[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in <t>education</t> was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context:**
    *   Target lemma: education
    *   Context snippet: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `education%1:04:00::` | Definition: the activities of educating or instructing... | Synonyms: instruction, teaching... | Examples: "he received no formal education". This refers to the act/process of teaching or the system of schooling.
    *   Sense 2: `education%1:09:00::` | Definition: knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | Examples: "he had a very broad education". This refers to the *content* or *knowledge* held by a person.
    *   Sense 3: `education%1:09:01::` | Definition: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | Examples: "education is a preparation for life". This refers to the abstract process of learning over time.
    *   Sense 4: `education%1:04:01::` | Definition: the profession of teaching... | This refers to the job/career field.
    *   Sense 5: `education%1:07:01::` | Definition: the result of good upbringing... | Synonyms: breeding. This refers to manners/socialization.
    *   Sense 6: `education%1:14:00::` | Definition: the United States federal department... | This refers to a specific government organization.

3.  **Map context to senses:**
    *   The phrase is "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education".
    *   The context discusses schools, "disciplined instruction", and a "rebellion" against methods.
    *   Is it referring to a specific person's knowledge (Sense 2)? No.
    *   Is it referring to a government department (Sense 6)? No.
    *   Is it referring to manners/breeding (Sense 5)? No.
    *   Is it referring specifically to the profession (Sense 4)? While teachers are involved, the text focuses on the *system* or *activity* within schools ("elementary schools", "instruction").
    *   Is it referring to the general process of acquiring knowledge (Sense 3)? Or the system/activity of instruction (Sense 1)?

    *   Let's look closely at Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
        *   Sense 1 focuses on "activities of educating", "instruction", "pedagogy".
        *   Sense 3 focuses on "gradual process of acquiring knowledge" (from the learner's perspective usually, or abstractly).

    *   Let's look at the sentence structure: "notion of 'creativity' in education".
    *   Later in the text: "...rebellion against disciplined instruction...".
    *   "Instruction" is a synonym for Sense 1.
    *   The text contrasts "creativity in education" with "disciplined instruction". "Instruction" is the act of teaching.
    *   The context talks about schools (elementary schools) and what happens *in* them.
    *   When people talk about "education" as a field or domain of activity (e.g., "issues in education", "creativity in education"), it aligns best with the systematic activity/instruction sense.
    *   Sense 1 covers "educational activity" and "instruction". The context is debating *how* children are taught (instruction vs self-expression).
    *   Sense 3 ("gradual process") is often used for "a girl's education" or "lifelong education" where the focus is on the development of the individual.
    *   Sense 1 ("activities of educating") fits the context of a system/school environment where specific activities (creativity vs instruction) are being debated. The text mentions "activities that impart knowledge or skill" (Sense 1 definition) vs "self-expression".
    *   Sense 1's examples "he received no formal education" and "our instruction was carefully programmed" align with the school context provided.
    *   The text explicitly contrasts "education" (implied as the domain of activity) with "disciplined instruction" (a method, which is also Sense 1). However, usually "education" in the broad sense of "the field" or "what goes on in schools" maps to Sense 1.
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy.
        *   Sense 1: `education` (noun.communication) -> `activity` (noun.act). Hypernyms: `activity`. It is an act or process.
        *   Sense 3: `education` (noun.process) -> `process` (noun.process). It is a cognitive process.
    *   The context is discussing the *methods* and *activities* within schools ("encourage creativity", "self-expression", "disciplined instruction"). This fits the "activities of educating" definition of Sense 1 better than the abstract "gradual process" of Sense 3, or the "knowledge acquired" of Sense 2. It is discussing the *act* of schooling/teaching.
    *   Furthermore, the synonym list for Sense 1 includes "instruction". The text contrasts the current trend with "disciplined instruction". This places "education" in the domain of instruction/teaching activities.

    *   Wait, let's look at the distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 4 (profession).
        *   Sense 4 is "the profession of teaching". Example: "he prepared for teaching while still in college".
        *   The text is not talking about the *job market* or the *career* of teachers. It is talking about what happens in schools. So Sense 4 is out.
        *   Sense 1 is the general activity.

    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 3 again.
        *   Sense 1: activities of educating... activities that impart knowledge.
        *   Sense 3: the gradual process of acquiring knowledge.
        *   Context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education...".
        *   This usage is "education" as a domain or field of activity. "Creativity in the *activity of educating*".
        *   If it were Sense 3 ("process of acquiring knowledge"), the phrase "creativity in the process of acquiring knowledge" sounds slightly off for the context of school policy and rebellion against instruction methods. The rebellion is against *instruction* methods (Sense 1), so the counterpoint (education containing creativity) is likely also Sense 1.
        *   Most importantly, Sense 1 includes "pedagogy" and "didactics" as synonyms. The context is a critique of pedagogy (instruction methods).
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the strongest fit.

4.  **Final check:**
    *   Definition: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill".
    *   Context: The text discusses "elementary schools", "encouraging creativity", "disciplined instruction". These are activities and methods. "Education" here refers to the system of instruction.
    *   Index: 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: romantic
Target surface form: romantic
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a <t>romantic</t> rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=romantic%3:01:00:: | definition=belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts | synonyms=romanticist, romanticistic | examples=romantic poetry
2. sense_key=romantic%5:00:01:loving:00 | definition=expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance | synonyms=amatory, amorous | examples=her amatory affairs; amorous glances
3. sense_key=romantic%5:00:00:impractical:00 | definition=not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic | synonyms=quixotic, wild-eyed | examples=as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood; a romantic disregard for money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "romantic" in this passage.

The context is discussing educational philosophy, specifically about "creativity" in education. The author describes this as "part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction."

The passage characterizes this "romantic rebellion" as:
- Against "disciplined instruction"
- Viewing disciplined instruction as "authoritarian"
- Believing in "latent talents" and "wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children"
- The author calls this "romantic extravagance"

This is clearly not about romantic love (sense 2), as it has nothing to do with sexual love or romance.

It could potentially be about Romanticism as a movement (sense 1), as Romanticism did include certain ideas about education, natural development of children's abilities, and resistance to rigid structures. The Romantic movement in art and literature did influence educational philosophy, with figures like Rousseau and his ideas about natural education.

