[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `call`
    *   Target surface form: `called`
    *   Context sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Specific phrase: "a gene called p53"

2.  **Analyze the meaning in context:**
    *   The sentence describes a gene having a specific name: "p53".
    *   The construction "X called Y" means "X which has the name Y".
    *   This is an act of naming or designating a specific entity (the gene) with a specific identifier/name (p53).

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: call%2:32:02::* definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader.
        *   Analysis: This fits perfectly. "p53" is the name of the gene. The verb "call" here is used to introduce the name of the gene. "A gene named p53".

    *   *Sense 2: call%2:32:00::* definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful.
        *   Analysis: This is usually for predicative uses (calling someone an adjective or a derogatory noun based on quality). "p53" is a proper noun/name, not a quality description like "bastard" or "lazy". So this is incorrect.

    *   *Sense 3: call%2:32:01::* definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone.
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   *Sense 4: call%2:32:09::* definition=utter a sudden loud cry.
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   *Sense 5: call%2:32:05::* definition=order, request, or command to come.
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   *Sense 6: call%2:41:00::* definition=pay a brief visit.
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   *Sense 27: call%2:31:05::* definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful.
        *   Analysis: This is close to Sense 2 (predicative). It's about an opinion. Here, "p53" is a specific identifier, not an opinion or quality.

    *   Other senses (7-28): Mostly related to sports, finance, gambling, summoning, or specific physical actions. None fit the naming context.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". "p53" is the name.
    *   Sense 2 is "ascribe a quality... or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality". Example: "He called me a bastard".
    *   In scientific contexts, when entities are introduced (e.g., "a gene called p53", "a protein called Ras"), the function is naming (Sense 1). It acts as a synonym for "named".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

6.  **Formatting Output:** The user requested a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 3}`.

    *   Selected index: 1

provider: Novita


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: transform
Target surface form: transform
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light
6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "...a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Subject: a gene called p53.
    *   Object: normal cells.
    *   Result: cancerous ones (cancerous cells).
    *   Domain: Biology/Genetics/Oncology.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1:* "subject to a mathematical transformation" - Incorrect. The context is biological cells, not math.
    *   *Sense 2:* "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature" - Plausible. "Nature" fits the shift from normal to cancerous. It's a broad definition. However, WordNet often has specific technical senses.
    *   *Sense 3:* "change in outward structure or looks" - Incorrect. While cancer cells look different, the core change is genetic/biological nature, not just appearance (and the examples about monsters/beetles suggest a physical metamorphosis).
    *   *Sense 4:* "change from one form or medium into another" - Plausible, but usually refers to medium (like collage to oil).
    *   *Sense 5:* "convert (one form of energy) to another" - Incorrect. Not physics/energy.
    *   *Sense 6:* "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species" - This is a specific biological definition. Let's look closely.
        *   The context is about a gene (p53) transforming normal cells into cancerous ones.
        *   Sense 6 mentions "bacterial cell" and "introduction of DNA".
        *   The context is mammalian (mouse/human) cells, specifically cancer transformation.
        *   In genetics, "transformation" has two main meanings:
            1.  The acquisition of genetic material by a cell (often bacterial).
            2.  The process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell (neoplastic transformation).
    *   Let's check Sense 2 again: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature".
    *   Let's check Sense 6 again. Does WordNet restrict Sense 6 strictly to bacterial cells? The gloss says "change (a bacterial cell)...". The context describes changing a mammalian cell into a cancerous one.
    *   Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 6.
        *   Sense 6 is the technical biological term. Even though the WordNet gloss specifically mentions "bacterial cell", the underlying concept of "cellular transformation" applies here. However, the gloss is quite specific about the *mechanism* ("introduction of DNA"). In the context, the gene p53 (often a tumor suppressor, though historically thought of as an oncogene in the text's timeframe) is causing the change.
        *   Sense 2 is the general sense of transformation. "Change in nature" fits "normal" to "cancerous".
        *   Does WordNet have a specific sense for "neoplastic transformation"? It doesn't seem to be explicitly listed other than possibly Sense 6 (if interpreted broadly) or Sense 2.
        *   Let's look at the constraints. "WordNet glosses are schematic." The example in Sense 6 mentions bacterial cells. The context is mammalian cells (mice/experiments). The mechanism in Sense 6 is "introduction of DNA". In the context, it says "a gene... could transform normal cells". While viral oncogenes introduce DNA, p53 is endogenous (though the history in the text suggests it acts like an oncogene here).
        *   However, "transform" in biology is the standard verb for turning a cell cancerous. Sense 6 captures the *domain* (biology/cells), even if the specific gloss focuses on bacterial transformation. Sense 2 is too broad ("transformed her completely", "clay into sculpture").
        *   Wait, looking at WordNet 3.1 mappings:
            *   transform%2:30:06:: corresponds to the biological transformation sense.
            *   transform%2:30:00:: corresponds to the general sense.
        *   The text describes a specific biological phenomenon: "transform normal cells into cancerous ones". This is the technical usage of "transform" in cell biology.
        *   Sense 6 definition: "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell...". The specific mention of "bacterial cell" in the gloss makes it a strict match risk if I follow the gloss literally. But "genetically distinct" and "introduction of DNA" relates to the concept of transformation.
        *   Let's check if there is a better fit among general senses.
        *   Sense 2: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature". Example: "This experience transformed her completely".
        *   In oncology, "transformation" is the standard term. WordNet often restricts the biological sense to bacteria (transformation competence), but "neoplastic transformation" is the dominant usage in the provided text.
        *   If I must choose the *best* sense:
            *   Option A: Sense 6 is the "biology/cell" sense. Even if the gloss is restricted to bacteria, the category is "biological transformation of cells".
            *   Option B: Sense 2 is the "general change" sense.
        *   Let's consider the "introduction of DNA" part of Sense 6. In the 1970s/80s (implied by the text describing Vogelstein/Levine), "transforming genes" (oncogenes) were defined by their ability to "transform" NIH 3T3 cells (mouse fibroblasts) into cancer cells. This is *Focus Formation Assay*. This process is technically called "transformation". The mechanism *is* the introduction of the gene (DNA).
        *   Therefore, the text "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells..." aligns almost perfectly with the mechanism described in Sense 6 (introduction of genetic material/DNA changes the cell nature), just applied to eukaryotic/mammalian cells rather than strictly bacteria. The alternative is Sense 2.
        *   Sense 2 includes "clay into sculpture". Sense 6 includes "change a bacterial cell". The context is "change a normal cell into a cancerous one".
        *   Sense 6 is the technical sense for cells. The text is a technical scientific report/popular science. The technical term "transform" is being used.
        *   Therefore, Sense 6 is the most appropriate *indexed* sense because it identifies the specific biological process involving cells and DNA, despite the specific mention of "bacterial" in the gloss (WordNet glosses can be narrower than usage, especially in specialized fields). Using Sense 2 would miss the technical biological nature of the word.
        *   Let's double check Sense 6 gloss in standard WordNet 3.0/3.1.
            *   WordNet 3.0: "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species"
        *   While the text describes mammalian cells, the semantic field is the same (cellular transformation). Using the general sense (Sense 2) would be a coarse-grained error in a fine-grained WSD task if a technical sense exists.
        *   Wait, could it be Sense 2? "Change in nature". A cell changing nature. Is Sense 6 *too* specific (bacterial)?
        *   Let's look at the "Genetically distinct" part. Cancer cells are genetically distinct from the normal cells.
        *   Let's compare with Sense 4: "change from one form or medium into another". No.
        *   Let's compare with Sense 3: "outward structure". No.

