[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in <t>training</t> -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   **Target word:** "training" (noun).
    *   **Sentence:** "...four youngsters in training..."
    *   **Broader Context:** The text discusses bell ringers in churches. There is a shortage of local ringers. A group of 15 ringers drives around to ring bells. Among them are "four youngsters in training".
    *   **Meaning in context:** The "youngsters" are learning the skill of bell ringing. They are undergoing a process of instruction and practice to become skilled ringers. It refers to the activity they are engaged in to acquire this specific skill.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1:**
    *   **Sense Key:** training%1:04:00::
    *   **Definition:** activity leading to skilled behavior.
    *   **Synonyms:** preparation, grooming.
    *   **Fit:** This fits perfectly. The youngsters are engaged in an activity (learning/practicing bell ringing) that will lead to skilled behavior (being able to ring bells properly). "In training" is a common collocation for this sense.

3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2:**
    *   **Sense Key:** training%1:07:00::
    *   **Definition:** the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior).
    *   **Synonyms:** education, breeding.
    *   **Examples:** "a woman of breeding and refinement".
    *   **Fit:** This refers to general social manners or "breeding" (upbringing). The context is about a specific technical skill (bell ringing), not social etiquette or the result of one's upbringing. The phrase "youngsters in training" does not mean "youngsters in good social behavior" here; it means they are apprentices or learners.

4.  **Comparison and Decision:**
    *   Sense 1 refers to the *process/activity* of learning a skill.
    *   Sense 2 refers to the *result* of upbringing/manners.
    *   The context explicitly mentions an activity (bell ringing) and a group learning it. Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Formatting the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object with the index of the chosen sense.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Output: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: drive
Target surface form: drive
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who <t>drive</t> every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drive%2:38:01:: | definition=operate or control a vehicle | examples=drive a car or bus; Can you drive this four-wheel truck?
2. sense_key=drive%2:38:00:: | definition=travel or be transported in a vehicle | synonyms=motor | examples=We drove to the university every morning; They motored to London for the theater
3. sense_key=drive%2:38:02:: | definition=cause someone or something to move by driving | examples=She drove me to school every day; We drove the car to the garage
4. sense_key=drive%2:35:00:: | definition=force into or from an action or state, either physically or metaphorically | synonyms=force, ram | examples=She rammed her mind into focus; He drives me mad
5. sense_key=drive%2:41:02:: | definition=to compel or force or urge relentlessly or exert coercive pressure on, or motivate strongly | examples=She is driven by her passion
6. sense_key=drive%2:35:11:: | definition=cause to move back by force or influence | synonyms=repel, repulse, force back, push back, beat back | examples=repel the enemy; push back the urge to smoke
7. sense_key=drive%2:36:00:: | definition=compel somebody to do something, often against his own will or judgment | examples=She finally drove him to change jobs
8. sense_key=drive%2:35:07:: | definition=push, propel, or press with force | examples=Drive a nail into the wall
9. sense_key=drive%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to move rapidly by striking or throwing with force | examples=drive the ball far out into the field
10. sense_key=drive%2:41:00:: | definition=strive and make an effort to reach a goal | synonyms=tug, labor, labour, push | examples=She tugged for years to make a decent living; We have to push a little to make the deadline!
11. sense_key=drive%2:32:00:: | definition=move into a desired direction of discourse | synonyms=get, aim | examples=What are you driving at?
12. sense_key=drive%2:42:00:: | definition=have certain properties when driven | synonyms=ride | examples=This car rides smoothly; My new truck drives well
13. sense_key=drive%2:41:13:: | definition=work as a driver | examples=He drives a bread truck; She drives for the taxi company in Newark
14. sense_key=drive%2:38:09:: | definition=move by being propelled by a force | examples=The car drove around the corner
15. sense_key=drive%2:38:10:: | definition=urge forward | examples=drive the cows into the barn
16. sense_key=drive%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=take | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
17. sense_key=drive%2:35:03:: | definition=strike with a driver, as in teeing off | examples=drive a golf ball
18. sense_key=drive%2:35:02:: | definition=hit very hard, as by swinging a bat horizontally | examples=drive a ball
19. sense_key=drive%2:35:06:: | definition=excavate horizontally | examples=drive a tunnel
20. sense_key=drive%2:34:07:: | definition=cause to function by supplying the force or power for or by controlling | examples=The amplifier drives the tube; steam drives the engines
21. sense_key=drive%2:33:01:: | definition=hunting: search for game | examples=drive the forest
22. sense_key=drive%2:33:00:: | definition=hunting: chase from cover into more open ground | examples=drive the game

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context is about bell ringers who "drive every Sunday from church to church." They are traveling from one church to another to keep the bells ringing.

Let me analyze the senses:

1. drive%2:38:01:: - operate or control a vehicle - This is about controlling/operating a vehicle
2. drive%2:38:00:: - travel or be transported in a vehicle - This is about traveling in a vehicle, with synonyms like "motor" and examples like "We drove to the university every morning"
3. drive%2:38:02:: - cause someone or something to move by driving - This is about causing someone/something else to move

The context says "who drive every Sunday from church to church" - they are traveling from one location to another. This is clearly about traveling by vehicle, not necessarily emphasizing the act of operating the vehicle, but rather the travel itself.

Sense 1 (operate or control a vehicle) emphasizes the action of driving/operating the vehicle itself.
Sense 2 (travel or be transported in a vehicle) emphasizes the travel aspect - going from one place to another.

The context is about ringers traveling from church to church on Sundays. The focus is on the travel/journey aspect, not necessarily on who is operating the vehicle. The sentence says "they drive every Sunday from church to church" which aligns with Sense 2's example "We drove to the university every morning."