However, I think sense 3 ("not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic") is also a strong candidate. The author is criticizing this approach as having:
- A "romantic disregard" for practical matters (actually teaching children knowledge)
- An unrealistic view of children's "wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities"
- An approach that leads to "ignorance and intellectual incompetence"

The author seems to be using "romantic" to mean idealistic, unrealistic, and impractical - exactly what sense 3 describes with synonyms like "quixotic" and "wild-eyed."

Looking at the context again, the phrase "romantic rebellion" could theoretically connect to the Romantic movement (sense 1), which did include a philosophical rebellion against Enlightenment rationalism. However, the author's criticism focuses more on the impracticality and idealism of this approach rather than its historical connection to Romanticism.

The phrase "romantic extravagance" at the end strongly suggests sense 3, as extravagance implies going beyond what is reasonable or practical.

Overall, I believe sense 3 best captures how the author is using "romantic" in this passage - to describe an idealistic, impractical approach to education that ignores the realities of effective instruction in favor of nebulous concepts of creativity and self-expression.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rebellion
Target surface form: rebellion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic <t>rebellion</t> against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:01:: | definition=refusal to accept some authority or code or convention | examples=each generation must have its own rebellion; his body was in rebellion against fatigue
2. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:00:: | definition=organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another | synonyms=insurrection, revolt, rising, uprising

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:** "rebellion" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses the concept of "creativity" in education.
    *   It describes this concept as "part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction."
    *   The "rebellion" is ideological/cultural. It opposes "disciplined instruction" which is viewed as "authoritarian."
    *   It's a refusal to accept a convention or standard (disciplined instruction).
    *   Is it an armed conflict? No. Is it a physical uprising? No. It's an abstract, cultural, or intellectual resistance to a prevailing system or authority (disciplined instruction).
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `rebellion%1:04:01::` | Definition: "refusal to accept some authority or code or convention" | Examples: "each generation must have its own rebellion; his body was in rebellion against fatigue".
        *   *Fit:* This sense covers abstract resistance, refusal to accept a "code or convention" (disciplined instruction/authoritarianism). The phrase "romantic rebellion" aligns well with "each generation must have its own rebellion." It captures the non-violent, ideological stance.
    *   **Sense 2:** `rebellion%1:04:00::` | Definition: "organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another" | Synonyms: insurrection, revolt, rising, uprising.
        *   *Fit:* This sense implies organized, often physical or political conflict ("wrest control," "insurrection"). The context is educational philosophy ("romantic rebellion"), not a civil war or coup. While it opposes authority, it doesn't fit the "insurrection/armed conflict" aspect of the definition.
4.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   The context describes a shift in educational philosophy—a "romantic rebellion."
    *   Sense 2 is too specific to armed or organized political conflict (insurrection).
    *   Sense 1 allows for refusal to accept a "code or convention," which fits the rejection of "disciplined instruction" perfectly.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.
5.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. Sense 1 corresponds to index 1. Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.
    *   Wait, the prompt lists them as "1." and "2.".
    *   Usually, indexing starts at 1 based on the list provided.
    *   List:
        *   1. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:01:: ... (refusal to accept...)
        *   2. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:00:: ... (organized opposition...)
    *   Selected: Sense 1.
    *   Output: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against <t>disciplined</t> instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants to identify the correct sense of the word "disciplined" in the provided context.

**Target Word:** disciplined (adjective)
**Context:** "...a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..."

**Analysis of Context:**
The sentence discusses a contrast between "creativity" (associated with self-expression, self-esteem) and "disciplined instruction".
The phrase is "disciplined instruction".
What kind of instruction is being described?
It is described as "authoritarian", involving "repression and frustration of latent talents".
This suggests a strict, structured, rule-following, orderly type of instruction. It implies control, rigor, and adherence to a set system or method.

**Analysis of Candidate Senses:**

*   **Sense 1:** `disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00`
    *   Definition: "obeying the rules"
    *   Synonyms (implied by sense key): controlled.
    *   Implication: This sense focuses on behavior that follows rules or order. It suggests self-control or being under control. In the context of "instruction", it implies instruction that follows a strict order, is controlled, rigorous, or regimented. It aligns with the criticism that it is "authoritarian" and involves "repression". It opposes the "free" nature of "creativity/self-expression".

*   **Sense 2:** `disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00`
    *   Definition: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise"
    *   Examples: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind"
    *   Implication: This sense focuses on the result of training—having skill, control, or development acquired through practice (like muscles or a mind). While "instruction" involves training, the adjective here modifies "instruction" itself, not the person. "Disciplined instruction" doesn't mean "instruction that has been trained." It means instruction that *is* disciplined (strict, orderly, controlled). "Trained instruction" doesn't fit the semantic role here. The instruction isn't the entity undergoing training; the instruction is the method of teaching.

**Comparison:**
The phrase is "disciplined instruction".
Does it mean "instruction that is trained"? No.
Does it mean "instruction that is controlled, orderly, strict"? Yes.

Sense 1 ("obeying the rules" / controlled) fits the concept of a structured, rigorous pedagogical approach. The context contrasts it with the "romantic rebellion" against structure/rules. The "romantic" view sees rules/structure as "authoritarian". This aligns with Sense 1's definition of being controlled or obeying rules/order.

Let's look at the definition of Sense 1 again: "obeying the rules".
While the definition is schematic, the synonym "controlled" in the sense key helps. "Disciplined instruction" is instruction that is under control, orderly, rigorous.
Sense 2 is about the state of being trained (like a disciplined athlete). Instruction isn't "trained" in that sense.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It refers to the nature of the instruction being orderly, strict, and controlled, rather than the instruction having undergone training (Sense 2).

Decision: Sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined <t>instruction</t>, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "instruction" in the context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents..."

Candidate senses:
1: a message describing how something is to be done
2: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill
3: the profession of a teacher
4: (computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program

In the context, it says "rebellion against disciplined instruction". This refers to the act or process of instructing/educating, not a specific message or the profession. Sense 2 matches this ("activities of educating or instructing"). "Disciplined instruction" matches "activities that impart knowledge or skill".

Let's check sense 2:
synonyms: education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity
examples: he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed

This perfectly fits "disciplined instruction" in the context of education.

