[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arrival
Target surface form: arrival
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Target word: "arrival".
    *   Subject: "immigrants" (people).
    *   Action: Coming into a country/place.
    *   Effect: Positive effect on pay of locals.
    *   Semantic role: The word "arrival" here refers to the event or act of immigrants coming to the country, not the people themselves (though closely related), and not the accomplishment of a specific objective (in the abstract sense).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `arrival%1:04:00::` | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching.
        *   *Analysis:* This usually refers to reaching a goal (e.g., "arrival at a decision"). The context is about physical movement into a country/labor market. This doesn't fit well.
    *   **Sense 2:** `arrival%1:04:01::` | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the event/act of reaching a destination. The text discusses the "arrival of immigrants" causing an effect on wages. The cause is the event of them coming/entering the country/labor market. This fits the physical movement aspect.
    *   **Sense 3:** `arrival%1:18:00::` | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the person. While "immigrants" are people, the phrase "arrival of immigrants" uses "arrival" as the noun head denoting the event, modified by "of immigrants" (the agents of the arrival). If the text meant the people, it would just say "immigrants have a positive effect". However, it says "the *arrival* of immigrants has a positive effect".
        *   *Distinction:* Is "arrival" here the *people* or the *act*?
            *   "The arrival of the train" = the event of the train pulling in.
            *   "There is a new arrival at the party" = a person.
            *   In the text: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect". The subject of "has a positive effect" is "arrival". Does the *person* have the effect, or does the *coming* of the person have the effect? The context discusses the "migratory flow" and the economic impact of that flow. A "flow" is an event/process. Therefore, the sense refers to the act/event (Sense 2), not the person (Sense 3).
            *   Let's check the synonyms for Sense 3: "arriver", "comer". Can we replace "arrival" with "comer" in the sentence? "The comer of immigrants..." No, that's ungrammatical/awkward.
            *   Can we replace it with Sense 2 concept? "The act of arriving of immigrants..." Yes.

    *   *Re-evaluation of Sense 3 vs Sense 2:*
        *   Sometimes "arrival" implies the person (e.g., "a new arrival"). In "the arrival of immigrants", "immigrants" is the genitive argument of "arrival". If "arrival" meant "arriver", it would be redundant ("the arriver of immigrants"). The structure [Noun of Noun] usually implies Noun = Event/Act when the second noun is the agent.
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct categorization for the event.

3.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The context describes the economic impact of the *event* of immigrants entering the country.
    *   Sense 1 is abstract/goal-oriented.
    *   Sense 3 is person-oriented.
    *   Sense 2 is event/location-oriented.
    *   "The arrival of immigrants" = The act of arriving.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

4.  **Formatting:**
    *   Output JSON: `{"sense_index": 2}`.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Target word: "effect".
    *   Sentence: "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses the economic impact of immigration. It argues that immigrants complement local labor, leading to a "positive effect on wages." Specifically, an increase in immigrants causes an increase in pay. This is a cause-and-effect relationship (arrival of immigrants -> positive change in pay).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `effect%1:19:00::` | Definition: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" | Synonyms: consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot.
        *   *Analysis:* This fits perfectly. The arrival of immigrants is the previous phenomenon (cause), and the positive change in pay is the phenomenon that follows (effect/result). The text explicitly links the rise in migratory flow to an increase in pay.

    *   **Sense 2:** `effect%1:07:00::` | Definition: "an outward appearance" | Synonyms: impression.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to how something looks or an impression made on someone (e.g., "he made a good impression"). The context is discussing economic data and wages, not appearances.

    *   **Sense 3:** `effect%1:09:00::` | Definition: "an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived)" | Examples: "he just did it for effect".
        *   *Analysis:* This is about doing something for show or dramatic impact. Not relevant here.

    *   **Sense 4:** `effect%1:10:00::` | Definition: "the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work" | Synonyms: essence, burden, core, gist.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the main point of a text. The target word is used in a sentence about economic causality, not summarizing the text's main theme.

    *   **Sense 5:** `effect%1:07:01::` | Definition: "(of a law) having legal validity" | Synonyms: force | Examples: "the law is still in effect".
        *   *Analysis:* This is an idiom usually found in the phrase "in effect". The target sentence is "has a positive effect on", which is a standard transitive usage meaning "influence/result", not legal status.

    *   **Sense 6:** `effect%1:26:00::` | Definition: "a symptom caused by an illness or a drug" | Examples: "the effects of sleep loss".
        *   *Analysis:* While this is related to Sense 1 (cause and effect), WordNet separates medical/physiological effects. The context is economics (wages), not medicine or symptoms.

3.  **Comparison and Decision:**
    *   Sense 1 captures the general causal relationship: "the arrival of immigrants" (cause) -> "positive effect on the pay" (result/consequence).
    *   Synonyms like "result" and "consequence" fit the sentence structure well ("has a positive result on the pay").
    *   Example provided in Sense 1 ("his decision had depressing consequences for business") mirrors the structure of the target sentence ("arrival... has a positive effect...").

