[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_to
Target surface form: turned
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next <t>turned</t> his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_to%2:32:01:: | definition=speak to | synonyms=address | examples=He addressed the crowd outside the window
2. sense_key=turn_to%2:30:00:: | definition=direct one's interest or attention towards; go into | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer..."
    *   Note: The sentence actually reads "turned his attention [to] colon cancer" (the "to" is implied or missing in the snippet provided, but the structure "turned his attention [to] X" is clear).
    *   Subject: Dr. Vogelstein (a researcher).
    *   Action: turned his attention.
    *   Object/Direction: colon cancer.
    *   Meaning: He shifted his focus/research/work towards studying colon cancer.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: speak to.
        *   Synonyms: address.
        *   Examples: "He addressed the crowd outside the window."
        *   Fit: Does "turned his attention colon cancer" mean he spoke to colon cancer? No. He is a researcher, and colon cancer is a disease/topic, not a person or crowd he is addressing verbally.
    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: direct one's interest or attention towards; go into.
        *   Examples: "The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction"; "People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium".
        *   Fit: The context says "turned his attention [to] colon cancer". The definition explicitly includes "direct one's interest or attention towards". This matches perfectly.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   Sense 1 implies verbal communication.
    *   Sense 2 implies shifting focus/interest/activity.
    *   The context describes a scientist shifting research focus. This aligns exactly with Sense 2.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 2 is the correct choice.

provider: Chutes


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the <t>second</t> biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  in the U.S. after lung cancer..."
    *   Grammatical role: Adjective (modifying "biggest cancer killer").
    *   Meaning in context: It denotes the ordinal position in a ranking (rank #2) based on magnitude/size (biggest killer).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `second%5:00:00:ordinal:00`
        *   Definition: "coming next after the first in position: "a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first"
        *   Examples: "second flute", "the second violins"
        *   Fit: This is a musical/instrumental sense (often a noun acting as an adjective or just a specific domain usage). The context is medical/statistical (ranking cancer mortality), not musical.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct ordinal sense used to describe a *   Sense 2 is specific to music and irrelevant here.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instructions ask for a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X corresponds to the chosen candidate sense index.
    * *   Double-check: Is "second" used as an ordinal number here? Yes ("second biggest"). Does Sense 1 cover "degree or magnitude"? Yes.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Amazon Bedrock

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: big
Target surface form: biggest
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second <t>biggest</t> cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=big%3:00:01:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=large | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=big%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=significant | examples=graduation was a big day in his life
3. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
4. sense_key=big%5:00:00:loud:00 | definition=loud and firm | examples=a big voice; big bold piano sounds
5. sense_key=big%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=large, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intemperate:00 | definition=prodigious | synonyms=heavy | examples=big spender; big eater
7. sense_key=big%5:00:02:proud:00 | definition=exhibiting self-importance | synonyms=boastful, braggart, bragging, braggy, cock-a-hoop, crowing | examples=big talk
8. sense_key=big%5:00:00:proud:00 | definition=feeling self-importance | synonyms=swelled, vainglorious | examples=too big for his britches; had a swelled head
9. sense_key=big%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=(of animals) fully developed | synonyms=adult, full-grown, fully grown, grown, grownup | examples=an adult animal; a grown woman
10. sense_key=big%5:00:00:heavy:08 | definition=marked by intense physical force | examples=a big wind
11. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=large, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
12. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:01 | definition=given or giving freely | synonyms=bighearted, bounteous, bountiful, freehanded, handsome, giving | examples=was a big tipper; the bounteous goodness of God
13. sense_key=big%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, large, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "big", and the surface form is "biggest" (superlative). The context is "...colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."

2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence quantifies "cancer killer". It's talking about the rank or magnitude of the death toll caused **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent".
        *   Synonyms: large.
        *   Examples: "a large city".
        *   Analysis: "Biggest cancer killer" refers to the quantity/number of deaths. "Number", "quantity", "magnitude", and "extent" fit the statistical ranking of causes of death. The definition explicitly mentions "number" and "quantity".

    *   **Sense 2:** "significant".
        *   Examples: "graduation was a big day in his life".
        *   Analysis: While cancer killing is significant, the phrase "second biggest" implies a ranking based on magnitude/quantity, not just qualitative importance (though it is important). The specific comparative/superlative structure "second biggest" strongly points to measurement/size/quantity rather than abstract significance.

    *   **Sense 3:** "very intense".
        *   Examples: "a big rage".
        *   Analysis: Does not fit "killer".

    *   **Sense 4:** "loud and firm".
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** "conspicuous in position or importance".
        *   Synonyms: prominent.
        *   Examples: "a big figure in the movement".
        *   Analysis: Similar to Sense 2. While it is a "prominent" killer, the comparative "second Sense 1 covers "magnitude or extent", which fits statistical ranking better.

    *   **Sense 6:** "prodigious" (big spender/eater).
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 7-8:** "self-importance/proud".
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 9:** "fully developed/mature".
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 10:** "marked by intense physical force".
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 11-12:** "generous/tolerant".
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 13:** "pregnant".
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    The phrase "biggest cancer killer" refers to the magnitude of the death toll. Sense 1 includes "above average in size or **number** or **quantity** or **magnitude** or **extent**". This definition covers statistical size (rankingung cancer #1, Colon cancer #2) refers to the quantity of deaths. Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Sense 2 ("significant") is too vague regarding the ranking aspect.
    Sense 5 ("conspicuous") implies prominence but not necessarily the quantitative ranking inherent in "second biggest ... after lung cancer".