Sense 1 is "directions", like a set of steps.
Sense 3 is the profession.
Sense 4 is computer science.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authoritarian
Target surface form: authoritarian
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "<t>authoritarian</t>, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:undemocratic:00 | definition=characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty | synonyms=autocratic, dictatorial, despotic, tyrannic, tyrannical | examples=an authoritarian regime; autocratic government
2. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:domineering:00 | definition=expecting unquestioning obedience | synonyms=dictatorial, overbearing | examples=the timid child of authoritarian parents; insufferably overbearing behavior toward the waiter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "authoritarian"
    *   Context snippet: "...romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as   The context is discussing "disciplined instruction" in schools.
    *   The text contrasts "creativity" and "self-expression" with "disciplined instruction."
    *   It says that proponents of creativity view disciplined instruction as "authoritarian."

2.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1:**
    *   Sense key: `authoritarian%5:00:00:undemocratic:00`
    *   Definition: characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty.
    *   Synonyms of being characteristic of an absolute ruler? While one could metaphorically say the teacher acts like a dictator, the primary connotation here is about the *nature of the instruction* or the *power dynamic* in the classroom, but specifically focusing on the *obedience* aspect rather than sovereignty. However, sense 1 is often used for political systems (regimes). Let's look at sense 2.

3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2:**
    *   Sense key: `authoritarian%5:00:00:domineering:00`
    *   Definition: expecting unquestioning obedience.
    *   Synonyms: dictatorial, overbearing.
    *   Examples: the timid child of authoritarian parents; insufferably overbearing behavior toward the waiter.
    *   Fit: "Disciplined instruction" implies rules, order, and likely obedience from students. The criticism (from the romantic rebellion perspective) views this discipline as repressive. The example "authoritarian parents" is semantically closer to "authoritarian schools/instruction" (interpersonal/institutional authority) than "authoritarian regime" (political sovereignty), although there is overlap.
    *   Comparison: Sense 1 focuses on "absolute sovereignty" and "absolute ruler." Sense 2 focuses on "expecting unquestioning obedience."
    *   In a school setting, "disciplined instruction" requires students to follow rules and listen to the teacher. The criticism implies it stifles the child's self-expression. This aligns well with "expecting unquestioning obedience" (Sense 2). The teacher/institution demands obedience regarding what is learned and how behavior is conducted.
    *   While "authoritarian regime" (Sense 1) is a common collocation, the context here is education and the relationship between the instructor and the student (analogous to the relationship between parent and child in the example for Sense 2). The text describes the *style* of instruction (domineering/expecting obedience) rather than the political status of the school (sovereignty).

4.  **Decide:**
    *   The context describes "disciplined instruction."
    *   Sense 2 is defined as "expecting unquestioning obedience."
    *   The examples for Sense 2 include "authoritarian parents," which is a close domain analogy to "authoritarian instruction" or schools.
    *   Sense 1 is defined as "characteristic of an absolute ruler... absolute sovereignty." This applies more to governments or political states (regimes).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 fits better. It captures the behavioral expectation (obedience) inherent in "disciplined instruction" that the rebels criticize.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: "...regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression..."
    *   Sense     *   Sense 2: expecting unquestioning obedience. (Behavioral/Interpersonal focus).
    *   School The criticism labels 2.

    Let's look at the indices provided in the prompt.
    1. sense_key=author5:00:00:undemocratic:00 ...
    2. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:domineering:00 ...

    The correct sense corresponds to index 2.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: repression
Target surface form: repression
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a <t>repression</t> and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=repression%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of forcible subjugation | examples=the long repression of Christian sects
2. sense_key=repression%1:22:00:: | definition=(psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious
3. sense_key=repression%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of repressing; control by holding down | examples=his goal was the repression of insolence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target is "repression" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses "creativity" in education versus "disciplined instruction."
    *   The author describes a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction.
    *   Disciplined instruction is regarded as "authoritarian," a "repression" and frustration of latent talents.
    *   The context suggests a forceful holding back or suppression of natural instincts/talents by an authority (disciplined instruction).
    *   It's not necessarily psychiatric (blocking unconscious thoughts), though "latent talents" implies something hidden. However, the agent of the repression is "disciplined instruction" acting "authoritarian[ly]".
    *   It implies an external force acting on the students.
3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `repression%1:26:00::` | Definition: "a state of forcible subjugation" | Example: "the long repression of Christian sects". This refers to a political or social state of being subjugated, usually by a government or authority.
    *   **Sense 2:** `repression%1:22:00::` | Definition: "(psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism..." | Example: N/A (implies blocking anxiety-inducing thoughts). This is an internal psychological process.
    *   **Sense 3:** `repression%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of repressing; control by holding down" | Example: "his goal was the repression of insolence". This refers to the act of suppressing something (behavior, feelings, impulses) by an agent.
4.  **Compare Context to Senses:**
    *   Is it Sense 2 (Psychiatry)? No. The text says disciplined instruction is regarded as a repression. Disciplined instruction is an external pedagogical method, not a student's internal defense mechanism against anxiety. While the students might repress their urges, the text labels the *instruction itself* as the repression (the act of suppressing).
    *   Is it Sense 1 (State of subjugation)? This is close. The text talks about "authoritarian" control. However, Sense 1 usually refers to a broad socio-political state ("repression of Christian sects"). The context here focuses on the specific *act* of holding down talents/potentialities within the educational setting.
    *   Is it Sense 3 (Act of repressing; control by holding down)? This fits best. The example "repression of insolence" parallels "repression... of the latent talents". Disciplined instruction is seen as an active force "holding down" or controlling the natural expression/potential of children. It describes the action taken against the "wonderful... potentialities". The definition "control by holding down" perfectly captures the romantic critique of disciplined instruction acting as a constraint on natural growth.
5.  **Final Decision:** Sense 3 captures the "act of repressing/control by holding down" which fits the description of how disciplined instruction acts upon the children's potential. Sense 1 is too broad/political (state of subjugation), and Sense 2 is psychiatric.
6.  **Formatting:** Return JSON object with index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: frustration
Target surface form: frustration
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and <t>frustration</t> of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=frustration%1:12:00:: | definition=the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals | synonyms=defeat
2. sense_key=frustration%1:04:02:: | definition=an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts | synonyms=thwarting, foiling
3. sense_key=frustration%1:12:01:: | definition=a feeling of annoyance at being hindered or criticized | examples=her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "frustration" in the context:

"...a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

Let me analyze the context:

1. The sentence discusses how "disciplined instruction" is regarded as "authoritarian" - a repression and frustration of latent talents and potentialities in children.

2. The phrase "repression and frustration" - both words are describing something being done TO the talents/potentialities. This suggests an ACTION, not a feeling.

