[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bright
Target surface form: bright
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One <t>bright</t> sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bright%3:00:00:: | definition=emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts | examples=the sun was bright and hot; a bright sunlit room
2. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:colorful:00 | definition=having striking color | synonyms=brilliant, vivid | examples=bright dress; brilliant tapestries
3. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:intelligent:00 | definition=characterized by quickness and ease in learning | synonyms=smart | examples=some children are brighter in one subject than another; smart children talk earlier than the average
4. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:light:06 | definition=having lots of light either natural or artificial | examples=the room was bright and airy; a stage bright with spotlights
5. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:polished:00 | definition=made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow | synonyms=burnished, lustrous, shining, shiny | examples=bright silver candlesticks; a burnished brass knocker
6. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:glorious:00 | definition=splendid | examples=the bright stars of stage and screen; a bright moment in history
7. sense_key=bright%3:00:02:: | definition=not made dim or less bright | synonyms=undimmed | examples=undimmed headlights; surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed
8. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:reverberant:00 | definition=clear and sharp and ringing | synonyms=brilliant | examples=the bright sound of the trumpet section; the brilliant sound of the trumpets
9. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:happy:00 | definition=characterized by happiness or gladness | examples=bright faces; all the world seems bright and gay
10. sense_key=bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00 | definition=full or promise | synonyms=hopeful, promising | examples=had a bright future in publishing; the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "bright"
    *   Context sentence: "One <t>bright</t> sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses the problem of a shortage of bellringers in England. The "One bright sign" refers to a positive development in this situation—the increasing number of women entering the field.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `bright%3:00:00::` (emitting or reflecting light): Literal light. Not fitting "a bright sign".
    *   2. `bright%5:00:00:colorful:00` (having striking color): Literal color. Not fitting "a bright sign".
    *   3. `bright%5:00:00:intelligent:00` (quick/easy learning, smart): Refers to intelligence. Not fitting "a bright sign".
    *   4. `bright%5:00:00:light:06` (having lots of light): Physical illumination. Not fitting.
    *   5. `bright%5:00:00:polished:00` (shiny, burnished): Physical surface quality. Not fitting.
    *   6. `bright%5:00:00:glorious:00` (splendid): "The bright stars of stage and screen". This is close, but usually refers to people or moments, often in a grand way.
    *   7. `bright%3:00:02::` (undimmed): Physical light source. Not fitting.
    *   8. `bright%5:00:00:reverberant:00` (clear, sharp, ringing - sound): Auditory quality. Not fitting.
    *   9. `bright%5:00:00:happy:00` (characterized by happiness): "Bright faces". Close, but "sign" isn't happy; a sign is promising.
    *   10. `bright%5:00:00:auspicious:00` (full of promise): Synonyms: hopeful, promising. Examples: "had a bright future", "promising political career".

3.  **Compare senses against context:**
    *   The phrase "One bright sign" implies a positive indicator, a hopeful development, or something promising regarding the future of bellringing.
    *   Sense 10 is defined as "full of promise". The synonyms "hopeful, promising" align perfectly with the meaning of "bright" in this context (a promising/positive sign).
    *   Sense 6 ("splendid") is possible but less precise than "auspicious/promising" when modifying "sign" or referring to a future outlook. A "sign" points to the future. The context contrasts a negative situation (lack of ringers) with a positive development (women joining). This is an auspicious/promising development.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 10 captures the metaphorical meaning of "bright" as "promising" or "auspicious".
    *   The phrase "bright sign" is a collocation often meaning "positive indication".
    *   Sense 10's examples ("had a bright future") match the semantic field of "sign" pointing to a better outcome.

5.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   Index: 10


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: sign
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright <t>sign</t> is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "sign" in the context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is discussing a problem with bellringers in England
- It mentions that there's a lack of ringers and a program to attract and train new ringers is only partly successful
- Then it says "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered..."
- This "sign" refers to something positive - an indication that things might be improving

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring

This could fit - the growing number of women entering the field is an indication of something positive happening, an indication that things might be improving.

2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows

This refers to a physical sign, like a poster or billboard. Not fitting here.

3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped

This is about signals/gestures. Not fitting.

4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards

This is about physical signboards. Not fitting.

5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house

This is about astrology. Not fitting.

6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation

This is about medical signs. Not fitting.

7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign

This is about polarity/electrical signs. Not fitting.

8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God

This could fit - the fact that more women are entering the field could be seen as indicating something positive to come. But it seems more about omens/divine signs.

