referring to a "body of voters" as a demographic entity (Sense 4).

    *   However, let's re-read Sense 1 carefully: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative". The definition itself is slightly abstract. But the examples "there were only 17 votes" clearly refer to the count.
    *   The text mentions "popular votes". This is the count.
    *   Is there a specific sense for "popular vote"? Not explicitly listed.
    *   Sense 1 is the general sense of a vote as a unit of counted preference.
    *   Sense 2 is the result/decision.
    *   Sense 3 is suffrage.
    *   Sense 4 is a constituency.
    *   Sense 5 is turnout.

    The context discusses the *number* of votes. "Difference between popular votes... turns out to be a positive function...". It's measuring the quantity of votes.
    Sense 1 fits "units of support" best (based on the example "17 votes").
    Sense 5 fits "turnout" (e.g., "a large vote").
    The text is comparing the *quantities* of votes for different candidates. Sense 1 is the standard sense for "vote" as a countable noun representing a single act of voting or the aggregate count of these acts.

    Let's double check Sense 4 ("body of voters"). If the text said "the Republican vote", it might imply the group of people voting Republican. But it says "popular votes" (plural) and compares them quantitatively ("difference between popular votes"). This suggests discrete counts. Therefore, it aligns with Sense 1 (the count/choice units).

    Wait, let's look at the definition of Sense 1 again. "a choice that is made by counting...". This definition is slightly clunky. It seems to define the *result* as a choice. But the synonym "ballot" and example "17 votes" cover the countable aspect.
    The phrase "popular votes" refers to the count of ballots.
    Sense 1 is the most appropriate for "votes" as countable instances of support.

    Let's consider Sense 4 again. "A body of voters who have the same interests." Example: "the Black vote". Sometimes "the popular vote" refers to the collective will of the people. But here it is plural: "votes". "Difference between popular votes for...". This implies a numerical difference between the counts. Sense 1 is the numerical count.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the essence of "vote" as a counted unit of preference.

    Sense 1 matches "there were only 17 votes" -> "difference between popular votes". Both treat votes as quantitative units.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for <t>Republican</t> presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `republican`
    *   Target surface form: `Republican`
    *   Context: The text discusses American politics, specifically comparing "Democrats" and "Republicans" in the context of the House of Representatives and the Senate. It mentions "roll-call votes," "national policy making," "Democratic House attendance rate," "GOP candidates," and "Republican candidates for the Senate."
    *   Specific sentence with the target word: "Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe."
    *   General context: Political parties in the United States.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `republican%3:01:01::`
        *   Definition: relating to or belonging to the Republican Party
        *   Examples: "a Republican senator", "Republican party politics"
        *   Adjective usage relating to the specific US political party (capitalized in examples usually, though WordNet keys don't show capitalization, the context implies the capitalized entity).

    *   **Sense 2:** `republican%5:00:00:democratic:00`
        *   Definition: having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government...
        *   Examples: "a republican form of government", "a very republican notion"
        *   This refers to the political philosophy (small 'r' republican), relating to republics and representation, not the specific proper noun political party.

3.  **Evaluate the Fit:**
    *   The context explicitly contrasts "Republican candidates" with "Democratic" counterparts. It discusses the "Republican Party" (implied by "GOP").
    *   The phrase "Republican candidates for the Senate" refers to members or affiliates of the Republican Party.
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly ("relating to or belonging to the Republican Party").
    *   Sense 2 refers to a form of government (republicanism), which is irrelevant in a discussion about partisan voting behavior and specific election candidates for a specific party.

4.  **Determine the Sense Index:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user requires a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: presidential
Target surface form: presidential
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican <t>presidential</t> and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=presidential%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to a president or presidency | examples=presidential aides; presidential veto
2. sense_key=presidential%3:00:00:: | definition=befitting a president | examples=criticized the candidate for not looking presidential

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "presidential" in this passage.