3. "Frustration" here is parallel to "repression" - both are presented as things that happen TO the children's talents, not feelings the children experience.

4. The context is about educational philosophy - disciplined instruction being seen as something that blocks/hinders children's talents from developing.

Now let's look at the senses:

1. Sense 1: "the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals" - This is an EMOTION/FEELING. The text isn't talking about children feeling frustrated; it's talking about something being done to their talents.

2. Sense 2: "an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts" with synonyms "thwarting, foiling" - This is an ACT/ACTION. This fits better - disciplined instruction is seen as an act that hinders/blocks/thwarts children's potential from developing.

3. Sense 3: "a feeling of annoyance at being hindered or criticized" - Again, a feeling/emotion.

The key grammatical clue is that "frustration" is parallel to "repression" - "a repression and frustration OF the latent talents." This structure (noun + of + object) where both nouns are parallel suggests both are ACTIONS being done to something, not feelings.

The children's talents are being frustrated (blocked/hindered), not the children feeling frustration.

So Sense 2 is the correct choice - it's the ACT sense, not the FEELING sense.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: latent
Target surface form: latent
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the <t>latent</t> talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=latent%5:00:00:potential:00 | definition=potentially existing but not presently evident or realized | examples=a latent fingerprint; latent talent
2. sense_key=latent%5:00:00:inactive:02 | definition=(pathology) not presently active | examples=latent infection; latent diabetes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "latent"
    *   Context snippet: "...regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the <t>latent</t> talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."
    *   Key phrases around target: "latent talents", "potentialities inherent", "as yet undefined".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1:
        *   Definition: potentially existing but not presently evident or realized
        *   Examples: latent fingerprint, latent talent
        *   Synonyms (implied/related): potential, hidden, dormant.
    *   Sense 2:
        *   Definition: (pathology) not presently active
        *   Examples: latent infection, latent diabetes
        *   Domain: Pathology/Medicine.

3.  **Disambiguate:**
    *   The context talks about "talents" and "potentialities" inherent in children.
    *   It contrasts "disciplined instruction" with the "repression... of latent talents". The idea is that children have talents that are not yet visible or realized, and the romantic view suggests these need to be freed/expressed.
    *   Sense 1 explicitly mentions "latent talent" as an example and defines it as "potentially existing but not presently evident or realized". This matches the context of "talents" and "potentialities" perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 is specific to pathology (diseases, infections). While "not presently active" could metaphorically apply to talents, the specific domain restriction "(pathology)" and the examples (infection, diabetes) make it a poor fit for "talents".

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice. The context explicitly discusses "talents" which aligns with the example provided in Sense 1.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: talent
Target surface form: talents
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent <t>talents</t> and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=talent%1:09:00:: | definition=natural abilities or qualities | synonyms=endowment, gift, natural endowment
2. sense_key=talent%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who possesses unusual innate ability in some field or activity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   **Sentence:** "The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent <t>talents</t> and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."
    *   **Target phrase:** "latent <t>talents</t>"
    *   **Modifiers:** "latent" (existing but not yet developed or manifest), "inherent in the souls".
    *   **Parallel concepts:** "potentialities".
    *   **Semantic role:** The "talents" are something possessed by the children (in their souls), which are being frustrated/repressed. They are described as "latent", meaning they are hidden potentials or abilities waiting to be developed.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `talent%1:09:00::` | definition="natural abilities or qualities" | synonyms=endowment, gift, natural endowment.
        *   This refers to an abstract quality or ability. It fits with "latent" (latent abilities). It fits with being "inherent in the souls". It fits with "potentialities".
    *   **Sense 2:** `talent%1:18:00::` | definition="a person who possesses unusual innate ability in some field or activity".
        *   This refers to a *person*. Examples: "He is a major talent in the music industry." or "We need to hire more talent."
        *   Does "latent persons" fit the context? "repression and frustration of the latent [persons]... inherent in the souls of all our children"?
        *   Grammatically, you can repress a person, but "latent persons" is an odd phrase. "Latent" usually modifies a quality, state, or potential, not a person (unless speaking biologically/medically about a latent infection, but not a latent child). Also, the text speaks of the talents *inherent in the souls* of the children. A person isn't inherent in the soul of a child; the child *is* the person (or the soul). The abilities are what are inherent.

3.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   The phrase "latent talents" strongly implies qualities or abilities that are currently existing but hidden/undeveloped.
    *   The parallel word "potentialities" reinforces the reading of "abilities/potentials".
    *   Sense 2 refers to people (e.g., "new talents" in a recruitment drive). The context is discussing the internal qualities of children, not the children themselves as agents.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct fit.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The sense chosen is Sense 1.
    *   Indexing: Usually, the list provided is 1-indexed in the prompt ("1. sense_key...", "2. sense_key...").
    *   Output: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as <t>yet</t> undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "...a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."
    *   Target phrase: "as yet undefined".
    *   Meaning in context: The potentialities are undefined *up to this point in time*. They might be defined later, or they might remain undefined, but the current state is "undefined". The phrase "as yet" is a common collocation meaning "up to now" or "so far".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `yet%4:02:02::` | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense fits well. "As yet undefined" means "up to the present time undefined". The example "details are yet to be worked out" shares the semantic space of something not happening/being completed up to now. However, this sense often implies an expectation that it *will* happen (future reference mixed with current state).

    *   **Sense 2:** `yet%4:02:04::` | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense specifically mentions the synonym **"as yet"**. The context phrase is "as yet undefined". "Undefined" is a negative state (not defined) or effectively a negative statement regarding definition. The definition "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point" perfectly matches "as yet undefined". The synonyms (so far, thus far, as yet) are spot on.

    *   **Sense 3:** `yet%4:02:03::` | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse...
        *   *Analysis:* This is "yet" in the sense of "yet another" or "better yet" or "yet colder". Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 4:** `yet%4:02:00::` | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves...
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the future ("yet to come"). While "undefined" could imply future definition, the focus here is on the duration of the state "undefined" up to the present, rather than the future event of definition. The phrase "as yet" is the deciding factor.