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rise
Target surface form: rise
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
3. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
6. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
7. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
8. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
9. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rise" in the context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

Let me analyze the context:
- "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow" - this is talking about an increase in the number/amount of immigrants
- This is about a quantitative increase in something (migratory flow)

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. rise%1:11:00:: - "a growth in strength or number or importance" - This could work since it's about growth in number
2. rise%1:04:00:: - "the act of changing location in an upward direction" - Physical movement upward, not applicable
3. rise%1:17:00:: - "an upward slope or grade (as in a road)" - Not applicable
4. rise%1:11:02:: - "a movement upward" - Physical movement, not quite right
5. rise%1:07:02:: - "the amount a salary is increased" - This is about salary increases, not the case here
6. rise%1:07:01:: - "the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises" - Not applicable
7. rise%1:11:01:: - "a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground" - Not applicable
8. rise%1:11:03:: - "(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost" - Not applicable
9. rise%1:07:03:: - "an increase in cost" - This is about cost increases, not quite right
10. rise%1:04:01:: - "increase in price or value" - This is about price/value increases

The context is about a "rise of 1% in the migratory flow" - an increase in the number or amount of immigrants. This is most closely aligned with sense 1: "a growth in strength or number or importance" - specifically "a growth in number."

Sense 5 is about salary increases, which is related to the context (the passage discusses wages/pay), but the specific use of "rise" here is about the migratory flow, not salaries.

Sense 9 is about cost increases, and sense 10 is about price/value increases. Neither quite fits.

Sense 1 seems the best fit - "a growth in strength or number or importance" - this captures that a "rise" in migratory flow means a growth/increase in the number of immigrants.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flow
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: flow
    *   Target surface form: flow
    *   Context sentence: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
    *   Key phrase: "migratory flow". This refers to the movement of people (immigrants) across borders. It's a continuous movement or stream of people.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (flow%1:11:00::):** Definition: "the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases)". Synonyms: flowing.
        *   *Fit:* This refers strictly to physics/fluids. "Migratory flow" is metaphorical, not literal liquid. Not the best fit.

    *   **Sense 2 (flow%1:28:00::):** Definition: "the amount of fluid that flows in a given time". Synonyms: flow rate, rate of flow.
        *   *Fit:* Again, specific to fluids and rates. While "flow" can imply a rate, this definition is too tied to physics.

    *   **Sense 3 (flow%1:04:00::):** Definition: "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression". Synonyms: stream.
        *   *Fit:* "Continuous progression" fits the concept of migration, but let's see if there's a more specific sense for non-fluid "streams".

    *   **Sense 4 (flow%1:22:00::):** Definition: "any uninterrupted stream or discharge".
        *   *Fit:* Very similar to sense 3, but usually implies a physical discharge. A bit broad.

    *   **Sense 5 (flow%1:26:00::):** Definition: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously". Synonyms: stream. Examples: "a stream of people emptied from the terminal"; "the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors".
        *   *Fit:* This sense explicitly covers the metaphorical extension of "flow" to people or objects moving continuously. The example "flow of visitors" is semantically very close to "migratory flow". The context is about people moving.

    *   **Sense 6 (flow%1:14:00::):** Definition: "dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas". Synonyms: stream, current. Examples: "two streams of development run through American history".
        *   *Fit:* This usually refers to abstract concepts like history, ideas, or consciousness. Migration is a physical movement of people, even if discussed abstractly as a statistic. Sense 5 is more concrete regarding the movement of entities (people).

    *   **Sense 7 (flow%1:22:01::):** Definition: "the monthly discharge of blood...".
        *   *Fit:* Completely irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 3 and Sense 5:**
    *   Sense 3 is "the act of flowing". Sense 5 is "something that resembles a flowing stream".
    *   In the phrase "migratory flow", we are talking about the *stream* of migrants.
    *   WordNet sense 5 has the example: "the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors". This is almost exactly the usage here. "Migratory flow" is the stream of migrants.
    *   Sense 3 ("continuous progression") is close, but Sense 5 specifically captures the "stream of people/objects" aspect via the "resembles a flowing stream" definition and the provided examples.
    *   Let's check the indexing.
        *   Sense 1: flow%1:11:00::
        *   Sense 2: flow%1:28:00::
        *   Sense 3: flow%1:04:00::
        *   Sense 4: flow%1:22:00::
        *   Sense 5: flow%1:26:00::
        *   Sense 6: flow%1:14:00::
        *   Sense 7: flow%1:22:01::

    *   The distinction between 3 and 5 in WordNet:
        *   Sense 3 (Act) focuses on the action.
        *   Sense 5 (Something that resembles...) focuses on the stream itself.
        *   "A rise in the migratory flow" treats "flow" as a quantity/volume of people moving. This aligns with Sense 5's "stream of people".

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 5 is the correct choice. It captures the metaphorical stream of people (immigrants), supported by the example "flow of visitors".

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 5}`

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increase
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "increase" in the sentence: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

Let me analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
- This refers to a quantity that is added to something.

2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
- This refers to a change/event.

3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
- This refers to a process.