The sentence where "presidential" appears is: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state"

In this context, "presidential" is used to modify "candidates", referring to candidates running for the office of president. It's contrasting presidential candidates with senatorial candidates.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=presidential%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to a president or presidency | examples=presidential aides; presidential veto
2. sense_key=presidential%3:00:00:: | definition=befitting a president | examples=criticized the candidate for not looking presidential

The first sense relates to the presidency as an office or institution - things that have a connection to the president or presidency. The examples "presidential aides" and "presidential veto" show things directly connected to the office of president.

The second sense is about the quality of being presidential - having qualities appropriate for a president. The example shows this clearly: "criticized the candidate for not looking presidential" means the candidate didn't have the demeanor or appearance expected of a president.

In the given context, "presidential candidates" refers to candidates running for the office of president. This clearly relates to the presidency as an institution/office, not to qualities befitting a president. The phrase is describing the type of candidates - those running for president - not making a judgment about whether they look or act presidential.

Therefore, the first sense (relating to a president or presidency) is the correct choice for this context.

My answer is {"sense_index":1}.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: candidate
Target surface form: candidates
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial <t>candidates</t> in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee
2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
I need to determine the correct sense of "candidates" in this context.

The context is discussing presidential and senatorial candidates in US elections. The key phrases are:
- "popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates"
- "GOP candidates for president"
- "Republican candidates for the Senate"

These are clearly people running for political office - specifically for President and Senate seats.

Let me look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee

2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect

The first sense specifically refers to a politician running for public office. The second is broader - someone being considered for something (could be an office, prize, honor, etc.).

In this context, the candidates are explicitly:
- Presidential candidates
- Senatorial candidates

These are people actively running for elected public office. They are campaigning for votes in elections. This fits perfectly with sense 1 (a politician who is running for public office).

Sense 2 is more general and could apply to someone being considered for a job, a prize, or any position where they're being evaluated - not necessarily actively running/campaigning. The synonym "prospect" suggests this broader meaning.

The context explicitly mentions voting, elections, and campaigning behavior (GOP candidates being "looked on more kindly by voters"). These are people actively seeking election to public office.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice - "a politician who is running for public office."

The answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: states
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in <t>states</t> conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Target word: "states" (plural noun).
    *   Sentence: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in <t>states</t> conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..."
    *   Key phrases: "Senate election", "federal government's tax burden is per state", "higher-income states", "conducting a Senate election".
    *   Meaning: The text discusses US politics (Democrats, Republicans, House, Senate, Washington). It refers to geographical/political subdivisions within the United States where Senate elections occur and taxes are levied. The US is composed of 50 "states".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `state%1:15:01::` | Definition: "the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation" | Synonyms: province | Examples: "his state is in the deep south".
        *   *Fit:* This fits perfectly. The context refers to the constituent administrative districts of the USA (e.g., California, Texas, New York). The mention of "Senate election" confirms this, as US Senators are elected by state. The phrase "per state" also aligns with this definition of a constituent district.

    *   **Sense 2:** `state%1:03:00::` | Definition: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" | Examples: "current state of knowledge".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. This refers to condition or status.

    *   **Sense 3:** `state%1:14:01::` | Definition: "the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state" | Examples: "the state has lowered its income tax".
        *   *Fit:* This usually refers to "the State" as an abstract entity or government apparatus. While the context mentions government, the word "states" here refers to the specific territories/districts holding elections, not the government as a collective group of people in a generic sense. Sense 1 is more specific to the territorial unit.

    *   **Sense 4:** `state%1:14:00::` | Definition: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" | Synonyms: nation, country | Examples: "the state has elected a new president".
        *   *Fit:* This refers to a sovereign nation (a country). The text is about the United States (singular nation), but the target word "states" refers to the subdivisions *within* that nation. Using "state" to mean "country" would imply the text is about multiple sovereign nations, but the context is clearly about internal US politics (House, Senate, federal tax). Therefore, "states" here means the constituent parts (Texas, Ohio, etc.), not separate countries.