This matches Sense 2 better: "travel or be transported in a vehicle" with the example "We drove to the university every morning."

So the answer should be sense_index: 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sunday
Target surface form: Sunday
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every <t>Sunday</t> from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sunday%1:28:00:: | definition=first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians | synonyms=Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun
2. sense_key=sunday%1:18:00:: | definition=United States evangelist (1862-1935) | synonyms=Billy Sunday, William Ashley Sunday

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target lemma: `sunday`
    *   Target surface form: `Sunday`
    *   Context: The text discusses church bell ringers in Aslacton. It mentions "herald every Sunday morning and evening service" and people who "drive every Sunday from church to church".
    *   Specific instance: "...who drive every <t>Sunday</t> from church to church..."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: `sunday%1:28:00::` | Definition: "first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians" | Synonyms: Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun.
    *   Sense 2: `sunday%1:18:00::` | Definition: "United States evangelist (1862-1935)" | Synonyms: Billy Sunday, William Ashley Sunday.

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 against the context**:
    *   Does "Sunday" refer to the first day of the week here? Yes.
    *   The text mentions "Sunday morning and evening service" and people driving "every Sunday" to churches. This is clearly a temporal reference to the day of the week associated with Christian worship.
    *   The context explicitly mentions "church-goers", "service", and "bells". This aligns perfectly with the definition "observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians".

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2 against the context**:
    *   Does "Sunday" refer to the evangelist Billy Sunday? No.
    *   The text discusses Derek Hammond, octogenarians, and youngsters. There is no mention of a specific person named Billy Sunday. The capitalization is standard for the day of the week. The phrase "every Sunday" makes it a frequency adverbial referring to time, not a proper noun referring to a person.

5.  **Select the best indexed sense**:
    *   Sense 1 is the correct meaning.

6.  **Format the output**:
    *   Instruction: Return only a JSON object like {"sense_index": 3}.
    *   The correct sense is the first one listed.
    *   JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from <t>church</t> to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: church
    *   Target surface form: church
    *   Context: A text about bell ringers traveling around East Anglia to ring bells in various towers.
    *   Specific sentence: "They belong to a group of 15 ringers ... who drive every Sunday from <t>church</t> to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Denomination/group of Christians (abstract organization).
        2.  Building (physical place).
        3.  Service (event).
        4.  Congregation (body of people).
    *   Output format: JSON {"sense_index": int}.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence describes the physical movement of the ringers: "drive every Sunday from church to church".
    *   The purpose is "to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries". Belfries are parts of buildings (towers).
    *   Earlier context mentions "In the tower...", "St. Michael once had its own 'band' of ringers...", "belfries of East Anglia".
    *   The phrase "from church to church" implies moving from one physical location to another physical location. You drive from building to building.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (Denomination):* "drive from [denomination] to [denomination]" doesn't make sense in this context. They are ringing bells in towers.
    *   *Sense 2 (Building):* "drive from [building] to [building]". This fits perfectly with "drive", "tower", "belfries", and the physical travel aspect. The ringers are going to physical locations to ring the bells.
    *   *Sense 3 (Service):* "drive from [service] to [service]". While they ring for services, the preposition "from... to..." with the verb "drive" strongly suggests a physical trajectory between locations. You don't drive *from* a service to a service in the abstract sense; you drive from the location of one to the location of another. While close, the emphasis on the tower/belfry suggests the physical structure.
    *   *Sense 4 (Congregation):* "drive from [congregation] to [congregation]". Again, you don't drive *from* a group of people to another group of people in this manner. You go to where they are (the building).

4.  **Disambiguation Decision:**
    *   The context emphasizes towers, belfries, and driving (movement between places).
    *   The specific phrase "drive ... from church to church" refers to the physical locations housing the bells.
    *   Therefore, the sense corresponds to "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" / "church building".

5.  **Map to Index:**
    *   Sense 1: Denomination.
    *   Sense 2: Building.
    *   Sense 3: Service.
    *   Sense 4: Congregation.
    *   The best fit is Sense 2.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   Does "drive from church to church" mean driving between buildings? Yes.
    *   Does the text mention towers and belfries? Yes.
    *   Is sense 2 "a place for public... worship"? Yes.

    Result: Index 2.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to <t>church</t> in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:**
    *   Lemma: church
    *   Surface form: church
    *   Context snippet: "...who drive every Sunday from church to <t>church</t> in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship" (e.g., the Catholic Church, the Presbyterian Church). This refers to a denomination or institution.
    *   **Sense 2:** "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" / synonyms: church building. This refers to the physical building.
    *   **Sense 3:** "a service conducted in a house of worship" / synonyms: church service. This refers to an event or gathering.
    *   **Sense 4:** "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church". This refers to the congregation (the group of people).

3.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence is: "They belong to a group of 15 ringers ... who drive every Sunday from church to <t>church</t> in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia."
    *   The people (ringers) are driving *from* church *to* church.
    *   The purpose is to "keep the bells sounding in the many belfries".
    *   "Belfries" are parts of buildings (towers).
    *   Context earlier mentions: "In the tower, five men... pull rhythmically...". "St. Michael once had its own 'band' of ringers...".
    *   The action "drive from church to church" implies movement between physical locations. You drive to a building to ring bells in its tower/belfry.
    *   While they ring for a "service" (mentioned earlier: "herald every Sunday morning and evening service"), the act of driving "from church to church" describes the itinerary of locations they visit to perform the task.
    *   Could it be Sense 3 (service)? You don't strictly drive "from service to service" in this phrasing usually, though it's implied they are going for services. However, the physical movement "drive... to" strongly points toward a destination/location.
    *   Could it be Sense 1 (denomination)? No, they aren't driving from Catholicism to Presbyterianism.
    *   Could it be Sense 4 (congregation)? No, they aren't driving from one group of people to another group of people; they are driving to the location where the bells are.