4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
- This refers to the amount/measure of increase.

5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary
- This refers to an act.

Now, in the context: "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay"

This is describing a measurable amount - specifically, the amount by which pay increases (between 0.6 and 0.9%). The structure "an increase of X%" is similar to the example "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" in sense 4.

Sense 4 is defined as "the amount by which something increases" with the example "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" - this matches perfectly with "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

This is clearly referring to the measured amount of the increase (0.6-0.9%), not the process, not an act, and not just an added quantity.

The answer should be sense_index:4.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "fact" used in the phrase "without taking into account the fact that..."

Let's analyze the context:
"without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth"
Here, "fact" is followed by a "that" clause describing a situation/circumstance that exists. "the fact that..." means a piece of information about circumstances that exist.

Let's look at the senses:
1. fact%1:09:01:: - a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred. Example: first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. fact%1:10:01:: - a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened. Example: he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. fact%1:26:01:: - an event known to have happened or something known to have existed. Example: your fears have no basis in fact
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: - a concept whose truth can be proved. Example: scientific hypotheses are not facts

In "the fact that the diversity... contributes to...", "fact" refers to a piece of information about circumstances that exist.
Sense 1 fits perfectly: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred".
Sense 2 is about a statement or assertion of verified information. While it could loosely fit, "the fact that..." typically refers to the circumstance itself (Sense 1) rather than a statement about it.
Sense 3 refers to an event known to have happened.
Sense 4 refers to a concept whose truth can be proved.

The phrase "the fact that X" denotes the circumstance or reality that X is the case.
Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist" matches this usage well.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: diversity
Target surface form: diversity
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01:: | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "diversity" in the context:

"And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=diversity%1:07:02::** | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples="a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing"

2. **sense_key=diversity%1:07:01::** | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

Looking at the context:
- The sentence discusses how immigrants contribute "diversity" which contributes to "the creation of ideas" and "economic growth"
- Examples given: naturalized immigrants among American Nobel prize winners, companies founded by immigrants (Google, Intel, PayPal, eBay, Yahoo)
- This is about the heterogeneity and variety that immigrants bring - different backgrounds, perspectives, skills, origins

The first sense (noticeable heterogeneity, variety) fits better because:
- The context talks about the variety/heterogeneity of perspectives, backgrounds, and ideas that immigrants bring
- The examples illustrate this variety - different founders from different backgrounds creating successful companies
- "Diversity" here refers to the mix of different people with different backgrounds and perspectives

The second sense (condition or result of being changeable) doesn't fit well - this context isn't about changeability or the condition of being changeable. It's about the variety and heterogeneity of the immigrant population and their contributions.

The synonyms in sense 1 (diverseness, multifariousness, variety) align with the context - the text is describing how the variety/multifariousness of immigrant perspectives contributes to innovation and economic growth.

The best sense is sense1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: creation
Target surface form: creation
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "creation" in the surface form "creation".
2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the **creation** of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   Key phrase: "creation of ideas".
    *   The context discusses immigrants contributing to the economy, innovation (Nobel prizes, founding companies), and growth.
    *   The word "creation" refers to the process or act of bringing "ideas" into existence.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `creation%1:04:00::` | definition="the human act of creating" | synonyms="creative activity".
        *   Does it fit? "creation of ideas" -> "creative activity of ideas". This is close, referring to the act. However, let's look at other senses to see if there's a more specific fit regarding the *initiation* or *generation* of abstract concepts.

    *   **Sense 2:** `creation%1:06:00::` | definition="an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone".
        *   Does it fit? "creation of ideas". Ideas are abstract, not typically defined as artifacts (usually physical objects). This sense usually refers to the result (the created object). Here, "creation" is followed by "of ideas", suggesting the process or the event.

    *   **Sense 3:** `creation%1:11:00::` | definition="the event that occurred at the beginning of something" | synonyms="conception".
        *   Does it fit? This usually refers to the origin of a timeline or entity (e.g., "from its creation"). While ideas have a "conception", the phrase "creation of ideas" usually implies the act of generating/inventing them, not just the point in time they began.

    *   **Sense 4:** `creation%1:04:01::` | definition="the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new" | synonyms="initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation".
        *   Does it fit? "creation of ideas". Ideas are new things being introduced. The synonym "innovation" is very relevant to the context (Nobel prizes, tech companies). This sense emphasizes bringing something new into existence. This fits "creation of ideas" well—ideas are created/generated through innovation. This sense covers the act of making something new.

    *   **Sense 5:** `creation%1:04:02::` | definition="(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence".
        *   Does it fit? No, theological context absent.

    *   **Sense 6:** `creation%1:17:00::` | definition="everything that exists anywhere" | synonyms="universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm".
        *   Does it fit? No, refers to the universe.