    *   **Sense 5:** `yet%4:02:05::` | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far...
        *   *Analysis:* This is for superlatives like "the best yet". Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6:** `yet%4:02:06::` | definition=despite anything to the contrary... | synonyms=however, nevertheless...
        *   *Analysis:* This is the conjunctive adverb usage ("I tried, yet I failed"). Not applicable here.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 ("up to the present time") is close. The examples are "I have yet to see..." (implying expectation).
    *   Sense 2 ("used in negative statement... up to the present time") includes the synonym **"as yet"**.
    *   The phrase "as yet" is explicitly listed as a synonym for Sense 2.
    *   The definition for Sense 2 explicitly mentions negative statements or situations existing up to this point. "Undefined" implies a lack of definition (negative).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the precise match for the idiom "as yet".

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "if as yet undefined" -> "if as [up to now/so far] undefined".
    *   Sense 2 Synonyms: so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, **as yet**.
    *   The match is exact.

5.  **Construct Output:**
    *   The user wants the index.
    *   The correct sense is Sense 2.
    *   Output: `{"sense_index": 2}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potentiality
Target surface form: potentialities
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, <t>potentialities</t> inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potentiality%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potential, potency
2. sense_key=potentiality%1:09:00:: | definition=an aptitude that may be developed | synonyms=capability, capableness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `potentiality`
    *   Target surface form: `potentialities` (plural)
    *   Context snippet: "...a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction... regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `potentiality%1:26:00::` | Definition: "the inherent capacity for coming into being" | Synonyms: potential, potency. This sense often relates to potentiality vs. actuality (philosophical) or the possibility of something happening or existing. It emphasizes the state of *being possible* or *latent existence*.
    *   Sense 2: `potentiality%1:09:00::` | Definition: "an aptitude that may be developed" | Synonyms: capability, capableness. This sense relates to abilities, skills, or capacities that a person possesses but hasn't fully developed yet.

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 in context:**
    *   The context talks about "latent talents" and "wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."
    *   The phrase "inherent in the souls" aligns well with "inherent capacity for coming into being."
    *   The context describes a romantic view where children have these undefined qualities inside them waiting to emerge.
    *   However, is it just an abstract capacity for being, or is it a capability/aptitude? The text links it with "latent talents."

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2 in context:**
    *   The definition is "an aptitude that may be developed."
    *   Synonyms: capability, capableness.
    *   The text discusses education and "latent talents." The concept here is the child's capacity to develop into something wonderful or to develop skills/talents.
    *   The phrase "latent talents and... potentialities" suggests a parallel structure. Latent talents are things that *are* there but hidden; potentialities are things that *could be* there.
    *   Is "potentiality" here referring to an aptitude? The text mocks the idea that "disciplined instruction" frustrates these "potentialities." The romantic view assumes children have inherent abilities (capabilities) that strict teaching stifles.
    *   Let's look at the distinction. Sense 1 (WN 1:26:00) often maps to the noun "potential" in the sense of "The potential for change." Sense 2 (WN 1:09:00) maps to "capability."
    *   In this text, the author is criticizing the view that children are born with inherent genius. These "potentialities" are treated as quasi-talents or capabilities that just need to be unleashed (self-expression) rather than trained.
    *   The link to "talents" (aptitudes) strongly suggests Sense 2. Sense 1 is broader and often used for inanimate things or abstract possibilities (the potentiality of the situation). Sense 2 is specifically about human attributes/aptitudes.
    *   The text speaks of "latent talents and... potentialities." These are attributes of the person. "An aptitude that may be developed" fits the educational context perfectly. The author is arguing against the idea that children have inherent capabilities that are being repressed.

5.  **Differentiation:**
    *   Sense 1 (inherent capacity for coming into being): Often implies a passive possibility. E.g., "The potentiality of the acorn to become an oak."
    *   Sense 2 (an aptitude that may be developed): Implies a capability or power to do something. E.g., "She has great potentialities as a writer."
    *   The context mentions "latent talents." Talents are aptitudes. The parallel construction implies potentialities are similar—attributes or capabilities of the children.
    *   The Romantic philosophy described treats children as having inherent *capabilities* that just need to bloom.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 ("capability", "aptitude") is the better fit for the human attributes being discussed in an educational/talent context.

    *   Let's check the synsets in WordNet structure.
        *   `potentiality%1:26:00` is under `noun.cognition` -> `noun.attribute` -> `potential`. Wait, actually `potential%1:26:00` is "the inherent capacity for coming into being".
        *   `potentiality%1:09:00` is under `noun.attribute` -> `ability` -> `capability` -> `potentiality`. Wait, let's verify hierarchy.
        *   Actually, checking WN relations: `potentiality%1:09:00` corresponds to `capability`.
        *   The text says "latent talents and the wonderful... potentialities".
        *   "Talents" refers to specific aptitudes. "Potentialities" here refers to the capacity to develop these or other wonderful traits.
        *   Synonyms for Sense 2 include `capability`. Does the text imply capability? Yes, the romantic rebellion claims disciplined instruction represses the capabilities inherent in children's souls.
        *   Synonyms for Sense 1 include `potency`. Does the text imply potency? A bit more abstract.
        *   The phrase "aptitude that may be developed" (Sense 2) aligns perfectly with the educational context of "latent talents" waiting to be realized or frustrated.

6.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The context is about the qualities of children (souls, talents).
    *   It discusses development/education (frustration of talents).
    *   Sense 2 defines it as "an aptitude that may be developed" with synonym "capability".
    *   This fits the specific complaint about "latent talents" and the educational philosophy of self-development.
    *   Sense 1 is a bit more generic/philosophical ("coming into being"). While the text uses somewhat philosophical language ("souls"), the semantic role is that of a suppressed capability/aptitude.

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherent
Target surface form: inherent
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities <t>inherent</t> in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherent%5:00:00:intrinsic:00 | definition=existing as an essential constituent or characteristic | synonyms=built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, integral | examples=the Ptolemaic system with its built-in concept of periodicity; a constitutional inability to tell the truth
2. sense_key=inherent%5:00:00:implicit:00 | definition=in the nature of something though not readily apparent | synonyms=implicit in, underlying | examples=shortcomings inherent in our approach; an underlying meaning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `inherent`
    *   Context: A paragraph criticizing the educational concept of "creativity" as "self-expression". It mentions a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction" and the belief in "latent talents and the wonderful... potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."
    *   Candidate senses: Two senses provided.
        *   Sense 1: "existing as an essential constituent or characteristic" (synonyms: built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, integral).
        *   Sense 2: "in the nature of something though not readily apparent" (synonyms: implicit in, underlying).
    *   Output requirement: JSON object `{"sense_index": N}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The target phrase is: "...potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."
    *   The author is describing a romantic view where children possess certain talents and potentialities.
    *   Are these potentialities "essential constituents" of the children's souls, or are they "in the nature of something though not readily apparent"?
    *   The text calls them "latent talents". "Latent" means existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden; concealed.
    *   Let's look at the candidate sense definitions more closely.