4.  **Evaluate the best fit:**
    *   The phrase "drive from X to X" usually involves physical locations.
    *   The connection to "belfries" (architectural element) confirms the spatial/building aspect.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 (church building / place of worship) is the intended meaning. They are visiting physical buildings to ring the bells.

5.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object with the specific sense index.
    *   Sense 2 is the correct index.

    *   Sense 1: Denomination (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 2: Building (Correct).
    *   Sense 3: Service (Incorrect - though related to the event, the syntax "drive from church to church" highlights the location).
    *   Sense 4: Congregation (Incorrect).

    Result: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effort
Target surface form: effort
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting <t>effort</t> to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effort%1:04:00:: | definition=earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something | synonyms=attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try | examples=made an effort to cover all the reading material; wished him luck in his endeavor
2. sense_key=effort%1:04:01:: | definition=use of physical or mental energy; hard work | synonyms=elbow grease, exertion, travail, sweat | examples=he got an A for effort; they managed only with great exertion
3. sense_key=effort%1:04:02:: | definition=a notable achievement | synonyms=feat, exploit | examples=he performed a great feat; the book was her finest effort
4. sense_key=effort%1:04:03:: | definition=a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end | synonyms=campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement | examples=he supported populist campaigns; they worked in the cause of world peace

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: effort
    *   Target surface form: effort
    *   Context Sentence: "They belong to a group of 15 ringers ... who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting <t>effort</t> to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia."
    *   Key modifiers/phrases: "sometimes-exhausting effort", "to keep the bells sounding".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something" (synonyms: attempt, endeavor, endeavour, try).
        *   Focus: The act of trying to accomplish a goal.
        *   Context fit: The ringers are certainly trying to accomplish something (keeping bells sounding). The phrase "effort to keep..." fits well with "endeavor to keep...".

    *   **Sense 2:** "use of physical or mental energy; hard work" (synonyms: elbow grease, exertion, travail, sweat).
        *   Focus: The expenditure of energy itself. "He got an A for effort."
        *   Context fit: The word "exhausting" suggests physical/mental energy is used. However, "an exhausting exertion to keep the bells sounding" sounds slightly less idiomatic than "an exhausting endeavor/attempt". Sense 2 is often used for the quality of energy expenditure or the work itself, whereas Sense 1 focuses on the *activity directed toward a goal*. Let's look closer. Is it "hard work" (noun) or "an attempt"? The construction "effort to [verb]" usually points towards Sense 1 (endeavor/attempt).

    *   **Sense 3:** "a notable achievement" (synonyms: feat, exploit).
        *   Focus: The result or a specific impressive act.
        *   Context fit: "sometimes-exhausting feat to keep..." doesn't fit the syntax as well. They haven't achieved it yet; they are in the process of trying to maintain it. "Effort" here is the ongoing activity, not the finished achievement.

    *   **Sense 4:** "a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end" (synonyms: campaign, cause, crusade, drive, movement).
        *   Focus: Organized, often social or political movements.
        *   Context fit: While they are trying to keep bells sounding, this is a practical task, not really a "cause" or "crusade" in the typical sociopolitical sense defined by this gloss (e.g., "the civil rights movement").

3.  **Differentiate between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   The sentence structure is: "...in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding..."
    *   The preposition "to" followed by an infinitive verb ("to keep") usually signals an intended goal.
    *   Sense 1 (attempt/endeavor) fits the "effort to [infinitive]" construction perfectly. Example from WordNet: "made an effort to cover...".
    *   Sense 2 (exertion/hard work) focuses on the energy cost. While the effort is exhausting (implies Sense 2's definition of energy use), the *meaning* in the phrase "effort to keep" is "attempt/endeavor". If I substitute synonyms:
        *   "in a sometimes-exhausting *attempt* to keep..." -> Makes perfect sense.
        *   "in a sometimes-exhausting *endeavor* to keep..." -> Makes perfect sense.
        *   "in a sometimes-exhausting *exertion* to keep..." -> Clunky.
        *   "in a sometimes-exhausting *sweat* to keep..." -> Incorrect.

    *   Let's check the gloss for Sense 1 again: "earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something". This matches the ringers driving around to accomplish the goal of sounding bells.
    *   Sense 2 gloss: "use of physical or mental energy". While the *adjective* "exhausting" plays on this aspect, the *noun* "effort" in this syntactic slot ("effort to X") refers to the activity directed toward the goal (Sense 1).

4.  **Conclusion:**
    The context describes an activity (driving, ringing) done with the specific intention of keeping the bells sounding. The construction "effort to [verb]" strongly correlates with Sense 1 (attempt/endeavor). The "exhausting" nature describes the quality of the effort, but doesn't shift the sense to the raw energy expenditure definition (Sense 2) in this syntactic context.

    Let's double check Sense 4. Is it a campaign? "They belong to a group... who drive... in an effort to keep...". It's more of a practical task/endeavor than a "cause" or "movement" in the standard WordNet sense (like a political campaign).