    *   **Sense 5:** `state%1:26:02::` | Definition: "(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter..."
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Context is political, not chemical.

    *   **Sense 6:** `state%1:26:01::` | Definition: "a state of depression or agitation"
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** `state%1:15:00::` | Definition: "the territory occupied by a nation" | Synonyms: country, land.
        *   *Fit:* Similar to Sense 4. This refers to a sovereign country. The "states" in the text are subdivisions of the country, not the country itself.

    *   **Sense 8:** `state%1:14:02::` | Definition: "the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies"
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Not referring to the Department of State.

3.  **Distinguish between Sense 1 and Sense 4/7:**
    *   Sense 4/7 defines "state" as a sovereign nation/country.
    *   Sense 1 defines "state" as a "constituent administrative district of a nation".
    *   The context involves "Senate election" (Senators represent states in the US federal system) and "federal government's tax burden is per state". This clearly indicates the 50 states of the USA. These are constituent administrative districts. Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object with "sense_index".
    *   The index is 1 (based on the numbered list provided in the prompt).

    *   List check:
        1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: ... (Correct)
        2. ...
        ...

    *   Result: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: conduct
Target surface form: conducting
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states <t>conducting</t> a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=conduct%2:41:00:: | definition=direct the course of; manage or control | synonyms=carry on, deal | examples=You cannot conduct business like this
2. sense_key=conduct%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=lead, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
3. sense_key=conduct%2:41:01:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, bear, deport, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
4. sense_key=conduct%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, take, direct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
5. sense_key=conduct%2:38:00:: | definition=transmit or serve as the medium for transmission | synonyms=impart, transmit, convey, carry, channel | examples=Sound carries well over water; The airwaves carry the sound
6. sense_key=conduct%2:36:04:: | definition=lead musicians in the performance of | examples=Bernstein conducted Mahler like no other conductor; she cannot conduct modern pieces

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "conducting" in the given context.

The context is:
"...the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states <t>conducting</t> a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..."

In this context, "conducting" refers to states that are holding/carrying out a Senate election. The states are performing or organizing the election process.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=conduct%2:41:00:: | definition=direct the course of; manage or control | synonyms=carry on, deal | examples=You cannot conduct business like this
   - This sense refers to managing or controlling something. This could apply to conducting an election - managing or organizing it.

2. sense_key=conduct%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=lead, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
   - This is specifically about leading a musical performance, which doesn't fit the context.

3. sense_key=conduct%2:41:01:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, bear, deport, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
   - This is about personal behavior, which doesn't fit the context.

4. sense_key=conduct%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, take, direct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
   - This is about physical guidance, which doesn't fit the context.

5. sense_key=conduct%2:38:00:: | definition=transmit or serve as the medium for transmission | synonyms=impart, transmit, convey, carry, channel | examples=Sound carries well over water; The airwaves carry the sound
   - This is about transmitting something, which doesn't fit the context.

6. sense_key=conduct%2:36:04:: | definition=lead musicians in the performance of | examples=Bernstein conducted Mahler like no other conductor; she cannot conduct modern pieces
   - This is specifically about leading musicians, which doesn't fit the context.

Looking at the context again: "states conducting a Senate election"

The states are organizing, managing, or carrying out an election. This matches sense 1: "direct the course of; manage or control" with the example "You cannot conduct business like this."

