[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government <t>level</t> as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** level
    *   **Target surface form:** level
    *   **Context Sentence:** "Ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level."
    *   **Broader Context:** The text discusses political science, comparing Democratic and Republican behaviors, staffing decisions, and voting patterns. It mentions "federal level" and "state government level".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `level%1:07:00::` | Definition: a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | Synonyms: degree, grade | Examples: a moderate grade of intelligence...
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to intensity or quality. While one could argue government has a "quality", usually "federal level" refers to a tier or stratum of organization, not an intensity scale.

    *   **Sense 2:** `level%1:26:01::` | Definition: a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | Synonyms: grade, tier | Examples: lumber of the highest grade
        *   *Analysis:* "Tier" is a strong synonym here. Federal and state governments are "graded groups" or hierarchical tiers of governance. However, let's look at Sense 3 and 7.

    *   **Sense 3:** `level%1:26:00::` | Definition: a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | Synonyms: degree, stage, point | Examples: at what stage are the social sciences?
        *   *Analysis:* This often refers to time/process stages. Government isn't exactly a "process" in the sense of steps happening over time (though legislation is). It's more of a structural hierarchy.

    *   **Sense 4:** `level%1:07:01::` | Definition: height above ground.
        *   *Analysis:* Physical height. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** `level%1:06:00::` | Definition: indicator that establishes the horizontal...
        *   *Analysis:* Tool. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** `level%1:06:03::` | Definition: a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line.
        *   *Analysis:* Physical surface. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 7:** `level%1:09:00::` | Definition: an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | Synonyms: layer, stratum | Examples: a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
        *   *Analysis:* "Abstract place". "Stratum" or "layer". This fits the idea of "federal level" vs "state level" as layers of government. It is an abstract conceptualization of the organization of governance. The example "communicates on several levels" is slightly different (depth of meaning), but the definition "abstract place... stratum" fits "level of government" very well. Often, "at the X level" in organizational contexts maps to this sense or Sense 1/2. Let's compare Sense 1, 2, and 7.

    *   **Sense 8:** `level%1:06:01::` | Definition: a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms... | Synonyms: floor, storey...
        *   *Analysis:* Building floor. Irrelevant.

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1, 2, and 7:**

    *   *Context:* "at the state government level".
    *   *Sense 1 (Scale/Intensity/Quality):* Usually used for "high level of stress", "level of care". It implies a scalar value. "Federal level" isn't a scalar value on a quality spectrum; it's a discrete entity in a hierarchy.
    *   *Sense 2 (Relative position in a graded group):* Synonyms include "tier". "Tier" fits government structure perfectly. Federal is a tier, state is a tier. The definition says "relative position... in a graded group". Government is a graded group (hierarchical). However, WordNet examples for Sense 2 are "lumber of the highest grade". This usually implies quality/rank within a category.
    *   *Sense 7 (Abstract place... stratum):* Synonyms include "layer", "stratum". The definition is "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth". Government levels are abstract places/strata. When we say "at the federal level", we are referring to a specific stratum of the political system.

    Let's check common usage in NLP datasets for "at the X level".
    *   "At the molecular level" -> usually Sense 7 (stratum) or Sense 1 (degree?). No, molecular level is a stratum of organization.
    *   "At the federal level" -> This is a tier/stratum.

    Let's look closely at Sense 1 vs Sense 7.
    Sense 1: "a moderate grade of intelligence" (scalar).
    Sense 7: "a simile has at least two layers of meaning" (structural/organizational depth).

    "State government level" refers to the stratum of the organization. It is comparable to "at the cellular level" or "at the atomic level".
    However, Sense 2 ("tier") is also a very strong candidate.
    Let's look at the definitions again.
    Sense 2: "relative position or degree of value in a graded group". "Value" suggests quality.
    Sense 7: "abstract place usually conceived as having depth".

    Often, "level of government" is annotated as Sense 1 (position on a scale? No) or Sense 7.
    Let's look at how "federal level" implies a hierarchy. Hierarchy implies layers or strata.
    Sense 7's example "a good actor communicates on several levels" is about complexity/depth. "Federal level" is about jurisdictional depth/hierarchy.

    Let's consider Sense 3: "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    Synonyms: degree, stage, point.
    Is government a "process"? Not really.

    Let's go back to Sense 1. "Position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality".
    Is "state government" a position on a scale of quality? No.

    Let's go back to Sense 2. "Relative position or degree of value in a graded group". Synonyms: grade, tier.
    Is "state government" a "degree of value"? Not really. It is a "tier". If the synonym "tier" is listed here, it is the strongest link.
    However, Sense 7's definition "abstract place... stratum" is also very good.
    Which one fits "state government" better?
    "Stratum" implies a layer in a system. The political system has layers: local, state, federal.
    "Tier" implies a rank. Federal is "higher" than state.
    But look at Sense 7 examples: "a simile has at least two layers of meaning". This is metaphoric depth.
    Look at Sense 2 examples: "lumber of the highest grade". This is quality/rank.

    There is often confusion in WordNet regarding hierarchy vs scale.
    Let's look at the nuances of Sense 1 vs Sense 7 in standard WSD datasets (like SemCor).
    "At the molecular level" -> often mapped to Sense 1 (scale/degree of magnitude) or Sense 7.
    "Local level" -> often mapped to Sense 1 in some annotations (hierarchy seen as a scale of scope?) or Sense 7.

    Let's re-read Sense 1: "position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality".
    Scope (Local -> Federal) can be seen as an "amount" scale (amount of jurisdiction).
    But "stratum" (Sense 7) seems semantically more accurate for a structural hierarchy.

    However, let's check the synonyms for Sense 1 again: degree, grade.
    Synonyms for Sense 7: layer, stratum.
    "Federal level" is a "stratum" of government.
    Therefore, Sense 7 seems the most precise definition-wise ("abstract place... stratum").

    Let's check Sense 2 again. Synonyms: grade, tier.
    If the sense is "tier", Sense 2 is the place.
    But the example "lumber of the highest grade" makes it sound like quality assessment.
    In "state government level", we aren't assessing the quality of the government, we are designating the jurisdictional scope.
    Jurisdictional scope is often viewed as a hierarchy of layers (strata).
    Therefore, Sense 7 (layer/stratum) fits the *concept* best.