    *   Decision: Sense 6 vs Sense 2.
        *   Context: "gene... transform... normal cells... into cancerous ones".
        *   This is "Neoplastic transformation".
        *   WordNet Sense 6 is "genetic transformation".
        *   In linguistics/WSD, if a word is used in a specific technical sense that corresponds to a WordNet sense for that domain (biology), we usually prefer that sense even if the gloss example is slightly different (bacteria vs mammalian), provided the core mechanism matches.
        *   The core mechanism of Sense 6 is "change a cell via DNA". The core mechanism in text is "change a cell via a gene (DNA)". This matches perfectly. The "bacterial" restriction in the gloss is a common limitation of WN glosses for general technical terms.
        *   However, if I am forced to be pedantic about the gloss "bacterial cell", Sense 6 is incorrect.
        *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature". "Transform the clay into a beautiful sculpture". This is physical/metaphorical.
        *   The text is describing the *biological capability* of a gene. "p53 could transform normal cells". This is the technical definition of a transforming gene (oncogene).
        *   Therefore, Sense 6 captures the *semantic type* of the event (biological transformation). Sense 2 captures only the broad concept of change.
        *   I will bet on Sense 6 being the intended answer for a "fine-grained linguist" persona, as it recognizes the biological domain (cell transformation). The gloss specifics (bacterial) are likely just an instance/subtype provided by WordNet, whereas the concept applies to the context.

    *   Let me reconsider if there is any other interpretation.
        *   Could it be Sense 2?
        *   If I select Sense 6, I am saying "transform" in "transform normal cells" is the same sense as "transform bacterial cells".
        *   Scientifically, "transformation" in bacteria (uptake of naked DNA) is distinct from "transformation" in oncology (phenotypic change to malignancy). They are *different* biological processes sharing a name.
        *   Bacterial transformation: Uptake of external DNA.
        *   Neoplastic transformation: Conversion to cancer.
        *   If WordNet defines Sense 6 specifically as the bacterial process ("introduction of DNA from another cell"), and the context is the oncological process (often caused by mutation or viral insertion, but specifically defined by the malignant phenotype), is Sense 6 strictly correct?
        *   The gloss for Sense 6: "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA...".
        *   The context: "gene... transform normal cells into cancerous ones".
        *   The process in context is *malignant transformation*.
        *   Is Sense 6 the "malignant transformation" sense? Or the "bacterial transformation" sense?
        *   WordNet is sometimes imprecise. Sense 6 is the only "biological/cell" sense. In many WSD datasets (like OntoNotes or SemCor), "transform" in a biological context usually maps to this sense if available, because it is the only sense involving cells.
        *   Sense 2 (transmute/transubstantiate) is usually reserved for physical changes or spiritual changes.
        *   Therefore, despite the discrepancy between bacterial transformation and neoplastic transformation in strict biology, in the lexical taxonomy of WordNet, Sense 6 is the repository for "biological transformation of cells".
        *   I will choose Sense 6 because it involves the specific object type ("cell") and the mechanism of genetic change ("gene/DNA").

