[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unit
Target surface form: unit
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unit%1:23:00:: | definition=any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange | synonyms=unit of measurement | examples=the dollar is the United States unit of currency; a unit of wheat is a bushel
2. sense_key=unit%1:24:00:: | definition=an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole | examples=the reduced the number of units and installations; the word is a basic linguistic unit
3. sense_key=unit%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization regarded as part of a larger social group | synonyms=social unit | examples=the coach said the offensive unit did a good job; after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit
4. sense_key=unit%1:09:00:: | definition=a single undivided whole | examples=an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another
5. sense_key=unit%1:17:00:: | definition=a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else | synonyms=building block | examples=units of nucleic acids
6. sense_key=unit%1:03:00:: | definition=an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity | synonyms=whole | examples=how big is that part compared to the whole?; the team is a unit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co." - referring to a division or subsidiary of a larger company. The Squibb unit is a distinct organizational part of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=unit%1:23:00:: - "any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange" - This is about measurement units, not relevant here.

2. sense_key=unit%1:24:00:: - "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole" - This could potentially fit, as the Squibb unit is a constituent part of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.

3. sense_key=unit%1:14:00:: - "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group" with synonym "social unit" - This specifically refers to an organization that is part of a larger group. Examples include military units and sports teams. The Squibb unit is an organizational division of a larger company.

4. sense_key=unit%1:09:00:: - "a single undivided whole" - This doesn't fit; we're talking about a part of a larger whole.

5. sense_key=unit%1:17:00:: - "a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else" with synonym "building block" - This seems more about natural/biological units, not organizational divisions.

6. sense_key=unit%1:03:00:: - "an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity" with synonym "whole" - This doesn't fit well either.

The best fit is sense 3. The "Squibb unit" is an organizational division of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. - it's an organization (a business unit/division) that is part of a larger social/organizational group (the parent company). This matches the definition "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group."

Sense 2 could also potentially work ("an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole"), but sense 3 is more specific to organizational contexts, which is exactly what we have here - a business unit that is part of a larger corporation.

The examples for sense 3 include military units and sports teams, which are organizational units within larger structures. A corporate division/unit fits this pattern well.

I'll choose sense 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: collaborate
Target surface form: collaborating
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are <t>collaborating</t> with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:00:: | definition=work together on a common enterprise of project | synonyms=join forces, cooperate, get together | examples=The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well; We joined forces with another research group
2. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:01:: | definition=cooperate as a traitor | examples=he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The target word is "collaborating" (lemma: "collaborate").
    *   The sentence is: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
    *   The context involves pharmaceutical companies working with "gene hunters" (scientists/researchers) to develop tests and therapies.
    *   The tone is scientific, professional, and positive/business-oriented. It describes a joint effort for innovation and medical advancement.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "work together on a common enterprise of project". Synonyms: "join forces, cooperate, get together". Examples: musical collaboration, joining research groups.
        *   This fits perfectly. The companies and researchers are working together on a common enterprise (developing tests/therapies). It is a standard, neutral/positive business/scientific collaboration.
    *   **Sense 2:** "cooperate as a traitor". Examples: collaborating with the Nazis.
        *   This does not fit. There is no enemy occupation, treason, or political betrayal involved here. This is a specialized, negative sense of the word.

3.  **Evaluate the Match:**
    *   Sense 1 captures the essence of professional cooperation on a project.
    *   Sense 2 is irrelevant to the context of pharmaceutical R&D.

4.  **Formulate the Output:**
    *   The user wants the single best indexed sense.
    *   The index for Sense 1 is 1.
    *   The index for Sense 2 is 2.
    *   The correct choice is Sense 1.
    *   The output format must be JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Phala

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hunter
Target surface form: hunters
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who hunts game | synonyms=huntsman
2. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who searches for something | examples=a treasure hunter
3. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | definition=a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel | synonyms=Orion
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | definition=a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal | synonyms=hunting watch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 2}

content: sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
1.  **An target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "hunter"
    *   Target surface form: "hunters"
    *   Context snippet: "...collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests..."
    *   The context discusses genetics, cancer research, and scientists trying to find specific genes (isolate genes, finding another gene).
    *   The phrase "gene hunters" refers to researchers or scientists searching for specific genetic markers/genes.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `hunter%1:18:00::` | definition: "someone who hunts game" | synonyms: huntsman.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to killing animals for sport or food. The context is scientific research, not killing animals.
        *   *Fit:* Low.

    *   **Sense 2:** `hunter%1:18:01::` | definition: "a person who searches for something" | examples: "a treasure hunter".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to the act of searching or seeking something. In the context, "gene hunters" are people searching for genes. This matches the definition perfectly. The "gene" part modifies "hunter" to specify *what* they are hunting/searching for.
        *   *Fit:* High.

