[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: enhance
Target surface form: enhanced
Context:
If these assumptions hold, voters in races for Congress face what in economic theory is called a prisoner's dilemma and have an incentive, at the margin, to lean Democratic. If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be <t>enhanced</t> through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=enhance%2:30:00:: | definition=increase | synonyms=heighten, raise | examples=This will enhance your enjoyment; heighten the tension
2. sense_key=enhance%2:30:01:: | definition=make better or more attractive | examples=This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target lemma: *enhance*
    *   Target surface form: *enhanced*
    *   Context sentence: "The individual voter's standing consequently will be **enhanced** through lower taxes."
    *   Preceding context discusses voter incentives, prisoner's dilemma, local benefits, and the difference between voting for Congress vs. the White House. The core argument is about maximizing the voter's "standing" (financial/economic position) via lower taxes.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**:
        *   Definition: "increase"
        *   Synonyms: heighten, raise
        *   Examples: "This will enhance your enjoyment"; "heighten the tension"
        *   Key concept: Making something greater in intensity or amount.
    *   **Sense 2**:
        *   Definition: "make better or more attractive"
        *   Examples: "This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat"
        *   Key concept: Improving quality or adding value/attractiveness.

3.  **Disambiguate**:
    *   The sentence says the voter's "standing" will be enhanced through lower taxes.
    *   "Standing" here refers to status or position (likely economic well-being).
    *   Lower taxes result in more money/wealth for the voter.
    *   Does "enhance" here mean "make better or more attractive" (Sense 2) or "increase" (Sense 1)?
    *   Let's look at the synonyms.
        *   Sense 2 synonyms (implied by examples): improve, boost quality.
        *   Sense 1 synonyms: heighten, raise.
    *   In financial or status contexts, "enhance one's standing" usually means to improve it or make it higher/better.
    *   However, WordNet sense distinctions are sometimes subtle.
    *   Sense 1 (increase) often applies to abstract qualities (enjoyment, tension) or values.
    *   Sense 2 (make better/more attractive) often applies to features, qualities, or value.
    *   Let's look at the specific result: "through lower taxes". Lower taxes *improve* the standing. They increase the value of the standing.
    *   Let's check the mapping of "enhance" in WordNet.
        *   Sense 1 (enhance%2:30:00::): "increase". Synonyms: heighten, raise. Usage: "heighten the tension". This sense focuses on magnitude or intensity.
        *   Sense 2 (enhance%2:30:01::): "make better or more attractive". Usage: "enhance the flavor". This focuses on quality or appeal.
    *   The phrase "enhance one's standing" is a fixed phrase. Does it mean "make the standing better" (Sense 2) or "raise the standing" (Sense 1)?
    *   If you "enhance a reputation", you make it better.
    *   If you "enhance value", you increase it.
    *   Context: "standing ... will be enhanced through lower taxes."
    *   "Standing" here acts like a value or a status level.
    *   Let's compare with synonyms.
    *   If we swap "enhanced" with "increased": "The individual voter's standing consequently will be *increased*..." This fits well (standing increased).
    *   If we swap "enhanced" with "made better": "The individual voter's standing consequently will be *made better*..." This is a bit clunky but semantically close.
    *   However, Sense 1 ("increase") maps well to "raise". "Raise one's standing" is a very common collocation. The definition for Sense 1 is simply "increase".
    *   Sense 2 examples ("enhance the flavor") suggest an additive quality improvement.
    *   The context talks about "lower taxes". Lower taxes *increase* wealth/standing. It is a quantitative improvement in many ways, but "standing" is a status.
    *   Let's look at WordNet hierarchy.
        *   Sense 1 is the hypernym of Sense 2 in some dictionaries, but in WordNet they are usually distinct or specific.
        *   Actually, looking at WordNet 3.1 or 3.0:
            *   `enhance%2:30:00::` (increase) - specific usage: heighten, raise.
            *   `enhance%2:30:01::` (make better or more attractive).
    *   In "enhance standing", usually, the meaning is to improve the status. Is that "increase" or "make better"?
    *   Often, "enhance" with abstract nouns like "standing", "reputation", "status" is grouped under the "increase/improve" umbrella.
    *   Let's test the definitions against the *result*. The result is "lower taxes". Lower taxes improve the standing.
    *   However, "raise" (synonym for Sense 1) fits "raise standing".
    *   "Make better" (definition for Sense 2) fits "make standing better".
    *   Let's look at the examples provided in the prompt again.
        *   Sense 1: "heighten the tension". Tension is a scalar value/intensity. Standing is a scalar value.
        *   Sense 2: "enhance the flavor". Flavor is a quality. While standing is a quality of a person, it is usually treated as a position on a scale (high standing vs low standing).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 ("increase") seems more appropriate because "standing" is being raised or intensified (quantitatively or positionally). The mechanism (lower taxes) increases the net value/position.
    *   Let's check standard WSD practices for "enhance".
        *   "Enhance value" -> usually Sense 1 (increase).
        *   "Enhance flavor" -> Sense 2 (make better/attractive).
        *   "Enhance standing/reputation" -> To raise it. "Raise" is a synonym for Sense 1.
    *   The text says "standing... will be enhanced". This implies the level of standing goes up.
    *   "Increase" (Sense 1) matches the notion of raising the level. "Make better" (Sense 2) applies, but Sense 1 "increase/raise" is more specific to the upward movement of the status level.
    *   Actually, usually Sense 2 is the "make better" sense. Is increasing standing "making it better"? Yes. Is it "increasing" it? Yes.
    *   Which is the primary definition?
    *   Sense 1: "increase". Synonyms: heighten, raise.
    *   Sense 2: "make better or more attractive".
    *   Context: "standing ... enhanced ... through lower taxes".
    *   The text is about economic theory and incentives. "Standing" here refers to economic well-being or relative status. Lower taxes *increase* the resources.
    *   If I look at the WordNet entry for `enhance`:
        *   1: make better or more attractive (enhance%2:30:01::) -- Note: In some versions of WordNet, this might be the first sense.
        *   2: increase (enhance%2:30:00::).
    *   Wait, the prompt provides the order.
        *   Prompt Sense 1: definition=increase.
        *   Prompt Sense 2: definition=make better or more attractive.
    *   Okay, I must follow the prompt's indexing.
    *   Let's re-evaluate "standing".
    *   "Raise one's standing" is a strong collocation.
    *   "Improve one's standing" is also strong.
    *   Does "enhance" mean "increase" (Sense 1) or "make better" (Sense 2)?
    *   In "enhance the flavor", the flavor becomes better (Sense 2).
    *   In "enhance your enjoyment", the enjoyment increases/intensifies (Sense 1).
    *   "Standing" is a value on a scale (social/economic). To enhance it is to raise it.
    *   "Raise" is a synonym for Sense 1.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    Let's double check Sense 2. "Make better or more attractive". Does the voter's standing become "more attractive"? No. Does it become "better"? In a way, but "better standing" usually implies "higher standing".
    The mechanism is "lower taxes", which effectively *increases* the voter's wealth/position.
    Sense 1 (increase/raise/heighten) captures the scalar movement of the noun "standing".