    *   Alternative check: Is there a sense regarding energy? (Sense 5) - No.
    *   Is there a math sense? (Sense 1) - No.
    *   Is there a "medium" sense? (Sense 4) - No.

    *   Refining the choice between Sense 2 and Sense 6.
        *   Sense 2 is generic. "Change nature".
        *   Sense 6 is specific. "Change a cell".
        *   The text specifies "normal cells".
        *   A fine-grained disambiguation system should prefer the specific sense over the generic one if the domain matches.
        *   Domain: Biology.
        *   Sense 6 Domain: Biology.
        *   Sense 2 Domain: General.
        *   Match: Sense 6.

    *   Final verification. The gloss mentions "bacterial cell". The text mentions "mouse/human cells". This is a mismatch in species but a match in domain (Cell Biology) and operation (Cellular Transformation).
    *   If I assume the WordNet hierarchy places "neoplastic transformation" under a general "biological transformation" which might be Sense 6... actually, WordNet usually doesn't distinguish them. It just has one "cell transformation" sense.
    *   Therefore, Sense 6 is the correct index.

    Let's check the synonyms for Sense 2: transmute, transubstantiate. These are alchemical or religious.
    Let's check the synonyms for Sense 3: transmute, metamorphose. "Metamorphose" is biological (insects/amphibians), but Sense 3 gloss emphasizes "outward structure".
    Sense 6 emphasizes "genetically distinct cell". Cancer cells are genetically distinct. The gene p53 is DNA. The mechanism matches (DNA introduction/changing the cell).
    I'm confident in Sense 6.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target lemma is "normal" used as an adjective. The context is scientific/medical (genetics, cancer research).

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence fragment: "...a gene called p53 could transform **normal** cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Comparison: The word "normal" is contrasted with "cancerous".
    *   Subject matter: Cells. Specifically, healthy, functioning, non-malignant cells versus malignant ones.
    *   Implication: "Normal" here means "healthy", "standard", "not diseased", "functioning as expected".

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `normal%3:00:01::` | Definition: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal" | Examples: "serve wine at normal room temperature", "normal diplomatic relations".
        *   *Fit:* This is the most general sense of "normal". It covers the idea of being standard or expected. In biology, a "normal" cell is one that conforms to the standard structure and function of a cell (not abnormal). This seems like a strong candidate, though the definition mentions "social norm" which is irrelevant here, but the "standard or type" fits.

    *   **Sense 2:** `normal%3:00:02::` | Definition: "in accordance with scientific laws".
        *   *Fit:* This usually refers to things like "normal distribution" or physics concepts (like normal force), or perhaps logical consistency with laws. While cells follow scientific laws, the contrast here is between "healthy" and "cancerous", not "legal/lawful" vs "paranormal/impossible". It doesn't fit the biological distinction of healthy vs. diseased well.

    *   **Sense 3:** `normal%3:00:03::` | Definition: "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development" | Examples: "a perfectly normal child", "of normal intelligence".
        *   *Fit:* This sense is specific to development and intelligence (often human characteristics). While cells "develop", this definition is usually restricted to the psychological/developmental domain regarding human growth or IQ. Using it for a generic cell type feels like a stretch compared to Sense 1.

    *   **Sense 4:** `normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00` | Definition: "forming a right angle".
        *   *Fit:* This is a geometry term. Completely irrelevant here.

4.  **Refine Decision between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   The context contrasts "normal cells" with "cancerous cells".
    *   Sense 1 defines "normal" as conforming to a standard/type and "not abnormal". A cancerous cell is an abnormal cell. Therefore, a non-cancerous cell is a standard/normal cell. The scope of Sense 1 includes physical states and conditions (room temperature), not just social norms.
    *   Sense 3 is too specific to human intelligence/development metrics.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. It captures the essence of "standard, healthy, non-mutated" status of the cells.

5.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Sentence: "...transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Mapping: Normal = non-cancerous, standard, healthy.
    *   Sense 1 Definition: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal".
    *   Does a healthy cell constitute the norm or standard? Yes.
    *   Is a cancerous cell abnormal? Yes.
    *   This aligns perfectly.

6.  **Construct Output:**
    *   Selected sense_index: 1.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses "Dr. Vogelstein", "gene", "chromosome 17", "tumor cells", "DNA", "mice", "p53", "normal cells", "cancerous ones".
    *   The target word is "cells" in the phrase: "a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones."
    *   The context is clearly biological/medical. It talks about the transformation of normal biological units into cancerous ones.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   *Sense 1 (any small compartment):* Too general. While biological cells are compartments, the specific context demands a biological definition. Example "honeycomb" is physical structure, not living unit.
    *   *Sense 2 (biology) the basic structural and functional unit...):* This fits perfectly. The text talks about "normal cells" becoming "cancerous ones" in the context of genes and organisms (mice/humans). This is the standard biological definition.
    *   *Sense 3 (electric cell):* Irrelevant. Dealing with electricity.
    *   *Sense 4 (political movement):* Irrelevant. Dealing with biology.
    *   *Sense 5 (mobile phone):* Irrelevant. Dealing with biology.
    *   *Sense 6 (monk/nun room):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 7 (prison room):* Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare context to Sense 2:**
    *   Context mentions: "gene", "DNA", "tumor cells", "mice", "organisms" (implied by higher plants and animals in definition). The text explicitly distinguishes between "normal" and "cancerous" states of these units.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..."
    *   This matches the biological nature of the text exactly.