4.  **Narrowing down between Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 1 (human act of creating) is the hypernym.
    *   Sense 4 (act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new) is more specific, involving "innovation" and "origination".
    *   The context talks about "ideas" and lists examples of high-level innovation (Nobel prizes, founding major tech companies).
    *   "Creation of ideas" suggests the generation of something new and intangible.
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "the human act of creating".
        *   Sense 4: "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new".
    *   In WordNet, Sense 1 (`creation%1:04:00::`) is often the general act. Sense 4 (`creation%1:04:01::`) often implies establishment (founding an organization) or origination.
    *   However, Sense 1's synonym is "creative activity". "Creative activity of ideas" makes sense.
    *   Sense 4's synonyms include "innovation". The text explicitly mentions "economic growth" and high achievement.
    *   Let's check the granularity. "Creation of ideas" often maps to the act of creating (Sense 1) or the specific act of originating new things (Sense 4).
    *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy.
        *   Sense 1: `creation` (act) -> `creating` (act). Synonyms: `creative activity`.
        *   Sense 4: `creation` (act) -> `beginning` (act). Synonyms: `initiation`, `founding`, `innovation`.
    *   Does "creation of ideas" mean "starting something for the first time"? Or just "the act of creating"?
    *   Usually, "creation of ideas" is synonymous with "generation" or "production" of ideas.
    *   Sense 4 seems slightly skewed towards "establishment" (founding, institution). Example: "foundation of a new scientific society beginnings.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1's definition: "the human act of creating".
    *   The phrase "creation of ideas" is very standard for "creative activity".
    *   However, let's reconsider Sense 4's synonym: "innovation". The text mentions "diversity contributes to the creation of ideas". This implies *innovation*. The examples listed (Google, Intel, Nobel prizes) are instances of innovation.
    *   Is "creation of ideas" closer to "creative activity" (Sense 1) or "innovation/origination" (Sense 4)?
    *   If I say "The creation of this painting", it's Sense 1.
    *   If I say "The creation of a new policy", it might be Sense 4 (institution).
    *   "Creation of ideas" -> Ideas are created via creative thought.
    *   Let's check standard WSD mappings for "creation of ideas". Usually, this falls under the general act of creation.
    *   However, the synonyms for Sense 4 are "initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation".
    *   The synonyms for Sense 1 are "creative activity".
    *   "Creation of ideas" = "Origination of ideas"?
    *.
    *   Often, Sense 1 is the default for "creation" when it refers to artistic or intellectual production. Ideas are intellectual production.
    *   Sense 4 often refers to the establishment of entities (organizations, systems). Example: "creation of the world" (Sense 3/5), "creation of a).
    *   "Ideas" are not an institution or a foundation.
    *   of starting something for the first time" usually applies to events or entities (like a society). "Ideas" are content. You create content". You don't "start" an idea in the sense of "founding" it. You "originate" an idea, but is that Sense new".
    Synonyms: "initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation".
    Is an "idea" started? Or is it "created"?
    Usually, creation of abstract concepts (art, ideas, theories) aligns with Sense 1 (Creative Activity).
    Sense 4 is distinctively about *establishment* or *initiation* of something concrete or systemic (a society, a rite).
    The definition of Sense 1 is broad: "the human act of creating".
    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    Let's verify the synonyms again.
    Sense 1: creative activity.
   4: innovation.
    Context: "creation of ideas". "Innovation of ideas" - less common collocation than "creation of ideas" or "ideation".
    Sense 4 examples: "initiation as an adult", "foundation of a new scientific society".
    These examples clearly point to Sense 4 being about the *inauguration* of a state, organization, or status.
    "Ideas" are not a status or organization.
    Thus, Sense 1 is correct.

    Let's re-read Sense 1 definition.
    "the human act of creating".
    Synonyms: "creative activity".
    This fits perfectly. The immigrants' diversity contributes to the act of creating ideas.

    Final check: Sense 2?
    "an artifact that has been brought into existence".
    Ideas are artifacts in some philosophical views, but in common usage, "creation" as "artifact" refers to the result (e.g., "The Mona Lisa is a magnificent creation"). Here, "creation of ideas" refers to the *process* (verb-like noun) or the *event*, not the resulting idea itself (which would be "an idea"). The preposition "of" suggests the objective genitive (act of creating) rather than the possessive (the created thing). Even if it were the result, ideas are abstract, Sense 1 is usually preferred for the act.

    Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.

    Wait, let me look closely at Sense 4's synonyms again. "Origination" is there. "Origination of ideas" makes sense.
    But Sense 4 is hyponym of `beginning` (noun.act).
    Sense 1 is hyponym of `activity` (noun.act).
    Is "creation of ideas" a beginning or an activity? It is a creative activity.
    The examples for Sense 4 ("initiation as an adult", "foundation of a scientific society") strongly suggest the sense is about *institutional* or *formal* beginnings.
    "Creation of ideas" is an intellectual activity. This aligns with Sense 1.

    Therefore, Sense 1.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: ideas
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ideas" in the context: "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth"

Let's analyze the context:
The sentence talks about the creation of "ideas" leading to economic growth, and then gives examples of Nobel prize winners and companies founded by immigrants. This refers to innovative concepts, thoughts, or intellectual creations.

Sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" | synonyms=thought. This fits "ideas" as innovative thoughts, concepts, intellectual contributions. "Creation of ideas" fits well with the content of cognition.