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1:**
    *   Definition: "existing as an essential constituent or characteristic".
    *   Synonyms: built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, integral.
    *   Examples: "a constitutional inability to tell the truth".
    *   Application to context: The potentialities are indeed essential characteristics of the children's souls (in this romantic view). They are part of what makes the child who they are. The focus here is on the *possession* of these qualities as an intrinsic part of the entity.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2:**
    *   Definition: "in the nature of something though not readily apparent".
    *   Synonyms: implicit in, underlying.
    *   Examples: "shortcomings inherent in our approach".
    *   Application to context: The phrase "latent talents" strongly suggests "not readily apparent". The potentialities are hidden inside. Sense 2 explicitly mentions "though not readily apparent".
    *   However, let's check the synonyms. Is the potentiality "implicit in" the soul? Or is it a "built-in" feature?
    *   Let's look at the overlap. Often, "inherent" implies being an essential part.
    *   Let's compare with WordNet 3.1 (or the provided definitions).
    *   Sense 1 says "essential constituent".
    *   Sense 2 says "in the nature of something... not readily apparent".
    *   The context mentions "latent talents". "Latent" maps very well to "not readily apparent".
    *   Let's look at the distinction between "constitutional" (Sense 1) and "implicit/underlying" (Sense 2).
    *   "Constitutional" suggests a structural part.
    *   "Implicit/underlying" suggests a hidden aspect of the nature.
    *   The phrase "potentialities inherent in the souls" suggests that these potentialities are intrinsic parts of the soul.
    *   Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 2: "shortcomings inherent in our approach". This implies a flaw that exists as part of the approach's nature, perhaps subtly.
    *   Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 1: "built-in concept", "constitutional inability". These are structural, definitive traits.
    *   The context speaks of "potentialities". A potentiality is, by definition, not yet manifest (not readily apparent).
    *   Does this make it Sense 2?
    *   Let's reconsider the text: "...wonderful... potentialities inherent in the souls..."
    *   Is the meaning that the potentialities are "implicit" or "underlying"? Or are they "integral"?
    *   Actually, WordNet (3.0/3.1) distinguishes these.
        *   adj 1: existing as an essential constituent or characteristic; "the Ptolemaic system with its built-in concept of periodicity"; "a constitutional inability to tell the truth" (syn: built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, integral, inherent).
        *   adj 2: in the nature of something though not readily apparent; "shortcomings inherent in our approach"; "an underlying meaning" (syn: implicit in, underlying, inherent).
    *   Usually, "inherent" is treated as a single lemma with these nuances. The prompt splits them.
    *   Which fits better?
    *   "Latent talents" aligns with "not readily apparent".
    *   However, "potentialities inherent in the souls" emphasizes that the potentialities *belong* to the soul, they are part of its essence.
    *   Let's look at the synonym "integral" (Sense 1). Are the potentialities integral to the soul?
    *   Let's look at the synonym "implicit in" (Sense 2). Are the potentialities implicit in the soul?
    *   Usually, "potentialities inherent in X" means X possesses these potentialities as an intrinsic quality.
    *   The distinction in WordNet 3.0 seems to be:
        *   Sense 1 focuses on "essential constituent" (structural, definitive).
        *   Sense 2 focuses on "not readily apparent" (hidden nature).
    *   The context word "latent" is the key clue. "Latent" = hidden, dormant.
    *   Sense 2 definition includes "though not readily apparent".
    *   Sense 1 definition includes "essential constituent".
    *   Is the "latency" (hiddenness) the defining aspect of *this* usage of "inherent" in the sentence? Or is the "essential nature" the defining aspect?
    *   The sentence contrasts "disciplined instruction" (external) with what is inside the child (internal/intrinsic). The argument is that these talents are *inside* the child as part of their nature.
    *   "Inherent" is often used as a synonym for "intrinsic". "Intrinsic" aligns with Sense 1 (synonyms list "intrinsic" often associated with the first sense in lexicography, though the prompt lists "intrinsic" in the gloss for Sense 1). Wait, the prompt says: `sense_key=inherent%5:00:00:intrinsic:00`. This sense key explicitly links to "intrinsic".
    *   Sense 1 has the synonym "intrinsic" in the sense_key provided: `inherent%5:00:00:intrinsic:00`.
    *   Sense 2 has the synonym "implicit" in the sense_key: `inherent%5:00:00:implicit:00`.
    *   The sentence says potentialities are "inherent in the souls". This means the potentialities are intrinsic to the souls.
    *   Does "intrinsic" fit? Yes.
    *   Does "implicit" fit? "Potentialities implicit in the souls". It fits, but "intrinsic" is a stronger collocate for "potentialities" in a philosophical/essentialist context.
    *   Furthermore, the text says "latent talents... inherent in the souls".
    *   While "latent" implies not apparent, "inherent" here emphasizes the *location* and *essential belonging* (in the soul) rather than just the hidden quality. The romantic view claims these talents are real parts of the child's essence.
    *   Sense 1 ("essential constituent") captures the essential nature of the child.
    *   Sense 2 ("in the nature... not readily apparent") captures the hidden aspect.
    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 2: "shortcomings inherent in our approach". Here, the shortcomings are intrinsic, but the nuance "not readily apparent" might apply (or it might not—sometimes shortcomings are obvious). Actually, "inherent shortcomings" usually means they are inseparable from the approach.
    *   Let's check standard WSD datasets (Senseval/SEMCOR) for this specific WordNet split.
    *   In WordNet 3.0, the definitions are split.
        *   1: built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, integral, inherent.
        *   2: implicit in, underlying, inherent.
    *   Usually, Sense 1 is the dominant sense. It covers "intrinsic".
    *   "Potentialities inherent in the souls" strongly suggests "intrinsic to the souls".
    *   The mention of "latent" in the context supports the idea that they are there (intrinsic) but not yet developed. Does the word "inherent" *itself* carry the load of "not readily apparent" in this context, or does "latent" carry that load?
    *   "Latent talents" carries the meaning of "hidden/not apparent".
    *   "Inherent" adds the meaning of "belonging to the nature of".
    *   Therefore, "inherent" is providing the "essential constituent" meaning. The "not apparent" meaning is already handled by "latent".
    *   If we choose Sense 2, we are double-coding the "not apparent" meaning (once by "latent", once by "inherent").
    *   If we choose Sense 1, "inherent" means these are essential/constitutional/intrinsic parts of the soul. This adds information distinct from "latent".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the better choice. The potentialities are built-in/integral parts of the soul.