4.  **Select the best sense index:**
    *   The index for the biological definition is 2.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: cancerous
    *   Target surface form: cancerous
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones."
    *   The sentence describes a biological process where normal cells are changed into cells that are diseased with cancer (malignancy).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "relating to or affected with cancer" (example: "a cancerous growth"). This refers to the literal medical condition of cells or tissues being malignant.
    *   **Sense 2:** "like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads" (examples: "remorse was cancerous within him", "pornography is cancerous to the moral development..."). This is a metaphorical or figurative usage, describing something harmful or corrosive in a non-medical way.

3.  **Disambiguate based on context:**
    *   The context discusses "gene probes," "chromosome 17," "tumor cells," "colon cell," and "malignancy." It explicitly mentions transforming "normal cells" into the target state.
    *   This is clearly a medical/scientific context describing the biological state of cells becoming malignant.
    *   The target word describes the state of the cells (ones that are cancerous).
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly ("affected with cancer").
    *   Sense 2 is figurative/metaphorical (moral evil), which does not fit the literal biological context of cell transformation.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user requested a specific JSON format: `{"sense_index": 3}`.
    *   Since I chose Sense 1, the index is 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target**: The target word is "ones" (plural form of "one"). It appears in the phrase "...transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   Sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Grammatical function: It's a pronoun or substitute noun here. It replaces a noun phrase mentioned earlier to avoid repetition.
    *   Antecedent: What are "ones" replacing? The phrase is "normal cells into cancerous [ones]". So, "ones" refers back to "cells".
    *   Meaning: It refers to the entities (cells) previously mentioned, specifically those that become cancerous. It functions as a substitute for the plural noun "cells".

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `one%1:23:00::`
        *   Definition: "the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number"
        *   Synonyms: 1, I, ace, single, unity
        *   Examples: "he has the one but will need a two and three...", "they had lunch at one"
        *   Analysis: This refers to the number 1. In the text, "ones" is not the number 1. It's not counting or identifying the integer one.

    *   **Sense 2**: `one%1:09:00::`
        *   Definition: "a single person or thing"
        *   Synonyms: (None listed in the prompt, usually distinct from the number).
        *   Examples: "he is the best one", "this is the one I ordered"
        *   Analysis: This sense covers the use of "one" as a pronoun or noun referring to an unspecified person or thing, or acting as a substitute for a count noun. The examples "he is the best one" and "this is the one I ordered" show "one" standing in for a specific item/entity (e.g., "the best [candidate]" or "the [dish] I ordered").
        *   In the context "cancerous ones", "ones" stands in for "cells". "Cells" are things/entities. This fits the definition of "a single person or thing" (pluralized here to "things"). The usage is pronominal/substitutive.

4.  **Compare and Decide**:
    *   Sense 1 is the number.
    *   Sense 2 is the entity/pronoun usage.
    *   The context usage is clearly the entity/pronoun usage. "Cells" are things. "Ones" refers to those things.

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output**:
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The options are indexed 1 and 2.
    *   The correct index is 2.

6.  **Final Check**: Does Sense 2 cover plural "ones"? Yes, WordNet entries often cover the root lemma. "A single person or thing" is the core definition for the singular, but this sense is the bucket for the pronoun/substantive usage of "one" (like "the red ones"). Sense 1 is strictly the number/math concept.

    Context: "...transform normal cells into cancerous ones." -> "...transform normal cells into cancerous [cells/things]."
    Sense 2 definition: "a single person or thing".
    Fit: Good.

    Sense 1 definition: "the smallest whole number".
    Fit: Bad.

    Result: Sense2.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at this context, Dr. Vogelstein was conducting systematic scientific research on chromosome 17, searching for a genetic deletion. He established the existence and location of this deletion through investigation and experiment.

Sense 4 ("establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study") is the best fit. The synonyms "determine, find out, ascertain" align well with the research context, and the example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" closely parallels this scientific discovery scenario.

{"sense_index": 4}

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "found" in this passage.

The context is about scientific research. Dr. Vogelstein and his team at Johns Hopkins were searching for a gene on chromosome 17. They were looking for a piece of DNA that was commonly lost in tumor cells, which would indicate a gene.

The target sentence is: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53."

In this context:
- Dr. Vogelstein was conducting scientific research/investigation
- He found/discovered a deletion (a missing piece of DNA) in chromosome 17
- This was the result of his research investigation
- This was a scientific discovery through research

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident - This doesn't fit because it wasn't accidental; it was the result of deliberate research.

2. find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - This could fit. He discovered the existence of a deletion.

3. find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost - The deletion wasn't "lost" in the sense that someone misplaced it; it's a genetic deletion discovered through research.

4. find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study - This fits well! Dr. Vogelstein established the existence of the deletion after his investigation/experiment.

5. find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions - Not applicable here.

6. find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with - Not applicable.

7. find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose - Not applicable.

8. find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding - This could also fit. The example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" is similar to finding a genetic deletion.

9. find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery - Similar to 8, but the examples are different.

10. find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management - Not quite right.