    *Wait*, let's look at Sense 1 examples again. "A high level of care".
    Sense 3: "A remarkable degree of frankness". "At what stage are the social sciences?"
    Sense 7: "Communicates on several levels". "Layers of meaning".

    Let's consider the phrase "at the ... level".
    WordNet 3.0/3.1 definitions.
    Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality".
    Sense 7: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth".

    In political science texts (like the provided context), "federal level" and "state level" refer to distinct layers of the political system.
    "Stratum" (Sense 7 synonym) matches this.
    "Layer" (Sense 7 synonym) matches this.
    Sense 7 definition "abstract place usually conceived as having depth" matches the concept of a hierarchical system (depth of hierarchy).

    Sense 2's definition "relative position or degree of value in a graded group" focuses on "value". We don't say State government has a "value" relative to Federal government (in a qualitative sense, though Federal is supreme, usually "level" here implies scope/jurisdiction).

    Let's look at the possibility of Sense 1. Is "federal level" a position on a scale? A scale of what? Scope? Size? It's plausible ("amount" of jurisdiction). But "stratum" is more structural.

    Let's try to find precedent for "government level" or "organizational level".
    In SemCor, "local level" is often tagged.
    Instance: "at the local level" -> tagged as `level%1:07:00::` (Sense 1 in this list)?
    Let's check the mapping.
    Sense 1: `level%1:07:00::`.
    Let's verify if Sense 1 is used for "position in a hierarchy".
    Synonyms: degree, grade.
    "High level of intelligence". "Moderate grade".
    These are scalar.
    "At the local level". Is this scalar? Local -> State -> Federal.
    It acts like a scale of abstraction or scope.

    However, Sense 7 (`level%1:09:00::`) has synonyms "layer, stratum".
    "Stratum" is the technical term for levels of organization (e.g., social strata, atmospheric strata).
    Therefore, Sense 7 is semantically the best fit for "stratum of government".
    Definition: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth".
    "Abstract place" fits "state government level".
    "Conceived as having depth" fits the hierarchical nature (Federal is 'above' State).
    Examples: "actor communicates on several levels".
    This implies distinct layers of operation. "State government level" is a distinct layer of operation.

    Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 7 again.
    Sense 1: Scale/Intensity/Amount.
    Sense 7: Abstract place / Stratum.
    "At the state government level" refers to the *place* or *stratum* where the action (ticket splitting) happens.
    It is not a measurement of intensity (Sense 1).
    Therefore, Sense 7 is superior.

    Let's double check Sense 2: `level%1:26:01::`.
    Synonyms: grade, tier.
    Definition: "relative position or degree of value in a graded group".
    Example: "lumber of the highest grade".
    While "tier" is a synonym, the definition mentions "degree of value". "Value" is not the primary concept here (jurisdiction is). The example is about quality classification. "State government" is not a quality classification of "government".

    Sense 3: `level%1:26:00::`.
    Definition: "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    Example: "at what stage are the social sciences?".
    This is temporal or process-oriented. Government is structural.

    Conclusion: Sense 7 is the intended sense.
    Target phrase: "at the state government level".
    Meaning: The stratum/layer of government.
    Matches Sense 7 definition: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth".
    Matches Sense 7 synonyms: "layer, stratum".

    Let me check if there is any ambiguity with Sense 1 in similar contexts.
    Sentence: "The water rose to a high level." -> Sense 4 (height) or Sense 1 (amount/position on scale).
    Sentence: "He has a high level of intelligence." -> Sense 1.
    Sentence: "Discussions at the cabinet level." -> Sense 7 (stratum/hierarchical layer).
    Sentence: "At the molecular level." -> Sense 7 (stratum).
    Sentence: "At the state government level." -> Sense 7 (stratum).

    Is it possible it's Sense 1?
    Definition: "position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality".
    Is "State Government" a position on a scale?
    You could argue there is a scale of "scope" or "jurisdiction".
    But Sense 7 specifically mentions "abstract place". "State government level" is an abstract place (locus of activity).
    Sense 1 refers to the *value* on the scale (the "height" of the amount). "A moderate grade of intelligence". The "level" *is* the grade/value.
    In "at the state government level", the "level" is not a value; it's the location/stratum itself. You act *at* that level.
    When you say "high level of intelligence", the level is the magnitude.
    When you say "at the federal level", the level is the layer.
    Therefore, Sense 7 is the correct choice.

    Final check of the sense index.
    1. level%1:07:00:: (scale/amount)
    2. level%1:26:01:: (graded group/value)
    3. level%1:26:00:: (process/continuum)
    4. level%1:07:01:: (height)
    5. level%1:06:00:: (tool)
    6. level%1:06:03:: (flat surface)
    7. level%1:09:00:: (abstract place/stratum)
    8. level%1:06:01:: (floor)

    The context uses "level" to denote a specific stratum or layer of political organization (federal vs state).
    "Ticket splitting... at the state government level".
    This refers to the stratum.
    Sense 7 is the best fit.

    Sense index for Sense 7 is 7.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: federal
Target surface form: federal
Context:
The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the <t>federal</t> level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=federal%5:00:00:national:01 | definition=national; especially in reference to the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units | examples=the Federal Bureau of Investigation; federal courts
2. sense_key=federal%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to the central government of a federation | examples=a federal district is one set aside as the seat of the national government
3. sense_key=federal%5:00:00:northern:02 | definition=being of or having to do with the northern United States and those loyal to the Union during the American Civil War | synonyms=Union | examples=Union soldiers; Federal forces
4. sense_key=federal%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities | examples=a federal system like that of the United States; federal governments often evolved out of confederations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "federal" in the context: "Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the <t>federal</t> level."

Let me analyze each sense:

1. **sense 1**: "national; especially in reference to the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units" - examples: "the Federal Bureau of Investigation; federal courts"
   - This refers specifically to the US federal government.

2. **sense 2**: "of or relating to the central government of a federation" - examples: "a federal district is one set aside as the seat of the national government"
   - This is a more general sense about any federation's central government.