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

5.  **Formatting:**
    The user wants JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: keep
Target surface form: keep
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to <t>keep</t> the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night
3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married
4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep
5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises
6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone
8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record
9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders
10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer
11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause
12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time
13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper
15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you
16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees
17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | synonyms=keep open, hold open, save | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please
18. sense_key=keep%2:40:13:: | definition=store or keep customarily | examples=Where do you keep your gardening tools?
19. sense_key=keep%2:40:12:: | definition=have as a supply | examples=I always keep batteries in the freezer; keep food for a week in the pantry
20. sense_key=keep%2:40:10:: | definition=maintain for use and service | synonyms=maintain | examples=I keep a car in the countryside; She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips
21. sense_key=keep%2:35:10:: | definition=hold and prevent from leaving | examples=The student was kept after school
22. sense_key=keep%2:30:10:: | definition=prevent (food) from rotting | synonyms=preserve | examples=preserved meats; keep potatoes fresh

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "keep" in this sentence.

The context is about ringers (bell ringers) who travel from church to church to keep the bells sounding. Let me look at the sentence:

"...who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia."

The key phrase is "keep the bells sounding" - they are making an effort to maintain the activity of bells ringing in various churches.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
   - This could potentially fit - they are keeping the bells in an active state (sounding).

2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night
   - This could also fit - they are continuing the activity of bells ringing.

3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married
   - This doesn't fit - it's not about possession.

4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep
   - This doesn't fit - it's not about stopping or preventing.

5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises
   - This doesn't fit - it's not about conforming to rules or promises.

6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
   - This doesn't quite fit - it's not about following a standard or pattern.

7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone
   - This could potentially fit - they are taking care of the bells/ringing tradition.

8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record
   - This doesn't fit - it's not about records.

9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders
   - This doesn't fit - it's not about providing room and board.

10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer
    - This could potentially fit - they are maintaining the tradition/feature of bells sounding.

11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause
    - This doesn't quite fit - it's not about supporting/sustaining.

12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time
    - This doesn't fit - it's not about preservation from rotting.

13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
    - This doesn't fit - it's not about observing holidays.

14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper
    - This doesn't fit - it's not about control or restraint.

15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you
    - This doesn't fit - it's not about protection.

16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees
    - This doesn't fit - it's not about raising animals.

17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | synonyms=keep open, hold open, save | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please
    - This doesn't fit - it's not about rights or saving something.

18. sense_key=keep%2:40:13:: | definition=store or keep customarily | examples=Where do you keep your gardening tools?
    - This doesn't fit - it's not about storage.

19. sense_key=keep%2:40:12:: | definition=have as a supply | examples=I always keep batteries in the freezer; keep food for a week in the pantry
    - This doesn't fit - it's not about supplies.

20. sense_key=keep%2:40:10:: | definition=maintain for use and service | synonyms=maintain | examples=I keep a car in the countryside; She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips
    - This could potentially fit - they are maintaining the bells for use/service.

21. sense_key=keep%2:35:10:: | definition=hold and prevent from leaving | examples=The student was kept after school
    - This doesn't fit - it's not about holding someone.

22. sense_key=keep%2:30:10:: | definition=prevent (food) from rotting | synonyms=preserve | examples=preserved meats; keep potatoes fresh
    - This doesn't fit - it's not about food preservation.

The most relevant senses appear to be:
- Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" with example "keep clean; hold in place" - they are keeping the bells in a "sounding" state/activity.
- Sense 2: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" with example "Keep on working!" - they are continuing the bells to sound.

Between these two, I think Sense 1 is a better fit. The structure "keep [object] [adjective/participle]" (keep the bells sounding) is similar to the example "keep clean" - maintaining something in a particular state. The ringers are actively maintaining the bells in a "sounding" state.

However, Sense 2 with "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" also seems relevant because the ringers are continuing the tradition/activity of bell-ringing.

Looking more carefully at Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - the examples "keep clean; hold in place" suggest maintaining something in a particular condition or state. The ringers are keeping the bells in a "sounding" state - this fits.

Looking at Sense 2: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" - the examples "Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night" suggest an ongoing activity. But in the context, "keep the bells sounding" is more about making sure the bells keep sounding (maintaining them in that state) rather than continuing to do something.

I believe Sense 1 is the best fit: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - they are keeping the bells in a "sounding" state/activity.

Actually, let me reconsider. The phrase "keep the bells sounding" can be parsed as:
- keep [the bells] [sounding] = cause the bells to continue sounding / maintain the bells in a sounding state

This aligns well with Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" where "sounding" is the state/activity being maintained.

So my final answer is Sense 1.

Wait, let me also consider if there's another sense that might be even more fitting. Looking at the context again:

"...who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia."

The ringers are actively maintaining the activity/tradition of bell-ringing. This involves:
1. Keeping the bells in a "sounding" state (Sense 1)
2. Continuing the activity (Sense 2)
3. Maintaining a tradition/feature for use (Sense 20 could be related)

But Sense 1 seems most aligned with the grammatical structure "keep [object] [participle/adjective]" where they are causing/maintaining the bells in a particular state (sounding).

My answer remains Sense 1.

Hmm, but let me reconsider Sense 2 more carefully. The definition is "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" with examples "Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night."

In the context, the ringers are continuing the activity of bell-ringing. However, the structure "keep the bells sounding" is different from "keep on working" - the latter is intransitive while the former is transitive.

Also, Sense 1 has synonyms "maintain, hold" which align with the idea of maintaining the bells in a sounding state.

I believe Sense 1 is the correct answer. The structure "keep [object] [participle]" (keep the bells sounding) matches the pattern of maintaining something in a certain state.

Final answer: Sense 1.