11. find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about - Not applicable (this is for legal judgments).

12. find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment - Not applicable.

13. find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place - Not applicable.

14. find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of - Not applicable.

15. find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at - Not applicable.

16. find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality - Not applicable.

The main contenders are:
- Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of
- Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
- Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 2 has examples like "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water" - this is about detecting/discovering something exists.
- Sense 4 has examples like "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - this is about establishing through scientific investigation.
- Sense 8 has examples like "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - this is about making a scientific discovery.

The key difference seems to be:
- Sense 2 is more about detecting the presence/existence of something
- Sense 4 emphasizes the process of investigation/research/study leading to the finding
- Sense 8 emphasizes making a new discovery

In this case, Dr. Vogelstein "found" a deletion through systematic research. The deletion is not a "new discovery" in the sense of something previously unknown to science (sense 8), but rather something he established through his investigation (sense 4). He determined/established the existence of this specific deletion through his research.

Actually, let me reconsider. The deletion was found at a specific location ("was in exactly the same spot as p53"). This is more like detecting/establishing the presence of something at a location.

The sentence structure: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" - he found/discovered/identified the deletion.

Looking at the synonyms:
- Sense 2: detect, observe, discover, notice
- Sense 4: determine, find out, ascertain
- Sense 8: discover

Sense 4 with "determine" and "ascertain" fits well with the scientific context of establishing something through investigation.

The example for sense 4 "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very similar to our context - a scientist finding something through research.

I believe sense 4 is the best fit because:
1. It explicitly mentions "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
2. The examples align well with scientific discovery through research
3. The synonyms (determine, find out, ascertain) fit the context of determining the existence and location of a genetic deletion

Let me double-check sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
- Examples: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water"
- This could also work for discovering the deletion

But sense 4 seems more precise because:
1. It specifically mentions "investigation, experiment" which matches the research context
2. The physicist example is very close to our context
3. "Establish" is a good fit for what Vogelstein did - he established/identified the deletion through his research

I'll go with sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in <t>exactly</t> the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target:** "exactly" (adverb).
    *   **Context Sentence:** "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in *exactly* the same spot as p53."
    *   **Meaning:** The deletion location corresponded perfectly and precisely to the location of the p53 gene. It emphasizes the identity or precise location match.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `exactly%4:02:01::`
        *   **Definition:** indicating exactness or preciseness.
        *   **Synonyms:** precisely, just.
        *   **Examples:** "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do"; "it was just as he said--the jewel was gone".
        *   **Fit:** This sense describes a correspondence or precise alignment. "Exactly the same spot" means the spot is precisely the same. The example "it was just as he said" fits the idea of correspondence with reality or expectation. The example "he was doing precisely... what she had told him" shows precise correspondence between action and instruction. This seems like a strong fit.

    *   **Sense 2:** `exactly%4:02:04::`
        *   **Definition:** just as it should be.
        *   **Synonyms:** precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button.
        *   **Examples:** "`Precisely, my lord,' he said".
        *   **Fit:** This sense often functions as an interjection or agreement marker (meaning "that is correct" or "perfect"). The example "`Precisely, my lord`" confirms this usage. The context sentence uses "exactly" to modify a prepositional phrase ("in exactly the same spot"), describing a location, not expressing agreement or correctness of a statement. This is a weak fit.

    *   **Sense 3:** `exactly%4:02:02::`
        *   **Definition:** in a precise manner.
        *   **Synonyms:** precisely, incisively.
        *   **Examples:** "she always expressed herself precisely".
        *   **Fit:** This sense modifies a verb to describe *how* an action is performed (manner). "Expressed herself precisely" describes the manner of expression. In the context "was in exactly the same spot," the word modifies the adjective phrase "the same spot" (or arguably just "the same"). It indicates the *degree* or *nature* of the sameness (exactness of location), not the manner in which the deletion *was*. While related, Sense 1 ("indicating exactness or preciseness" regarding the state of affairs) is a better descriptor for "exactly the same [noun]" than Sense 3 ("acting in a precise manner"). Sense 1 examples ("just as he said") align better with the idea of precise correspondence than Sense 3 examples ("expressed herself precisely").

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 is about the quality of exactness in a situation or correspondence ("indicating exactness"). "Exactly the same" implies a precise correspondence between two things (the deletion and p53).
    *   Sense 3 is about the manner of action ("in a precise manner"). "He looked exactly" (doesn't work well). "He aimed exactly" (Sense 3).
    *   The phrase "exactly the same" is a classic collocation for Sense 1. It indicates that the degree of sameness is absolute/precise. This aligns with "indicating exactness".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   The request asks for a JSON object with the single best indexed sense.
    *   The best sense is Sense 1.

    JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the <t>same</t> spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Lemma: `same`
    *   Surface form: `same`
    *   Context snippet: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the <t>same</t> spot as p53."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence compares two specific locations on a chromosome.
    *   Location A: The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found.
    *   Location B: The spot where the p53 gene is located.
    *   The text says the deletion was in "exactly the same spot".
    *   Crucially, Dr. Vogelstein's doubts stemmed from the fact that Levine had already found p53 in that location. The implication is that they are referring to the *identical* physical location on the chromosome. It's not just a similar spot; it is the specific locus (spot) occupied by p53.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1: `same%3:00:02::` | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice.**
        *   Does this fit? "The same spot" means the *identical* spot. If it were a different but similar spot, the text would likely say "a similar spot" or "the same area". The use of "exactly" strengthens the identity aspect. It refers to one specific location on chromosome 17. The deletion location *is* the p53 location. This fits "same in identity".