    *   **Sense 3:** `hunter%1:17:00::` east of Taurus..." | synonyms: Orion.
        *   *Analysis:* This is an astronomical object. The context is about people collaborating with pharmaceutical companies.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `hunter%1:06:00::` | definition: "a watch with a hinged metal lid..." | synonyms: hunting watch.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a physical object (a watch). The context refers to people collaborating.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 2 fits best because "gene hunters" are people searching for genes. The definition "a person who searches for something" captures the core meaning of "hunter" in this metaphorical/scientific usage.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The index corresponding to Sense 2 is 2.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hunter
Target surface form: hunters
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who hunts game | synonyms=huntsman
2. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who searches for something | examples=a treasure hunter
3. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | definition=a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel | synonyms=Orion
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | definition=a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal | synonyms=hunting watch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 4. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: hunter
    *   Target surface form: hunters
    *   Context: A scientific/medical text discussing the search for genes related to cancer. The sentence mentions "collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t>".
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  someone who hunts game
        2.  a person who searches for something
        3.  a constellation (Orion)
        4.  a watch with a hinged lid
    *   Constraint: Return only JSON `{"sense_index": int}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses Dr. Vogelstein, Ray White, Walter Bodmer, and Dr. Minna.
    *   They are searching for specific genes (on chromosomes 18, 5, 3) related to cancer.
    *   The specific phrase is "gene hunters".
    *   These people are researchers/scientists looking for genetic causes of disease.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1 (Game hunter):* "someone who hunts game". While "hunting" is metaphorically used, these people are not hunting animals. They are scientists.
    *   *Sense 2 (Searcher):* "a person who searches for something". The example is "treasure hunter". The context explicitly calls them "gene hunters". They are hunting (searching for) genes. This fits the metaphorical extension of "hunter" as someone who searches diligently for something. In WordNet, this sense covers "treasure hunter", "bargain hunter", "job hunter", etc. It covers the act of searching, which is exactly what these scientists are doing.
    *   *Sense 3 (Constellation):* Clearly incorrect. No astronomical context.
    *   *Sense 4 (Watch):* Clearly incorrect. No horological context.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 vs Sense 2: Is "gene hunter" a specific type of "game hunter" (Sense 1)? No. Is it a specific type of "person who searches for something" (Sense 2)? Yes. The WordNet definition for Sense 2 is broad enough to cover scientific researchers looking for specific targets (genes). The phrase "gene hunter" is a common metaphorical compound where "hunter" implies a diligent search. Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user requested `{"sense_index": 2}`. (Wait, I made a mistake in the previous output formatting, I missed the opening brace).
    *   Correct JSON format: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "turn" in the context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies... are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

The context is about pharmaceutical companies working with researchers to transform discoveries into practical applications (predictive tests and therapies).

Let me analyze the meaning here:
- The structure is "turn X into Y"
- This is a transformative/causative meaning: causing the discoveries to become/be transformed into tests and therapies
- The companies are the agents causing this transformation

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. turn%2:38:00:: - change orientation or direction (physical movement) - Not matching
2. turn%2:30:04:: - undergo a transformation - This is intransitive, but our context is transitive
3. turn%2:42:00:: - undergo a change or development, become - Intransitive, doesn't fit
4. turn%2:38:02:: - cause to move around or rotate - Physical rotation, not matching
5. turn%2:30:00:: - change to the contrary - Not quite right
6. turn%2:38:03:: - pass to the other side of - Not matching
7. turn%2:30:03:: - pass into a condition gradually - Intransitive
8. turn%2:35:08:: - let something fall or spill - Not matching
9. turn%2:38:06:: - move around an axis - Not matching
10. turn%2:38:01:: - cause to move around a center - Not matching
11. turn%2:38:06:: - to send or let go - Not matching
12. turn%2:36:00:: - break and turn over earth - Not matching
13. turn%2:35:06:: - shape by rotating on a lathe - Not matching
14. turn%2:30:09:: - change color - Not matching
15. turn%2:29:00:: - twist suddenly - Not matching
16. turn%2:42:13:: - **cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics** - Examples: "The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold"

This sense (16) seems most appropriate! It captures the causative transformation meaning - "turn X into Y" where something is caused to change into something different. The context shows companies causing discoveries to be transformed into tests and therapies.

17. turn%2:41:10:: - accomplish by rotating - Not matching
18. turn%2:40:13:: - get by buying and selling - Not matching
19. turn%2:38:13:: - cause to move along an axis - Not matching
20. turn%2:38:14:: - channel attention - Not matching
21. turn%2:35:11:: - cause to assume crooked form - Not matching
22. turn%2:35:10:: - alter functioning or setting - Not matching
23. turn%2:33:13:: - direct at someone - Not matching
24. turn%2:32:14:: - have recourse to - Not matching
25. turn%2:30:01:: - go sour or spoil - Not matching
26. turn%2:30:14:: - become one year older - Not matching

Sense 16 (turn%2:42:13) is clearly the best match. It captures:
- The causative nature (companies causing discoveries to transform)
- The "turn X into Y" construction
- The transformation of something into something different

The sense is: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics"

The answer should be sense_index:16

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The lemma is "discovery" (plural "discoveries"). The surface form is "discoveries".
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses scientific research into genes causing cancer (colon cancer, lung cancer).
    *   It mentions specific scientists (Vogelstein, White, Bodmer, Minna) and their work isolating/finding genes.
    *   The target sentence is: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies ... are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
    *   The preceding sentence says: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
    *   The "discoveries" refer to the isolation of genes, the finding of suppressor genes, and the identification of genetic links to cancer.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (discovery%1:04:00::):** Definition: "the act of discovering something". Synonyms: find, uncovering.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the *process* or *act* of finding. While the context involves the act of discovering, the target word "discoveries" is counted as individual items within a "cascade" that can be turned into "predictive tests". You don't turn an act/process into a test; you turn a finding/result into a test. Also, "cascade of acts" doesn't fit as well as "cascade of findings". However, sometimes "discovery" acts as a noun for the event. Let's look at the other senses.

    *   **Sense 2 (discovery%1:10:00::):** Definition: "something that is discovered".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the result/object/entity found. In this context, the "discoveries" are the specific genes found (e.g., the gene on chromosome 18, the gene on chromosome 5, the retinoblastoma suppressor gene role in lung cancer). These are tangible findings or facts. The text speaks of a "cascade of discoveries" being turned into tests. This fits perfectly. A discovery (the thing found) is the input for the test.