    Comparison:
    Sense 1: "heighten the tension" (intensity goes up).
    Sense 2: "enhance the flavor" (quality improves).
    Target: "enhance the standing" (status goes up).
    "Standing" behaves more like "tension" (an intensity/level) than "flavor" (a qualitative attribute to be decorated). "Standing" is a measure.
    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Final check:
    Context: "The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes."
    "Enhanced" = raised, increased.
    Sense 1 definition: "increase".
    Sense 1 synonyms: "heighten, raise".
    "Raise" collocates perfectly with "standing".
    Sense 2 definition: "make better or more attractive".
    While "improved" fits, the specific synonyms for Sense 1 ("raise") align better with the noun "standing" (which is raised). The example "heighten the tension" (Sense 1) parallels "raise the standing".

    Therefore, I select index 1.

provider: Parasail


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly <t>simple</t>, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `simple`
    *   Target surface form: `simple`
    *   Context sentence: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses a political theory about voter behavior, specifically why voters might split tickets (vote for one party for president, another for Congress). The theory argues that voters act strategically to balance power and maximize local benefits/minimize taxes. The author acknowledges the theory is "exceedingly simple" but notes its explanatory power.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `simple%3:00:02::`
        *   Definition: having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved.
        *   Examples: a simple problem; simple mechanisms.
        *   Fit: A theory can have few parts or not be complicated. This is a strong contender. It suggests the theory isn't convoluted.

    *   **Sense 2:** `simple%5:00:00:easy:01`
        *   Definition: easy and not involved or complicated.
        *   Synonyms: elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic.
        *   Examples: an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson.
        *   Fit: "Easy" usually refers to difficulty in execution or understanding. While a simple theory is easy to understand, the adjective "simple" applied to a theory often refers to its structure or lack of complex variables, rather than just "easy to do". However, "uncomplicated" is a synonym here. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2. Sense 1 focuses on "having few parts" (structural complexity). Sense 2 focuses on "easy" (difficulty). The text says the theory is "exceedingly simple". Does it mean it's easy (to understand or formulate) or that it lacks complexity? The text contrasts it with the complexity of the phenomenon (ticket splitting, prisoner's dilemma). The theory explains things despite being simple. Usually, "simple theory" maps to "not complex" (Sense 1) or "uncomplicated" (Sense 2). In WordNet, the distinction between `simple` (adj) senses can be subtle.
        *   Let's look at the specific definitions again. Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved". Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated".
        *   Is the theory "easy"? Or is it "not complex"?
        *   The phrase "exceedingly simple" often implies a lack of nuance or structural complexity, rather than just "easy". It often implies a criticism or a limitation that turns out to be a virtue (Occam's razor).
        *   Let's check the mapping. Often, WordNet distinguishes between structural simplicity (few parts) and ease of understanding/doing. Theories are intellectual constructs. Is a "simple theory" one with few parts or one that is easy? The context discusses the *nature* of the theory's construction (it's a basic strategic calculation vs a complex systemic analysis).
        *   Sense 1 examples: "simple problem", "simple mechanisms".
        *   Sense 2 examples: "elementary problem".
        *   There is an overlap. However, usually, when describing a theory, "simple" is contrasted with "complex". "Complex" usually maps to Sense 1's domain (structure/parts). If something is complex, it has many parts. If it's simple, it has few parts. Therefore, Sense 1 seems more appropriate for the structural description of a theory. Sense 2 leans slightly more towards "easy to do/solve" (e.g., a simple task) or "elementary/basic level".

    *   **Sense 3:** `simple%5:00:02:plain:01`
        *   Definition: apart from anything else; without additions or modifications.
        *   Synonyms: bare, mere.
        *   Examples: "only the bare facts"; "shocked by the mere idea".
        *   Fit: No. This sense is used as a determiner/adjective meaning "mere" or "bare". E.g., "a simple soldier" (meaning merely a soldier). "This theory is exceedingly mere" doesn't make sense.