Actually, let me do one more check. Let me look at the exact examples for Sense 1:
- keep clean
- hold in place

And for Sense 2:
- Keep on working!
- We continued to work into the night

"keep the bells sounding" - this structure is more like "keep [object] [participle/adjective]" which is similar to "keep clean" (keep [something] clean).

The structure "Keep on working!" is different - it's "keep on" as a phrasal verb meaning to continue.

So Sense 1 is definitely a better fit for the structure "keep the bells sounding" where "keep" is followed by an object and a participle/adjective describing the state.

Final answer: Sense 1.

Actually, one more thing to consider. Let me look at the context more broadly:

The ringers are making an effort "to keep the bells sounding." This is about maintaining an activity/tradition, ensuring the bells continue to ring in the churches.

Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - This fits well. They are keeping the bells in a "sounding" state/activity.

Sense 2: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" - This also fits the broader idea of continuing the bell-ringing tradition.

But Sense 1 captures the specific grammatical construction "keep [object] [participle]" better, and "sounding" describes a state/activity that the bells are maintained in.

So my final answer is Sense 1.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the <t>bells</t> sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "bells" (plural of "bell") in the context of church bells being rung in a tower.

Let me analyze the context:
- "five bells that first sounded here in 1614" - church bells in a tower
- "peal of bells" - church bells ringing
- "churches in Britain with sets of bells" - church bells
- "belfries" - bell towers
- The bells are being rung by ringers pulling on ropes
- The context is clearly about church bells

Now let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. bell%1:06:00:: - "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This is the general definition of a bell, which fits church bells perfectly.

2. bell%1:06:02:: - "a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed" - This is a doorbell/buzzer, not relevant here.

3. bell%1:11:00:: - "the sound of a bell being struck" - This refers to the SOUND, not the physical object. The context refers to the physical bells being pulled and sounded, not just the sound.

4. bell%1:28:00:: - nautical time units - Not relevant.

5. bell%1:25:00:: - "the shape of a bell" - This refers to the shape, not the actual bell. Not relevant.

6. bell%1:18:02:: - Melville Bell, a person - Not relevant.

7. bell%1:18:01:: - Vanessa Bell, a person - Not relevant.

8. bell%1:18:00:: - Alexander Graham Bell - Not relevant.

9. bell%1:06:04:: - "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument" - This is referring to orchestral chimes/gongs, not church bells.

10. bell%1:06:03:: - "the flared opening of a tubular device" - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1 (bell%1:06:00::) - "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck". This is the general definition of a bell that encompasses church bells, which are hollow metal devices that make ringing sounds when struck (or in this case, swung by pulling ropes).

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sounding
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells <t>sounding</t> in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "sounding" in the sentence:

"who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells <t>sounding</t> in the many belfries of East Anglia."

The context is about church bells being rung. The sentence is talking about ringers who travel from church to church to keep the bells "sounding" - that is, to keep the bells ringing/making sounds.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
   - This is about something appearing a certain way, not about making sounds.

2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
   - This is about making a certain noise. Bells do make sounds.

3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
   - This is about giving off a certain sound, like a record that sounds scratchy.

4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
   - This is about announcing something by sound, like sounding an alarm.

5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
   - This is about vocalizing, not applicable to bells.

6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
   - This is specifically about causing something to sound, with the example "sound the bell" being very relevant.

7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom
   - This is about measuring depth, not applicable.

Now, looking at the context more closely: "keep the bells sounding" - the ringers are trying to keep the bells producing sounds. The bells are already mentioned as being attached to ropes that people pull. The ringers are causing the bells to make sounds.

Sense 6 "cause to sound" with the example "sound the bell" seems most directly applicable. This is about causing bells to produce sound, which is exactly what the sentence is describing.

However, I also need to consider sense 2 "make a certain noise or sound" and sense 3 "give off a certain sound or sounds".

Sense 2 is about making a certain noise, with examples like a person going "Mmmmm" or a gun going "bang". This seems to be about the object itself making the sound, not about causing something to make a sound.

Sense 3 is about giving off sounds, with an example of a record sounding scratchy. This also seems to be about the inherent quality of sound something produces.

The key distinction is: is this about the bells themselves making sounds (which would be sense 2 or 3), or is this about the ringers causing the bells to sound (which would be sense 6)?

Looking at the sentence structure: "keep the bells sounding" - here "sounding" is describing what the bells are doing (making sound). The ringers are keeping the bells in the state of producing sound.

Given the context, I believe sense 3 "give off a certain sound or sounds" is the best fit. The bells are giving off sound, and the ringers are working to keep them doing so.

Actually, let me reconsider. The example for sense 6 is "sound the bell", which directly matches our context of church bells. This sense is specifically about causing something to sound, which is what the ringers are doing.

The phrase "keep the bells sounding" can be parsed as "keep [the bells sounding]" where "sounding" is what the bells are doing, or it can be parsed as "keep [sounding the bells]" where "sounding" is what the ringers are doing to the bells.

I think the latter interpretation is more accurate. The ringers are traveling to keep the bells ringing - i.e., to keep the activity of bell-ringing happening. They are causing the bells to produce sound.

Therefore, sense 6 "cause to sound" with the example "sound the bell" is the best fit.

Actually, one more check: the sentence says "keep the bells sounding" not "keep sounding the bells". This suggests that "sounding" is describing the state of the bells (they are making sound), rather than the action of the ringers (causing the bells to sound).

If we go with that interpretation, then sense 2 "make a certain noise or sound" or sense 3 "give off a certain sound or sounds" would be better fits.

Between sense 2 and sense 3, sense 3 "give off a certain sound or sounds" seems more appropriate for bells, which continuously produce sound when rung, rather than making a specific noise (like "bang" or "Mmmmm").