Sense 2: "your intention; what you intend to do" - doesn't fit.
Sense 3: "a personal view" - doesn't fit.
Sense 4: "an approximate calculation..." - doesn't fit.
Sense 5: "(music) melodic subject..." - doesn't fit.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit for "ideas" in the context of creating intellectual content, innovation, and contributing to economic growth.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "proportion"
    *   Context sentence: "... a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners..."
    *   The phrase is "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants".
    *   Meaning in context: It refers to a part or share of the whole group (naturalised immigrants). Specifically, it means a significant percentage or fraction of that group.

2.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole".
        *   This is the mathematical definition. While related, "a large quotient" sounds awkward. We usually say "a large proportion" to mean a large part/percentage, not the mathematical quotient result itself in a strict sense, though this sense often overlaps with the "part/whole" relation. Let's look at Sense 4 before deciding.

    *   **Sense 2:** "magnitude or extent". Synonyms: dimension. Example: "a building of vast proportions".
        *   This refers to physical size or scale. "A large dimension of naturalised immigrants" does not fit.

    *   **Sense 3:** "balance among the parts of something". Synonyms: symmetry.
        *   This refers to aesthetics or relative arrangement. "A large balance of naturalised immigrants" does not fit.

    *   **Sense 4:** "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree". Synonyms: ratio. Examples: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations"; "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin".
        *   Let's look at the examples.
            *   "an inordinate proportion of the book..." -> This matches the usage "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants". It refers to the share or relative quantity of a part within a whole.
            *   "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" -> Again, a large part/share/amount relative to the whole.
        *   The context "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants" fits this pattern perfectly. It refers to the comparative quantity (many immigrants relative to the whole group of Nobel winners, or a large part of the immigrant group relative to the whole). Specifically, the text says "a large proportion of X are Y". This implies a high ratio or relative quantity.
        *   Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 4:
            *   Sense 1 is strictly the mathematical quotient (the number).
            *   Sense 4 is the relation with respect to comparative quantity. The example "an inordinate proportion of the book" aligns almost exactly with "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants".
            *   WordNet often distinguishes "proportion" (the mathematical quotient - sense 1.24.00) from "proportion" (the relation/part share - sense 1.24.01, indexed as 4 here).
            *   In common usage, when we say "a large proportion", we are referring to the relation or share (Sense 4), not strictly the quotient (Sense 1). If it were Sense 1, we might say "the proportion is 0.5". But saying "a large proportion" treats it as a share/part.

    *   **Sense 5:** "harmonious arrangement...". Synonyms: proportionality, balance.
        *   This is aesthetic/artistic. Does not fit.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 4 is the clear winner.
    *   The examples provided for Sense 4 ("an inordinate proportion of the book...", "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin") are semantically identical to the target context ("a large proportion of naturalised immigrants").
    *   The definition "relation between things... with respect to their comparative quantity" fits the description of a demographic share.

4.  **Formatting:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense is indexed as 4 in the list provided.

    Candidate list:
    1. proportion%1:24:00:: (quotient)
    2. proportion%1:07:00:: (magnitude/dimension)
    3. proportion%1:25:00:: (balance/symmetry)
    4. proportion%1:24:01:: (relation/comparative quantity - e.g., "an inordinate proportion")
    5. proportion%1:07:01:: (harmonious arrangement)

    Target: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants".
    Matches Sense 4 example: "an inordinate proportion of the book".

    Result: Sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "american"
    *   Target surface form: "American"
    *   Context: "...a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants."
    *   Key phrase: "American Nobel prize winners".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: Relating to the United States of America (people, language, culture). Examples: "American citizens", "American English".
    *   Sense 2: Relating to the continents/islands of the Americas (North and South America). Examples: "the American hemisphere", "American flora and fauna".

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 vs. Sense 2 in context:**
    *   The text discusses immigrants in a specific context. It mentions "naturalised immigrants" becoming "American Nobel prize winners".
    *   It lists companies like Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay, and Yahoo. These are iconic US-based tech companies.
    *   The "Nobel prize winners" described as "American" refers to the nationality or the country they represent/were naturalized into.
    *   The concept of "naturalised immigrants" implies becoming a citizen of a specific nation-state. In the context of the US debate on immigration (implied by the mention of Silicon Valley companies and the name Giovanni Peri, an economist known for US immigration research), "American" refers to the United States.
    *   Sense 2 refers to the "American hemisphere" (continents). Nobel prizes are awarded to individuals representing specific countries. While someone from Brazil is "American" in the continental sense (Sense 2), the phrase "American Nobel prize winners" overwhelmingly refers to winners from the USA. Furthermore, "naturalised" into being "American" usually refers to US citizenship.
    *   The mention of US companies (Google, Yahoo, etc.) reinforces the US-centric focus of the passage.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The context clearly points to the United States.
    *   Sense 1 is "of or relating to the United States of America...". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 is "of or relating to... the continents... of the Americas". This is too broad and incorrect for the specific phrase "American Nobel prize winners" in the context of US immigration and US tech companies.