    *   **Sense 4:** `simple%5:00:00:naive:00`
        *   Definition: exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity.
        *   Synonyms: childlike, wide-eyed.
        *   Fit: No. The author isn't calling the theory "naive" or "credulous" in a personality sense. While a simple theory *could* be naive, the context says it "appears to explain several things", validating it. The author isn't dismissing it as foolishly innocent.

    *   **Sense 5:** `simple%5:00:00:retarded:00`
        *   Definition: lacking mental capacity.
        *   Fit: No. Offensive and irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** `simple%3:00:01::`
        *   Definition: (botany) of leaf shapes...
        *   Fit: No.

    *   **Sense 7:** `simple%5:00:00:plain:01`
        *   Definition: unornamented.
        *   Examples: simple dress, simple schoolhouse.
        *   Fit: No. This refers to aesthetic style.

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy (mentally).
    *   Sense 1 (Attribute of structure): "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved".
    *   Sense 2 (Attribute of difficulty): "easy and not involved or complicated".
    *   Context: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things."
    *   The implication is that the theory lacks complexity (variables, caveats, nuances) but still works.
    *   Is it "easy"? A theory isn't "easy" in the sense of a task being easy. A theory can be "easy to understand", but describing the theory itself as "simple" usually refers to its composition (few parts/variables) rather than the difficulty of using it.
    *   Let's look at the examples in WordNet again.
        *   Sense 1: "simple problem", "simple mechanisms". A mechanism having few parts.
        *   Sense 2: "elementary problem". Elementary means basic or easy.
    *   In standard linguistic analysis of "simple theory":
        *   "The theory is simple." -> It doesn't have many moving parts/variables.
        *   Contrast: "The problem is simple." -> It is easy to solve (Sense 2), OR it has few components (Sense 1).
    *   The phrase "exceedingly simple" suggests a lack of complication or involvement.
    *   Let's check the synonyms for Sense 2: "elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic". "Unproblematic" leans toward "easy/no trouble".
    *   Let's check the definition of Sense 1 again: "not complex or complicated or involved".
    *   Sense 2 definition: "easy and not involved or complicated".
    *   The key differentiator is "having few parts" (Sense 1) vs "easy" (Sense 2).
    *   Does a theory have "parts"? Yes, assumptions, variables, logical steps.
    *   Is a theory "easy"? That's a predicate adjective for an activity ("It is easy to apply the theory"). The theory *itself* is a construct.
    *   Therefore, describing the construct as simple is describing its structure (Sense 1).
    *   Furthermore, in scientific/academic contexts, "simplicity" of a theory (parsimony) is a structural attribute (Sense 1). The author mentions "prisoner's dilemma", "New Deal", etc., suggesting an academic analysis. The simplicity refers to the parsimony of the model.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 fits best. "Having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved".

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Target: "While this theory is exceedingly simple..."
    *   Meaning: The theory is not complex, it has few variables/parts (voter incentive, prisoner's dilemma).
    *   Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved". Matches well.
    *   Sense 2: "easy...". A theory isn't "easy". An explanation can be easy. A problem can be easy. A theory is usually simple in *structure* (Sense 1) or *comprehension* (Sense 2 could apply loosely if "easy to understand", but Sense 1's "not complicated" is the primary definition for abstract constructs like theories/mechanisms).
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 1: "simple mechanisms". A theory is a mechanism of explanation.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "elementary problem". "Elementary" implies basic level/easy. The text implies the theory is elegant/uncomplicated, not necessarily "basic level" in a derogatory way, but structurally simple.

    *   Decision: Sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it <t>appears</t> to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "appears" in the context: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is saying that a theory "appears to explain several things"
- This is about a theory seeming to have explanatory power
- It's not about physically coming into view (sense 2)
- It's not about being published (sense 3)
- It's not about coming into existence (sense 5)
- It's not about appearing on stage (sense 6)
- It's not about appearing before a judicial authority (sense 7)

Now let me look at the remaining candidates:

Sense 1 (appear%2:39:00::): "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem

Sense 4 (appear%2:39:01::): "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad

The key difference between sense 1 and sense 4:
- Sense 1 is about outward appearance or impression (looking/seeming to have certain qualities)
- Sense 4 is about something seeming to be true, probable, or apparent (epistemic sense)

In the context "it appears to explain several things":
- The theory seems to have the capability to explain things
- This is about whether something is true or probable (the theory having explanatory power)
- The structure "it appears to explain" is similar to "It appears that..."

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "This appears to be a very difficult problem" - about outward impression
- Sense 4: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad" - about truth/probability

The phrase "it appears to explain" is closer to the epistemic sense (sense 4) - expressing that something seems to be the case, that the theory seems to have explanatory power. It's not about the theory looking a certain way outwardly, but about it seeming to be true that the theory explains things.

Actually, let me reconsider. The example for sense 1 is "This appears to be a very difficult problem" - this could also be seen as epistemic. And the structure "it appears to explain several things" is similar to "This appears to be a very difficult problem."

However, sense 4's definition "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" seems to better capture what's happening here. The theory appears/seems to explain things - this is about the validity or truth of the explanatory power, not about outward appearance.

The context is making a claim about the theory's explanatory power being probable or apparent, which aligns better with sense 4's definition of "seem to be true, probable, or apparent."

I'll go with sense 4.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explain
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to <t>explain</t> several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "explain" in the given passage.