9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language

Not fitting - this is about sign language.

10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary

This is about linguistic theory. Not fitting.

11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

This is about mathematical signs. Not fitting.

Now let me reconsider between sense 1 and sense 8:

Sense 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)"
- The phrase "One bright sign" indicates something positive/encouraging
- It's an indication of improvement in the situation with bellringers
- The examples "they welcomed the signs of spring" shows it can be used for positive indications

Sense 8: "an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come"
- This has a connotation of augury, foretoken - more prophetic/divine
- Examples mention "augury" and "a sign from God"

The context is more aligned with sense 1 - a perceptible indication. The growing number of women entering the field is a "sign" - an indication - that things might be improving. The word "bright" modifying "sign" suggests a positive sign, an encouraging indication.

Sense 8 seems more about omens or prophetic signs, which doesn't quite fit here.

I'll go with sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: number
Target surface form: number
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing <t>number</t> of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=number%1:07:00:: | definition=the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals | synonyms=figure | examples=he had a number of chores to do; the number of parameters is small
2. sense_key=number%1:23:00:: | definition=a concept of quantity involving zero and units | examples=every number has a unique position in the sequence
3. sense_key=number%1:10:04:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, turn, bit | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
4. sense_key=number%1:10:03:: | definition=the number is used in calling a particular telephone | synonyms=phone number, telephone number | examples=he has an unlisted number
5. sense_key=number%1:10:01:: | definition=a symbol used to represent a number | synonyms=numeral | examples=he learned to write the numerals before he went to school
6. sense_key=number%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=issue | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
7. sense_key=number%1:14:00:: | definition=a select company of people | examples=I hope to become one of their number before I die
8. sense_key=number%1:10:02:: | definition=a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification | synonyms=identification number | examples=she refused to give them her Social Security number
9. sense_key=number%1:07:01:: | definition=a clothing measurement | examples=a number 13 shoe
10. sense_key=number%1:10:05:: | definition=the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural) | examples=in English the subject and the verb must agree in number
11. sense_key=number%1:06:00:: | definition=an item of merchandise offered for sale | examples=she preferred the black nylon number; this sweater is an all-wool number

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `number`
    *   Target surface form: `number`
    *   Context snippet: "One bright sign is that a growing **number** of women have entered the once male-dominated field..."
    *   Key phrase: "a growing number of women".
    *   Meaning: Here, "number" refers to the quantity or count of women. It indicates an increasing amount or quantity of individuals.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `number%1:07:00::` | definition="the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals" | synonyms=figure | examples="he had a number of chores to do; the number of parameters is small".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense fits "a growing number of women". It refers to a quantity of individuals (units). The example "he had a number of chores to do" aligns well with "a number of women". This is a very strong candidate.

    *   **Sense 2:** `number%1:23:00::` | definition="a concept of quantity involving zero and units" | examples="every number has a unique position in the sequence".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the abstract mathematical concept of number (integers, reals, etc.), usually in a sequence. Not fitting for "a number of women".

    *   **Sense 3:** `number%1:10:04::` | definition="a short theatrical performance..." | synonyms=act, routine.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect domain.

    *   **Sense 4:** `number%1:10:03::` | definition="the number is used in calling a particular telephone" | synonyms=phone number.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect specific usage.

    *   **Sense 5:** `number%1:10:01::` | definition="a symbol used to represent a number" | synonyms=numeral.
        *   *Analysis:* Refers to the written symbol (like '7'). Not the case here.

    *   **Sense 6:** `number%1:10:00::` | definition="one of a series published periodically" | synonyms=issue.
        *   *Analysis:* Refers to magazine issues. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** `number%1:14:00::` | definition="a select company of people" | examples="I hope to become one of their number before I die".
        *   *Analysis:* This usually refers to a specific group or set where one is a member. "One of their number" is the classic example. While "a growing number of women" implies a group, the definition "select company" and the usage "one of their number" suggests membership in a defined body, whereas the context is about a growing *quantity* or *amount*.

    *   **Sense 8:** `number%1:10:02::` | definition="a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification" | synonyms=identification number.
        *   *Analysis:* Refers to ID numbers (SSN, etc.). Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 9:** `number%1:07:01::` | definition="a clothing measurement".
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 10:** `number%1:10:05::` | definition="the grammatical category...".
        *   *Analysis:* Linguistics context. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 11:** `number%1:06:00::` | definition="an item of merchandise offered for sale".
        *   *Analysis:* Informal usage ("a cute little number"). Incorrect.