So my final answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for <t>even</t> one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "even":

The sentence is: "To ring for <t>even</t> one service at this tower, we have to scrape," says Mr. Hammond.

Here, "even" is used to emphasize that they struggle to ring for just a single service. It's indicating something unexpected - that even a minimal commitment (one service) is difficult for them to manage.

Let me check the senses:

1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: - "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected"
   Examples: "even an idiot knows that"; "declined even to consider the idea"

2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: - "in spite of; notwithstanding"
   Examples: "even when he is sick, he works"; "even with his head start she caught up with him"

3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: - "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons"
   Examples: "looked sick and felt even worse"; "an even (or still) more interesting problem"

4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: - "to the full extent"
   Examples: "loyal even unto death"

In the sentence, "even" is used to emphasize that despite the minimal requirement (just one service), they still have difficulty. It's indicating something unexpected - that a seemingly simple task is actually challenging. This matches sense 1: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected."

Sense 2 would apply if there was a contrast like "even though" or "even when."
Sense 3 would apply if there was a comparison (like "even better").
Sense 4 would apply if there was an extreme condition ("even unto death").

The usage in this context is most similar to "even an idiot knows that" or "declined even to consider the idea" - it's emphasizing that something minimal is still difficult, which is unexpected.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct answer.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: service
Target surface form: service
Context:
But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one <t>service</t> at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=service%1:04:08:: | definition=work done by one person or group that benefits another | examples=budget separately for goods and services
2. sense_key=service%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of help or assistance | examples=he did them a service
3. sense_key=service%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of public worship following prescribed rules | synonyms=religious service, divine service | examples=the Sunday service
4. sense_key=service%1:14:05:: | definition=a company or agency that performs a public service; subject to government regulation
5. sense_key=service%1:04:07:: | definition=employment in or work for another | examples=he retired after 30 years of service
6. sense_key=service%1:14:00:: | definition=a force that is a branch of the armed forces | synonyms=military service, armed service
7. sense_key=service%1:18:00:: | definition=Canadian writer (born in England) who wrote about life in the Yukon Territory (1874-1958) | synonyms=Robert William Service
8. sense_key=service%1:07:00:: | definition=a means of serving | synonyms=avail, help | examples=of no avail; there's no help for it
9. sense_key=service%1:06:00:: | definition=tableware consisting of a complete set of articles (silver or dishware) for use at table | synonyms=table service
10. sense_key=service%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of mating by male animals | synonyms=servicing | examples=the bull was worth good money in servicing fees
11. sense_key=service%1:04:09:: | definition=(law) the acts performed by an English feudal tenant for the benefit of his lord which formed the consideration for the property granted to him
12. sense_key=service%1:04:02:: | definition=(sports) a stroke that puts the ball in play | synonyms=serve | examples=his powerful serves won the game
13. sense_key=service%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of delivering a writ or summons upon someone | synonyms=serving, service of process | examples=he accepted service of the subpoena
14. sense_key=service%1:04:05:: | definition=periodic maintenance on a car or machine | synonyms=overhaul, inspection and repair | examples=it was time for an overhaul on the tractor
15. sense_key=service%1:04:06:: | definition=the performance of duties by a waiter or servant | examples=that restaurant has excellent service

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence is "To ring for even one <t>service</t> at this tower, we have to scrape". The broader context discusses churches, bell ringers, Sunday mornings/evenings, and worship. Specifically, it mentions "herald every Sunday morning and evening service" earlier in the text. The target instance refers to a specific event taking place at a church (St. Michael) on a Sunday.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1:* "work done by one person or group that benefits another" (goods and services). This is a general economic definition. Not fitting for a church event context.
    *   *Sense 2:* "an act of help or assistance" (he did them a service). General help. Not fitting.
    *   *Sense 3:* "the act of public worship following prescribed rules" (synonyms: religious service, divine service; examples: the Sunday service). This perfectly matches the context of bells ringing in a church on a Sunday for a gathering of church-goers.
    *   *Sense 4:* "a company or agency that performs a public service". Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 5:* "employment in or work for another" (30 years of service). Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 6:* "a force that is a branch of the armed forces". Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 7:* "Canadian writer...". Proper noun, not relevant.
    *   *Sense 8:* "a means of serving". Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 9:* "tableware...". Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 10:* "mating by male animals". Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 11:* "feudal tenant...". Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 12:* "sports stroke". Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 13:* "delivering a writ". Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 14:* "maintenance on a car". Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 15:* "duties by a waiter". Not relevant.

3.  **Compare and Select:** The context clearly establishes a religious setting ("church-goers", "bells", "Sunday morning", "belfries"). The word "service" refers to the religious ceremony. Sense 3 defines this exactly ("act of public worship") and provides a synonym ("religious service") and example ("the Sunday service") that align perfectly with the text ("Sunday morning and evening service").

4.  **Format Output:** The request asks for a JSON object with the index. Sense 3 is the correct one. The index corresponds to the number in the list provided (it is the 3rd item).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tower
Target surface form: tower
Context:
But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this <t>tower</t>, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tower%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building
2. sense_key=tower%1:25:00:: | definition=anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower | synonyms=column, pillar | examples=the test tube held a column of white powder; a tower of dust rose above the horizon
3. sense_key=tower%1:06:01:: | definition=a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships | synonyms=tugboat, tug, towboat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tower" used in the context: "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape," says Mr. Hammond. The context is about church bell ringers and belfries in East Anglia. "This tower" refers to the church tower of St. Michael, which has bells.
Sense 1: a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building. (This fits a church tower perfectly).
Sense 2: anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower. (e.g., a tower of dust).
Sense 3: a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships (tugboat).