    *   **Sense 3 (discovery%1:09:00::):** Definition: "a productive insight". Synonyms: breakthrough, find.
        *   *Analysis:* This is very close to Sense 2 but emphasizes the *insight* or the intellectual breakthrough. While scientific discoveries often involve insight, the context focuses on the specific genes and the material/empirical results that lead to therapies. "Cascade of discoveries" suggests a flow of results/findings. Is it a breakthrough? Yes, but "productive insight" is a specific gloss often associated with a sudden realization (like an "aha" moment) or a specific type of successful finding. Sense 2 is the broader category of "that which is discovered". The genes themselves or the facts about them are the things discovered. Let's differentiate between Sense 2 and Sense 3. Sense 3 usually implies a significant leap forward. However, looking at WordNet hierarchy, Sense 2 is a "communication" (information/knowledge) or an entity depending on the specific version, or just a "object/thing". Wait, let me check standard WordNet mappings.
        *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 senses:
            *   discovery%1:04:00:: = act.
            *   discovery%1:09:00:: = "a productive insight" (synonyms: breakthrough, find). This is often used for scientific breakthroughs.
            *   discovery%1:10:00:: = "something that is discovered".
        *   Let's look at the modifiers. "Cascade of discoveries". This implies a stream of findings.
        *   "Turn the ... discoveries into predictive tests". You turn a specific finding (a gene, a link) into a test. This leans towards Sense 2 (the thing discovered).
        *   Does "productive insight" fit? It's plausible, but "something that is discovered" is the most neutral and accurate definition for the specific genes identified. The genes *are* the things discovered.
        *   Let's look at the usage "cascade of discoveries". A cascade of insights? Or a cascade of found things? Usually, in medical literature, "discoveries" refers to the results (Sense 2). Sense 3 ("productive insight") often implies a singular, major turning point (breakthrough), whereas here there is a "cascade" (many). Also, Sense 3 is defined as "communication" in some WN versions, implying an abstract piece of knowledge. Sense 2 is defined as "entity" or "object" in some, or just generally "that which is discovered".
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 2 vs Sense 3. If I find a gene, that gene is a discovery (Sense 2). If I have a productive insight into how cancer works, that is Sense 3. Here, they are isolating genes. These genes are physical things (or at least specific biological sequences). They are "something that is discovered".
        *   Furthermore, Sense 3's synonym "breakthrough" might be too strong for every gene found in a cascade. "Find" is listed for both.
        *   Let's look at the granularity. Sense 2 ("something that is discovered") covers the resulting entity/fact. Sense 3 covers a specific type of discovery (a productive insight). If the text distinguishes between the "act" and the "result", Sense 1 is the act. The text contrasts "finding" (verb/act) with "discoveries" (noun objects). "Ray White ... are close to finding another gene". The gene is the discovery.
        *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3 again: Sense 3 is a hyponym of Sense 2? No, usually WordNet distinguishes "result" vs "event" vs "insight". Let's assume the standard Princeton WN structure.
            *   Sense 1: Act.
            *   Sense 2: Entity (the thing itself).
            *   Sense 3: Communication (the insight/knowledge).
        *   In this context, "discoveries" refers to the genes or the identification of genes. "Turn ... discoveries into predictive tests". You need the specific genetic information (the gene) to make the test. This is the "thing discovered".
        *   Sense 2 seems the most robust fit for "the genes found".

    *   **Sense 4 (discovery%1:10:01::):** Definition: "(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...".
        *   *Analysis:* Clearly not the legal context. Eliminate.

4.  **Refining the choice between Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 2: "something that is discovered".
    *   Sense 3: "a productive insight".
    *   Context: "cascade of discoveries". "Turn ... discoveries into predictive tests".
    *   The entities are specific genes (e.g., on chromosome 18, 5, 3). These are concrete biological entities/facts.
    *   While finding a gene is an insight, the definition of Sense 3 ("productive insight" / "breakthrough") often connotes a sudden realization or a major turning point. The text describes a "cascade" of such events, leading to therapies.
    *   However, in WordNet (WN 3.0), the definitions are:
        *   1. the act of discovering something
        *   2. something that is discovered
        *   3. a productive insight
    *   Often, scientific discoveries are tagged as Sense 2 (the object found) or Sense 3 (the breakthrough). Let's look at the "cascade" aspect. A "cascade" implies a volume of findings. "Something that is discovered" fits the volume well.
    *   Also, Sense 3 is often associated with "flash of insight". Finding a gene is a process of search ("gene hunters"). The result of the search is "something discovered".
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most direct mapping. The genes are the "somethings" that were discovered.

5.  **Final Decision:**
    The context refers to the specific findings (genes) that result from scientific research. The word "discoveries" refers to the objects/results found, not the act of finding them, nor a legal process. While they might be insights, the definition "something that is discovered" is the most literal and accurate superordinate for the genes found. Sense 3 implies a nuance of "insight/breakthrough" which might be too specific or abstract compared to the physical/empirical finding of genes.

    Let's check the indices provided in the prompt:
    Sense 1: act
    Sense 2: something that is discovered
    Sense 3: productive insight
    Sense 4: law

    The text says "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests". You turn the *results* (Sense 2) into tests.

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    Let's double check if Sense 3 is standard for scientific breakthroughs.
    Example of Sense 3: "he had a sudden flash of insight" / "it was a breakthrough".
    Example of Sense 2: "he collected many curiosities and discoveries".
    Here: "cascade of discoveries". This treats them as entities/items found.
    Correct sense is Sense 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses to determine which one best fits the target word "new" in the given context.