    Sense 1 is the standard, primary sense for "big/large" regarding physical size or statistical magnitude.

5.  **Format output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    The index for Sense 1 is 1.

    Let's double-check the indexing.
    1. sense_key=big%3:00:01:: ...
    This is the first item in the list. So the index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target**: The target word is "cancer" in the sentence "...the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S...."

2.  **Analyze the context**: The entire passage discusses medical research. Mentions of "Dr. Knudson", "Fox Chase Cancer Research Center", "retinoblastoma", "malignant", "tumor", "Wilm's tumor", "colon cancer", "lung cancer", "suppressor genes". The specific phrase is "cancer killer", referring to a disease that causes death.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." (Medical disease sense).
    *   Sense 2: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" (Person sense).
    *   Sense 3: "a small zodiacal constellation..." (Astronomy sense).
    *   Sense 4: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." (Astrology sign sense).
    *   Sense 5: "type genus of the family Cancridae" (Biological classification/genus sense, referring to crabs).

4.  **Map context to senses**: The context is explicitly about medical conditions ("killer", "malignant", "tumor", "colon cancer"). The target refers to the disease itself as a cause of death.
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly. It defines the disease.
    *   Senses 2, 3, 4 refer to astrology/astronomy.
    *   Sense 5 refers to crustaceans (crabs).

5.  **Select the best sense**: Sense 1 is the correct medical definition for the word "cancer" in this context.

6.  **Format output**: The user requested a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. Sense 1 corresponds to index 1 (since the list provided is 1-indexed).

    *   Candidate 1: definition matches context perfectly.
    *   Candidate 2-5: Irrelevant definitions.

7.  **Final check**: Does "cancer killer" fit sense 1? Yes, a "cancer killer" is something that kills via the disease defined in sense 1, or the disease itself acting as the killer. The noun "cancer" here refers to the disease.

    Result: Sense index 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: killer
Target surface form: killer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=killer%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who causes the death of a person or animal | synonyms=slayer
2. sense_key=killer%1:26:00:: | definition=the causal agent resulting in death | synonyms=cause of death | examples=heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States
3. sense_key=killer%1:09:00:: | definition=a difficulty that is hard to deal with | examples=that exam was a real killer
4. sense_key=killer%1:05:00:: | definition=predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin; common in cold seas | synonyms=killer whale, orca, grampus, sea wolf, Orcinus orca

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target word: "killer"
    *   Context sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   Surrounding text discusses cancer, death, medical research, and the ranking of cancer types by their impact (lethality).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "someone who causes the death of a person or animal" (slayer). This implies an intentional agent, usually human. Cancer is not a person.
    *   Sense 2: "the causal agent resulting in death" (cause of death). Example: "heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States". This fits perfectly. The text talks about colon cancer causing death. It is ranked as the "second biggest cancer killer," meaning it is the second leading cause of death among cancers.
    *   Sense 3: "a difficulty that is hard to deal with" (example: "that exam was a real killer"). This is a metaphorical sense, usually referring to a task or event being exhausting or difficult. While cancer is difficult, the context specifically links "killer" to "lung cancer" and ranks them, implying lethality/mortality statistics.
    *   Sense 4: "predatory black-and-white toothed whale..." (orca). This is an animal definition. Clearly irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 3 is about difficulty/hardship (metaphorical).
    *   Sense 2 is about the agent of death (literal/medical).
    *   The text says "the second biggest cancer killer... after lung cancer." This comparison clearly relates to the number of deaths caused. The example provided for Sense 2 ("heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States") is semantically identical to the usage in the text ("colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer").

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 2 is the correct choice. The context refers to a disease causing death.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Since I selected the second sense listed in the prompt, the index is 2.

    *   Let's double-check the list order provided by the prompt:
        1. sense_key=killer%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who causes the death...
        2. sense_key=killer%1:26:00:: | definition=the causal agent resulting in death...
        3. sense_key=killer%1:09:00:: | definition=a difficulty that is hard to deal with...
        4. sense_key=killer%1:05:00:: | definition=predatory black-and-white toothed whale...

    *   The match is sense #2.

6.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   JSON: `{"sense_index": 2}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: u.s.
Target surface form: U.S.
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "U.S." in the context: "the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: - This refers to "the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States" - i.e., the government itself.

2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: - This refers to "North American republic containing 50 states" - i.e., the country/geographical entity.

In the context "the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer", the author is referring to the United States as a geographical location/country where cancer statistics are being measured. They're talking about where these deaths are occurring, not about the government branches.

The phrase "in the U.S." clearly refers to the country as a place, not the government as an institution. Cancer statistics are tracked by geographical region/country, not by government institution.

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice - the United States as a country/geographical entity.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   Sentence: "He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes..."
    *   Subject: Dr. Vogelstein (a scientist).
    *   Object/Content: a scientific hypothesis ("colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits'...").
    *   Nature of the belief: He holds an opinion or hypothesis based on reasoning/evidence ("because it often seems to develop in stages"). He isn't just accepting someone else's testimony (like sense 1 or 5 might imply regarding testimony). He is formulating a theory or holding a view about how something works.
    *   Earlier context: "Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was right..." (This usage is closer to sense 1 or 5 - accepting someone else's claim). However, the target sentence is about his own hypothesis regarding colon cancer.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1 (believe%2:31:00::)**: "accept as true; take to be true". Examples: "I believed his report", "We didn't believe his stories".
        *   *Fit*: This is a strong candidate. Dr. Vogelstein accepts the proposition "colon cancer might also arise..." as true. It's a standard propositional attitude. However, is he just accepting a fact/report, or is he forming a judgment/hypothesis?