The phrase "conduct an election" is similar to "conduct business" - it means to organize, manage, or carry out the election process.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: election
Target surface form: election
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate <t>election</t> turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate **election** turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..."
    *   Keywords: "Senate", "candidates", "popular votes", "presidential", "senatorial", "GOP candidates".
    *   Meaning: The context describes a formal process where voters choose a candidate for a political office (specifically, the Senate). The text discusses votes for candidates, results, and the political mechanics of winning a position.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `election%1:04:01::` - Definition: "a vote to select the winner of a position or political office". Example: "the results of the election will be announced tonight".
        *   *Fit:* This fits perfectly. The context mentions "Senate election", "senatorial candidates", and "popular votes". It is clearly referring to the political process of selecting a Senator.
    *   **Sense 2:** `election%1:04:00::` - Definition: "the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice". Example: "her election of medicine as a profession".
        *   *Fit:* This is a general choice, usually not political. The context is explicitly political ("Senate", "candidates", "GOP").
    *   **Sense 3:** `election%1:26:00::` - Definition: "the status or fact of being elected". Example: "they celebrated his election".
        *   *Fit:* This refers to the result/status (being elected), not the event/process itself. The sentence says "states conducting a Senate election", which implies an event/process organized by the state, not the status of a person. You conduct an event, not a status.
    *   **Sense 4:** `election%1:09:00::` - Definition: "the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy...".
        *   *Fit:* This is theological (Calvinism). The context is political science. Irrelevant.

3.  **Synthesize and Select:**
    *   The sentence talks about states "conducting" an election. This implies a vote/event.
    *   It involves "senatorial candidates" and "popular votes".
    *   Sense 1 defines it as "a vote to select the winner of a position or political office". This matches the context of a "Senate election" perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 is close but usually refers to the *outcome* or the *state* of having been chosen (e.g., "his election to the presidency was controversial"). Here, "conducting a Senate election" refers to the administration of the voting process. Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.
    *   Note: The instructions say "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." (where 3 is the index number). The index corresponds to the list provided (1, 2, 3, 4). Wait, usually sense_index refers to the number in the list.
    *   Let's check the numbering.
        *   1 -> election%1:04:01:: (Best fit)
        *   2 -> election%1:04:00::
        *   3 -> election%1:26:00::
        *   4 -> election%1:09:00::
    *   Result: 1.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Target: "states conducting a Senate election".
    *   Definition chosen: "a vote to select the winner of a position or political office".
    *   Does it fit? Yes. You conduct a vote/event.
    *   Does sense 3 fit? "conducting a status/fact of being elected"? No, that's ungrammatical. You don't conduct a status.
    *   Decision: Sense 1 is the clear winner.

    Output: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turns out
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election <t>turns out</t> to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "turns out" in this passage.

Context:
"An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..."

In this context, "turns out" is being used to describe something that is revealed or found to be true through examination or analysis. The sentence is saying that when you analyze the data (holding other factors constant), it "turns out" (is revealed/found) that there is a relationship between the tax burden and voting patterns.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life

2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right

3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | synonyms= | examples=This factory turns out saws

4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?

5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | synonyms= | examples=How many people turned out that evening?

6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers

7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game

8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | synonyms= | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York

9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | synonyms= | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly

10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees

11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine

12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

The most fitting sense is between sense 1 and sense 2:

Sense 1: "be shown or be found to be" - This seems to match the context. The phrase "turns out to be" in the context indicates that something is revealed or found to be true through examination.

Sense 2: "prove to be in the result or end" - This also seems somewhat relevant, as it involves something being revealed or proven.

However, looking more closely at the examples:

Sense 1 has examples like "She proved to be right" and "The medicine turned out to save her life", which follow the pattern of [X] turns out to be [Y].

Sense 2 has the example "It turns out that he was right", which follows the pattern "It turns out that [clause]".

In our context, we have: "the difference between popular votes... turns out to be a positive function..." This matches the pattern in sense 1: [X] turns out to be [Y].