3. **sense 3**: "being of or having to do with the northern United States and those loyal to the Union during the American Civil War" - synonyms: Union | examples: "Union soldiers; Federal forces"
   - This is historical, referring to the Civil War era.

4. **sense 4**: "characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities" - examples: "a federal system like that of the United States; federal governments often evolved out of confederations"
   - This describes the type of government system itself.

Now looking at the context: "Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the <t>federal</t> level."

The context is contrasting "state government level" with "federal level." This is about the US federal government (national level) as distinct from state governments. The text is discussing American politics (Democratic/Republican parties, Congress, presidential and senatorial elections).

Sense 1 specifically mentions "the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units" which perfectly fits the contrast between federal level and state level in this context.

Sense 2 is more general about any federation, but given the specifically American political context, sense 1 is more appropriate.

Sense 3 is about the Civil War era, which is not relevant here.

Sense 4 is about the form of government/system, not about referring to the federal level of government.

The best fit is sense 1, which captures the meaning of "federal" as referring to the national government of the United States, distinct from state governments.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Friendli

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal <t>level</t>. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `level`
    *   Target surface form: `level`
    *   Context sentence: "Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses political science, comparing Democratic and Republican House attendance, staffing decisions, Senate elections, and voter behavior (ticket splitting). It compares "state government" vs "federal" government.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (level%1:07:00::):** "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" (synonyms: degree, grade).
        *   Context fit: "state government degree"? "state government grade"? Not really. While one could talk about a "level of government," this sense usually applies to qualities like "intelligence" or "care" (intensity/amount/quality). It's abstract but usually scalar.

    *   **Sense 2 (level%1:26:01::):** "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" (synonyms: grade, tier).
        *   Context fit: "state government tier"? "state government grade"? This refers to quality or ranking (like lumber grade). Not a good fit for a structural/administrative level.

    *   **Sense 3 (level%1:26:00::):** "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (synonyms: degree, stage, point).
        *   Context fit: "state government stage"? "state government point"?
        *   This sense often covers organizational or hierarchical levels. "Level of government" is a standard collocation referring to a specific stratum or layer in the organizational structure (federal, state, local).
        *   Let's look at Sense 7.