The correct sense is sense 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scrape
Target surface form: scrape
Context:
But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to <t>scrape</t>, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scrape%2:35:00:: | definition=scratch repeatedly | synonyms=grate | examples=The cat scraped at the armchair
2. sense_key=scrape%2:36:00:: | definition=make by scraping | examples=They scraped a letter into the stone
3. sense_key=scrape%2:35:02:: | definition=cut the surface of; wear away the surface of | synonyms=scratch, scratch up
4. sense_key=scrape%2:38:00:: | definition=bend the knees and bow in a servile manner | synonyms=kowtow, genuflect
5. sense_key=scrape%2:35:03:: | definition=gather (money or other resources) together over time | synonyms=scrape up, scratch, come up | examples=She had scraped together enough money for college; they scratched a meager living
6. sense_key=scrape%2:35:01:: | definition=bruise, cut, or injure the skin or the surface of | synonyms=skin | examples=The boy skinned his knee when he fell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about church bell ringers who are struggling to find enough people to ring the bells. Derek Hammond says "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape."

The context shows that there are only limited ringers available - they're struggling to find enough people. The sentence "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away" indicates they're having trouble getting and keeping enough ringers.

When Hammond says "we have to scrape," he means they have to struggle to gather enough people or resources to manage ringing the bells. This is a metaphorical use meaning to gather or collect something with difficulty.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. scratch repeatedly - doesn't fit
2. make by scraping - doesn't fit
3. cut the surface of - doesn't fit
4. bend the knees and bow in a servile manner - doesn't fit
5. gather (money or other resources) together over time - This matches! The synonym "scrape up" and examples like "She had scraped together enough money for college" align with the context. They're scraping to find enough ringers.
6. bruise, cut, or injure the skin - doesn't fit

Sense 5 is clearly the correct one. The context shows they're struggling to gather enough ringers to keep the bells ringing.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "<t>says</t> Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "says" in the context: "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker."

Let me analyze this context:
- Mr. Hammond is speaking/expressing words
- He's quoted as saying something about the difficulty of ringing for services
- This is a straightforward case of someone expressing something in words
- The quote marker and attribution structure ("...says Mr. Hammond") is classic reporting

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
- This is about expressing something in words, basic reporting

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
- This is more about alleging or maintaining something, often with some contention or claim aspect

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
- This is hypothetical ("let's say")

4. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate
- This is about pronunciation

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin
- This is about commanding

6. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally
- Nonverbal communication

7. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
- This is about uttering specific words aloud

8. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare
- This is about stating opinions

9. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text
- Reciting fixed text like grace or prayers

10. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
- Inanimate objects indicating something

The context shows Mr. Hammond expressing words in a quotative structure - he's making a statement about the difficulty of ringing for services. This is the most basic sense of "say" - expressing something in words through speech. This aligns with sense 1.

Sense 2 (report or maintain/allege) might seem possible since he's reporting something, but "allege" has a connotation of making a claim that might be disputed or needs proof, which doesn't fit this neutral reporting context.

Sense 15 (utter aloud) is close but typically used for single utterances like greetings.

Sense 1 is the best fit - it captures the basic quotative use of "say" where someone expresses something in words, as in "He said that he wanted to marry her."

The answer is sense_index:1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: worker
Context:
But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority <t>worker</t>. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "worker" used in the context: "Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker."

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. worker%1:18:00:: - a person who works at a specific occupation (e.g., "he is a good worker", "water-authority worker")
2. worker%1:18:01:: - a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) (e.g., "workers of the world--unite!")
3. worker%1:05:01:: - sterile member of a colony of social insects
4. worker%1:18:02:: - a person who acts and gets things done (e.g., "he's a principal actor")

The context specifies "water-authority worker", which clearly refers to a person who works at a specific occupation. Sense 1 is the perfect fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: try
Target surface form: tried
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've <t>tried</t> to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=try%2:41:00:: | definition=make an effort or attempt | synonyms=seek, attempt, essay, assay | examples=He tried to shake off his fears; The infant had essayed a few wobbly steps
2. sense_key=try%2:41:01:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, prove, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
3. sense_key=try%2:41:06:: | definition=put on trial or hear a case and sit as the judge at the trial of | synonyms=judge, adjudicate | examples=The football star was tried for the murder of his wife; The judge tried both father and son in separate trials
4. sense_key=try%2:34:00:: | definition=take a sample of | synonyms=sample, try out, taste | examples=Try these new crackers; Sample the regional dishes
5. sense_key=try%2:41:05:: | definition=examine or hear (evidence or a case) by judicial process | synonyms=hear | examples=The jury had heard all the evidence; The case will be tried in California
6. sense_key=try%2:37:01:: | definition=give pain or trouble to | examples=I've been sorely tried by these students
7. sense_key=try%2:37:00:: | definition=test the limits of | synonyms=strain, stress | examples=You are trying my patience!
8. sense_key=try%2:30:00:: | definition=melt (fat or lard) in order to separate out impurities | synonyms=render | examples=try the yak butter; render fat in a casserole
9. sense_key=try%2:29:00:: | definition=put on a garment in order to see whether it fits and looks nice | synonyms=try on | examples=Try on this sweater to see how it looks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tried" in the context: "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away."

Let's analyze the meaning of "tried" here.
"We've tried to train the youngsters" means they have made an effort or attempt to train them.
Candidate sense 1: make an effort or attempt. Synonyms: seek, attempt, essay, assay. Examples: He tried to shake off his fears.
This matches perfectly.