Context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

The key phrase here is "new therapies." Let's analyze what "new" means in this context.

In this context, "new therapies" refers to therapies that haven't existed before - therapies that will be developed based on the discoveries of genes involved in cancer. These therapies would be innovative, original, not seen before in medical treatment.

Let's go through each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered
   - This refers to something that has recently been created or discovered. The therapies in the context are still being anticipated, not yet created. This sense focuses on recent creation/acquisition.

2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel
   - This refers to something original and novel, never seen before. This seems to fit well with the context of "new therapies" - therapies that would be developed based on new genetic discoveries, representing novel approaches to cancer treatment.

3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw
   - This doesn't fit the context as it relates to inexperienced people.

4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled
   - This is somewhat similar to sense 2, but with a stronger emphasis on being completely without precedent. The therapies might be innovative but may not necessarily be completely unprecedented in medical history.

5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different
   - This refers to something that replaces or is different from what existed before. The context doesn't suggest the new therapies are replacing old ones, but rather adding new options.

6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure
   - This doesn't fit the context at all.

7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled
   - This has a slightly negative connotation of being new for the sake of being new, which doesn't fit the scientific/medical context.

8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times
   - This is irrelevant to the context.

9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development
   - This is irrelevant to the context.

10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development
    - This is irrelevant to the context.

11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar
    - While the therapies might be unfamiliar, this sense doesn't capture the innovative nature of the therapies that the context emphasizes.

After analyzing all candidate senses, I believe sense 2 (sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00) best fits the context. The "new therapies" mentioned are therapies that are original and of a kind not seen before - novel treatments for cancer based on new genetic discoveries. The synonyms "fresh" and "novel" align well with this interpretation.

Let me double-check sense 1 vs. sense 2 again to make sure:

Sense 1 focuses on recency - something that has just come into being. The therapies in the context are still anticipated, not yet in existence, so they're not "just come into being."

Sense 2 focuses on originality and novelty - something that hasn't been seen before, which aligns with the context of innovative therapies based on new genetic discoveries.

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers <t>say</t> new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine which sense of "say" is being used.

Context: "Some researchers <t>say</t> new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

In this context, researchers are expressing an opinion or reporting a finding in words. They are making a statement about what they believe or have found regarding potential cancer treatments.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
- This is about expressing something in words, which is quite general.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
- This is about reporting or maintaining something, like making a claim or allegation.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
- This is about hypothesizing or making suppositions, like "let's say..."

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
- This is about texts or documents having certain content, not about speaking.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
- This is about giving commands or instructions.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
- This is about the physical act of pronouncing words.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
- This is about non-verbal communication.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
- This is just about saying something aloud, like a greeting.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
- This is about stating an opinion or making a judgment.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
- This is about reciting fixed texts like prayers.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
- This is about signs or objects indicating something.

Now, in the context "Some researchers <t>say</t> new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes", researchers are reporting their findings or expressing their professional opinion. This is not:
- A supposition (sense 3) - they're making a claim, not hypothesizing
- Reading text (sense 4)
- Giving orders (sense 5)
- Pronouncing in a certain way (sense 6)
- Non-verbal communication (sense 7)
- Just uttering aloud (sense 8) - too simplistic
- Reciting fixed text (sense 10)
- Indicating (sense 11)

The most likely candidates are:
- Sense 1: express in words - quite general, could apply
- Sense 2: report or maintain - researchers are reporting findings
- Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement - researchers are giving their professional opinion

Looking more closely:
- Sense 1 is very general "express in words"
- Sense 2 is "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver" - this seems to be about making claims
- Sense 9 is "state as one's opinion or judgement" with examples like "I say let's forget this whole business"

The researchers are not just expressing words (sense 1 is too generic). They are making a professional statement/report about their findings. This seems closest to sense 2 (report or maintain) because researchers are reporting their scientific findings/views.

Actually, let me reconsider. The examples for sense 2 are:
"He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"
"He said it was too late to intervene in the war"

These seem to be about making claims or allegations, often in a more formal or serious context. The researchers are indeed making a claim about what cancer drugs might be based on - they're reporting their findings or maintaining a position.

Sense 1 is "express in words" with examples:
"He said that he wanted to marry her"
"tell me what is bothering you"

This is more general and could apply to any verbal expression.

Sense 9 is "state as one's opinion or judgement" with examples:
"I say let's forget this whole business"

This is about expressing opinions.

For researchers making a statement in a scientific context, they are essentially reporting their findings or views. The context suggests they are expressing an opinion based on their research findings. The key distinction is whether this is:
- Simply expressing in words (sense 1)
- Reporting or maintaining a claim (sense 2)
- Stating an opinion (sense 9)

I think sense 2 "report or maintain" is the best fit. The researchers are reporting their findings/views, making a claim about what new cancer drugs might be based on. The word "allege" or "aver" as synonyms fits with a scientific context where researchers put forward claims.

Actually, looking at this more carefully, sense 2 seems to have a connotation of making assertions or allegations, which could fit the context of scientists making claims based on evidence. Sense 1 is more general.

I'll go with sense 2 (index 2).

Wait, let me double-check. The examples for sense 2:
"He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"
"He said it was too late to intervene in the war"

Both of these are about making claims. In the context:
"Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins..."

This is also making a claim about a potential finding. So sense 2 seems appropriate.

However, sense 1 "express in words" is also quite applicable since they are expressing a thought in words. The examples for sense 1:
"He said that he wanted to marry her"
"tell me what is bothering you"

These are simpler, everyday expressions.