5.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   The best sense is Sense 1.
    *   The required format is JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: winner
Target surface form: winners
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=winner%1:18:00:: | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. sense_key=winner%1:18:01:: | definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. sense_key=winner%1:18:02:: | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   **Target word:** "winners" (plural of "winner").
    *   **Context sentence:** "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners..."
    *   **Broader context:** The text discusses the positive contributions of immigrants to the economy, wages, and innovation. It mentions specific high-profile examples (Nobel prize winners, founders of major tech companies).
    *   **Meaning in context:** The text refers to people who have won the Nobel Prize. It implies they have achieved something significant. They are "winners" in the sense of receiving an award (Nobel Prize), but the broader implication is that they are successful people or achievers.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `winner%1:18:00::` | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is very specific to a "contestant" in a "contest". While winning a Nobel Prize is a form of winning, "contest" implies a competition with direct opponents (like a race, a game, or a debate). The Nobel Prize is an award for achievement, not typically framed as a "contest" where one beats an opponent in a match. However, it's the most literal interpretation of "one who wins [a prize]". Let's keep this as a possibility but look for a better fit regarding "achievement".

    *   **Sense 2:** `winner%1:18:01::` | definition=a gambler who wins a bet.
        *   *Analysis:* Clearly incorrect. The context is about Nobel prizes and high-tech business founders, not gambling.

    *   **Sense 3:** `winner%1:18:02::` | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples="his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense defines a winner as someone successful or an achiever. Nobel prize winners are certainly achievers. The text contrasts them with the general population to show high success/contribution. The synonym "achiever" fits well with the context of high-skill immigrants contributing to innovation. The phrase "American Nobel prize winners" refers to people who have won the prize, but the connotation in this specific text—arguing for the value of immigrants—relies on them being "achievers" or "successes".

3.  **Compare Sense 1 vs. Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on the act of winning a specific contest (Victor).
    *   Sense 3 focuses on the status of being a successful person (Achiever).

    *   *Collocation:* "Nobel prize winner". In WordNet, "Nobel prize" is an award. Is the person a "victor" (Sense 1) or an "achiever" (Sense 3)?
    *   Strictly speaking, a "Nobel prize winner" is someone who has won an award. However, WordNet distinctions are often about the *nature* of the entity.
    *   Sense 1 is usually for sports/competitions (The winner of the match).
    *   Sense 3 is for general success in life/career. The example "only winners need apply" suggests a quality of the person.
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 1: "the contestant who wins the contest". Nobel laureates aren't usually described as "contestants" in a "contest" in the linguistic sense (unlike a marathon or a quiz show). They are nominees for an award.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3: "a person with a record of successes". Nobel laureates epitomize this. They are high achievers.
    *   The text is arguing that immigrants are beneficial. It cites "Nobel prize winners" alongside founders of Google, Intel, etc. These are all examples of high *achievement*. The immigrants are "winners" in the sense of being successful people (Sense 3).

    *   *WordNet Hierarchies/Nuance:* Often, "prize winner" maps to Sense 1 if the framework is purely "one who wins X". However, WordNet Sense 3 specifically includes "achiever" and "success".
    *   Let's check standard WSD mappings for "Nobel prize winner".
        *   If I say "He is a winner" (meaning he is successful), it's Sense 3.
        *   If I say "The winner of the race", it's Sense 1.
        *   "Nobel prize winner": Is it a compound concept? The target is just "winner".
        *   The context is "among American Nobel prize winners". They are grouped with founders of major companies (achievers).
        *   Is a Nobel prize a "contest"? No, it's an award for merit.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 ("contestant who wins the contest") is a poor semantic fit because there is no contest in the adversarial sense implied by "contestant". You don't compete against another person in a match for a Nobel; you are judged on your work's merit.
        *   Sense 3 ("person with a record of successes") fits the description of a Nobel laureate perfectly in this context. They are high achievers.

    *   *Counter-argument for Sense 1:* In general usage, "winner" in "prize winner" is often just "one who wins". Does WordNet sense 1 cover "winning a prize"? The definition says "wins the contest". If "contest" is interpreted loosely as "competition for a prize", Sense 1 might apply. But "contestant" usually implies active participation in a match.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "only winners need apply". This implies people who are successful.
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "contestant who wins the contest".
        *   Sense 3: "person with a record of successes".
    *   Nobel laureates are defined by their success and achievement. The text uses them as examples of success.
    *   The text lists "Google, Intel... founded by immigrants". These are business successes (Sense 3).
    *   The grouping suggests the author views them as "achievers".
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the stronger choice because it captures the *nature* of the person (successful/achiever) rather than just the mechanical role of winning a match (Sense 1). A Nobel prize isn't a game or a contest with contestants; it's an award for achievement.

    *   *Decision:* Sense 3.