    *   **Sense 2: `same%3:00:00::` | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age.**
        *   Does this fit? This sense usually applies to attributes (color, age, kind) where two distinct entities share a property. While "spot" is a property of the gene/deletion, the context implies spatial identity. If two girls are the same age, they are different people sharing a value. If the deletion is in the "same spot", is it comparable to "same age"? Not exactly. "Same spot" implies a singular location in space. If I stand in the same spot as you stood, I am occupying the identical coordinates. This leans towards Sense 1. If it meant "a spot of the same type" (e.g., a fragile spot), it would be Sense 2, but the context of genetic mapping (finding a deletion in a specific locus) implies strict identity of the locus.

    *   **Sense 3: `same%3:00:04::` | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts.**
        *   Does this fit? No. We are talking about location, not quantity or value.

    *   **Sense 4: `same%5:00:00:unchanged:00` | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever.**
        *   Does this fit? No. This refers to persistence over time (stasis). The context is comparing two spatial points (or rather, identifying them as one).

4.  **Refine Decision (Sense 1 vs Sense 2):**
    *   The core distinction is between "identical" (Sense 1) and "similar/comparable attribute" (Sense 2).
    *   Example for Sense 1: "The same man I saw yesterday." (Identity of entity).
    *   Example for Sense 2: "Two girls of the same age." (Identity of attribute value).
    *   The target phrase is "the same spot".
    *   Is "spot" an entity or an attribute? In genetics, a specific locus (spot) is a unique identifier.
    *   If the deletion *is* the p53 spot, it implies they are the same location. It is an identity relationship between the location of the deletion and the location of the p53 gene.
    *   Usually, "same [noun]" where the noun refers to a specific physical location or entity falls under Sense 1. "The same house", "The same car".
    *   "Same color", "Same size" fall under Sense 2 (attributes).
    *   Is "spot" an attribute (like color) or an entity (like a physical place)? It acts as a location identifier. If the deletion is in the *same spot*, it occupies the *identical* coordinates.
    *   Consider the phrase "exactly the same spot". This emphasizes identity. If I drop a pin on a map, and you drop a pin in the same spot, they overlap perfectly.
    *   Sense 1 is defined as "same in identity".
    *   Sense 2 is defined as "closely similar or comparable".
    *   In genetic mapping, finding a deletion in the "same spot" as a known gene usually means they are co-located (identical locus). This discovery is what leads to the realization that the deletion *is* the absence of that gene (or affects it directly).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the strongest fit.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Sentence: "The deletion... was in exactly the same spot as p53."
    *   Meaning: Location(deletion) = Location(p53). Identity of location.
    *   Sense 1: same in identity.
    *   Result: Index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same <t>spot</t> as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context**:
    *   **Lemma**: "spot" (noun).
    *   **Context**: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same <t>spot</t> as p53."
    *   **Scenario**: Scientific research (genetics). Dr. Vogelstein found a deletion on a chromosome. This deletion is located in the same location/place as the p53 gene.
    *   **Semantics**: In this context, "spot" refers to a location or position on a chromosome. It is a specific point or region in a physical space (the chromosome).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" (synonyms: topographic point, place).
        *   *Analysis*: This refers to a location or position. Chromosomes have physical locations (loci). The text refers to a specific location on chromosome 17. "Topographic point" is the WordNet mapping for a specific location (locus). This fits well.

    *   **Sense 2**: "a short section or illustration..." (advertising).
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 3**: "an outstanding characteristic" (synonyms: point).
        *   *Analysis*: This refers to a feature of something (like a high point of a movie). While chromosomes have features, the context says "the deletion... was in exactly the same spot as p53". This is a spatial relationship, not a metaphorical quality.

    *   **Sense 4**: "a blemish made by dirt".
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5**: "a small contrasting part of something" (synonyms: speckle, patch).
        *   *Analysis*: This refers to visual markings (like a leopard's spots). While a gene is a "part" of a chromosome, the phrase "in the same spot" usually implies location/position rather than just being a visual patch. However, is a gene location a "spot"? Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 5. Sense 1 is defined as a "point located... of some region". A chromosome is a region. A gene locus is a point. The sentence says "in the same spot", emphasizing position/location. Sense 5 is about visual appearance (dapple, fleck). Genetic locations are abstract positions in a linear structure, not necessarily "contrasting parts" like a polka dot. The "deletion" (a missing part) was located there.

    *   **Sense 6**: "a section of an entertainment...".
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 7**: "a business establishment...".
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 8**: "a job in an organization".
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 9**: "a slight attack of illness".
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 10**: "a small piece or quantity...".
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 11**: "a mark on a die...".
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 12**: "a lamp...".
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 13**: "a playing card...".
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 14**: "an act that brings discredit...".
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant.