The target sentence is: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things."

In this context, the author is discussing a political theory about voter behavior and ticket splitting. The theory is being presented as a way to make sense of several phenomena, including why ticket splitting has increased over the past half century.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "make plain and comprehensible" - This sense involves clarifying something to help others understand it. The example shows explaining laws of physics to students.

2. "define" - This sense involves providing a definition or outlining a plan, as in the example where a committee explains their fundraising plan.

3. "serve as a reason or cause or justification of" - This sense involves providing a reason or justification for something. The examples show needs or circumstances that explain (justify or cause) certain behaviors or situations.

In the given context, the theory is being presented as something that provides a reason or cause for the observed phenomena (ticket splitting patterns, etc.). The theory isn't "making plain" or "defining" these things, but rather offering a causal explanation for why they occur. The theory serves as a way to understand the reason behind the observed voting behaviors.

This aligns most closely with sense 3, where "explain" means "serve as a reason or cause or justification of." The theory provides the reason or causal mechanism behind the observed political phenomena.

So the answer is:
{"sense_index": 3}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain <t>several</t> things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The target word is "several" in the sentence: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain <t>several</t> things."
    *   Syntactic role: Adjective (quantifier) modifying "things" (a count noun).
    *   Meaning in context: It means "a number of" or "various" things (likely referring to the points "First, why ticket splitting..." and potentially others implied or following). It suggests a quantity greater than one but not a huge amount, or distinct items.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many`
        *   Examples: "several letters came in the mail", "several people were injured".
        *   Usage: This is the standard quantifier usage. "Explain several things" fits this usage perfectly. It implies there are multiple points (things) explained.

    *   **Sense 2:** `considered individually`
        *   Synonyms: respective, various.
        *   Examples: "the respective club members", "specialists in their several fields".
        *   Usage: This is an older or more formal distributive usage, often synonymous with "respective". For example, "The men took their several ways." In the context "explain several things," does "several" mean "their respective things"? No. The author is saying the theory explains a number of phenomena. It is not distributing "things" to different owners in a "respective" manner.

    *   **Sense 3:** `distinct and individual`
        *   Examples: "three several times".
        *   Usage: This is also a formal/legalistic usage emphasizing distinctness. "Several things" in the text just refers to a group of items, not necessarily emphasizing their distinctness/separateness over their quantity.

3.  **Compare Context to Senses:**
    *   The phrase is "explain several things".
    *   Is it a quantifier? Yes. It answers "How many things?" -> "Several".
    *   Does it mean "respective"? No. You wouldn't say "explain respective things" in this slot.
    *   Does it mean "distinct/separate" in a legal sense? No.

    *   Sense 1 matches the standard modern English usage of "several" as an indefinite quantifier (more than a couple, not many). The text lists "First, why ticket splitting...". It implies there are more points to follow (Second, etc.). This fits the "indefinite number more than 2 or 3" definition.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:** Return JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
If they put a Republican into office, not only will they acquire less in terms of local benefits but their selected legislator will be relatively powerless to prevent other legislators from "bringing home the bacon "to their respective constituencies. Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several <t>things</t>. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "thing"
    *   Target surface form: "things"
    *   Context sentence: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several <t>things</t>."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses political science theory regarding voting behavior, specifically why voters might choose Republicans for the White House and Democrats for Congress (ticket splitting) due to local benefits vs. national policy. The sentence says the theory explains "several things". The subsequent sentences list these "things": "First, why ticket splitting has increased..."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `thing%1:26:00::` | a special situation | "this thing has got to end" -> Doesn't fit well. "Several special situations" sounds odd in this specific explanatory context.
    *   2. `thing%1:04:00::` | an action | "how could you do such a thing?" -> Not fitting. The text isn't explaining actions specifically, but phenomena/facts.
    *   3. `thing%1:09:00::` | a special abstraction | "a thing of the spirit" -> Too poetic/abstract.
    *   4. `thing%1:06:00::` | an artifact | "how does this thing work?" -> Physical object. Incorrect.
    *   5. `thing%1:11:00::` | an event | "a funny thing happened..." -> Could be close, as events are things that happen, but "explain several events" isn't quite the academic tone or precise meaning here. It explains *phenomena* or *facts*.
    *   6. `thing%1:09:02::` | a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples="several matters to attend to" -> This looks promising. "Matter" is a strong synonym here. "It explains several matters." "It explains several phenomena/issues." The definition "a vaguely specified concern" covers the abstract "stuff" or "points" being discussed. The example "several matters to attend to" matches the structure "several things [to explain]".
    *   7. `thing%1:10:00::` | a statement regarded as an object | -> No.
    *   8. `thing%1:06:01::` | an entity that is not named specifically | "I couldn't tell what the thing was" -> Usually refers to a physical object or specific entity. Here "things" refers to the points/arguments/facts that follow.
    *   9. `thing%1:07:00::` | any attribute or quality... -> No.
    *   10. `thing%1:09:01::` | a special objective -> No.
    *   11. `thing%1:12:00::` | a persistent illogical feeling... -> No.
    *   12. `thing%1:03:00::` | a separate and self-contained entity -> No.

3.  **Evaluate the best fit (Comparing Sense 5 and Sense 6):**
    *   Sense 5 (an event): The theory explains why ticket splitting increased. This is an occurrence or a phenomenon. However, the word "things" here acts as a placeholder for the points/facts/observations that follow.
    *   Sense 6 (a vaguely specified concern / matter / affair): The example "several matters to attend to" is structurally very similar to "explain several things". The definition includes synonyms like "matter". In academic or explanatory text, "explain several things" means "explain several matters" or "explain several points". The "things" being explained are abstract phenomena (ticket splitting patterns), which fits under "vaguely specified concern" or "matter".