The phrase "turns out to be" is explicitly mentioned in sense 1's definition and examples, which directly corresponds to our context.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best match for this usage.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: positive
Target surface form: positive
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a <t>positive</t> function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=positive%3:00:01:: | definition=characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance or certainty etc. | examples=a positive attitude; the reviews were all positive
2. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:certain:02 | definition=persuaded of; very sure | synonyms=convinced, confident | examples=were convinced that it would be to their advantage to join; I am positive he is lying
3. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=involving advantage or good | synonyms=plus | examples=a plus (or positive) factor
4. sense_key=positive%3:00:04:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=confirming | examples=a positive pregnancy test
5. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:formal:01 | definition=formally laid down or imposed | synonyms=prescribed | examples=positive laws
6. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:undeniable:00 | definition=impossible to deny or disprove | synonyms=incontrovertible, irrefutable | examples=incontrovertible proof of the defendant's innocence; proof positive
7. sense_key=positive%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to positivism | synonyms=positivist, positivistic | examples=positivist thinkers; positivist doctrine
8. sense_key=positive%3:00:05:: | definition=reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion | examples=positive increase in graduating students
9. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:plus:00 | definition=greater than zero | examples=positive numbers
10. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:charged:00 | definition=having a positive charge | synonyms=electropositive, positively charged | examples=protons are positive
11. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:confident:00 | definition=marked by excessive confidence | synonyms=cocksure, overconfident | examples=an arrogant and cocksure materialist; so overconfident and impudent as to speak to the queen

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "positive" in the context: "...the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..."

In this context, "positive" is describing a "function" - specifically, a mathematical relationship. The phrase "positive function" here means that as one variable increases (the tax burden), the other variable (the difference between popular votes) also increases - there's a direct/positive correlation.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance or certainty etc. - This is about attitude/affirmation, not mathematical relationships.

2. persuaded of; very sure - This is about being convinced/confident about something.

3. involving advantage or good - This is about something being beneficial or advantageous.

4. indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen - This is about medical tests.

5. formally laid down or imposed - This is about laws being prescribed.

6. impossible to deny or disprove - This is about undeniable proof.

7. of or relating to positivism - This is about philosophical positivism.

8. reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion - This seems relevant! A "positive increase" means an increase in a forward/upward direction. A "positive function" would be one that shows a positive correlation - as one variable increases, another increases.

9. greater than zero - This is about positive numbers in mathematics.

10. having a positive charge - This is about electrical charge.

11. marked by excessive confidence - This is about being overconfident.

The context is talking about a mathematical/economic relationship - a "positive function" meaning that as the tax burden increases, the difference between Republican presidential and senatorial vote margins also increases. This is describing a positive correlation or direct relationship.

Sense 8 seems to be the best fit: "reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion" with the example "positive increase in graduating students."

However, I should also consider sense 9: "greater than zero" - In mathematical terms, a positive function could mean a function whose values are greater than zero. But in the context given, it's talking about the relationship between variables (as one increases, the other increases), not about the absolute value being greater than zero.

Looking more carefully at sense 8: The definition mentions "tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion." This aligns with the idea of a positive correlation where increases in one variable correspond to increases in another.

Sense 8 with example "positive increase in graduating students" suggests that "positive" here means moving in an increasing direction.

This matches the context perfectly: a "positive function" of tax burden means that as tax burden increases, the vote difference also increases.

So the answer is sense 8.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: function
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive <t>function</t> of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%1:24:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function) | synonyms=mathematical function, single-valued function, map, mapping
2. sense_key=function%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=purpose, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=function%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=office, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=function%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation such that one thing is dependent on another | examples=height is a function of age; price is a function of supply and demand
5. sense_key=function%1:14:00:: | definition=a formal or official social gathering or ceremony | examples=it was a black-tie function
6. sense_key=function%1:11:00:: | definition=a vaguely specified social event | synonyms=affair, occasion, social occasion, social function | examples=the party was quite an affair; an occasion arranged to honor the president
7. sense_key=function%1:10:00:: | definition=a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program | synonyms=routine, subroutine, subprogram, procedure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `function` (noun).
    *   Context: The text discusses political science, specifically voting patterns, staffing decisions, and electoral margins. The specific sentence is: "Holding other factors constant... the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates... turns out to be a positive <t>function</t> of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..."
    *   Key phrase: "a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is".
    *   Meaning analysis: The sentence states that the vote difference depends on the tax burden. Specifically, as the tax burden changes, the vote difference changes. This is a relationship of dependency. X is a function of Y implies X varies as Y varies.