I think for this academic/scientific context where researchers are making a claim based on their work, sense 2 "report or maintain" is the better fit. The nuance is about making assertions or claims, which aligns with "researchers say" in a scientific context.

So my answer is sense_index: 2.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say <t>new</t> cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 1}

content: sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
1.  Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Some researchers say <t>new</t> cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."
    *   The target word "new" modifies "cancer drugs".
    *   The hypothetical or in development, based on recent scientific discoveries (suppressor proteins).
    *   They are "new" in the sense that they are different from existing drugs, potentially innovative, and not yet existing or just coming into existence as a result of this research.

2.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1 (new%3:00:00::):* "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". Examples: "a new law; new cars".
        *   Analysis: This is a very general sense. The drugs haven't been made yet ("may be based on..."), or they are hypothetical future drugs. This sense often applies to things that exist but are recent.
    *   *Sense 2 (new%5:00:00:original:00):* "original and of a kind not seen before". Synonyms: fresh, novel. Examples: "the computer produced a completely novel proof...".
        *   Analysis: The text talks about drugs based on "suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes." This suggests a mechanism different from existing drugs. They are innovative. However, usually, when people talk about, but let's look closer at Sense 2. Is the emphasis on "not seen before" (novelty) or "recently come into being" (time)? or experience". Synonyms: raw.
        *   Analysis: Does not apply to inanimate objects like drugs.
    *   *Sense 4 (new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00):* "having no previous example or precedent or parallel".
        *   Analysis: Too strong. While the drugs might be innovative, "unprecedented" is usually for events or states (unexampled prosperity), not standard drug development descriptions.
    *   *Sense 5 (new%5:00:00:other:00):* "other than the former one(s); different". Examples: "my new car is four years old".
        *   Analysis: This applies when replacing something. "New drugs" here isn't necessarily replacing specific "old drugs" in a succession sense, but rather representing a new category or recent invention.
    *   *Sense 6 (new%3:00:09::):* "unaffected by use or exposure".
        *   Analysis: Not "brand new" in the sense of condition.
    *   *Sense 7 (new%5:00:02:original:00):* "gratuitously new". Synonyms: newfangled.
        *   Analysis: Negative connotation not present here.
    *   *Sense 8/9/10:* Linguistic/Agricultural specific. Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 11:* "unfamiliar".
        *   Analysis: Not the primary meaning here.

3.  **Differentiating Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just ... come into being".
    *   Sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before".
    *   The phrase is "new cancer drugs". Usually, "new [product]" falls under Sense 1 (recently made). However, the context highlights that these drugs are based on a *specific new scientific approach* (suppressor proteins). Does this make them "novel" (Sense 2)?
    *   Let's check the examples.
        *   Sense 1: "new cars" - standard recent product.
        *   Sense 2: "completely novel proof" - emphasizes the uniqueness/originality.
    *   In the sentence: "new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth". The primary emphasis is often on the timeline (recently developed drugs). However, if they don't exist yet ("may be based on"), they are "potential future drugs". If they don't exist yet, Sense 1 ("not of long duration") might be slightly misaligned (though often used for things currently coming into existence).
    *   Let's look at the distinction in WordNet usage. Sense 1 (adjective satellite in some schemes, but here indexed as sense 1) is the most generic "recently appeared". Sense 2 focuses on "originality/kind not seen before".
    *   The context mentions turning discoveries into therapies. These are drugs resulting from *recent discoveries*. They are "new" because they are just being discovered/developed. Sense 1 seems the default for "new drugs" in a medical/pharmaceutical context unless there is specific emphasis on a radical paradigm shift (novel mechanism). Even then, Sense 1 covers "recently come into being".
    *   Let's reconsider Sense 1's definition: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". The text says they "may be based on...", implying they are on the horizon or recently conceptualized.
    *   If I compare "new cars" (Sense 1) vs "novel proof" (Sense 2). "New drugs" is usually Sense 1. It denotes the recentness of the development. While they might be novel, the core meaning of "new" in this phrase is usually temporal/recency relative to the field.
    *   However, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: fresh, novel. Does "novel cancer drugs" fit? Yes. But "new cancer drugs" is a standard collocation for "recently developed drugs".
    *   Let's check if there is a specific sense for "upcoming" or "future". No.
    *   Let's check if Sense 1 allows for things currently being made. "having just ... come into being".
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. "original and of a kind not seen before". Are they necessarily a "kind not seen before"? Maybe, maybe not. They might just be new formulations. But the text emphasizes the genetic basis, suggesting a specific new kind. Yet, "new drugs" generally maps to the recency sense (Sense 1).
    *   Most standard WSD systems and human annotations would tag "new" in "new cars", "new laws", "new therapies" as the "recent/not of long duration" sense (Sense 1). The emphasis is on the timeline of discovery/invention mentioned in the previous sentence ("anticipated cascade of discoveries").

    Let's refine the decision.
    Sentence: "...new therapies... new cancer drugs..."
    Context: "...turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into... new therapies."
    The therapies are the result of discoveries. They are new in the sense of being recently derived from these new discoveries.
    Sense 1 definition: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered".
    This fits "therapies" or "drugs" derived from recent discoveries perfectly. They haven't been around long because the science is new.
    Sense 2 implies a qualitative difference ("kind not seen before"). While true, Sense 1 captures the temporal aspect linked to the "recently" reported findings. The phrase "new cancer drugs" is standardly Sense 1.

    Let's double check Sense 5 ("other than the former one(s)"). This would apply if the context was "The old drugs had side effects, so the doctors prescribed new drugs." Here, it's a general statement about the field.

    Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit. It covers things recently made or discovered, which aligns with drugs developed from recent genetic discoveries.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say <t>new</t> cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 11. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The target word is "new" in the sentence: "Some researchers say <t>new</t> cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."
    *   The phrase is "new cancer drugs".
    *   The context discusses scientific discoveries regarding genes and cancer.
    *   It talks about developing therapies based on new genetic knowledge.
    *   The drugs are "new" in the sense that they are being developed now or will be developed soon as a result of these discoveries. They are recent innovations or yet-to-be-created innovations in the field of medicine.

2.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `new%3:00:00::` | Definition: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". Examples: "a new law; new cars".
        *   *Fit:* This fits well. The drugs are new discoveries/inventions. They are recently made or will be made recently relative to the time of writing. This captures the temporal aspect of "new" products.

    *   **Sense 2:** `new%5:00:00:original:00` | Definition: "original and of a kind not seen before". Synonyms: fresh, novel. Examples: "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem".
        *   *Fit:* This also fits quite well. These drugs are based on a new mechanism (suppressor proteins) and are likely of a kind not seen before. It emphasizes novelty and originality.

    *   **Sense 3:** `new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00` | Definition: "lacking training or experience".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Drugs don't have experience.

    *   **Sense 4:** `new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00` | Definition: "having no previous example or precedent or parallel".
        *   *Fit:* Too strong. "New cancer drugs" doesn't necessarily mean unprecedented in the history of the universe, just recently developed or different from previous ones.

    *   **Sense 5:** `new%5:00:00:other:00` | Definition: "other than the former one(s); different".
        *   *Fit:* Possible, but usually implies a replacement of a specific former thing (e.g., "my new car" implies I had an old one). Here, it's about the general category of drugs entering the market, not necessarily replacing a specific former drug in a specific instance.

    *   **Sense 6:** `new%3:00:09::` | Definition: "unaffected by use or exposure".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. It's not about the condition of the drugs (unused), but their existence/development.

    *   **Sense 7:** `new%5:00:02:original:00` | Definition: "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new". Synonyms: newfangled.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. "Newfangled" has a negative connotation or implies a fad. Scientific drugs aren't usually described as "gratuitously new".

    *   **Sense 8 & 9:** Linguistic/Historical definitions.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect context.

    *   **Sense 10:** Crops.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 11:** `new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00` | Definition: "unfamiliar".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

3.  **Narrowing down between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**

    *   *Sense 1:* Focuses on *time* and *recent coming into being*. "New cars", "new law". When we talk about "new drugs", we often mean drugs that have recently been developed or released.
    *   *Sense 2:* Focuses on *originality* and *kind not seen before*. "Novel proof".

    Let's look at the context again: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs... may be based on the suppressor proteins..."
    The text contrasts these potential drugs with existing knowledge or treatments. The specific mechanism (suppressor proteins) suggests they are indeed novel/original in approach. However, the general usage of "new [products]" (like "new cars", "new drugs") usually falls under Sense 1 (recently made). Sense 2 is often used for ideas, proofs, or specific artifacts where the *kind* is the focus of the novelty.

    Let's check WordNet hierarchies/examples nuances.
    Sense 1 (adj.all): not of long duration.
    Sense 2 (adj.all): original and of a kind not seen before.

    In the phrase "new cancer drugs", is the emphasis on them being *recently created* (Sense 1) or *novel in type* (Sense 2)?
    Usually, "new drugs" implies recently introduced drugs. While they might be novel, the primary meaning in product launches or scientific advancements described this way is temporal/recency. "New cars" (Sense 1 example) are just recently manufactured. They might not be a "kind not seen before" (a Ford Taurus is still a car), but they are new.
    Are "new cancer drugs" a "kind not seen before"? Maybe, but they are still "cancer drugs".
    If the sentence said "a new type of cancer drug", Sense 2 would be very strong.
    Since it says "new cancer drugs", it parallels "new cars".
    The phrase "cascade of discoveries into... new therapies" supports the idea of recent creation (Sense 1).

    Let's reconsider Sense 2's example: "the computer produced a completely novel proof". This emphasizes the unique nature of the object itself.
    Sense 1's example: "new cars". This emphasizes the recency.

    "New cancer drugs" fits the pattern of "new cars" (products available recently) better than "novel proof" (unique conceptual breakthrough). While the science is a breakthrough, the drugs themselves are "new" in the sense of being the latest additions to the arsenal (recently made).

    Let's look at Sense 5: "other than the former one(s); different".
    Example: "my new car is four years old".
    This sense is used when contrasting a current possession/state with a previous one. The text doesn't explicitly contrast these drugs with "old cancer drugs" in a replacement sense, but rather discusses the *emergence* of these drugs. "New therapies" implies therapies that are coming into being.

    Sense 1 covers "having just... come into being or been made".
    The text says researchers say new drugs *may be based on*... implying these drugs are currently being made or will be made soon.
    Sense 1 covers "recently come into being". This seems the most standard definition for "new [product]".

    Let's check standard WSD practice for "new [noun]".
    "New information" -> Sense 1? Or Sense 2?
    "New York" -> None of these.
    "New idea" -> Sense 2.
    "New house" -> Sense 1.
    "New drugs" -> Products. Like "new cars". Sense 1.