3.  **Refine decision between Sense 1 and Sense 5 (or others)**:
    *   Context: "The deletion... was in exactly the same spot as p53."
    *   Meaning: The position/location.
    *   Sense 1: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region". Synonyms: "place", "topographic point".
        *   Example: "this is a nice place for a picnic".
        *   Note: "Place" or "location" is the intended meaning. The "region" is chromosome 17. The "point" is the locus. This seems the best fit for "location".
    *   Sense 5: "a small contrasting part of something".
        *   Example: "a bald spot".
        *   This is about the thing itself being a spot (a patch). In the text, "spot" refers to the *location* where the deletion was found ("in exactly the same spot"). It denotes position, not the object itself. One says "I found X in this spot" (Sense 1/Location). One does not usually say "I found a deletion in the same patch/speckle as p53".

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct sense. It denotes a specific location/position on the chromosome.

4.  **Formatting**:
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

    *   Let's double check Sense 1 vs Sense 3 ("an outstanding characteristic").
        *   "The deletion was in the same characteristic"? No.
    *   Let's double check Sense 10 ("small piece").
        *   "The deletion was in the same piece"? No, it says "in the same spot".

    *   Conclusion: Sense 1 is the intended meaning (a location/point).

5.  **Final Output Generation**:
    *   Target: `spot` as a noun.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region".
    *   Context matches: Chromosome map location.
    *   Result: Sense1.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: said
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had <t>said</t> the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "said" in this passage.

The sentence is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

In this context:
- Mr. Levine (a researcher) made a statement/claim about what the p53 gene does
- He "said" that the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth
- This is reporting a claim or statement he made in his research findings

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. **sense 1**: "express in words" - synonyms: state, tell - This is a general sense of saying something, expressing thoughts in words.

2. **sense 2**: "report or maintain" - synonyms: allege, aver - This involves making a claim or assertion, reporting something as fact. Examples mention alleging something, saying it was too late to intervene.

3. **sense 3**: "express a supposition" - synonyms: suppose - This is about hypothetical scenarios, not applicable here.

4. **sense 4**: "have or contain a certain wording or form" - synonyms: read - This is about written text, not applicable.

5. **sense 5**: "give instructions to or direct somebody" - This is about commands, not applicable.

6. **sense 6**: "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way" - This is about pronunciation, not applicable.

7. **sense 7**: "communicate or express nonverbally" - Not applicable.

8. **sense 8**: "utter aloud" - This is about simply saying words aloud, very basic.

9. **sense 9**: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - This could apply, as Levine was stating his findings/opinion.

10. **sense 10**: "recite or repeat a fixed text" - Not applicable.

11. **sense 11**: "indicate" - Not applicable.

The key distinction is between sense 1 and sense 2:

- Sense 1 is more general: simply expressing something in words
- Sense 2 is about reporting or maintaining something, alleging/claiming

In this context, Mr. Levine was a researcher who made a claim about what the p53 gene does based on his research. He reported/maintained that the gene caused cancer by promoting growth. This is a scientific claim that he put forward.

Looking at the examples for sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - These involve making claims or assertions about facts.

Looking at the examples for sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you" - These are more about expressing thoughts or information.

In scientific/academic contexts, when someone "says" something in their research, they're typically making a claim or assertion (sense 2 - report or maintain/allege/aver), not just expressing words. Levine was making a claim about the nature and function of the p53 gene.

However, I need to be careful. The distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 is subtle. Sense 1 "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell" is quite general and could encompass what Levine did - he stated his findings.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 2 specifically mentions "report or maintain" with synonyms like "allege, aver" - these have a connotation of making a claim that might be disputed or is being asserted as fact
- The scientific context here involves competing claims - Levine claimed one thing (gene promotes growth), but the actual finding was different (gene suppresses growth)

The phrase "Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" is reporting what he claimed/maintained in his research. The context later shows this claim was based on incomplete information (he was observing a damaged form of p53). This aligns with sense 2's connotation of "alleging" or "maintaining" something as a claim.

I believe sense 2 is the best fit here because:
1. It's in a scientific/research context where claims are being made
2. The statement turned out to be based on incomplete information (similar to "alleging")
3. It's about reporting/maintaining a position about what the gene does

Let me reconsider sense 1 vs sense 2 one more time.

Sense 1: "express in words" - synonyms "state, tell" - This is the most basic, general sense of "say"

Sense 2: "report or maintain" - synonyms "allege, aver" - This has the connotation of making an assertion or claim, often in a more formal or factual context

In "Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth," the word "said" is reporting what Levine claimed/asserted in his research. The synonyms for sense 2 (allege, aver) fit well here - he alleged/averred that the gene caused cancer by promoting growth.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate for this academic/scientific context where someone is making a claim or assertion about facts.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: caused
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene <t>caused</t> cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "cause" and the surface form is "caused". The context sentence is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence discusses a biological mechanism. The p53 gene is the subject, and "cancer" is the object. The verb "caused" describes the relationship between the gene and the disease. Specifically, it leads to the existence or occurrence of the disease. The phrase "by promoting growth" explains the mechanism.

3.  **Analyze Sense 1:**
    *   Sense key: `cause%2:36:00::`
    *   Definition: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally"
    *   Synonyms: do, make
    *   Examples: "cause a commotion"; "make a stir"
    *   Fit: This sense deals with bringing an event or state into existence (happen/occur). "Caused cancer" fits this perfectly—the gene brings about the state of having cancer. The "not always intentionally" part is relevant because genes don't have intent.