    Let's look closer at Sense 6. It is categorized under `noun.cognition` usually (1:09 branch in WordNet often relates to cognition/abstraction). The example "several matters to attend to" aligns well with the usage here where "things" serves as a vague reference to the specific topics/issues to be discussed.

    Let's look at Sense 12 (a separate and self-contained entity). Often this is a catch-all for "entity". But Sense 6 is more specific to the usage of "thing" meaning "matter" or "issue".

    Let's consider if there is a sense for "phenomenon". WordNet sometimes maps "thing" to "phenomenon" or "fact" in other lexicons, but here we must use the provided list.
    "A vaguely specified concern" (Sense 6) seems the best semantic match for "things" in the phrase "explain several things" where "things" refers to the political phenomena/issues mentioned immediately after.

    The phrase "explain several things" is synonymous with "explain several matters".
    Synonyms provided for Sense 6: matter, affair.
    "It appears to explain several matters." -> This works perfectly.
    "It appears to explain several events." (Sense 5) -> Ticket splitting is an event/process, but "matters" captures the broader scope of "points to be explained" better than just "events".
    Sense 6 examples: "several matters to attend to". The structure matches. "several things [to explain]".

    Therefore, Sense 6 is the correct choice.

    Wait, let me double check Sense 1. "A special situation". Context: "this thing has got to end". A situation. The text explains "why ticket splitting has increased". That is a situation/phenomenon.
    However, Sense 6 is explicitly defined as "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair". This captures the "item of business" or "topic" aspect of the "things" the theory explains. The author is listing points/topics/concerns.

    Let's verify the WordNet 3.0 or 3.1 hierarchy.
    Sense 6: thing -- (a vaguely specified concern; "several matters to attend to"; "it is none of your affair"; "things are going well").
    This usage "things are going well" or "several things to explain" aligns with the general state of affairs or specific topics of concern.
    The text says "it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased..."
    These "things" are specific points or phenomena.
    "Matter" fits best.

    Let's check Sense 5 again: "an event". Definition: "a special objective" (wait, the prompt definition for 5 is "an event"). In WordNet, thing%1:11:00:: usually maps to "happening, occurrence, natural event" but labeled as "thing". Example: "a funny thing happened".
    The text discusses "ticket splitting has increased". This is a happening. But the word "things" here is used to introduce topics. "I have two things to say." These are "matters".

    Comparison:
    A: "explain several events" (Sense 5)
    B: "explain several matters" (Sense 6)
    B feels more natural for "explain several things". You explain facts, phenomena, or matters. While "ticket splitting" is an event (in a broad sense), the word "things" in this slot acts as a holder for "points" or "matters".

    I will select Sense 6.

    Let's re-read the provided definitions carefully to ensure no mapping error.
    6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
    This matches the structure "several things..." perfectly.

    Final decision: Sense 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has <t>increased</t> and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for the word "increased" in this passage.

The sentence is: "First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century..."

Here, "increased" is used intransitively (without an object) to describe how ticket splitting has become more common or frequent over time.

Let's look at the two candidate senses:

1. increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
   - This is an intransitive sense meaning to become bigger or greater in amount on its own.

2. increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted
   - This is a transitive sense meaning to cause something else to become bigger or more.

In the context, "ticket splitting has increased" is using "increased" intransitively - the ticket splitting itself has become more common or frequent over time. Nothing is explicitly stated as causing this increase; it's just describing a trend.

Therefore, sense 1 ("become bigger or greater in amount") is the better fit for this context. The example "The amount of work increased" parallels the usage in our context of "ticket splitting has increased."

My answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and <t>taken</t> the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 5}

content: sense_index": 5}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "taken" in the context: "First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half" (a voting phenomenon) and how it has "taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century."

The meaning here is that ticket splitting has developed or assumed a particular pattern/shape over time. It's about something taking on a certain form or character.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out - "take action" - doesn't fit
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) - doesn't fit
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere - doesn't fit
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically - doesn't fit
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn - This could fit! The pattern that ticket splitting has "taken" - it has assumed/acquired a certain form.
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way - doesn't fit
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere - doesn't fit
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession - doesn't fit
... and so on.

Sense 5 seems to be the best fit. The definition is "take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect" with synonyms like "assume, acquire, adopt, take on" and examples like "His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn."

The context is about ticket splitting having "taken the peculiar pattern" - meaning it has assumed or adopted a certain pattern/form over time. This matches sense 5 well.

Let me double-check the other senses to make sure:

- Sense 12 is about assuming positions or roles (like taking a job) - not quite right for taking a "pattern"
- Sense 22 is about occupying or taking on (postures, positions) - not right for an abstract pattern

Sense 5 is definitely the best match. The phrase "taken the peculiar pattern" is about ticket splitting having assumed or acquired a particular form/character over time.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and <t>taken</t> the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 5}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 42. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "taken" in the context: "ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century"

Let me analyze the context:
- "ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century"
- This is about "ticket splitting" (a political phenomenon) and how it has developed or assumed a certain pattern over time.

The phrase is "taken the peculiar pattern" - this means ticket splitting has developed/acquired/assumed a certain pattern.

Let me look at the senses:

1. take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps - No, not about carrying out an action.