    *   **Sense 2 (believe%2:31:04::)**: "judge or regard; look upon; judge". Synonyms: think, consider, conceive. Examples: "I think he is very smart", "I believe her to be very smart".
        *   *Fit*: This sense emphasizes the cognitive act of judging or holding an opinion. The context mentions "He believed colon cancer might also arise... because...". This structure aligns with "think" or "hypothesize". He is regarding the hypothesis as likely true based on evidence. The synonym "think" is very close here. "He *thought* colon cancer might also arise..." fits perfectly.

    *   **Sense 3 (believe%2:31:03::)**: "be confident about something". Synonyms: trust. Examples: "I believe that he will come back from the war".
        *   *Fit*: This implies trust or expectation of an event. While he expects the hypothesis to be true, this sense usually refers to trusting a person or outcome, less so a scientific theory derived from evidence.

    *   **Sense 4 (believe%2:31:01::)**: "follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer".
        *   *Fit*: Clearly wrong. Not religious context.

    *   **Sense 5 (believe%2:31:02::)**: "credit with veracity". Examples: "You cannot believe this man".
        *   *Fit*: This is about believing *a person* or *a source* (trusting their honesty). Here, he believes a *proposition/hypothesis*, not a person (in the sense of trusting their word, though he trusts the hypothesis).

3.  **Differentiate Sense 1 vs. Sense 2**:
    *   Sense 1 ("accept as true") is the most general sense. "I believe it will rain."
    *   Sense 2 ("judge or regard", synonyms: think, consider) is often used for opinions, hypotheses, or evaluations.
    *   Context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise..."
    *   Comparison with examples:
        *   Sense 1 examples: "believed his report" (accepting testimony). "believed his stories" (accepting testimony).
        *   Sense 2 examples: "I think he is very smart" (holding an opinion/judgment).
    *   In the target text, Dr. Vogelstein is holding a scientific view/opinion. He isn't just accepting a report given to him; he is formulating or maintaining a theory. The clause "colon cancer might also arise" is his hypothesis.
    *   Substitution test: "He **thought** colon cancer might also arise..." vs "He **accepted as true** that colon cancer might also arise..."
    *   "He believed Dr. Knudson was right" (previous sentence) is Sense 1 (accepting Knudson's correctness).
    *   "He believed colon cancer might also arise..." This feels more like "He considered that..." or "He hypothesized that...".
    *   However, WordNet sense distinctions can be subtle. Sense 1 is the catch-all for holding a proposition true. Sense 2 specifically maps to "think" or "consider" regarding a judgment.
    *   Let's look at the "because" clause. He has reasons ("because it often seems to develop in stages"). This supports the "judge/regard" aspect of Sense 2. He isn't taking it on authority (Sense 1/5); he is judging the evidence.
    *   Let's check the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "accept as true; take to be true".
        *   Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge".
    *   If I say "I believe it is raining", is that Sense 1 or 2? Usually Sense 1.
    *   If I say "I believe him to be a fool", that is Sense 2 (judgment/evaluation).
    *   The target text: "He believed [that] colon cancer might also arise..."
    *   This is a propositional belief. Is it a judgment of character/quality (Sense 2 examples: "very smart") or a belief about a state of affairs?
    *   Scientific hypotheses are usually treated as "opinions" or "judgments" pending proof.
    *   However, looking at standard WSD practices for "believe":
        *   Sense 1 is the default for "believe that [clause]".
        *   Sense 2 is often used for "believe [object] to be [adjective/complement]" (e.g., "believe her to be very smart").
    *   Let's check the syntax. Target: "He believed [that] colon cancer might..."
    *   Sense 2 examples: "I think he is very smart" (think), "I believe her to be very smart" (believe + object + to-infinitive).
    *   Sense 1 examples: "I believed his report" (believe + NP). "We didn't believe his stories" (believe + NP).
    *   The target text has a finite clause ("colon cancer might...").
    *   Does Sense 2 cover finite clauses? Synonym "think" does. "I think that he is smart." "I believe that he is smart."
    *   Is "He believed colon cancer might..." distinct from "He accepted as true that..."?
    *   Scientific belief/hypothesizing is often "thinking" or "considering" (Sense 2).
    *   Let's look at the synonym "think" in Sense 2. "He thought colon cancer might arise..." fits the context of a scientist formulating a theory perfectly.
    *   Sense 1 implies taking something as true. Sense 2 implies judging/regarding. In a scientific context, before proof, you "judge" or "think" the hypothesis is correct.
    *   Let's reconsider Sense 1. "Accept as true" works for hypotheses too. "Scientists believe the theory is correct."
    *   However, the distinction often drawn in WordNet is:
        *   Sense 1: passive acceptance of truth (often testimony).
        *   Sense 2: active mental judgment/opinion (synonym "think").
    *   The context emphasizes his reasoning ("because..."). He is judging the evidence. Therefore, Sense 2 ("judge or regard", synonym "think") captures the nuances of a scientific hypothesis better than Sense 1 (which leans towards accepting testimony/reports).
    *   Let's check the examples for Sense 2 again: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart". These are evaluations/judgments.
    *   Is "colon cancer arises from multiple hits" an evaluation? It's a theoretical claim.
    *   Is it Sense 1? "Take to be true". This is the most basic definition. Many WSD systems default to Sense 1 for "believe that..." unless there is a specific "believe X to be Y" structure for Sense 2.
    *   Wait, let's look at the mapping.
        *   "believe + NP" -> usually Sense 1 (testimony) or Sense 5 (credibility).
        *   "believe + that-clause" -> usually Sense 1 (holding true) or Sense 2 (thinking/opining).
    *   Let's look closely at the Sense 2 definition: "judge or regard; look upon; judge". The examples focus on qualities ("very smart"). The target text is about a process/mechanism.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 definition: "accept as true; take to be true". The examples focus on reports/stories (testimony).
    *   The target text is about a *hypothesis*. "He believed [the hypothesis]..."
    *   Is a hypothesis a report? No.
    *   Is it an opinion/judgment? Yes.
    *   Synonym "think" is the key differentiator provided. "He thought colon cancer might..." works perfectly.
    *   If I use Sense 1 definition: "He accepted as true that colon cancer might..." This also works.
    *   However, the previous sentence ("believed Dr. Knudson was right") is clearly accepting someone else's claim (Sense 1).
    *   The target sentence: "He believed colon cancer might..." This is his own theory.
    *   Sense 2 (think/consider) fits the generation/maintenance of a theory better.
    *   Let's try to find reasons to prefer Sense 1. Sense 1 is the generic "believe". If the specific sense 2 markers (evaluation of character, "believe X to be Y") are not present, Sense 1 is safer.
    *   But the instruction says "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms".
    *   Synonyms for Sense 2: "think, consider, conceive".
    *   "He *considered* that colon cancer might..." (A bit archaic/clunky but close).
    *   "He *thought* that colon cancer might..." (Natural).
    *   Sense 1 synonyms aren't listed in the snippet provided, but definition is "accept as true".
    *   Scientific belief is often categorized as "opinion" or "judgment" in fine-grained distinctions. It's not just accepting a fact; it's a stance taken based on reasoning.
    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 2: "I think he is very smart". This is an opinion.
    *   The target text: "He believed colon cancer might also arise..." This is a scientific opinion/hypothesis.
    *   The distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 2 is subtle here.
    *   Sense 1 usually implies "believe X" (where X is a source) or "believe [fact]".
    *   Sense 2 usually implies "believe [proposition]" where the modality is "thinking/opining" rather than "knowing" or "accepting testimony".
    *   Given the "because..." clause showing his reasoning, it emphasizes the cognitive process of judgment (Sense 2).
    *   However, many annotators would tag "believe [that clause]" as Sense 1. Let's check if there is a stricter rule.
    *   WordNet 3.0:
        *   1: accept as true; take to be true.
        *   2: judge or regard; look upon; judge. (Synonyms: think, consider, conceive).
    *   If I look at OntoNotes or similar corpora:
        *   "believe" meaning "think" is often mapped to the sense corresponding to Sense 2 here.
        *   "I believe it's going to rain" -> Think (Sense 2).
        *   "I believe him" -> Trust (Sense 5/1).
        *   "I believe his story" -> Accept as true (Sense 1).
    *   In the target: "He believed [that] colon cancer might..."
    *   This is "He thought that...". It corresponds to the mental state of opinion/hypothesis.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the better fit for the nuance of a scientist forming a hypothesis (thinking/considering) rather than just accepting a report (Sense 1 examples).