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Let's double-check Sense 1 usage. "The winner of the lottery." "The winner of the Nobel prize."
        *   WordNet often distinguishes between the *event-specific* winner (Sense 1) and the *characteristic* winner (Sense 3).
        *   However, "Nobel prize winner" is a fixed phrase.
        *   If the sentence were "She was the winner of the competition," it's Sense 1.
        *   If the sentence is "He's a real winner," it's Sense 3.
        *   Here: "naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners".
        *   Are they "winners" because they won a specific event (Sense 1) or because they are achievers (Sense 3)?
        *   Actually, the Nobel Prize *is* a competition in a broad sense (nominees compete for the award). But the usage "Nobel prize winner" is highly lexicalized.
        *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: *achiever, success, succeeder*.
        *   Let's look at synonyms for Sense 1: *victor*.
        *   Is a Nobel laureate a "victor"? Not really. They are a laureate. "Victor" implies defeated opponents in a struggle/game.
        *   Is a Nobel laureate an "achiever"? Yes, definitely.
        *   This synonym check is the clincher. You wouldn't call a Nobel prize winner a "victor" (Sense 1). You would call them an "achiever" or a "success" (Sense 3).
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct linguistic mapping in WordNet's schema.

    *   *Final Check:*
        *   Context: "among American Nobel prize winners... founders of Google..."
        *   Sense 1: Victor/Contestant. (Incorrect semantic field for Nobel).
        *   Sense 2: Gambler. (Incorrect).
        *   Sense 3: Achiever/Success. (Correct semantic field).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yahoo
Target surface form: Yahoo
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture | synonyms=yokel, rube, hick, hayseed, bumpkin, chawbacon
2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: | definition=one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: | definition=a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Form:**
    *   Lemma: yahoo
    *   Form: Yahoo
    *   Context sentence segment: "...whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants)."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses the economic impact of immigrants, specifically highly skilled ones and entrepreneurs.
    *   It lists major technology companies founded by immigrants: Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay, and Yahoo.
    *   The context clearly places "Yahoo" in a list of corporate entities/brands alongside Google, Intel, etc.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1:* "a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture" (synonyms: yokel, rube). This is a derogatory term for a person. This does not fit the context of a company name founded by an immigrant.
    *   *Sense 2:* "one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift". This refers to the literary creation in Gulliver's Travels. This does not fit the context of a tech company.
    *   *Sense 3:* "a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance". This refers to the tech company Yahoo!. The context lists Yahoo alongside Google (a search engine/company), Intel, etc., as companies founded by immigrants.

4.  **Determine the Best Match:**
    *   The context is about companies founded by immigrants.
    *   Sense 3 defines Yahoo as a search engine/company.
    *   Sense 1 and Sense 2 refer to people or fictional creatures.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct match.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: {"sense_index": X}.
    *   The index for the correct sense is 3.

6.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Sentence: "Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants."
    *   Sense 3 Definition: "a widely used search engine..."
    *   Match? Yes.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contributor
Target surface form: contributors
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *contributor* (plural: *contributors*).
    *   Context sentence: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses the economic impact of immigrants, specifically positive effects on wages, innovation, and fiscal contributions. It mentions "net contribution (receipts less expenditure) ... to public budgets".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `contributor%1:18:00::` | Definition: "someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money" | Synonyms: `subscriber`.
    *   **Sense 2:** `contributor%1:18:01::` | Definition: "a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book".

3.  **Evaluate Sense 2 (Writer):**
    *   Does the context refer to authors or journalists?
    *   No. While the text mentions Nobel prize winners and founders of companies, the specific sentence refers to contributing to "social systems" and "budgets". This is not about writing articles.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 1 (Financial contributor):**
    *   Does the context refer to someone contributing money/resources?
    *   Yes. The sentence speaks of "net contributors to social systems" and explicitly mentions "budgets" and "receipts less expenditure". The term "net contributor" is a standard economic/fiscal term meaning someone who pays in more than they take out.
    *   The definition says "someone who contributes ... a sum of money". While usually applied to donors or subscribers to a charity, the core semantic component is "contributing something of value (specifically money)".
    *   In this context, migrants are contributing taxes/money to the social systems.
    *   The gloss mentions "promises to contribute" (subscriber aspect), but the core definition "someone who contributes" fits the financial nature of the context perfectly. The "synonym" `subscriber` might suggest a specific type of contributor (like to a magazine or charity drive), but compared to sense 2 (writer), sense 1 is the only viable option that covers the act of giving money/resources, which is the core action described here.

5.  **Comparison:**
    *   Sense 2 is semantically incompatible.
    *   Sense 1 captures the aspect of giving/paying into a system. Even though the gloss mentions "subscriber" or "promises to contribute", the broad definition "someone who contributes ... a sum of money" fits the economic context of being a "net contributor" to a budget.

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. The text is about fiscal contribution (money), not authorship.

7.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `budget`
    *   Target surface form: `budgets`
    *   Context: A text discussing immigration, economics, wages, and fiscal contributions.
    *   Candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1: `budget%1:21:02::` | Definition: a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | Example: the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year.
        *   Sense 2: `budget%1:21:03::` | Definition: a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | Example: the president submitted the annual budget to Congress.
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The specific sentence containing the target is: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries."
    *   Later sentence: "...will make a net contribution... to public budgets..."
    *   The phrase is "total budgets of European countries".
    *   What does "budgets" refer to here? It refers to the financial plans/funds of the governments (European countries).
    *   Are we talking about a specific sum of money allocated for a purpose (Sense 1) or the formal financial statement of the government (Sense 2)?