2. take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up - No, not about requiring time/space.

3. take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide - No.

4. take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically - No.

5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn

This seems like a good match! "Taken the peculiar pattern" means it assumed or acquired a certain pattern. The example "The story took a new turn" is similar in structure.

Let me check other senses:

6. take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way - No.

7. take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere - No.

8. take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession - No.

9. take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation - No.

10. take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives - No.

11. take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered - No.

12. take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager

This is about assuming roles/positions, not patterns.

13. take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes - No.

14-42: None seem to fit better than sense 5.

Sense 5: "take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect" with synonyms "assume, acquire, adopt, take on" and examples like "His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn"

This matches the context where "ticket splitting has... taken the peculiar pattern" - meaning it assumed or developed a particular pattern/aspect.

The answer should be sense_index 5.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the <t>past</t> half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *past*
    *   Target surface form: *past*
    *   Context snippet: "...ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the <t>past</t> half century..."
    *   The phrase is "over the past half century".

2.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1:**
    *   Definition: "earlier than the present time; no longer current"
    *   Examples: "time past", "his youth is past"
    *   Synonyms: (Not explicitly listed, but implied by "earlier than present").
    *   Fit: The phrase "past half century" means the fifty years leading up to the present. This aligns perfectly with "earlier than the present time".

3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2:**
    *   Definition: "of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office"
    *   Synonyms: "preceding", "retiring"
    *   Examples: "a retiring member of the board"
    *   Fit: This sense applies to people (or their roles) leaving office. It does not apply to a time period ("half century").

4.  **Evaluate Context:**
    *   The text discusses a historical timeline ("Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt..."). The "past half century" refers to the time duration preceding the current moment.
    *   Sense 1 describes time.
    *   Sense 2 describes a person/role status.

5.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the temporal adjective sense.
    *   Sense 2 is the person/office adjective sense.
    *   In "past half century", "past" is an adjective modifying the noun phrase "half century" denoting time.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

6.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: election
Target surface form: election
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the <t>election</t> of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner of a position or political office | examples=the results of the election will be announced tonight
2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice | examples=her election of medicine as a profession
3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected | examples=they celebrated his election
4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *election*
    *   Context snippet: "Prior to the <t>election</t> of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal..."
    *   Syntactic role: Noun, object of the preposition "to". Used in the phrase "the election of [Person] as [Role]".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "a vote to select the winner of a position or political office"
        *   Example: "the results of the election will be announced tonight"
        *   Analysis: This refers to the *event* or the *process* of voting. The context phrase "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt" could refer to the event where he was voted in. However, usually, when we say "the election of [Person]", we are referring to the outcome or the fact that they were chosen, rather than the voting day itself, though there is semantic overlap. Let's look at the other senses.

    *   **Sense 2:** "the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice"
        *   Example: "her election of medicine as a profession"
        *   Analysis: This is a general sense of choosing, not necessarily political. The context is clearly political ("Franklin Roosevelt as president"). While "selecting" is the core action, this sense often implies a specific act of choice by an agent (like choosing a career), whereas the context involves a collective political process.