    *   **Sense 4 (level%1:07:01::):** "height above ground".
        *   Context fit: Literal physical height. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 5 (level%1:06:00::):** "indicator that establishes the horizontal..." (spirit level).
        *   Context fit: Tool. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6 (level%1:06:00::):** "a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line".
        *   Context fit: Physical surface. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 7 (level%1:09:00::):** "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" (synonyms: layer, stratum).
        *   Context fit: "state government layer"? "state government stratum"?
        *   Example: "a good actor communicates on several levels".
        *   This sense is for abstract layers. Government organization (federal vs state) is often conceptualized as layers or strata.
        *   Comparing Sense 3 and Sense 7.
        *   Sense 3 is "position in a continuum or series". Example: "at what stage are the social sciences?"
        *   Sense 7 is "abstract place... layer, stratum".
        *   Let's look at how WordNet (via the provided gloss) classifies "level of government". usually, "levels of government" refers to a hierarchy.
        *   Sense 3 focuses on a "process" or "continuum".
        *   Sense 7 focuses on a "stratum" or "layer".
        *   "Federal level" and "State level" are often described as layers of a system.
        *   However, Sense 3 (degree, stage, point) is also used for organizational hierarchy.
        *   Let's look closer at Sense 3's definition: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
        *   Let's look closer at Sense 7's definition: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth".
        *   Common usage: "local level", "state level", "federal level".
        *   Is this a stratum? Yes, federal and state are strata of governance.
        *   Is this a position in a series? Yes, local < state < federal.
        *   Let's check the synonyms again.
        *   Sense 3 synonyms: degree, stage, point.
        *   Sense 7 synonyms: layer, stratum.
        *   "Federal level" and "State level" are definitely hierarchical layers.
        *   Let's look at Sense 3 examples: "at what stage are the social sciences?" (temporal/process). "a remarkable degree of frankness" (scalar).
        *   Let's look at Sense 7 examples: "a good actor communicates on several levels". "two layers of meaning".
        *   In political science context, "level of government" refers to the jurisdictional stratum.
        *   Let's check WordNet mapping for "level of government". Often mapped to **Sense 3** (position in a series/hierarchy) OR **Sense 7**.
        *   Wait, let's look at Sense 1 again. "position on a scale...". Synonyms: degree, grade.
        *   Let's look at Sense 3 again. "position in a continuum or series".
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
        *   Sense 1: "a moderate grade of intelligence" (intensity/quality).
        *   Sense 3: "at what stage are the social sciences?" (process/steps).
        *   Actually, there is another sense often used for "levels of organization" which might be Sense 7 (stratum).
        *   However, let's look at Sense 3 closely. "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series". A hierarchy is a series.
        *   Let's look at Sense 7 closely. "an abstract place... layer... stratum".
        *   If I say "at the state level", am I referring to a "stratum" or a "point in a series"?
        *   Actually, Sense 3 is often used for "levels of abstraction" or "levels of hierarchy".
        *   Let's look at the distinction in WordNet 3.0/3.1.
        *   Sense 1 (07:00) = degree, grade. "a high level of care". Scalar amount/intensity.
        *   Sense 2 (26:01) = grade, tier. Quality ranking.
        *   Sense 3 (26:00) = degree, stage, point. Position in a series.
        *   Sense 7 (09:00) = layer, stratum. Abstract place with depth.
        *   "Federal level" vs "State level". These are structural layers.
        *   Sense 7 seems a strong candidate because "layer" and "stratum" are synonyms, and government levels are often called "strata" in federalism studies.
        *   However, Sense 3 is also a strong candidate. "Position in a series".
        *   Let's check the examples provided for Sense 7. "communicates on several levels", "layers of meaning". These are abstract concepts.
        *   Let's check examples for Sense 3. "at what stage...".
        *   Let's look for "level of organization" or "level of government" usages in standard dictionaries or WordNet entries if possible.
        *   Usually, "level" in "level of government" is defined as "a distinct treatable part or position in a hierarchy".
        *   Sense 3: "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series". A hierarchy is a series.
        *   Sense 7: "abstract place... layer... stratum".
        *   Let's compare synonyms. Layer/Stratum fits "government level" better than Stage/Point/Degree. We say "local layer" or "state stratum"? Not really "state stratum" usually. We say "level of government".
        *   We say "at the state level". This suggests a position.
        *   Let's look at Sense 3 synonyms: "degree, stage, point". "At the state stage"? No. "At the state point"? No. "At the state degree"? No.
        *   Let's look at Sense 7 synonyms: "layer, stratum". "At the state layer"? "At the state stratum"? "At the federal layer"? Not common phrasing, but "stratum of government" is a valid concept.
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 1. "position on a scale". Not intensity/amount.
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 3. "position in a series". Hierarchy is a series.
        *   Let's look at the gloss of Sense 3 again: "position in a continuum or series or especially in a process". This sounds temporal or procedural.
        *   Let's look at the gloss of Sense 7: "abstract place usually conceived as having depth". This sounds like depth of complexity or layers of a system.
        *   Is government a system with depth? Yes.
        *   However, there is a specific sense for "level" as a rank or grade in a hierarchy. Is that Sense 2? No, Sense 2 is "degree of value" (quality).
        *   Is there another sense? No.
        *   Let's try to find a precedent for "level of government".
        *   In WordNet 3.0:
            *   1: position on a scale (degree).
            *   2: relative position in a graded group (tier, grade).
            *   3: specific position in a series (degree, stage).
            *   4: height.
            *   ...
            *   7: abstract place... (layer, stratum).
        *   "Level of government" refers to the jurisdictional tier.
        *   Let's evaluate Sense 3 vs Sense 7 again.
        *   Example for Sense 7: "a good actor communicates on several levels". This refers to layers of meaning/complexity.
        *   Example for Sense 3: "at what stage are the social sciences?"
        *   Context: "ticket splitting... at the state government level".
        *   This usage is locative within an abstract structure. "At the X level".
        *   Sense 3 (1:26:00) "position in a continuum or series". The series here is the hierarchy of government (Local -> State -> Federal).
        *   Sense 7 (1:09:00) "abstract place... layer".
        *   Commonly, "levels of organization" maps to Sense 3 (position in a series/hierarchy) or sometimes Sense 1 (scale).
        *   However, WordNet usage often maps "level" in "local level" to **Sense 3** or **Sense 1** depending on the annotator.
        *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: "degree, stage, point". None of these fit "state level" well linguistically ("state stage"?).
        *   Let's look at synonyms for Sense 7: "layer, stratum". "State layer"? Not really.
        *   Let's look at synonyms for Sense 2: "grade, tier". "State tier"? Plausible.
        *   But Sense 2 says "degree of value". That disqualifies it. We aren't judging value.
        *   Let's go back to the gloss of Sense 3: "position in a continuum or series".
        *   Gloss of Sense 7: "abstract place... depth".
        *   Federalism involves layers (strata). Therefore Sense 7 seems semantically appropriate.
        *   However, the collocation "at the ... level" suggests a position in a structure.
        *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. "position on a scale". A hierarchy is a scale.
        *   Let's consult a linguistic intuition about "level" in "state government level".
        *   It means "rank" or "echelon".
        *   Sense 3 is the closest to "rank" or "position in a series" without implying value (Sense 2) or intensity (Sense 1).
        *   Wait, let's check the definition of Sense 3 again. "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or **especially in a process**". The "process" part is distracting.
        *   Let's look at Sense 1. "position on a scale". Scale implies quantity/intensity. A hierarchy is an ordered series, not necessarily a scale of intensity.
        *   Let's look at Sense 7 again. "Abstract place... depth". The federal system is a layered system. The "federal level" is one layer of that system.
        *   Let's look at the examples in Sense 7 again. "communicates on several levels" -> layers of complexity. "layers of meaning".
        *   Does "state government level" fit this? It is a structural layer.
        *   There is another possibility. Sense 3 is often used for "levels of abstraction". "State government level" is a level of abstraction/organization.
        *   However, many WSD datasets (like SemCor) tag "at the local level" or similar constructs as **Sense 3** (position in a series/continuum) or **Sense 1** (degree/grade).
        *   Let's check the specific nuance of Sense 3: "degree, stage, point". "At this stage", "at this point".
        *   "At the federal level". Is it a "point" in a "continuum"? Yes, the continuum of authority.
        *   Let's check the specific nuance of Sense 7: "layer, stratum". A stratum is a horizontal layer. The federal system is stratified. Sense 7 seems to capture the structural nature of "layering" in governance well.
        *   However, Sense 7's examples ("levels of meaning") are about complexity/depth of a singular object/concept, whereas "levels of government" are discrete entities in a hierarchy.
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 3. "Position in a series". Hierarchy = series of ranks.
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 1. "Position on a scale".
        *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. "Relative position... in a graded group". Synonyms: "grade, tier". This fits "hierarchy" perfectly ("tier"). But the gloss says "degree of value". That's the killer. "Lumber of the highest grade" implies quality. "State government" is not a "grade" in the sense of quality.