    *   Let's double check Sense 3 ("be confident about something"). "He trusted that colon cancer might...". No. "He was confident that colon cancer might...". Maybe, but "think/judge" (Sense 2) captures the hypothesis aspect better than "confidence/trust".

    *   Decision: Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1 examples: "believed his report", "believed his stories". Focus on testimony.
    *   Sense 2 examples: "think he is very smart". Focus on judgment/opinion.
    *   The text describes a scientist's hypothesis based on observation ("because it often seems to..."). This is an act of judgment/opinion ("He thought/judged that...").
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 fits the specific cognitive act described (judging/regarding/thinking) better than Sense 1 (accepting testimony).

    *   Let's refine. Is it possible Sense 1 is the intended sense for *all* propositional beliefs?
    *   "I believe it is raining." Is this Sense 1 or 2?
    *   If I interpret "believe" as "think", it's Sense 2.
    *   If I interpret "believe" as "accept as true", it's Sense 1.
    *   Usually, "believe" = "think" is the colloquial usage for opinions (Sense 2). "Believe" = "accept as true" is for facts/reports (Sense 1).
    *   A scientific hypothesis is an opinion/judgment, not yet a fact. It is a theory he "holds" or "thinks" is correct.
    *   Thus, Sense 2 ("judge or regard", "think") is the precise fine-grained sense.

    *   Final check.
    *   Target: He believed colon cancer might also arise...
    *   Synonyms check: "He thought colon cancer might also arise..." -> Valid.
    *   Definition check: "judge or regard". He judged the evidence and regarded the theory as likely. -> Valid.
    *   Example check: "I think he is very smart". (Subjective judgment). -> Consistent.
    *   Sense 1 check: "Accept as true". Usually implies the thing is presented to him as truth (report/story).
    *   Here, he is deducing it. Deduction/Judgment maps to Sense 2.