    *   **Sense 3:** "the status or fact of being elected"
        *   Example: "they celebrated his election"
        *   Analysis: This sense focuses on the *result* or the *fact* that someone attained the office. The context says "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president". Does this mean prior to the voting day, or prior to him taking office/being chosen?
        *   Usage comparison:
            *   "Prior to the election (Sense 1: event)" makes sense.
            *   "Prior to the election (Sense 3: fact/outcome)" makes sense (prior to him being elected).
        *   Let's look closer at the preposition "of". "The election of Franklin Roosevelt". In WordNet, sense keys often distinguish between the process (the poll/vote) and the result (the fact of being chosen).
        *   Let's check the specific wording in the text: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president".
        *   If it were sense 1 (the vote), one might say "Prior to the 1932 election".
        *   The phrase "the election of Franklin Roosevelt" strongly implies the successful outcome of that process, i.e., him actually gaining the position. However, standard dictionary distinctions often group "the election of X" under the event sense unless it's specifically about the status.
        *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. "a vote to select the winner". This defines the event.
        *   Let's look at Sense 3 again. "the status or fact of being elected". Example: "they celebrated his election". The celebration is about the *result*. The context text says "Prior to the election of FDR... government occupied a much smaller role". This suggests a historical timeline. Before FDR was elected (the event occurred resulting in his victory).
        *   Often, WordNet sense 1 for "election" covers the political contest. But the construction "the election of [Person]" is the specific test case.
        *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 3 in WordNet structure.
            *   Sense 1 (1:04:01) usually maps to the event (voting).
            *   Sense 3 (1:26:00) maps to the state/status.
        *   The phrase "Prior to the election of FDR" sets a time marker. Is the time marker the day of the vote, or the moment of his ascension? Usually, in political history contexts, "the election of [Year]" or "the election of [Person]" refers to the watershed event.
        *   However, consider the example for Sense 3: "they celebrated his election". You celebrate the result. You don't typically "celebrate" the voting process in the same way.
        *   Consider the context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt... government occupied a much smaller role". This implies a historical period defined by the transition of power. This transition happens because of the *result* of the election. However, standard usage of "election of [Person]" often conflates the event and the result.
        *   Let's look at the examples provided in the prompt's candidate list.
            *   Sense 1: "the results of the election will be announced tonight" (Event).
            *   Sense 3: "they celebrated his election" (Result/Status).
        *   The text says "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt". Does this mean "Prior to the event where people voted for FDR" or "Prior to the fact that FDR was elected"?
        *   If I say "Prior to the election of Lincoln, slavery was legal", I refer to the event/outcome complex.
        *   Let's check WordNet (or similar lexicographical) distinctions for `election%1:04:01::` vs `election%1:26:00::`.
        *   WordNet 3.1:
            *   1. election, choice: the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice (Sense 2 in this prompt).
            *   2. election: a vote to select the winner of a position or political office (Sense 1 in this prompt).
            *   3. election: the status or fact of being elected (Sense 3 in this prompt).
        *   Key distinction: Is the word referring to the *process/event* (the vote) or the *outcome* (the fact of being elected)?
        *   Context: "Prior to the <t>election</t> of Franklin Roosevelt as president".
        *   If we use Sense 1: "Prior to the vote to select FDR..." - This works. The event defined the change.
        *   If we use Sense 3: "Prior to the fact of FDR being elected..." - This also works.
        *   Which is better? Often, "the election of [Person]" is treated as the event that led to the result. However, lexicographers often separate "the election" (the poll) from "his election" (his success).
        *   Let's look at the preposition "of". "The election of FDR". If I say "The election was close", I mean the vote (Sense 1). If I say "His election was unexpected", I mean the result (Sense 3).
        *   The text says: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt".
        *   Can we substitute the definition?
            *   "Prior to the [vote to select the winner] of Franklin Roosevelt" - A bit clunky syntax ("vote... of Franklin Roosevelt"), but "the election of FDR" serves as the noun phrase for that event.
            *   "Prior to the [status of being elected] of Franklin Roosevelt" - Very clunky.
        *   Usually, "The election of [Person]" is a possessive/subjective genitive construction.
            *   If subjective: The election (event) performed by/centering on FDR. (Sense 1).
            *   If objective: The election (act of choosing) of FDR. (Sense 2/3).
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 3: "they celebrated his election". Here, "his election" = "him being elected". This is the objective genitive.
        *   In the text "election of Franklin Roosevelt", is it closer to "the vote" (Sense 1) or "the fact of being elected" (Sense 3)?
        *   The text contrasts "Prior to the election of FDR" with a previous state of affairs. The change happens due to the political shift. The "election" here serves as the temporal marker of the political event.
        *   Sense 1 is defined as "a vote to select the winner...".
        *   Sense 3 is defined as "the status or fact of being elected".
        *   Historically, we talk about "The Election of 1824" (Sense 1). We also talk about "The election of Lincoln prompted secession." In the latter case, is it the vote day or the fact? It's the outcome.
        *   However, WordNet often assigns "the election of [Person]" to the sense of "the status/fact/outcome" (Sense 3) when the focus is on the person gaining the office, whereas "the election" generically refers to the process (Sense 1).
        *   Let's look at the mapping of similar contexts.
        *   "The election of the president" -> often Sense 1 (the procedure).
        *   "The election of Mr. Jones" -> often Sense 3 (the result).
        *   BUT, Sense 1's definition "a vote to select the winner" implies the event.
        *   Let's check if "election of [Person]" fits Sense 1. "The results of the election..." vs "They celebrated his election".
        *   In the sentence "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt...", the phrase functions as a temporal reference point.
        *   If it were Sense 1, it refers to the specific election event (e.g., 1932).
        *   If it were Sense 3, it refers to the attainment of office.
        *   Let's try to find disambiguation precedents for this specific WordNet split.
            *   Sense 1 (04:01): Event/Vote.
            *   Sense 3 (26:00): State/Result.
        *   Common usage: "The election of Kennedy was a turning point." Here, "election" refers to the event/success.
        *   The gloss for Sense 3 is "the status or fact of being elected". The example "they celebrated his election" clearly points to the result.
        *   The gloss for Sense 1 is "a vote to select the winner".
        *   In the text: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president..."
        *   If we strictly follow the gloss:
            *   "Prior to the [vote to select the winner] of Franklin Roosevelt" - The syntax of the gloss doesn't fit perfectly into the slot of the target sentence ("election of [Person]").
            *   "Prior to the [fact of being elected] of Franklin Roosevelt" - The syntax of the gloss doesn't fit perfectly either.
        *   However, let's look at the surface form structure "The election of X".
            *   Sense 1 allows "The election of 1996". It allows "The election for president".
            *   Sense 3 specifically handles the possessive "His election" or the objective "The election of X".
        *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 3 definitions in Princeton WordNet.
            *   WN 3.0 Senses:
                *   1: choice, selection, option, pick: the act of choosing or selecting... (Not Sense 1 here).
                *   2: election: a vote to select the winner of a position or political office. (Sense 1 here).
                *   3: election: the status or fact of being elected. (Sense 3 here).
        *   Sentence: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt..."
        *   Does "election" here mean the "vote" (Sense 1) or the "fact of being elected" (Sense 3)?
        *   Usage notes suggest that when "election" is modified by the name of the person elected ("election of X"), it leans heavily towards the result/outcome sense (Sense 3), or the specific event instance (Sense 1).
        *   Let's look at the structure "election of [Person]".
            *   Sense 1 Example: "the results of the election". (General event).
            *   Sense 3 Example: "they celebrated his election". (Outcome for person).
        *   The text says "election of Franklin Roosevelt". This parallels "his election" (Sense 3) structurally (Person involved). It differs from "the election" (Sense 1).
        *   However, is it the "fact" or the "event"? "Prior to the election of FDR" is synonymous with "Prior to FDR being elected". This fits Sense 3 ("fact of being elected").
        *   If it were Sense 1, we might expect "Prior to the 1932 election" or "Prior to the presidential election". "The election of FDR" emphasizes *his* ascension, his success.
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 seems more appropriate for the phrase "election of [Person]" where the focus is on the person's attainment of office, which serves as the historical pivot.
        *   Wait, let me double check. In "The election of Lincoln", is it sense 1 or 3?
            *   It is the event that triggered the civil war.
            *   It is the fact that he was president.
            *   Often dictionaries group these. WordNet separates them.
            *   Sense 1 (Event): "The election was held on Tuesday." (You can't say "His election was held on Tuesday"). This is a strong test.
            *   Sense 3 (Result): "His election was celebrated." (You can't say "The results of his election will be announced" - awkward, you say "the results of the election").
            *   In the text: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt".
            *   Can we say "Prior to the vote of Franklin Roosevelt"? No, he didn't vote. "Prior to the vote *that chose* Franklin Roosevelt". Yes.
            *   Can we say "Prior to the fact of Franklin Roosevelt being elected"? Yes.
            *   Let's try the "held on Tuesday" test.
                *   "The election of FDR was held on Tuesday." -> Sounds wrong. It sounds like FDR was doing the voting or it was his specific private election. The correct phrasing for the event is "The election in which FDR was elected" or "The presidential election".
                *   However, "The election of FDR" is a standard historical phrase. "The election of 1824 was decided by the House." (Sense 1). "The election of Jefferson changed the landscape." (Could be either).
            *   Let's look at the gloss of Sense 3 again: "the status or fact of being elected".
            *   The text discusses a change in policy history. "Prior to the [outcome/success] of FDR...". This fits the narrative of a shift in political eras (New Deal).
            *   The event (the voting day) is less salient than the fact of his victory ushering in the New Deal.
            *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the better fit. The phrase "the election of [Person]" typically denotes the result/outcome in contexts discussing political shifts caused by that person, aligning with the example "they celebrated his election".