        *   Decision between Sense 3 and Sense 7.
        *   Sense 3: "degree, stage, point". Used for "a new level of frankness" (degree), "at what stage".
        *   Sense 7: "layer, stratum".
        *   If I say "the decision was made at a higher level", I am referring to a position in the hierarchy. This is extremely common.
        *   Which gloss fits "position in a hierarchy"?
        *   Sense 3: "position in a continuum or series".
        *   Sense 7: "abstract place... depth".
        *   Most dictionaries have a specific definition for "a position in a hierarchy". WordNet does not have a perfect "hierarchy" sense distinct from these.
        *   Sense 3 is the "catch-all" for position in a series/continuum.
        *   Sense 7 is for "strata" and "layers" of meaning/complexity.
        *   However, "local, state, federal" are clearly strata.
        *   Let's look at the mapping of "level" in SemCor or similar for "government level".
        *   Often mapped to Sense 1 (scale/degree - loosely) or Sense 3.
        *   Let's check Sense 3's synonyms again: "degree, stage, point".
        *   "State government level" ~= "State government stratum" (Sense 7).
        *   "State government level" ~= "State government degree" (Sense 1/3).
        *   "State government level" ~= "State government stage" (Sense 3).
        *   It feels like Sense 7 (stratum) is the most precise definition of the structure (federalism is a layered cake). But the usage "at the X level" suggests a position.
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 1: "a moderate grade of intelligence" (scalar).
        *   Example for Sense 3: "at what stage..." (series/process).
        *   Example for Sense 7: "communicates on several levels" (layers of complexity).
        *   Context: "pattern at the state government level".
        *   It acts as a scope or domain. Scope is often a layer.
        *   Let's guess the annotator's intent. Sense 3 is widely used for "stages" and "points". Is "federal level" a stage? No.
        *   Is it a "position on a scale"? No.
        *   Is it a "stratum"? Yes.
        *   Sense 7 seems the best fit for "stratum/layer" applied to organizational structure. Even though the examples are about abstract meaning, the definition "abstract place usually conceived as having depth" fits an organizational layer well (the "deep state" or layers of bureaucracy? No, just layers of jurisdiction).
        *   However, checking standard WordNet practices:
            *   Sense 3 is often selected for "level" in contexts like "high level", "next level", "at some level".
            *   Sense 1 is for "high level of interest".
            *   Sense 7 is for "levels of meaning".
        *   Let's try Sense 3 again. "Position in a series". Federal -> State is a series. Top to bottom.
        *   Many online WSD tools or mappings map "organizational level" to Sense 3 (position in a series).
        *   But wait, Sense 1:07:00 (Sense 1) is "position on a scale".
        *   Let's look at Sense 3: "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series".
        *   A hierarchy is a series.
        *   Let's check Sense 1: "scale of intensity or amount or quality".
        *   Is government a scale of intensity? No.
        *   So it's not Sense 1.
        *   It's between Sense 3 and Sense 7.
        *   Sense 3: "position in a series".
        *   Sense 7: "abstract place... depth".
        *   If I choose Sense 3, "degree" is a synonym. "State government degree"? No. "Stage"? No.
        *   If I choose Sense 7, "layer" is a synonym. "State government layer"? This makes sense conceptually (Layer of governance). "Stratum" works too.
        *   Let's look at the sentence: "...at the state government level..."
        *   This phrasing establishes a domain of operation. Domains are often layers.
        *   Let's go with Sense 7. "Stratum" is the key concept here distinguishing federal from state. They are horizontal layers of governance.
        *   Let me double check Sense 3 vs 7 in WordNet literature.
        *   Actually, Sense 3 (degree, stage, point) is often used for "level of detail", "level of abstraction". These are similar to layers.
        *   However, "State government" is a concrete entity (abstractly), and these entities form strata.
        *   Let's try to find a closer match for "hierarchical level".
        *   Some sources map "rank" to Sense 3.
        *   Some sources map "stratum" to Sense 7.
        *   Is a "level of government" a rank or a stratum? It's both.
        *   Sense 7's definition "abstract place usually conceived as having depth" is very specific. Does "state government level" involve "depth"? Usually "levels of meaning" involves depth. "Federal level" vs "State level" involves "height" or "rank" (higher level vs lower level) more than depth. We say "Higher levels of government".
        *   "Higher level" implies a scale or series (Sense 1 or 3).
        *   We say "Federal level" is higher than "State level"? Or just distinct? Federal is supreme, so yes.
        *   Sense 3 mentions "continuum or series". The hierarchy is a series.
        *   Sense 1 mentions "scale". Hierarchy is often viewed as a scale (lower to higher).
        *   But Sense 1 requires "intensity or amount or quality". Government jurisdiction isn't intensity/amount.
        *   So Sense 3 ("position in a series") is the logical choice for a hierarchy.
        *   Sense 7 ("depth") is less fitting because we talk about hierarchy as "higher/lower" (vertical scale) rather than "deep" (depth). Although "stratum" implies layers, WordNet's definition of Sense 7 emphasizes "depth", whereas Sense 3 allows for a "series" (which a hierarchy is).
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the better choice.

        *   Let's refine Sense 3 definition: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
        *   "State government level" is a specific identifiable position.
        *   In the series of government jurisdictions (Local, State, Federal).
        *   Synonyms: degree, stage, point.
        *   Examples: "at what stage..."
        *   While the synonyms aren't perfect collocations ("state government point" sounds weird), the definition fits "position in a series" perfectly. Hierarchy is a series of ranks.

        *   Let's check Sense 7 again. "Abstract place usually conceived as having depth".
        *   If I say "We need to dig down to the state level", maybe. But we say "go up to the federal level".
        *   The vertical metaphor of hierarchy favors Sense 3 (position in a series/scale) over Sense 7 (depth).
        *   Sense 1 (scale) fails on the "intensity/amount" restriction.
        *   So Sense 3 is the winner.

        *   Let's verify Sense 3 usage in SemCor.
        *   "The questions at this level..." (Sense 3).
        *   "Entry level job". (Sense 3).
        *   "Local level". (Sense 3).
        *   Yes, "entry level", "local level", "federal level" typically map to the "position in a series/hierarchy" sense.
        *   In the provided list, that is Sense 3 (index 3).
        *   Wait, let me check the index numbering in the prompt.
        *   1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: ...
        *   2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: ...
        *   3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: ... (Definition: position in a continuum or series)
        *   4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: ...
        *   ...
        *   7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: ... (Definition: abstract place... layer, stratum)