    *   Let's double check Sense 1 synonyms: built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, integral. "The potentialities are integral to the souls." This works perfectly.
    *   Let's double check Sense 2 synonyms: implicit in, underlying. "The potentialities are implicit in the souls." This also works, but is slightly less forceful regarding the *essential* nature claimed by the romantic philosophy described (which sees the soul *as* a bundle of potentialities). The text describes a "romantic rebellion" claiming these talents are real and belong to the child. This aligns with "integral/intrinsic" (Sense 1).

    *   Another check: The sense key `inherent%5:00:00:intrinsic:00` vs `inherent%5:00:00:implicit:00`.
    *   The text is discussing the *essential* qualities of the children. The belief is that the potentialities are a fundamental part of the child's being.
    *   The synonym "integral" (Sense 1) fits the idea of a constituent part of the soul.
    *   The synonym "implicit" (Sense 2) suggests something suggested but not expressed. While potentialities are unexpressed, "implicit" usually applies to meanings or logic, or abstract conditions, whereas "intrinsic/integral" applies to physical or essential qualities of entities.
    *   "Potentialities" are qualities/capacities of the entity (soul).
    *   I lean heavily toward Sense 1.

    *   Let's verify the definition text for Sense 2: "in the nature of something though not readily apparent".
    *   The context says: "latent talents... potentialities inherent in the souls".
    *   Is "inherent" being used to mean "lying within" (inherent's etymology, inhaerere)?
    *   If I say "problems inherent in the system", it usually means Sense 1 (structural/built-in) or Sense 2 (underlying). Often interchangeable.
    *   However, "inherent in the souls" speaks to the constitution of the soul.
    *   "Constitutional" (Sense 1) fits well with "soul" (nature/constitution of a being).
    *   "Underlying" (Sense 2) fits "latent" well.
    *   Which aspect is "inherent" modifying?
    *   If I replace inherent:
        *   "Potentialities integral in the souls" (Sense 1) -> slightly awkward phrasing ("integral to"), but meaning is clear.
        *   "Potentialities underlying in the souls" (Sense 2) -> Ungrammatical. "Underlying the souls"? No. "Implicit in the souls" -> Plausible.
    *   Let's look at the Sense 1 definition again: "existing as an essential constituent or characteristic".
    *   Context: "...potentialities inherent in the souls..."
    *   The potentialities exist as an essential characteristic of the souls. This is a very strong match for Sense 1 definition.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "in the nature of something though not readily apparent".
    *   While true that they are not apparent, the primary assertion of the sentence is that these potentialities *are a part of the soul* (essential constituent), opposing the view that they need to be put there by instruction.
    *   The "latency" is mentioned separately ("latent talents").
    *   Therefore, "inherent" contributes the "essential constituent" meaning.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *   Final check of sense keys.
    *   Sense 1: `inherent%5:00:00:intrinsic:00`.
    *   Sense 2: `inherent%5:00:00:implicit:00`.
    *   The mapping in WordNet 3.0 lists "intrinsic" as a synonym for Sense 1.
    *   "Intrinsic" is the strongest synonym for the usage here. "Intrinsic to the soul".
    *   Sense 2 synonyms "implicit in/underlying" are less fitting for "potentialities in the soul". "Underlying" usually applies to abstract concepts (meaning, cause, foundation), not the potentialities within a soul (unless referring to "underlying nature", but "inherent" is the adjective here).
    *   "Built-in" (Sense 1) fits the "born with" aspect of the romantic view.

    Decision: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: soul
Target surface form: souls
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the <t>souls</t> of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=soul%1:18:00:: | definition=the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life | synonyms=psyche
2. sense_key=soul%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal | examples=there was too much for one person to do
3. sense_key=soul%1:12:00:: | definition=deep feeling or emotion | synonyms=soulfulness
4. sense_key=soul%1:04:00:: | definition=the human embodiment of something | examples=the soul of honor
5. sense_key=soul%1:10:00:: | definition=a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s | examples=soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses education, specifically the concept of "creativity" in schools.
    *   It critiques a "romantic rebellion" against disciplined instruction.
    *   The specific phrase is: "...latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the <t>souls</t> of all our children."
    *   The context speaks of "latent talents" and "potentialities" residing within the children. This suggests a spiritual or deep inner aspect of the person, often romanticized as the essence of a human being where true self/potential lies.
    *   The text contrasts the physical/academic aspect (disciplined instruction) with this inner, somewhat mystical aspect (latent talents, potentialities).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `soul%1:18:00::` | definition="the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life" | synonyms="psyche".
        *   *Analysis:* This fits well. The text talks about "latent talents" and "potentialities" inherent in the "souls" of children. This implies the inner, non-physical essence of the child. The romantic view of education often focuses on the "soul" or "spirit" of the child. "Psyche" is a close synonym here.

    *   **Sense 2:** `soul%1:03:00::` | definition="a human being" | synonyms="person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal".
        *   *Analysis:* While "souls" can be used to count people (e.g., "300 souls on board"), here the author is referring to the *location* of talents and potentialities. One wouldn't say talents are inherent in the "persons" of children in quite this way; they are inherent *in* the children's souls/inner selves. Using "souls" as a synecdoche for "people" doesn't fit the semantic requirement of "inherent in the [container of talents]". The sentence structure "inherent in the souls of all our children" treats "souls" as an inner component or essence, not just the person as a whole entity. However, Sense 2 is a broad sense often used for counting or referring to people generally. Let's look closer. If I substitute: "potentialities inherent in the [persons] of all our children" vs "potentialities inherent in the [immaterial part] of all our children". The latter fits the romantic/philosophical tone much better. The text distinguishes between external instruction and internal potential.

    *   **Sense 3:** `soul%1:12:00::` | definition="deep feeling or emotion" | synonyms="soulfulness".
        *   *Analysis:* The context isn't about emotion specifically. It's about potential and talent. While emotion is part of the soul, the text isn't saying "deep feeling inherent in the souls".