2.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `(mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set...`
        *   *Analysis:* While this is technically the mathematical definition of a function, the context is political science/statistics, not pure mathematics discussing sets and domains. Although the statistical relationship is mathematical, there is a more specific sense regarding dependency often used in non-pure-math contexts (or applied math contexts). Let's look at Sense 4.

    *   **Sense 2:** `what something is used for`
        *   *Synonyms:* purpose, role, use.
        *   *Analysis:* Does "positive function" mean "positive purpose"? No. "The difference turns out to be a positive purpose of the tax burden" makes no sense.

    *   **Sense 3:** `the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group`
        *   *Synonyms:* office, part, role.
        *   *Analysis:* "The difference turns out to be a positive role..." No.

    *   **Sense 4:** `a relation such that one thing is dependent on another`
        *   *Examples:* "height is a function of age"; "price is a function of supply and demand".
        *   *Analysis:* This fits perfectly. "The difference ... is a function of the tax burden." This means the difference depends on the tax burden. The use of "positive function" implies a positive correlation/dependency (as tax burden goes up, the vote difference goes up). This sense captures the "dependency/relationship" aspect without requiring the strict set-theoretic definition of pure mathematics (Sense 1), though they are closely related. Sense 4 is often the designated sense for phrases like "X is a function of Y" in natural language texts describing variables affecting outcomes.

    *   **Sense 5:** `a formal or official social gathering or ceremony`
        *   *Analysis:* "The difference turns out to be a positive gathering..." No.

    *   **Sense 6:** `a vaguely specified social event`
        *   *Analysis:* No.

    *   **Sense 7:** `a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program`
        *   *Analysis:* No, this is computer science.

3.  **Distinguish Sense 1 vs Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 1 defines the mathematical object (mapping from domain to range).
    *   Sense 4 defines the concept of dependency/variability in a more general or scientific usage context ("one thing is dependent on another").
    *   The context here is: "X turns out to be a positive function of Y". This usage is synonymous with "X depends on Y" or "X varies with Y".
    *   Example given in Sense 4: "price is a function of supply and demand".
    *   The context sentence mirrors the structure of Sense 4 examples exactly. While technically a mathematical function, the *lexical meaning* invoked here is the dependency relationship. WordNet distinguishes these. Sense 4 is the correct choice for the idiomatic expression "X is a function of Y" in non-set-theory contexts.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The text describes a statistical correlation where one variable (vote difference) depends on another (tax burden).
    *   Sense 4 definition: "a relation such that one thing is dependent on another".
    *   Sense 4 examples: "price is a function of supply and demand".
    *   This matches the context perfectly.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   Sense 4 is at index 4.
    *   Return JSON: `{"sense_index": 4}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: burden
Target surface form: burden
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax <t>burden</t> is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target lemma: burden
    *   Target surface form: burden
    *   Context sentence fragment: "...a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax <t>burden</t> is per state..."
    *   Full context analysis: The text discusses political science, specifically comparing Democrats and Republicans on attendance, staffing, and voting patterns. The specific sentence mentions "tax burden". The context says "a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder," implying a weight or financial load imposed on the citizens/states.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1 (burden%1:09:01::)**: definition="an onerous or difficult concern" | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples="the burden of responsibility". This sense deals with the abstract concept of something difficult to bear (like responsibility or a worry). A tax burden is often described as an onerous concern or a load on the taxpayer.
    *   **Sense 2 (burden%1:06:01::)**: definition="weight to be borne or conveyed" | synonyms=load, loading. This sense is more physical (weight to be borne). While "tax burden" is a metaphor, is it primarily physical weight or an onerous concern? Usually, in WordNet, abstract loads fall under the "difficult concern" sense rather than the strict physical weight sense. However, "tax burden" is a specific idiom. Let's check the hierarchy.
        *   Sense 1 is under "concern, worry, headache, vexation, trouble".
        *   Sense 2 is under "weight".
        *   Tax is a financial obligation. Is it a "weight" or a "concern"? It fits "onerous concern" (Sense 1) very well because it implies difficulty and obligation. The text explicitly uses the word "onerous" ("how onerous the federal government's tax burden..."). This is a strong cue.
    *   **Sense 3 (burden%1:10:00::)**: definition="the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work". This is clearly wrong (relates to discourse/literature).
    *   **Sense 4 (burden%1:09:00::)**: definition="the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse". Also wrong.