    Wait, let's look closer at Sense 2.
    Synonyms: fresh, novel.
    Definition: "original and of a kind not seen before".
    Are these drugs of a kind not seen before?
    Context: "based on the suppressor proteins... administer... proteins made by healthy versions".
    This suggests a specific *new kind* of drug mechanism.
    However, Sense 1 is the default for "new" + [Concrete Noun] when referring to recent manufacture. "New cars" are the standard example for Sense 1. "New drugs" are analogous to "new cars". Even if the drug has a novel mechanism, describing it as a "new drug" usually leans on the temporal/recency aspect (Sense 1). If the author wanted to emphasize the unprecedented nature, they might use "novel drugs" or "a new kind of drug". The adjective "new" modifying the noun phrase "cancer drugs" acts similarly to "new cars".

    Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 5 again.
    Sense 5: "other than the former one(s)".
    This requires a reference point of a "former one". "My new car" (implies I had an old car). "New leader" (implies there was an old leader).
    Here: "new cancer drugs". Is there an implication of replacing old cancer drugs? Not specifically. It just means drugs that are coming out now.
    Therefore, Sense 1 is better than Sense 5.

    Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    Sense 1: recent existence.
    Sense 2: originality/kind.
    "New cancer drugs".
    If a pharmaceutical company releases a "new drug", it is Sense 1. Even if it's just a slightly different formulation of an existing statin, it's a "new drug" (Sense 1).
    In this context, the drugs are based on suppressor proteins. They are innovative.
    However, the word "new" itself in the phrase "new cancer drugs" is primarily carrying the temporal meaning "recently developed/forthcoming". The *content* of the article explains that they are novel.
    WordNet senses are schematic.
    Example for Sense 1: "a new law; new cars".
    Example for Sense 2: "completely novel proof".
    "New cancer drugs" feels much closer to "new cars" than "completely novel proof".
    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: slow
Target surface form: slow
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to <t>slow</t> or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=slow%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow down, slow up, retard | examples=The car decelerated
2. sense_key=slow%2:30:01:: | definition=become slow or slower | synonyms=slow down, slow up, slack, slacken | examples=Production slowed
3. sense_key=slow%2:30:05:: | definition=cause to proceed more slowly | synonyms=slow down, slow up | examples=The illness slowed him down

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Task: Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the lemma "slow".
    *   Context: A scientific text about genetics and cancer research. The specific sentence is: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to <t>slow</t> or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."
    *   Target surface form: "slow" (verb).
    *   Candidate senses: Three options provided with definitions, synonyms, and examples.
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to <t>slow</t> or reverse tumor growth..."
    *   Subject: "new cancer drugs" (agent).
    *   Action: "slow" (verb).
    *   Object/Target: "tumor growth" (patient/theme).
    *   Meaning: The drugs cause the tumor growth to proceed at a reduced rate or speed. They are agents acting upon a process ("growth").

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `slow%2:30:00::`
        *   Definition: "lose velocity; move more slowly"
        *   Synonyms: "decelerate, slow down, slow up, retard"
        *   Examples: "The car decelerated"
        *   Analysis: This is an intransitive sense (ergative or purely intransitive). "The car slowed." The subject (the car) is the entity changing speed. In the target sentence, "drugs" are not slowing down themselves; they are slowing down "tumor growth". While "retard" is listed as a synonym, the core definition "lose velocity" suggests an entity moving slowing down on its own.

    *   **Sense 2:** `slow%2:30:01::`
        *   Definition: "become slow or slower"
        *   Synonyms: "slow down, slow up, slack, slacken"
        *   Examples: "Production slowed"
        *   Analysis: This is also an intransitive sense (change of state). "Production slowed" = production became slower. In the target sentence, "drugs to slow tumor growth", "drugs" is the subject, "tumor growth" is the object. This sense does not fit the transitive structure well (Subject causes Object to change state).

    *   **Sense 3:** `slow%2:30:05::`
        *   Definition: "cause to proceed more slowly"
        *   Synonyms: "slow down, slow up"
        *   Examples: "The illness slowed him down"
        *   Analysis: This is a transitive causative sense. "The illness" (agent/cause) slowed "him" (patient). The target sentence fits this perfectly: "drugs" (cause) will "slow" (verb) "tumor growth" (patient/theme). The definition "cause to proceed more slowly" captures exactly what a drug does to tumor growth.

4.  **Comparison:**
    *   The target sentence has a transitive structure: `[Agent] to slow [Patient]`.
    *   Sense 1 and 2 describe the subject itself undergoing a change in speed/state (intransitive/ergative). "The car slowed." "Production slowed."
    *   Sense 3 describes an agent causing a patient to undergo a change in speed. "The illness slowed him down."
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice.

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   Selected index: 3.
    *   JSON: `{"sense_index": 3}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reverse
Target surface form: reverse
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or <t>reverse</t> tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reverse%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, turn | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
2. sense_key=reverse%2:30:01:: | definition=turn inside out or upside down | synonyms=turn back, invert
3. sense_key=reverse%2:31:00:: | definition=rule against | synonyms=overrule, overturn, override, overthrow | examples=The Republicans were overruled when the House voted on the bill
4. sense_key=reverse%2:32:00:: | definition=cancel officially | synonyms=revoke, annul, lift, countermand, repeal, overturn | examples=He revoked the ban on smoking; lift an embargo
5. sense_key=reverse%2:30:03:: | definition=reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of | synonyms=invert | examples=when forming a question, invert the subject and the verb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or <t>reverse</t> tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."
    *   Key phrase: "slow or reverse tumor growth".
    *   Meaning: Tumor growth is the process of a tumor getting bigger/more severe. "Slow" means to decelerate this process. "Reverse" is used in contrast or conjunction with "slow". If you reverse tumor growth, you make the tumor shrink or the progression of the disease go backwards (improve/retreat) rather than advance. It implies changing the direction or nature of the trend (growth) from positive (increasing) to negative (decreasing).
    *   Subject: Cancer drugs.
    *   Object: Tumor growth.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `reverse%2:30:00::` | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, turn | examples="The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him"
        *   Analysis: "Change to the contrary" fits "reverse tumor growth". Tumor growth (increasing) changes to the contrary (decreasing/regression). The example "The trend was reversed" is very analogous to reversing the trend of tumor growth.