    *   Re-evaluating Sense 2: "the act of selecting...". Example: "her election of medicine". This is specific to an agent making a choice. In the political context, the "electorate" chooses, but "the election of FDR" refers to the aggregate outcome, not the individual act of choice (which is usually "vote"). Sense 2 is unlikely.

    *   Conclusion on Sense 1 vs Sense 3:
        *   Sense 1: The voting process/event. "The election results", "The election was rigged".
        *   Sense 3: The successful selection. "His election to the post", "The election of FDR".
        *   The structure "The election of [Person]" strongly correlates with Sense 3 in WordNet annotation conventions (often referred to as the "result" sense). The event sense (Sense 1) usually appears as "The election" or "The [Year] election".
        *   Phrase "The election of Franklin Roosevelt": This describes the *fact* that he became president.
        *   Context: "Prior to the [fact that FDR became president]... government occupied a much smaller role."
        *   This makes sense. The *vote* (Sense 1) itself didn't change the role of government instantly; the *result* (him taking office and starting the New Deal) did. Although the text says "election... and the advent of the New Deal", distinguishing the precise moment, "election" here functions as the watershed moment of his victory/ascension.

    *   Let's check the Sense Index.
        *   Sense 1: `election%1:04:01::`
        *   Sense 2: `election%1:04:00::`
        *   Sense 3: `election%1:26:00::`
        *   Sense 4: `election%1:09:00::`

    *   Decision: Sense 3.

    Let's double check the indices provided in the prompt.
    1. sense_key=election%1:04:01:: | definition=a vote to select the winner...
    2. sense_key=election%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of selecting someone...
    3. sense_key=election%1:26:00:: | definition=the status or fact of being elected...
    4. sense_key=election%1:09:00:: | definition=the predestination...

    My analysis holds that Sense 3 is the correct choice for "the election of [Person]" in a context focusing on the historical significance of that person gaining office.

    Wait, I should check if there is an argument for Sense 1.
    Could "the election of FDR" mean "the electoral campaign/contest involving FDR"?
    "The election of 1860" is Sense 1.
    "The election of Lincoln" -> Often treated as Sense 1 in some corpora (SemCor), but Sense 3 in others.
    Let's look at the SemCor/WordNet tagged data intuition.
    "His election" -> Sense 3.
    "The election of X" -> Ambiguous.
    Example from WordNet documentation or similar:
    "The election of the Pope" -> Sense 1? Or Sense 3? The process vs the result.
    Usually, `election%1:04:01::` (Sense 1) is the hypernym of "vote". It is an event.
    `election%1:26:00::` (Sense 3) is a state/attribute (status).
    The phrase "Prior to the election..." acts as a temporal marker.
    If I say "Prior to the election, the economy was bad", I mean the event (Sense 1).
    If I say "Prior to the election of FDR...", the genitive "of FDR" makes it about the person.
    The gloss for Sense 3 is "the status or fact of being elected".
    "Prior to the fact of FDR being elected..." works perfectly.
    "Prior to the vote to select FDR..." works, but "the vote of FDR" is bad grammar. The event sense usually requires "the election in which FDR was elected".
    Therefore, the construction "election of [Person]" fits Sense 3 best because "election" here implies the outcome relative to the person.

    Let's try one more heuristic.
    Synonyms for Sense 1: poll, vote, ballot.
    Synonyms for Sense 3: selection, choice (resultative).
    "Prior to the selection of FDR..." (Works).
    "Prior to the vote of FDR..." (Doesn't work).
    This heuristic supports Sense 3.