        *   Comparison:
        *   Sense 3: Position in a series. Fits hierarchy.
        *   Sense 7: Abstract place... depth. Fits layers of meaning/complexity.
        *   Context: "state government level". This is a hierarchical rank.
        *   Selection: Sense 3.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: line
Target surface form: lines
Context:
Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature <t>lines</t> than the reverse. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=line%1:14:03:: | definition=a formation of people or things one beside another | examples=the line of soldiers advanced with their bayonets fixed; they were arrayed in line of battle
2. sense_key=line%1:10:01:: | definition=a mark that is long relative to its width | examples=He drew a line on the chart
3. sense_key=line%1:14:01:: | definition=a formation of people or things one behind another | examples=the line stretched clear around the corner; you must wait in a long line at the checkout counter
4. sense_key=line%1:25:00:: | definition=a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point
5. sense_key=line%1:10:02:: | definition=text consisting of a row of words written across a page or computer screen | examples=the letter consisted of three short lines; there are six lines in every stanza
6. sense_key=line%1:19:00:: | definition=a single frequency (or very narrow band) of radiation in a spectrum
7. sense_key=line%1:15:02:: | definition=a fortified position (especially one marking the most forward position of troops) | examples=they attacked the enemy's line
8. sense_key=line%1:09:01:: | definition=a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning | synonyms=argumentation, logical argument, argument, line of reasoning | examples=I can't follow your line of reasoning
9. sense_key=line%1:06:01:: | definition=a conductor for transmitting electrical or optical signals or electric power | synonyms=cable, transmission line
10. sense_key=line%1:14:02:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=course | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
11. sense_key=line%1:15:00:: | definition=a spatial location defined by a real or imaginary unidimensional extent
12. sense_key=line%1:25:01:: | definition=a slight depression in the smoothness of a surface | synonyms=wrinkle, furrow, crease, crinkle, seam | examples=his face has many lines; ironing gets rid of most wrinkles
13. sense_key=line%1:06:06:: | definition=a pipe used to transport liquids or gases | synonyms=pipeline | examples=a pipeline runs from the wells to the seaport
14. sense_key=line%1:06:03:: | definition=the road consisting of railroad track and roadbed | synonyms=railway line, rail line
15. sense_key=line%1:06:07:: | definition=a telephone connection | synonyms=telephone line, phone line, telephone circuit, subscriber line
16. sense_key=line%1:04:01:: | definition=acting in conformity | examples=in line with; he got out of line
17. sense_key=line%1:14:00:: | definition=the descendants of one individual | synonyms=lineage, line of descent, descent, bloodline, blood, pedigree | examples=his entire lineage has been warriors
18. sense_key=line%1:06:00:: | definition=something (as a cord or rope) that is long and thin and flexible | examples=a washing line
19. sense_key=line%1:04:00:: | definition=the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money | synonyms=occupation, business, job, line of work | examples=he's not in my line of business
20. sense_key=line%1:15:01:: | definition=in games or sports; a mark indicating positions or bounds of the playing area
21. sense_key=line%1:10:05:: | definition=(often plural) a means of communication or access | synonyms=channel, communication channel | examples=it must go through official channels; lines of communication were set up between the two firms
22. sense_key=line%1:06:08:: | definition=a particular kind of product or merchandise | synonyms=product line, line of products, line of merchandise, business line, line of business | examples=a nice line of shoes
23. sense_key=line%1:06:05:: | definition=a commercial organization serving as a common carrier
24. sense_key=line%1:23:00:: | definition=space for one line of print (one column wide and 1/14 inch deep) used to measure advertising | synonyms=agate line
25. sense_key=line%1:21:00:: | definition=the maximum credit that a customer is allowed | synonyms=credit line, line of credit, bank line, personal credit line, personal line of credit
26. sense_key=line%1:10:03:: | definition=a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence | synonyms=tune, melody, air, strain, melodic line, melodic phrase | examples=she was humming an air from Beethoven
27. sense_key=line%1:10:06:: | definition=persuasive but insincere talk that is usually intended to deceive or impress | examples=`let me show you my etchings' is a rather worn line; he has a smooth line but I didn't fall for it
28. sense_key=line%1:10:04:: | definition=a short personal letter | synonyms=note, short letter, billet | examples=drop me a line when you get there
29. sense_key=line%1:09:00:: | definition=a conceptual separation or distinction | synonyms=dividing line, demarcation, contrast | examples=there is a narrow line between sanity and insanity
30. sense_key=line%1:06:09:: | definition=mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it | synonyms=production line, assembly line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about ticket splitting in state government elections. The sentence says: "State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse."

The phrase "split along...lines" is the key here. This is an idiomatic expression meaning "divided in a particular way" or "following a particular pattern/division."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=line%1:14:03:: | definition=a formation of people or things one beside another
2. sense_key=line%1:10:01:: | definition=a mark that is long relative to its width
3. sense_key=line%1:14:01:: | definition=a formation of people or things one behind another
4. sense_key=line%1:25:00:: | definition=a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point
5. sense_key=line%1:10:02:: | definition=text consisting of a row of words written across a page or computer screen
6. sense_key=line%1:25:00:: | definition=a single frequency (or very narrow band) of radiation in a spectrum
7. sense_key=line%1:15:02:: | definition=a fortified position (especially one marking the most forward position of troops)
8. sense_key=line%1:09:01:: | definition=a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning | synonyms=argumentation, logical argument, argument, line of reasoning
9. sense_key=line%1:06:01:: | definition=a conductor for transmitting electrical or optical signals or electric power
10. sense_key=line%1:14:02:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=course
11. sense_key=line%1:15:00:: | definition=a spatial location defined by a real or imaginary unidimensional extent
12. sense_key=line%1:25:01:: | definition=a slight depression in the smoothness of a surface
13. sense_key=line%1:06:06:: | definition=a pipe used to transport liquids or gases
14. sense_key=line%1:06:03:: | definition=the road consisting of railroad track and roadbed
15. sense_key=line%1:06:07:: | definition=a telephone connection
16. sense_key=line%1:04:01:: | definition=acting in conformity
17. sense_key=line%1:14:00:: | definition=the descendants of one individual
18. sense_key=line%1:06:00:: | definition=something (as a cord or rope) that is long and thin and flexible
19. sense_key=line%1:04:00:: | definition=the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money
20. sense_key=line%1:15:01:: | definition=in games or sports; a mark indicating positions or bounds of the playing area
21. sense_key=line%1:10:05:: | definition=(often plural) a means of communication or access
22. sense_key=line%1:06:08:: | definition=a particular kind of product or merchandise
23. sense_key=line%1:06:05:: | definition=a commercial organization serving as a common carrier
24. sense_key=line%1:23:00:: | definition=space for one line of print
25. sense_key=line%1:21:00:: | definition=the maximum credit that a customer is allowed
26. sense_key=line%1:10:03:: | definition=a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence
27. sense_key=line%1:10:06:: | definition=persuasive but insincere talk
28. sense_key=line%1:10:04:: | definition=a short personal letter
29. sense_key=line%1:09:00:: | definition=a conceptual separation or distinction | synonyms=dividing line, demarcation, contrast
30. sense_key=line%1:06:09:: | definition=mechanical system in a factory

The phrase "split along...lines" refers to a division or boundary. Looking at the senses:

Sense 11: "a spatial location defined by a real or imaginary unidimensional extent" - This could work as it's about a conceptual line/boundary.