    *   Wait, earlier in the text: "Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was right".
    *   That is Sense 1 (accepting Knudson's claim).
    *   The target sentence is different. He didn't accept a report; he formed a view ("He turned his attention... He believed... because...").
    *   This internal generation/maintenance of a view aligns with Sense 2.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 2.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also <t>arise</t> from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** arise
    *   **Context Sentence:** "He believed colon cancer might also **arise** from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes..."
    *   **Meaning:** The context discusses the biological origin or development of cancer. The sentence states that colon cancer starts or originates from genetic damage ("hits"). It implies coming into existence or developing from a specific cause/source.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `arise%2:42:00::`
        *   *Definition:* come into existence; take on form or shape.
        *   *Synonyms:* originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow.
        *   *Examples:* "A new religious movement originated in that country"; "a love that sprang up from friendship".
        *   *Fit:* This sense fits well. Colon cancer "comes into existence" or "originates" from gene hits. The synonyms "originate" and "develop" are very appropriate for a biological process.

    *   **Sense 2:** `arise%2:42:01::`
        *   *Definition:* originate or come into being.
        *   *Synonyms:* come up, bob up.
        *   *Examples:* "a question arose".
        *   *Fit:* This is close in meaning to Sense 1, but the examples ("a question arose") and synonyms ("bob up") suggest something more abstract or spontaneous, often used with problems or questions. While cancer "comes into being", the specific nuance of Sense 1 ("take on form or shape", synonyms "develop", "grow") feels more suited to a biological process developing over time (as mentioned later in the context: "develop in stages"). However, distinguishing between Sense 1 and Sense 2 in WordNet can be subtle. Sense 1 seems to cover "originate" more broadly as a process of formation. Sense 2 is often used for abstract entities appearing (questions, issues). Let's look closer. Sense 1 includes "develop" and "grow" as synonyms. The context mentions cancer developing in stages. Sense 1 is stronger.

    *   **Sense 3:** `arise%2:38:00::`
        *   *Definition:* rise to one's feet.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Physical movement is not the topic.

    *   **Sense 4:** `arise%2:30:00::`
        *   *Definition:* result or issue.
        *   *Synonyms:* come up.
        *   *Examples:* "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion".
        *   *Fit:* This implies a consequence or a result following a cause. While cancer *results* from gene hits, the structure "arise from" is often used in the sense of "originate from". Sense 4 is often for disputes, problems, or situations arising *from* an event. Sense 1 ("originate") captures the etiological origin better than just "result". The synonym "originate" is explicitly in Sense 1. Sense 4's example is "unpleasantness arose". Sense 1's example is "movement originated". The context is about the *origin* of the disease.

    *   **Sense 5:** `arise%2:38:04::`
        *   *Definition:* move upward.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Not about physical elevation (smoke, fog).

    *   **Sense 6:** `arise%2:41:00::`
        *   *Definition:* take part in a rebellion.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** `arise%2:29:00::`
        *   *Definition:* get up and out of bed.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

3.  **Differentiate between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   WordNet 3.0 distinctions:
        *   Sense 1 (v) arise, originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow (come into existence; take on form or shape).
        *   Sense 2 (v) arise, come_up, bob_up (originate or come into being).
    *   The context is "colon cancer might also arise from...".
    *   Is cancer "bobbing up"? No.
    *   Is cancer "coming into existence" or "taking form"? Yes.
    *   The synonyms for Sense 1 (originate, develop, grow) align perfectly with the biological discussion of cancer formation. "Develop" is particularly relevant because the text continues to talk about how it "develops in stages".
    *   Sense 2 is typically for things like questions or problems appearing ("a question arose").
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. The phrase "arise from" here means "originate from".

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Target: "arise from multiple 'hits'"
    *   Meaning: originate from, develop from.
    *   Sense 1 Definition: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Synonyms: "originate", "develop".
    *   Match: Exact match.

    Result: Sense 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma:** The target word is "cancer".
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers." (Medical context: retinoblastoma is a type of cancer).
    *   "Dr. Vogelstein... set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers." (Medical context: diseases).
    *   "rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor." (Medical context).
    *   "colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer..." (Medical context).
    *   Target sentence: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits 'on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes..." (The target word "cancer" modifies "suppressor genes". It refers to the disease cancer).
    *   "progressing from less severe to deadly..." (Describing the progression of the disease).
3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease". This fits perfectly with the medical context of retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, etc.
    *   Sense 2: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer". Incorrect. The context is biology/medicine, not astrology.
    *   Sense 3: "a small zodiacal constellation...". Incorrect. Not astronomy.
    *   Sense 4: "the fourth sign of the zodiac...". Incorrect. Not astrology.
    *   Sense 5: "type genus of the family Cancridae". Incorrect. This is biological taxonomy (crabs), but the context is human disease. While related to the etymology (crab), the meaning here is the disease.
4.  **Select the Best Sense:** Sense 1 is the only sense that aligns with the medical and biological context of the passage.
5.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
6.  **Final Check:** Does sense 1 capture the meaning of "cancer" in "cancer suppressor genes"? Yes. Cancer suppressor genes are genes that suppress the development of the disease cancer. The lemma "cancer" refers to the disease defined in Sense1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "often" in this passage.

The target sentence is: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages."

The word "often" here is describing how colon cancer frequently or commonly appears to develop in stages. It's saying that in many cases/instances, colon cancer development shows a staged progression.

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee

This sense emphasizes frequency at short intervals - like meeting repeatedly over coffee. The example suggests repeated actions or events happening regularly and relatively close together in time.