3.  **Differentiate between Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   Context clue: "how **onerous** the federal government's tax burden is".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "an **onerous** or difficult concern".
    *   The word "onerous" appears in both the text and the definition of Sense 1. This is a direct lexical match indicating Sense 1 is the intended meaning.
    *   "Tax burden" is a metaphorical load, treated as a worry, obligation, or difficulty (Sense 1), rather than a literal physical weight (Sense 2). While metaphorical weight exists, WordNet categorizes "burden of responsibility" and similar abstract difficulties under Sense 1. A tax burden is conceptually an obligation/difficulty.

4.  **Final Selection**: Sense 1 fits perfectly due to the "onerous" connection and the abstract nature of a "tax burden" as a concern/obligation rather than physical cargo.

5.  **Formatting Output**:
    *   Index is 1.
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per <t>state</t> -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "state" in the context: "how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-"

This clearly refers to the constituent administrative districts of the United States, i.e., one of the 50 states.
Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land

The context mentions "federal government's tax burden is per state", "higher-income states". This matches sense 1, "the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation".

So the sense index is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: progressive
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a <t>progressive</t> tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "progressive"
    *   Target surface form: "progressive"
    *   Context snippet: "...a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a <t>progressive</t> tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-."

2.  **Analyze the context clues:**
    *   The sentence explicitly mentions "tax burden" and "tax rate".
    *   It explains that "a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder".
    *   This implies a correlation between the rate/income and the burden. Higher income -> harder hit (higher rate). This is the classic definition of a progressive tax system (tax rate increases as the taxable amount increases).

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "favoring or promoting progress" (e.g., progressive schools). This is a general political or social sense. While the text discusses politics (Democrats/Republicans), the specific phrase "progressive tax rate" refers to the structure of taxation, not a political ideology of progress.
    *   Sense 2: "favoring or promoting reform (often by government action)" (synonyms: reformist). Similar to Sense 1, this refers to a political stance (Progressive Era politics, modern liberal politics). Again, "progressive tax rate" is a technical economic term, not an ideological label in this specific instance (though progressive taxes are often favored by political progressives, the term itself here describes the *mechanism* of the tax).
    *   Sense 3: "(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases". This definition matches the context perfectly. The text says "hits higher-income states harder," which equates to the rate increasing as income increases.
    *   Sense 4: "gradually advancing in extent". This could apply to things like a progressive disease or a progressive wave, but not a tax rate in the economic sense described here.
    *   Sense 5: "(of a card game or a dance)...". Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 6: "advancing in severity". Irrelevant.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 3 is the exact definition of a "progressive tax".
    *   The context explicitly talks about taxes ("tax burden", "tax rate") and how it affects higher-income states more ("hits harder").