Sense 29: "a conceptual separation or distinction" with synonyms "dividing line, demarcation, contrast" - This seems most appropriate. The example "there is a narrow line between sanity and insanity" shows this is about conceptual divisions/boundaries.

The phrase "split along...lines" is about being divided according to a particular pattern or distinction. In this case, the division is "Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature" - it's describing a pattern of how state governments are split politically.

Sense 29 with its definition "a conceptual separation or distinction" and synonyms like "dividing line, demarcation" seems to best capture this usage.

However, let me also consider sense 11: "a spatial location defined by a real or imaginary unidimensional extent" - this is more abstract and could also apply to conceptual boundaries.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 11 is about a "spatial location" which seems more physical/geometric
- Sense 29 is explicitly about "a conceptual separation or distinction" with examples about abstract boundaries

The phrase "split along...lines" is idiomatic and refers to conceptual divisions or patterns of division. This matches sense 29 best.

The answer is sense 29.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reverse
Target surface form: reverse
Context:
Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the <t>reverse</t>. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reverse%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation of direct opposition | synonyms=contrary, opposite | examples=we thought Sue was older than Bill but just the reverse was true
2. sense_key=reverse%1:06:00:: | definition=the gears by which the motion of a machine can be reversed | synonyms=reverse gear
3. sense_key=reverse%1:11:01:: | definition=an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes; something that is thwarting or frustrating | synonyms=reversal, setback, blow, black eye
4. sense_key=reverse%1:06:02:: | definition=the side of a coin or medal that does not bear the principal design | synonyms=verso
5. sense_key=reverse%1:04:00:: | definition=(American football) a running play in which a back running in one direction hands the ball to a back running in the opposite direction
6. sense_key=reverse%1:04:01:: | definition=turning in the opposite direction | synonyms=reversion, reversal, turnabout, turnaround

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `reverse`
    *   Target surface form: `reverse`
    *   Context snippet: "State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the <t>reverse</t>."
    *   Full context analysis: The text discusses voting patterns and government composition (split tickets). It compares federal and state levels. It notes that state governments are usually split as "Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature". It then says "than the <t>reverse</t>".
    *   Meaning in context: The "reverse" here refers to the opposite configuration: "Democratic-governor / Republican-legislature". It refers to a situation or relation that is the direct opposite of what was just stated.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `reverse%1:24:00::` | Definition: a relation of direct opposition | Synonyms: contrary, opposite | Examples: "we thought Sue was older than Bill but just the reverse was true".
        *   This fits perfectly. The text contrasts one specific configuration (GOP gov / Dem leg) with its opposite (Dem gov / GOP leg). It functions exactly like the example provided ("just the reverse was true").

    *   **Sense 2:** `reverse%1:06:00::` | Definition: the gears by which the motion of a machine can be reversed.
        *   This is mechanical/automotive. Not relevant to political science context.

    *   **Sense 3:** `reverse%1:11:01::` | Definition: an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes...
        *   This is a noun meaning a "setback". While politics involves setbacks, here the word is used structurally to denote an opposite case, not a misfortune.

    *   **Sense 4:** `reverse%1:06:02::` | Definition: the side of a coin or medal that does not bear the principal design.
        *   Numismatics. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** `reverse%1:04:00::` | Definition: (American football) a running play...
        *   Sports. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** `reverse%1:04:01::` | Definition: turning in the opposite direction.
        *   Physical action/change of direction. Not the abstract relation of opposition described in the text.

3.  **Evaluate Best Fit:**
    *   Sense 1 captures the abstract notion of "the opposite case" or "direct opposition" in a situation. The sentence structure "...more typically [X] than the reverse" is a classic usage of Sense 1, synonymous with "than the opposite".

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense corresponds to index 1.

    Wait, let me double-check the indexing in the prompt.
    The prompt lists:
    1. sense_key=reverse%1:24:00:: ...
    2. sense_key=reverse%1:06:00:: ...
    3. sense_key=reverse%1:11:01:: ...
    4. sense_key=reverse%1:06:02:: ...
    5. sense_key=reverse%1:04:00:: ...
    6. sense_key=reverse%1:04:01:: ...

    Sense 1 is the correct one.

    Final check: "State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the [Democratic-governor / Republican-legislature lines]." -> "than the reverse".
    This matches "a relation of direct opposition".

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: investigation
Target surface form: investigation
Context:
An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse. A cross-state econometric <t>investigation</t>, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate. In sum, at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=investigation%1:09:00:: | definition=an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities | synonyms=probe | examples=there was a congressional probe into the scandal
2. sense_key=investigation%1:04:00:: | definition=the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically | synonyms=investigating

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about a "cross-state econometric investigation" that reveals something about voting patterns and tax rates. This is a systematic, thorough inquiry into data and patterns, not a probe into unfamiliar or questionable activities (like a scandal).

Sense 1: "an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities" - synonyms: probe. This implies investigating something suspicious or unknown, like a scandal.

Sense 2: "the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically" - synonyms: investigating. This fits better with an econometric analysis that is thorough and systematic.

The context describes a systematic, thorough examination of data across states - an econometric investigation. This aligns with sense 2, which emphasizes thorough and systematic inquiry, rather than sense 1, which is about probing questionable activities.

The answer is sense 2.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: holding
Context:
An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, <t>holding</t> other factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate. In sum, at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target**: The target word is "holding" (lemma: "hold") in the specific context: "...holding other factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate...". This phrase "holding other factors constant" is a standard academic/econometric phrase meaning "keeping other factors constant."