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much

This sense is about frequency or quantity - "much" as in "I don't drink much." This is more about the amount or extent of an activity rather than the frequency of occurrence.

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances | synonyms=(not provided) | examples=(not provided)

This sense is about something happening in many cases or instances - that is, across many situations or examples, a pattern holds true.

Now let me consider which fits best in the context:

"colon cancer... often seems to develop in stages"

Here, "often" is saying that in many cases of colon cancer, the development appears to happen in stages. It's not talking about frequency in terms of time (like Sense 1's "many times at short intervals"), nor is it about quantity/amount (like Sense 2's "much"). Instead, it's talking about a general pattern that holds true across many instances or cases of colon cancer.

The idea is: In many instances/cases, colon cancer develops in stages.

This aligns most closely with Sense 3: "in many cases or instances."

Sense 1 is more appropriate for repeated actions or events happening regularly and at short intervals - like "we often met over a cup of coffee" or "I often go to the gym."

Sense 2 is more about quantity or extent, with synonyms like "much" and "a great deal."

Sense 3 is about something being true in many cases or instances, which fits well with the scientific observation being made here - that across many observed cases, colon cancer appears to develop in stages.

Therefore, the best sense is Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seems
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often <t>seems</t> to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form**: The target lemma is "seem", and the surface form is "seems". It is used in the sentence: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   Subject: "it" (referring to "colon cancer").
    *   Verb phrase: "seems to develop in stages".
    *   Meaning: The development of colon cancer appears to happen in stages. The observation (polyps becoming malignant in identifiable stages) supports this appearance.
    *   Nuance: Is it about outward appearance vs reality? Is it about probability? Is it about existence? Is it about opinion?

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" (synonyms: look, appear)**
        *   Example: "She seems to be sleeping."
        *   Analysis: This sense often implies an outward appearance that might contrast with reality (e.g., she looks like she is sleeping, but maybe she's faking). However, it also covers general impressions. In the context of "it often seems to develop in stages," the cancer *gives the impression* of developing in stages based on observable evidence (polyps). This fits the "outward aspect" or "impression" definition. The subject ("it") refers to a phenomenon/process (cancer development).

    *   **Sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" (synonyms: appear)**
        *   Example: "It seems that he is very gifted."
        *   Analysis: This sense is often used with clausal complements ("It seems that..."). The target sentence is "it often seems to develop in stages." The structure is [Subject] seems [to-infinitive].
        *   WordNet distinctions: Sense 1 is often about sensory impression or deceptive appearance. Sense 2 is often about probability or likelihood based on evidence.
        *   In the text: "because it often seems to develop in stages." The evidence (polyps, progression) makes it *appear probable* or *apparent* that it develops in stages. Dr. Vogelstein is deducing a mechanism based on the appearance of the disease.
        *   However, let's look closer at Sense 1. "She seems to be sleeping." vs Sense 2 "It seems that he is gifted."
        *   The structure "X seems to Y" (where Y is a verb) is frequently Sense 1.
        *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy or typical usage.
            *   Sense 1 (appear/look): "She seems to be sleeping" (impression).
            *   Sense 2 (appear): "It seems that..." (probability/assertion).
            *   The text has "it [colon cancer] seems to develop..." This is closer to the "She seems to be sleeping" structure (Subject + seem + to infinitive) than the "It seems that..." structure.
            *   Does "develop in stages" describe an "outward aspect"? Yes, the observable behavior of the cancer.
            *   Does it describe "probability"? Yes, the conclusion drawn by the scientist.
            *   Let's look at the distinction in examples. Sense 1 examples: "This appears to be a very difficult problem." Sense 2 examples: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad."
            *   The context sentence is: "...it often seems to develop in stages."
            *   This structure matches Sense 1's example ("She seems to be sleeping") much better than Sense 2's example ("It seems that...").
            *   Sense 2 is typically used for raising-to-subject predicates where the "it" is a dummy subject or a situation, often followed by a "that" clause, or used to express a general judgment of truth/probability.
            *   Sense 1 is used when the subject is a concrete entity or process exhibiting characteristics. The cancer (subject) presents the aspect/characteristic of developing in stages.

    *   **Sense 3: "appear to exist"**
        *   Example: "There seems no reason..."
        *   Analysis: The structure here is typically "There seems..." or "It seems [noun phrase]". The target is "seems to develop". This doesn't fit the "exist" gloss well.

    *   **Sense 4: "appear to one's own mind or opinion"**
        *   Example: "I seem to be misunderstood..."
        *   Analysis: This is usually subjective/first-person experience. The context is objective/scientific observation of cancer development. Not a good fit.