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 3}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hit
Target surface form: hits
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate <t>hits</t> higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hit%2:35:03:: | definition=cause to move by striking | examples=hit a ball
2. sense_key=hit%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=strike, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
3. sense_key=hit%2:35:00:: | definition=deal a blow to, either with the hand or with an instrument | examples=He hit her hard in the face
4. sense_key=hit%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, make, attain, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
5. sense_key=hit%2:35:05:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=strike | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
6. sense_key=hit%2:33:01:: | definition=hit with a missile from a weapon | synonyms=shoot, pip
7. sense_key=hit%2:40:05:: | definition=encounter by chance | synonyms=stumble | examples=I stumbled across a long-lost cousin last night in a restaurant
8. sense_key=hit%2:33:02:: | definition=gain points in a game | synonyms=score, tally, rack up | examples=The home team scored many times; He hit a home run
9. sense_key=hit%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=strike, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
10. sense_key=hit%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=strike | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
11. sense_key=hit%2:41:00:: | definition=kill intentionally and with premeditation | synonyms=murder, slay, dispatch, bump off, off, polish off | examples=The mafia boss ordered his enemies murdered
12. sense_key=hit%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=strike | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
13. sense_key=hit%2:38:07:: | definition=reach a point in time, or a certain state or level | synonyms=reach, attain | examples=The thermometer hit 100 degrees; This car can reach a speed of 140 miles per hour
14. sense_key=hit%2:35:02:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=strike | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
15. sense_key=hit%2:34:00:: | definition=consume to excess | examples=hit the bottle
16. sense_key=hit%2:33:03:: | definition=hit the intended target or goal
17. sense_key=hit%2:32:12:: | definition=pay unsolicited and usually unwanted sexual attention to | examples=He tries to hit on women in bars

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "hits" in the context: "a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder"

Let me analyze this carefully:

The sentence is discussing how a progressive tax rate affects higher-income states more severely. The word "hits" here means "affects" or "impacts" - specifically in a negative/adverse way.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. hit%2:35:03:: - cause to move by striking - "hit a ball" - NO, not about physical striking
2. hit%2:35:01:: - hit against; come into sudden contact with - NO, not physical contact
3. hit%2:35:00:: - deal a blow to - NO, not physical
4. hit%2:38:00:: - reach a destination - NO, not about reaching
5. hit%2:35:05:: - affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely - synonyms: strike - "We were hit by really bad weather" - YES, this fits! A tax rate affecting states adversely.
6. hit%2:33:01:: - hit with a missile - NO
7. hit%2:40:05:: - encounter by chance - NO
8. hit%2:33:02:: - gain points in a game - NO
9. hit%2:39:00:: - cause to experience suddenly - "Panic struck me" - This could also work, but sense 5 seems more fitting for "affect adversely"
10. hit%2:33:00:: - make a strategic assault - NO
11. hit%2:38:02:: - kill intentionally - NO
12. hit%2:38:07:: - reach a point in time or level - NO
13. hit%2:35:02:: - produce by manipulating keys - NO
14. hit%2:34:00:: - consume to excess - NO
15. hit%2:33:03:: - hit the intended target - NO
16. hit%2:32:12:: - pay unsolicited sexual attention - NO

Wait, I need to recount. Let me list them properly:

1. hit%2:35:03:: | definition=cause to move by striking
2. hit%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with
3. hit%2:35:00:: | definition=deal a blow to, either with the hand or with an instrument
4. hit%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract
5. hit%2:35:05:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely
6. hit%2:33:01:: | definition=hit with a missile from a weapon
7. hit%2:40:05:: | definition=encounter by chance
8. hit%2:33:02:: | definition=gain points in a game
9. hit%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly
10. hit%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target
11. hit%2:38:02:: | definition=kill intentionally and with premeditation
12. hit%2:38:07:: | definition=reach a point in time, or a certain state or level
13. hit%2:35:02:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments
14. hit%2:34:00:: | definition=consume to excess
15. hit%2:33:03:: | definition=hit the intended target or goal
16. hit%2:32:12:: | definition=pay unsolicited and usually unwanted sexual attention to

So there are 16 senses total.

The best fit is sense 5: "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely" with synonyms "strike" and examples like "We were hit by really bad weather".

In the context "a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder", the tax rate is adversely affecting/impacting the higher-income states. This matches the definition "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely."

The example "We were hit by really bad weather" shows a similar usage - something negative (bad weather) affecting someone.

So the answer is sense_index: 5