    *   **Sense 2:** `reverse%2:30:01::` | definition=turn inside out or upside down | synonyms=turn back, invert
        *   Analysis: This is physical orientation (like a shirt or a coin). While tumors shrink, we don't talk about turning tumor growth "inside out" or "upside down" in this context.

    *   **Sense 3:** `reverse%2:31:00::` | definition=rule against | synonyms=overrule, overturn, override, overthrow | examples="The Republicans were overruled..."
        *   Analysis: This is legal or administrative decision-making. Not applicable to biological processes.

    *   **Sense 4:** `reverse%2:32:00::` | definition=cancel officially | synonyms=revoke, annul, lift, countermand, repeal, overturn | examples="He revoked the ban on smoking..."
        *   Analysis: This is about laws, decrees, or official acts. While one might loosely say "reverse the effects," Sense 1 is a better fit for a dynamic process/trend like growth. "Cancel officially" is too bureaucratic for a biological phenomenon.

    *   **Sense 5:** `reverse%2:30:03::` | definition=reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of | synonyms=invert | examples="when forming a question, invert the subject and the verb"
        *   Analysis: This is about structural arrangement (syntax, order). Not applicable to the magnitude/direction of growth.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 1 ("change to the contrary") applies to trends, processes, and directions. Example: "The trend was reversed."
    *   Sense 4 ("cancel officially") applies to laws, bans, decisions.
    *   "Tumor growth" is a process/trend. Reversing it means the growth stops and turns into regression. This aligns perfectly with "change to the contrary". The context speaks of a biological/medical effect, not a legal cancellation.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The context involves a process (growth) changing its direction/trend.
    *   Sense 1 captures the meaning of changing a trend or direction to the contrary.

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   Selected sense index: 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor <t>growth</t> may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "growth" in the context: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor <t>growth</t> may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

Let's analyze the candidate senses:
1. growth%1:22:00:: - biological process of an individual organism growing organically (growing, maturation, development, ontogeny)
2. growth%1:22:01:: - progression from simpler to more complex forms
3. growth%1:22:02:: - process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (increase, increment)
4. growth%1:14:00:: - vegetation that has grown
5. growth%1:11:01:: - gradual beginning or coming forth
6. growth%1:26:00:: - (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. growth%1:17:00:: - something grown or growing (a growth of hair)

The context is "tumor growth". A tumor is an abnormal proliferation of tissue. Sense 6 specifically mentions "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".

Let's check if "tumor growth" refers to the abnormal proliferation itself or the process. The phrase "slow or reverse tumor growth" means slowing or reversing the proliferation/increase in size of the tumor. Sense 6 defines "growth" as the pathological proliferation itself, but often in medical contexts, "tumor growth" refers to the process of the tumor getting larger, which is an abnormal proliferation. WordNet defines sense 6 as "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
Wait, sense 3 is "a process of becoming larger...". However, sense 6 is specific to pathology and tumors. Given the specific mention of tumor, sense 6 is highly appropriate because it specifically mentions "as in a tumor". Let's double check if "tumor growth" refers to the tissue (the tumor) or the process. Here, "slow or reverse tumor growth" means slow the process of it proliferating. WordNet sense 6 defines "growth" as the abnormal proliferation, which fits perfectly.

Let's review the senses again:
Sense 6: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - The definition literally says "as in a tumor". This makes it the best fit for "tumor growth".

Therefore, the sense index is 6.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: base
Target surface form: based
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be <t>based</t> on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=base%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, ground, found | examples=base a claim on some observation
2. sense_key=base%2:42:04:: | definition=situate as a center of operations | examples=we will base this project in the new lab
3. sense_key=base%2:34:00:: | definition=use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes | synonyms=free-base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Target lemma: `base`
    *   Target surface form: `based` (past participle used in a passive construction "may be based on").
    *   Context: Scientific research into cancer genes and potential therapies. Specifically, "new cancer drugs... may be based on the suppressor proteins..."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `base%2:31:00::`
        *   Definition: "use as a basis for; found on"
        *   Synonyms: establish, ground, found
        *   Examples: "base a claim on some observation"
        *   Analysis: This sense relates to building something (like a theory, claim, or in this case, a drug) upon a foundation (an observation, a protein). The context fits perfectly: the drugs are developed/founded upon the biological mechanism of suppressor proteins.

    *   **Sense 2:** `base%2:42:04::`
        *   Definition: "situate as a center of operations"
        *   Examples: "we will base this project in the new lab"
        *   Analysis: This sense is about physical location or headquarters. "Based in a city" or "based in a lab". The context talks about drugs being developed *from* proteins, not locating a headquarters in a protein. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `base%2:34:00::`
        *   Definition: "use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes"
        *   Synonyms: free-base
        *   Analysis: This is the drug usage sense. Clearly irrelevant in the context of cancer pharmaceuticals.

3.  **Evaluate Context against Senses:**
    *   Sentence: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs ... may be based on the suppressor proteins..."
    *   Meaning: The drugs will use the proteins as a foundation or model for their mechanism.
    *   Match: Sense 1 ("use as a basis for; found on") is the correct meaning.

4.  **Map to Index:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.
    *   Sense 3 corresponds to index 3.

    The correct sense is Sense 1. Therefore, the index is 1.

5.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   Format: JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.