4.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   Context: "it [colon cancer] often seems to develop in stages."
    *   Sense 1 definition: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
    *   Sense 2 definition: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
    *   WordNet (3.0/3.1) organizes these usually such that:
        *   `seem%2:39:00` (Sense 1) covers "seem to be X", "seem to do X" (impression/aspect). The example "This appears to be a very difficult problem" is semantically very close to "It seems to develop in stages". Both are about the properties of the subject.
        *   `seem%2:39:01` (Sense 2) is heavily associated with the "It seems that..." construction or assessments of truth/probability of a proposition.
    *   The sentence structure `[Entity] seems to [Verb]` is the classic frame for Sense 1 (The car seems to stop; She seems to like it).
    *   Even though the *implication* is that it is *probable* or *apparent* (Sense 2's gloss), the syntactic frame and the focus on the "aspect" of the cancer's development align better with Sense 1.
    *   Let's test the synonyms.
        *   Sense 1 synonyms: look, appear. "It often *looks* to develop in stages" (slightly awkward but meaningful). "It often *appears* to develop in stages." (Perfect fit).
        *   Sense 2 synonyms: appear. "It often *appears* to develop in stages."
    *   Let's look at the WordNet examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "She seems to be sleeping." (Action/State).
        *   Sense 2: "It seems that he is very gifted." (Proposition).
    *   The target sentence: "it often seems to develop in stages."
    *   This is structurally identical to Sense 1's example "She seems to be sleeping".
    *   It describes an "outward aspect" (the progression from polyps to malignant stages provides the visual/clinical aspect).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *   Let's double check Sense 2's definition: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent". Does the sentence mean "It is probable that colon cancer develops in stages"?
        *   Yes, that is the meaning. Does WordNet restrict Sense 2 to "It seems that..."?
        *   In many WSD systems, the distinction is often syntactic.
        *   `[NP] seems to [VP]` -> Sense 1 (Aspect/Impression).
        *   `It seems that [S]` -> Sense 2 (Probability).
        *   The target is `[NP] seems to [VP]`.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the standard mapping for this syntax in WordNet.

    *   Let's consider the semantic nuances.
    *   "It seems to develop in stages." -> The cancer presents the aspect of staging.
    *   Sense 1 gloss: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
    *   This fits perfectly. The cancer has the aspect of developing in stages.

    *   Sense 2 example "It appears that the weather in California is very bad" refers to a situation.
    *   Sense 1 example "She seems to be sleeping" refers to an entity's state.
    *   "Colon cancer... seems to develop..." refers to an entity/process's behavior.
    *   Conclusion: Sense 1.

    *   Wait, let me check if there's an ambiguity where "seems to develop" could be Sense 2 (probability).
    *   If I say "He seems to be right," is that Sense 1 or 2?
    *   "He seems to be right" -> He gives the impression of being right (Sense 1).
    *   "It seems that he is right" -> It is probable that he is right (Sense 2).
    *   The target text is: "it often seems to develop in stages."
    *   This matches "He seems to be right" structurally. It's about the behavior of the subject ("it").
    *   Therefore, Sense 1.

    Let's verify the index.
    1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: (Impression/Aspect)
    2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: (True/Probable/Apparent - usually "It seems that")
    3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: (Exist - "There seems")
    4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: (Opinion - "I seem")

    The choice is Sense 1.

    Reasoning recap:
    The sentence structure is Subject + seem + to-infinitive ("it often seems to develop..."). This structure typically corresponds to the "impression/aspect" sense (Sense 1), exemplified by "She seems to be sleeping". The "probability/truth" sense (Sense 2) is typically associated with the clausal subject construction ("It seems that..."). The context describes the observable characteristics (aspects) of the cancer's development (polyps, progression), reinforcing the "outward aspect" definition of Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "develop" is used in the context: "It often seems to develop in stages" referring to colon cancer.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is about colon cancer developing in stages
- It describes a disease progressing through identifiable stages
- "progressing from less severe to deadly"
- The cancer is "arising" or "coming into existence" and progressing through stages

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation" - This doesn't fit. The cancer isn't "making" something new; it's a disease that progresses.

2. "work out" with synonyms "evolve, germinate" - This is more about theories or ideas.

3. "gain through experience" - This doesn't fit; it's not about gaining experience.

4. "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with examples like "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains" - This is close, as medical conditions can "develop."

5. "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms "originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow" - This could work. The cancer develops (arises/comes into existence).

6. "change the use of and make available or usable" - Doesn't fit.

7. "elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses" - Doesn't fit.

8. "create by training and teaching" - Doesn't fit.

9. "be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest" - Not quite right.

10. "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" with examples "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower" - This could fit well. The cancer grows and progresses through stages.

11. "become technologically advanced" - Doesn't fit.

12. "cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development" - This is transitive (causing something to grow), but the cancer develops intransitively.

13. "generate gradually" - Could work, but the examples are about business/markets.

14. "grow emotionally or mature" - Doesn't fit.

15. "make visible by means of chemical solutions" - Doesn't fit (developing film).

16. "superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching" - Geometry, doesn't fit.

17-18. Chess-related senses - Don't fit.

19. Music-related sense - Doesn't fit.

20. "happen" with synonyms "break, recrudesce" - "Report the news as it develops" - This could work as in "the cancer develops" meaning it happens/occurs.

21. Math-related sense - Doesn't fit.

The best candidates are:
- Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with example "The patient developed abdominal pains" - This is about a medical condition developing.
- Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms "originate, arise" - The cancer originates/arises.
- Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - The cancer grows and progresses.

Let me reconsider. The sentence says "colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."

The key point is that the cancer "develops in stages" - it progresses through identifiable stages. The emphasis is on the progression/growth/evolution of the disease.

Sense 10 seems most appropriate: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" with examples like "A flower developed on the branch" showing natural biological progression.

The cancer is developing (growing, progressing, unfolding) in stages, much like a flower develops or a country develops into something.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 4 again. The example "The patient developed abdominal pains" suggests acquiring or coming to have a condition. But here, the cancer itself is developing, not a patient developing cancer.

Sense 5 with "come into existence; take on form or shape" and synonyms like "originate, arise" could work since the cancer is arising/originating. But the example given is about movements originating, not a disease.