4.  **Analyze Sense 2:**
    *   Sense key: `cause%2:32:00::`
    *   Definition: "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner"
    *   Synonyms: induce, stimulate, have, get, make
    *   Examples: "The ads induced me to buy a VCR"; "My children finally got me to buy a computer"
    *   Fit: This sense implies causing an *animate* entity (usually a person) to perform an action. The structure is [Agent] causes [Patient] to [Action]. In the context sentence, "cancer" is not an agent performing an action; it is the result/effect. We wouldn't say the gene caused cancer *to do something* (unless the sentence was "caused cancer to spread," which it isn't). Here, "cancer" is the noun phrase object representing the condition itself, not an entity being persuaded to act.

5.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Sense 1 is about causation of an event or state (X causes Y to exist/happen).
    *   Sense 2 is about causation of an action (X causes Y to do Z).
    *   In the text, the p53 gene causes "cancer" (a disease/state). This is "giving rise to" or "causing to happen/occur."
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

6.  **Format Output:** The user requested a JSON object with the key "sense_index". Since the senses are numbered 1 and 2 in the prompt, I need to select index 1.

JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**: The text discusses medical research by Johns Hopkins and Princeton University researchers. It mentions "tumor cells", "genetic material", "DNA", "gene", "transform normal cells into cancerous ones", "human cancer cells", "cancer-suppressing gene". The target word is "cancer" in the phrase "the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: `cancer%1:26:00::` - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease". This is the medical definition of the disease.
    *   Sense 2: `cancer%1:18:00::` - "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer". Synonyms: "Crab". This is an astrological person.
    *   Sense 3: `cancer%1:17:00::` - "a small zodiacal constellation...". This is a constellation.
    *   Sense 4: `cancer%1:15:00::` - "the fourth sign of the zodiac...". This is a zodiac sign.
    *   Sense 5: `cancer%1:05:00::` - "type genus of the family Cancridae". This is a biological genus (crabs).

3.  **Match context to senses**:
    *   The context explicitly talks about biology, medicine, tumors, genes, and the disease state where normal cells become cancerous.
    *   The sentence "the p53 gene caused cancer" refers to the disease.
    *   Sense 1 is the disease definition.
    *   Senses 2, 3, and 4 are astrological/astronomical.
    *   Sense 5 is a biological classification for crustaceans (crabs), not the disease.

4.  **Select the best sense**: Sense 1 fits perfectly with "caused cancer" in a medical context involving tumors and cell division.

5.  **Format the output**: The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X corresponds to the index in the provided list.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.
    *   Sense 2 is index 2.
    *   ...

    So the correct index is 1.

    Wait, let me double-check the indexing.
    1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: ...
    This is the first item in the list.

    So, `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: promote
Target surface form: promoting
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by <t>promoting</t> growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=promote%2:41:01:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=advance, boost, further, encourage | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=promote%2:41:00:: | definition=give a promotion to or assign to a higher position | synonyms=upgrade, advance, kick upstairs, raise, elevate | examples=John was kicked upstairs when a replacement was hired; Women tend not to advance in the major law firms
3. sense_key=promote%2:32:00:: | definition=make publicity for; try to sell (a product) | synonyms=advertise, advertize, push | examples=The salesman is aggressively pushing the new computer model; The company is heavily advertizing their new laptops
4. sense_key=promote%2:33:01:: | definition=be changed for a superior chess or checker piece
5. sense_key=promote%2:33:00:: | definition=change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target lemma: promote
    *   Target surface form: promoting
    *   Context snippet: "...the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth..."
    *   The sentence describes a biological mechanism where a gene (p53) facilitates or increases the rate of cell growth, which leads to cancer.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: `promote%2:41:01::` - definition: "contribute to the progress or growth of". synonyms: advance, boost, further, encourage. examples: "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom".
    *   Sense 2: `promote%2:41:00::` - definition: "give a promotion to or assign to a higher position". synonyms: upgrade, advance, kick upstairs. examples: job promotion context.
    *   Sense 3: `promote%2:32:00::` - definition: "make publicity for; try to sell (a product)". synonyms: advertise, push. examples: sales/marketing context.
    *   Sense  changed for a superior chess or checker piece". Chess context.
    *   Sense 5: `promote%2:33:00::` - definition: "change a pawn for a better piece...". Chess context.

3.  **Map context to senses**:
    *   The context is biological/scientific, describing how a gene causes cancer by enhancing or facilitating growth.
    *   Sense 1 explicitly mentions "growth of" in the definition. The context says "promoting growth". This is a very strong match. The gene contributes to the process of growth.
    *   Sense 2 refers to job rank/position. "Promoting growth" does not mean giving growth a job promotion. It means facilitating it.
    *   Sense 3 refers to marketing/publicity. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4 & 5 refer to board games. Not applicable.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 1 further**:
    *   Definition: "contribute to the progress or growth of".
    *   Context phrase: "promoting growth".
    *   Does the gene contribute to the progress or growth of cells? Yes. It accelerates or facilitates the growth, leading to cancer.
    *   Synonyms like "further" or "encourage" fit well conceptually (though "encourage" is metaphorical for biological agents).

5.  **Conclusion**:
    *   Sense 1 is the clear correct choice. The phrase "promoting growth" is a classic instantiation of this sense (furthering a process or state).

6.  **Formulate Output**:
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The correct index is 1.

provider: Amazon Bedrock