    *   **Sense 4:** `soul%1:04:00::` | definition="the human embodiment of something" | examples="the soul of honor".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a personification of an abstract quality. "He is the soul of discretion." Here, the text is talking about the souls *of* children, not children being the soul *of* something.

    *   **Sense 5:** `soul%1:10:00::` | definition="a secular form of gospel..." (Music genre).
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 2 is "a human being".
    *   Sense 1 is "the immaterial part of a person".

    *   Context sentence: "potentialities inherent in the <t>souls</t> of all our children."
    *   If the author meant just "the children", they would likely write "potentialities inherent in all our children". The use of "souls of" specifically isolates an inner aspect.
    *   The phrase "latent talents... inherent in the souls" points to the spiritual or psychological interior (the "immaterial part"). The romantic philosophy described treats the child as a spiritual being whose soul needs nurturing/unfolding.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the metaphysical/inner quality the author is discussing, rather than just using "souls" as a synonym for "people".

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Target: souls.
    *   Context: Romantic rebellion, latent talents, potentialities.
    *   Match: Immaterial part of a person (where talents/potential reside).
    *   Selected Sense: Sense 1.

    (Self-Correction/Refinement): Sometimes "souls" is used just to mean people in a slightly elevated register. "Save their souls" can mean save their lives/spirits or just save them. But "inherent in the souls" strongly implies location within the person's essence. "Inherent in the people" is possible, but "inherent in the souls" emphasizes the *inner nature*. The text contrasts "disciplined instruction" (external) with "souls" (internal essence). This confirms Sense 1.

    Index mapping:
    1 -> sense_key=soul%1:18:00::
    2 -> sense_key=soul%1:03:00::
    3 -> sense_key=soul%1:12:00::
    4 -> sense_key=soul%1:04:00::
    5 -> sense_key=soul%1:10:00::

    Result: Index 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our <t>children</t>. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `child`
    *   Target surface form: `children`
    *   Context: A paragraph discussing American parents, schools, creativity, self-expression, and the "souls of all our children."
    *   Goal: Choose the single best indexed sense (1-4) based on WordNet glosses, synonyms, and examples.
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": N}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence containing the target is: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our <t>children</t>."
    *   Earlier context: "If I were to ask a sample of American parents... encourage creativity in your children?" and "encourage the youngsters' 'self-esteem'."
    *   The text discusses parents, education, and the development of young people.
    *   "children" refers to the offspring of the parents mentioned earlier ("American parents"). It also refers to the young people attending elementary schools ("youngsters").

3.  **Evaluate the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `child%1:18:00::` | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor...
        *   *Fit:* This fits very well. The context talks about "youngsters," "elementary schools," and "potentialities" inherent in young of these young human beings. The age aspect ("young person") is relevant because the text contrasts them with adults (parents) and discusses education.

    *   **Sense 2:** `child%1:18:01::` | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid...
        *   *Fit:* This is the other strong contender. "American parents... your children." The relationship is parent-child. However, the context of the specific sentence ("souls of all our children") and the broader text ("youngsters", "elementary schools") strongly emphasizes youth/immaturity/development.
        *   Let's look closer at the specific sentence: "potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children." While "children" implies offspring here, does the definition "human offspring of *any age*" fit? The, youngsters, ignorance of young people).
        *   WordNet distinguishes Sense 1 (young person) from Sense 2 (offspring of any age). In the context of education and "potentialities," the age is a defining characteristic. We are talking).
        *   Often, when parents speak of "my children" in an educational context, they are using the word to mean both offspring and young people. However, Sense 1 specifically lists "youngster" as a synonym, which appears in the text ("encourage the youngsters' 'self-esteem'"). The text contrasts "parents" with "children" based on the stage of life/development.
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 1: "she writes books for children." The text discusses education for children.
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 2: "they were able to send their kids to college." This focuses on the parental relationship.
        *   The target sentence focuses on the nature of the beings (souls, potentialities). This aligns better with "young person" (Sense 1) than just the relationship status (Sense 2), especially because the text emphasizes their youth ("youngsters", "elementary schools"). Sense 2 ("of any age") is too broad for the context of elementary education and "young people."

    *   **Sense 3:** `child%1:18:06::` | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby...
        *   *Fit:* No. The text is treating children as having latent talents and potentialities, not necessarily being "childish" in a pejorative sense (though the author critiques the education system, the children themselves are described as having souls and potentialities).

    *   **Sense 4:** `child%1:18:07::` | definition=a member of a clan or tribe...
        *   *Fit:* No. Not a tribal context.

4.  **Final Decision between to "youngsters" and "young people."
    *   The context is "elementary schools."
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a young person of either sex."
    *   Sense 2 definition: "a human offspring ... of any age."
    *   The mention of "souls of all our children" in the context of "potentialities" and education suggests the focus is on their stage of development (youth). While they are offspring of the parents, the semantic weight here leans toward the developmental category "young person" (Sense 1) rather than the kinship relation "offspring of any age" (Sense 2).
    *   Furthermore, the synonym "youngster" in Sense 1 appears earlier in the text ("encourage the youngsters' 'self-esteem'"). The text uses people" ("generation of young people"). These are synonyms for Sense 1.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   `{"sense_index": 1}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parents
Context:
But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that <t>parents</t> find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target lemma is "parent", surface form "parents". It appears twice in the text ("these same parents" and "parents find this...").

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses "creativity" in education.
    *   It mentions "youngsters' self-esteem," "young people," "children."
    *   It discusses "disciplined instruction" and "education."
    *   The specific sentence: "It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education..."
    *   The relationship described is clearly between adults (parents) and their offspring (children/youngsters) in an educational and social setting.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (parent%1:18:00::):** "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian". This relates to humans (or animals in a nurturing context) acting as fathers/mothers or guardians. The context talks about children, education, and upbringing. This fits perfectly.
    *   **Sense 2 (parent%1:03:00::):** "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained". This is the biological progenitor sense, often used in botany or zoology (e.g., the parent plant). While humans are animals, the context here is specifically about social roles (education, self-esteem, romantic rebellion), not the biological mechanism of reproduction. The text focuses on the nurturing/guardian role regarding education.

4.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The context is about human social structures (schools, education, self-esteem).
    *   The "parents" are the people making decisions about their children's education.
    *   Sense 1 covers "nurtures and raises a child" and "relative who plays the role of guardian".
    *   Sense 2 is too technical/biological and usually implies plants or non-human animals in a scientific context.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the index number (1 or 2). Since I chose Sense 1, the output is `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Chutes