Sense 10 seems most fitting with its focus on growing, progressing, and unfolding through natural processes, which aligns with the cancer developing in stages.

Let me also consider sense 20: "happen" - This seems too generic. The cancer isn't just "happening" - it's progressing through stages.

I'll go with sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 4 is also very relevant for medical contexts: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with the example "The patient developed abdominal pains." But in our context, the cancer is developing (progressing), not someone developing cancer.

Sense 10 seems most appropriate because:
1. It's intransitive (the cancer develops)
2. It emphasizes growth, progress, unfolding through natural processes
3. The example "A flower developed on the branch" shows natural biological development

I'll choose sense 10.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "stages" in the context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage is about cancer development and progression
- It mentions that cancer "develops in stages"
- It describes progression from polyps to increasingly malignant forms
- It describes a "cascade of genetic damage" occurring over time
- The stages progress "from less severe to deadly"
- The stages are "identifiable" steps in a disease process

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected

2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?

3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box

4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage

5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles

6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise

7.

sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations

8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Analyzing the context, the text describes cancer developing through identifiable stages, progressing from polyps to increasingly malignant forms. This refers to distinct phases in a disease progression—a sequence of events where each stage marks a specific position in the cancer's development. The first sense matches best: any distinct time period in a sequence of events, with "phase" as a synonym. The second sense could also work—specific identifiable positions in a process—but the first more directly captures the time periods in the disease sequence. The context repeatedly emphasizes "identifiable stages" and progression "from less severe to deadly," which aligns with the first sense's focus on distinct time periods in a sequence. The mention of specific identifiable stages within a biological process points to either the first or second definition, but the emphasis on "identifiable stages" that progress from one phase to the next aligns more closely with the second sense—a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series, especially within a process. The disease context here is key. Cancer progresses through distinct, identifiable phases, which the second definition captures well—it specifically addresses positions in a continuum or process, with "degree" and "level" as synonyms that fit the biological context. While the first definition mentions time periods, the second better emphasizes the measurably distinct stages of disease progression that can be identified and classified. The progression is explicitly "identifiable" - distinct phases that can be recognized and named within the disease process. Sense 2's emphasis on "specific identifiable position" aligns better with this clinical reality than sense 1's broader "time period" framing. However, examining the definitions more carefully, sense 2 encompasses positions within a continuum, whether that's a degree, level, or point along a progression. The stages of cancer fit this model precisely - they represent measurable points along the disease trajectory rather than just temporal markers. Sense 1 works, but sense 2 more accurately captures the spatial and measurable nature of disease staging. The biological context demands a sense that reflects the measurable progression of disease. Cancer staging represents distinct phases in development—from benign to malignant, early to advanced—which aligns with sense 2's emphasis on identifiable positions within a continuum. The specificity and process-oriented nature of sense 2 captures how cancer progresses through defined stages of development rather than merely marking time periods. Sense 2 with "level" and "point" as synonyms, plus the example about social sciences being at a particular stage, aligns better with disease staging than sense 1's focus on distinct time periods. The continuum or series definition captures how cancer progresses through identifiable phases. This sense effectively conveys both the temporal progression and the distinct positions within the disease process. I'll go with sense 2 as the strongermatch.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the senses to determine which is the best fit for the target word "often" in this context.

Context: "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

The target word "often" appears in the sentence: "It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages..."

Let me analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
   - This sense refers to frequency in terms of many occurrences at short intervals. It's about things happening repeatedly and regularly.

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
   - This sense refers to frequency or quantity. It's about doing something a lot.

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances
   - This sense refers to something happening in many instances or cases.

Looking at the context, "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel" is referring to how colon cancer is in many cases preceded by the development of polyps. The author is not talking about frequency in terms of short intervals (sense 1), nor about great quantities (sense 2), but rather about the tendency for this to happen in many cases or instances of colon cancer.

The phrase "in some cases" that follows later in the sentence also supports this interpretation, as it suggests we're talking about instances or cases of the disease, not frequency of occurrence.

Therefore, the best fit is sense 3, which refers to "in many cases or instances."

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: precede
Target surface form: preceded
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke; He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the target word "preceded".

Context analysis:
The sentence says: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages..."

Here, "preceded" refers to the temporal relationship - colon cancer is preceded by (comes after) the development of polyps. The polyps develop first, and then colon cancer may follow. This is about temporal sequence in a developmental/medical process.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
- This is about temporal precedence. The example "Stone tools precede bronze tools" shows something being earlier in time than something else. This fits well with the medical context where polyps precede (come before) colon cancer.

2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
- This seems to be more about spatial or structural arrangement, as indicated by the example about adjectives preceding nouns. This doesn't fit as well since the context is about temporal development.

3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
- This is about succession/replacement relationships, typically involving people or roles. The example shows someone being a predecessor in a role. This doesn't quite fit because polyps aren't a "predecessor" of colon cancer in the sense of a role or position.

4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
- This is more active - moving ahead of others. The colon cancer isn't actively moving ahead of polyps; rather, the polyps develop before the cancer.

5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke
- This is about introducing something, which doesn't fit the context at all.

The best fit is sense 1. The context describes a temporal relationship where the development of polyps comes before (is earlier in time than) colon cancer. This matches the definition "be earlier in time; go back further" and the example pattern "Stone tools precede bronze tools" (where one thing comes before another in time/development).

The sentence is saying colon cancer "is preceded by" the development of polyps - meaning polyps develop first (are earlier in time), and then colon cancer may follow.