Candidate sense 2: put to the test, give experimental use to. Synonyms: test, try out. Examples: This approach has been tried with good results.
This doesn't fit "tried to train" as well as sense 1. "Try to do something" is making an effort to do it.

So the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: train
Target surface form: train
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to <t>train</t> the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=train%2:31:01:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=develop, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
2. sense_key=train%2:31:00:: | definition=undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role, function, or profession | synonyms=prepare | examples=She is training to be a teacher; He trained as a legal aid
3. sense_key=train%2:41:02:: | definition=develop (children's) behavior by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control | synonyms=discipline, check, condition | examples=Parents must discipline their children; Is this dog trained?
4. sense_key=train%2:41:00:: | definition=educate for a future role or function | synonyms=prepare, groom | examples=He is grooming his son to become his successor; The prince was prepared to become King one day
5. sense_key=train%2:41:01:: | definition=teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment | synonyms=educate, school, cultivate, civilize, civilise | examples=Cultivate your musical taste; Train your tastebuds
6. sense_key=train%2:33:00:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, take, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
7. sense_key=train%2:32:00:: | definition=teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports | synonyms=coach | examples=He is training our Olympic team; She is coaching the crew
8. sense_key=train%2:29:00:: | definition=exercise in order to prepare for an event or competition | examples=She is training for the Olympics
9. sense_key=train%2:41:03:: | definition=cause to grow in a certain way by tying and pruning it | examples=train the vine
10. sense_key=train%2:38:00:: | definition=travel by rail or train | synonyms=rail | examples=They railed from Rome to Venice; She trained to Hamburg
11. sense_key=train%2:35:04:: | definition=drag loosely along a surface; allow to sweep the ground | synonyms=trail | examples=The toddler was trailing his pants; She trained her long scarf behind her

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "train" in the context: "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away."

The context is about bell ringers (people who ring church bells). The sentence discusses trying to train young people to become bell ringers, but they lose interest and leave.

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=train%2:31:01:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=develop, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
- This is about creating/developing skills through training and teaching. The examples show training violinists and developing leaders. This could fit the context of training bell ringers.

2. sense_key=train%2:31:00:: | definition=undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role, function, or profession | synonyms=prepare | examples=She is training to be a teacher; He trained as a legal aid
- This is about the trainee undergoing training, not the trainer. The subject would be the one being trained. In our context, "we" (the ringers) tried to train the youngsters, so this doesn't fit grammatically.

3. sense_key=train%2:41:02:: | definition=develop (children's) behavior by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control | synonyms=discipline, check, condition | examples=Parents must discipline their children; Is this dog trained?
- This is about behavior modification and discipline, particularly for children. The examples focus on discipline and training dogs. The context is about training for a skill (bell ringing), not about behavioral discipline.

4. sense_key=train%2:41:00:: | definition=educate for a future role or function | synonyms=prepare, groom | examples=He is grooming his son to become his successor; The prince was prepared to become King one day
- This is about preparing someone for a future role. The examples show succession/grooming contexts. This could potentially fit.

5. sense_key=train%2:41:01:: | definition=teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment | synonyms=educate, school, cultivate, civilize, civilise | examples=Cultivate your musical taste; Train your tastebuds
- This is about refining taste or judgment. Not relevant here.

6. sense_key=train%2:33:00:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, take, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
- This is about aiming/directing objects. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=train%2:32:00:: | definition=teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports | synonyms=coach | examples=He is training our Olympic team; She is coaching the crew
- This is about coaching/training in sports. The context is not about sports, but the concept of coaching someone could apply to bell ringing skills.

8. sense_key=train%2:29:00:: | definition=exercise in order to prepare for an event or competition | examples=She is training for the Olympics
- This is about exercising for preparation. The subject would be the trainee. Not fitting the grammar.

9. sense_key=train%2:41:03:: | definition=cause to grow in a certain way by tying and pruning it | examples=train the vine
- About plants. Not relevant.

10. sense_key=train%2:38:00:: | definition=travel by rail or train | synonyms=rail | examples=They railed from Rome to Venice; She trained to Hamburg
- About traveling by train. Not relevant.

11. sense_key=train%2:35:04:: | definition=drag loosely along a surface; allow to sweep the ground | synonyms=trail | examples=The toddler was trailing his pants; She trained her long scarf behind her
- About dragging. Not relevant.

Now comparing the most relevant options:

Sense 1: "create by training and teaching" - This is about creating/developing skills through training. The context is about teaching young people to become bell ringers, which fits this definition. The examples (training violinists, developing leaders) show skill development.

Sense 4: "educate for a future role or function" - This is similar but more focused on grooming for succession. The examples are about grooming successors and preparing princes. While bell ringing could be seen as a "role," this seems more specific to succession/position contexts.

Sense 7: "teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports" - This is about coaching, specifically in sports contexts. While the concept of coaching could apply, bell ringing isn't a sport.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate because:
- It's about teaching and developing skills
- The context clearly involves teaching bell ringing skills to young people
- The examples (training violinists) are about skill development, similar to training bell ringers
- "create by training and teaching" captures the essence of passing on the skill of bell ringing

The youngsters are being trained to become bell ringers - this is skill development through teaching and training, which aligns best with sense 1.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 7. The definition says "as in sports" but that might be just an example context. The core meaning is "teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach." Bell ringing does require coaching/supervision, and the example "She is coaching the crew" could analogize to coaching bell ringers.

However, sense 1's definition "create by training and teaching" with examples about training violinists seems more directly applicable. Bell ringing is a skill/art, and training young people in it involves both training and teaching.

I think sense 1 is the best fit.