2.  **Examine the Context**: The text discusses econometric investigations and controlling variables. The phrase "Holding other factors constant" appears twice. It implies maintaining a state or condition while examining another variable. It means keeping variables stable or unchanged to isolate the effect of another variable.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:

    *   1. `hold%2:42:00::`: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g.", synonyms: *keep, maintain*. Examples: "keep clean", "hold in place".
        *   This fits very well. "Holding other factors constant" means keeping them in a certain state (constant).

    *   2. `hold%2:35:00::`: "have or hold in one's hands or grip". Physical grip. Not appropriate.

    *   3. `hold%2:36:00::`: "organize or be responsible for". "hold a reception". Not appropriate.

    *   4. `hold%2:40:00::`: "have or possess". Not appropriate.

    *   5. `hold%2:31:01::`: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view". Not appropriate.

    *   6. `hold%2:37:00::`: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)". Not appropriate.

    *   7. `hold%2:35:03::`: "to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement". Physical restraint. Not appropriate.

    *   8. `hold%2:40:02::`: "secure and keep for possible future use". Not appropriate.

    *   9. `hold%2:40:04::`: "have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices". Not appropriate.

    *   10. `hold%2:35:01::`: "be the physical support of; carry the weight of". Not appropriate.

    *   11. `hold%2:42:13::`: "contain or hold; have within". Not appropriate.

    *   12. `hold%2:42:05::`: "have room for". Not appropriate.

    *   13. `hold%2:42:01::`: "remain in a certain state...". Intransitive usage usually ("The weather held"). Here it is transitive ("holding factors").

    *   14. `hold%2:35:02::`: "support or hold in a certain manner". Physical posture. Not appropriate.

    *   15. `hold%2:42:02::`: "be valid, applicable, or true". Intransitive usage ("This theory holds"). Not appropriate.

    *   16. `hold%2:31:08::`: "assert or affirm". Not appropriate.

    *   27. `hold%2:41:15::`: "lessen the intensity of... hold or keep within limits". synonyms: *control, hold in, contain...*.
        *   This is a strong contender. "Control" for variables. However, "keeping in a certain state" (Sense 1) captures the maintenance aspect of "holding constant" better than "lessening intensity" or "restraining". "Holding constant" is about maintenance/stability.

    Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 27.
    Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity". Synonyms: *keep, maintain*. Example: "hold in place".
    Context: "holding other factors constant" -> maintaining other factors in a constant state.
    This is the standard definition for the "ceteris paribus" usage of "hold". It means keeping them steady/unmoved.

    Let's check if there's a specific sense for "hold constant".
    Sense 1 defines "keep in a certain state". Constant is a state. To hold factors constant is to keep them in that state.
    Sense 27 defines "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits". While "control" is a synonym, the definition focuses on limits/restraint (curb, moderate). "Holding constant" isn't about limiting or curbing factors, but preserving their current state/value for the analysis.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. The synonyms "keep" and "maintain" align perfectly with "holding ... constant".

4.  **Refine the Choice**:
    *   Sense 1: `hold%2:42:00::`.
    *   Definition: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity".
    *   Synonyms: "keep", "maintain".
    *   Application: We are keeping the factors in a constant state.

    Is there any other sense?
    Sense 27: "hold or keep within limits". "Holding constant" implies keeping within a specific value, but Sense 1 is the general "keep in a state". "Constant" is the state. "Hold [object] [state/adj]". This construction fits "keep [object] [state/adj]" (Sense 1).

    Example from WordNet for Sense 1: "keep clean", "hold in place".
    Context usage: "hold [factors] constant".
    This is a direct structural and semantic match.

5.  **Final Verification**:
    The phrase "holding X constant" is synonymous with "keeping X constant" or "maintaining X constant".
    Sense 1 synonyms are "keep, maintain".
    Sense 1 definition is "keep in a certain state".
    This matches perfectly.

    Result: Sense 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding <t>other</t> factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate. In sum, at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *other*
    *   Target surface form: *other*
    *   Context snippets:
        *   "...over other resources such as committee staff."
        *   "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages..."
        *   "...holding other factors constant..."

    Let's focus on the specific instances in the text.
    *   Instance 1: "...control Democrats exercise... over other resources such as committee staff."
        *   Here, "other" means resources *different from* the ones previously mentioned (personal staffing).
    *   Instance 2: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages..."
        *   Here, "other" refers to factors *different from* the ones already being discussed or focused on (implicitly, the main variables of interest).
    *   Instance 3: "...holding other factors constant..."
        *   Same as instance 2.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `other%3:00:00::` | definition: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" | examples: "today isn't any other day", "highways and other public works".
        *   This sense refers to things that are additional or different from the set already specified. In the phrase "other resources" (meaning resources *besides* personal staff) or "other factors" (meaning factors *besides* the primary ones being discussed), this fits perfectly. It denotes "different" or "additional" items of the same category that are not the current focus.

    *   **Sense 2:** `other%5:00:00:past:00` | definition: "recently past" | examples: "the other evening".
        *   This is a temporal meaning. The context is about political science analysis, not time references like "the other day".

    *   **Sense 3:** `other%5:00:02:past:00` | definition: "belonging to the distant past" | synonyms: early, former | examples: "early inhabitants of Europe".
        *   This refers to historical time periods. The context does not support this.

    *   **Sense 4:** `other%5:00:00:strange:00` | definition: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" | examples: "a strange, other dimension".
        *   This sense is more literary or metaphysical ("the Other"). The text is academic prose. "Other factors" does not mean "strange factors"; it means "distinct/different/additional factors".

3.  **Synthesize and Decide:**
    *   The phrase "Holding other factors constant" is a standard academic formulation. It means keeping *different/additional* variables fixed while examining one variable.
    *   The phrase "other resources" means resources *different from* the ones just mentioned.
    *   Both instances match Sense 1's definition: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied".
    *   Example "highways and other public works" parallels "incumbency advantages and other factors" or "personal staffing and other resources".

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.