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose".
        *   This is often used for departments, projects, or organizations (e.g., "the marketing budget").
        *   In the context of a "country's budget", it often implies the *amount of money available*.
        *   Usage: "averaging 1% of the total budgets". This implies the size of the financial resources.

    *   **Sense 2:** "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them".
        *   This is the legislative/governmental sense (the document or the plan).
        *   Example: "the president submitted the annual budget".
        *   Usage: "1% of the total budgets". Can you have 1% of a summary/document? You can have 1% of the *money* described in the budget.
        *   However, often "budget" in "government budget" is treated as the pool of funds available (Sense 1).
        *   Let's look at WordNet hierarchy.
            *   Sense 1 (`budget%1:21:02`) is a Hypernym of `sum`, `sum of money`, `amount of money`.
            *   Sense 2 (`budget%1:21:03`) is a Hypernym of `plan`, `program`, `programme`.
        *   The context talks about "net contributors". Migrants pay money into the system. They contribute money.
        *   "averaging 1% of the total budgets".
        *   If `budgets` = "plans" (Sense 2), saying they contribute 1% of the plans sounds awkward. You contribute to the *funds* or the *treasury*.
        *   If `budgets` = "sums of money" (Sense 1), saying they contribute 1% of the total sums of money makes sense.
        *   However, in political/economic discourse, "the budget" is often synonymous with the fiscal plan (Sense 2). Does the text mean the plan or the money?
        *   Let's look at the phrasing: "contribution ... to public budgets".
        *   Usually, one contributes to the "budget" (the financial situation/balance). But technically, you contribute to the *funds* which comprise the budget.
        *   Let's check the examples in WordNet.
            *   Sense 1: "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year" (Focus is on the amount).
            *   Sense 2: "the president submitted the annual budget" (Focus is on the proposal/document).
        *   The context here focuses on the monetary value: "1% of the total budgets".
        *   If it were Sense 2 (the plan), calculating a percentage of the plan (the document/proposal) is less intuitive than calculating a percentage of the monetary amount allocated/involved.
        *   When we say "The budget is 1 million", we are using Sense 1 (the amount). When we say "Parliament passed the budget", we are using Sense 2 (the legislative act/plan).
        *   Here, "1% of the total budgets". You can't easily have 1% of a legislative plan/document. You *can* have 1% of a sum of money.
        *   Therefore, the usage here quantifies the budget. It treats "budget" as a financial entity/pot (Sense 1).
        *   Is "budget" for a country usually Sense 2? Yes, usually "the Federal Budget" is the document/plan. But when used as a quantitative measure ("1% of the budget"), it refers to the sum of money (Sense 1).
        *   Let's consider if there is a specific distinction in WordNet for these.
        *   WordNet 3.1 or 3.0 often distinguishes between the "plan" and the "sum".
        *   Let's try to find similar contexts. "Reduce the budget by 10%". If it's the plan, you reduce the proposed spending. If it's the sum, you reduce the money.
        *   Let's look at the "contribution" aspect. You contribute money. The budget (Sense 2) is the plan for spending and raising money.
        *   However, "budget" is often used metonymically for the funds available.
        *   If I say "I have a budget of $50", that is Sense 1.
        *   If I say "The total budgets of European countries", it likely refers to the aggregate financial resources or the amounts allocated in their fiscal plans.
        *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2 again.
        *   Sense 1: Sum of money.
        *   Sense 2: Summary of expenditures/proposal.
        *   Phrase: "1% of the total budgets".
        *   "1% of the total summaries of intended expenditures" -> Unlikely.
        *   "1% of the total sums of money allocated" -> Likely.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit because the context quantifies the budget as an amount of money.

4.  **Double Check:**
    *   Context: "averaging 1% of the total budgets".
    *   Hypothesis: Sense 1 (sum of money).
    *   Reasoning: You measure percentages of money (Sense 1), not usually percentages of a document/plan (Sense 2), though colloquially the boundary is thin. In strict WSD, Sense 1 = Money, Sense 2 = Plan.
    *   Sentence: "Migrants... net contributors... to public budgets".
    *   You contribute money to a fund/pot. Sense 1 represents that pot.
    *   Sense 2 is the abstract plan. While migrants contribute to the fiscal balance (part of the plan), the phrasing "1% of the total budgets" quantifies the object. Quantification of money points to Sense 1.

    *   Let's check the provided examples again.
        *   Sense 1 Ex: "runs on a budget of a million a year" (Quantified money).
        *   Sense 2 Ex: "submitted the annual budget" (Submission of a document/plan).
    *   The context involves quantification ("1% of"). This aligns with Sense 1's example ("a million a year").
    *   The context does *not* involve legislative submission or the document itself.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: `budget%1:21:02::` (Sum of money).
    *   Sense 2: `budget%1:21:03::` (Plan/Proposal).

    Result: Sense 1.