3.  **Compare Best Candidates:**
    *   The choice is clearly Sense 1.
    *   Definition: "the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals".
    *   Context: "a growing number of women".
    *   The phrase "a number of [plural noun]" is a standard construction meaning "a quantity of" or "several/many". This matches Sense 1 perfectly (indefinite quantity of units or individuals).

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of <t>women</t> have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target lemma is "woman" and the surface form is "women". This indicates a plural noun.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "One bright sign is that a growing number of **women** have entered the once male-dominated field..."
    *   "...more than a third of the ringers today are **women**."
    *   "They are not accepted everywhere, however."
    *   The context is discussing bellringers in England. It talks about demographics (trained bellringers, retention rates).
    *   The specific sentence mentions "women" entering a field previously dominated by men.
    *   The word "women" here refers to adult female persons, as a demographic group or category of people engaging in an activity (bellringing).

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `woman%1:18:00::` | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to individual adult female persons. The plural "women" fits this definition well. The context contrasts them with men ("male-dominated field"). It refers to them as individuals who are ringer. This seems like the core, literal definition.

    *   **Sense 2:** `woman%1:18:01::` | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is relational and specific to a romantic/domestic partner context. The context is about bellringing and demographics, not romantic relationships. This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `woman%1:18:02::` | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet...
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to domestic servants. The context is about bellringers, not cleaners. This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `woman%1:14:00::` | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to "women as a class" or the abstract concept of womanhood. While the text talks about "a growing number of women" (a group), does it treat them as an abstract class or just a plurality of individuals?
        *   Let's look at WordNet hierarchies. Sense 1 is usually the concrete, countable noun (adult female person). Sense 4 is often the group/genitive concept.
        *   The sentence says "a growing number of *women* have entered..." This implies individual women entering a field.
        *   The next sentence says "more than a third of the ringers today are *women*." This is a statistical statement about the category "adult female persons".
        *   Usually, in WSD tasks, the concrete count noun (Sense 1) is preferred when referring to specific people, even if there is a plural. Sense 4 ("women as a class") is usually reserved for abstract discussions (e.g., "the oppression of women," "the role of women in society").
        *   Here, the text is counting them ("number of women", "a third of the ringers"). You count instances of Sense 1. You don't count instances of Sense 4 (the class itself). Sense 4 would be used if the text said "Woman is entering the workforce" (generic singular) or "Society's view of women" (abstract concept).
        *   The phrase "a growing number of women" strongly suggests the countable noun, Sense 1.

4.  **Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 1: "an adult female person". Plural: "adult female persons".
    *   Sense 4: "women as a class".
    *   Example from Sense 4: "it's an insult to American womanhood".
    *   Context: "a growing number of women have entered..."
    *   We are talking about specific people doing a job. Sense 1 is the standard lexical entry for the plural form referring to multiple adult females. Sense 4 is a group concept. When we say "many women", we mean "many [adult female person]s", not "many [classes of women]".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Target: "women".
    *   Context: bellringers, demographics.
    *   Meaning: adult female persons.
    *   Match: Sense 1.

    *   Sense 2: romantic partner -> No.
    *   Sense 3: servant -> No.
    *   Sense 4: class/group abstract -> No, this is a countable collection of individuals.

6.  **Formatting:** Return JSON object with sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: enter
Target surface form: entered
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have <t>entered</t> the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=enter%2:38:00:: | definition=to come or go into | synonyms=come in, get into, get in, go into, go in, move into | examples=the boat entered an area of shallow marshes
2. sense_key=enter%2:33:00:: | definition=become a participant; be involved in | synonyms=participate | examples=enter a race; enter an agreement
3. sense_key=enter%2:41:06:: | definition=register formally as a participant or member | synonyms=enroll, inscribe, enrol, recruit | examples=The party recruited many new members
4. sense_key=enter%2:42:00:: | definition=be or play a part of or in | synonyms=figure | examples=Elections figure prominently in every government program; How do the elections figure in the current pattern of internal politics?
5. sense_key=enter%2:32:04:: | definition=make a record of; set down in permanent form | synonyms=record, put down
6. sense_key=enter%2:36:00:: | definition=come on stage
7. sense_key=enter%2:41:00:: | definition=take on duties or office | synonyms=accede | examples=accede to the throne
8. sense_key=enter%2:35:03:: | definition=put or introduce into something | synonyms=insert, infix, introduce | examples=insert a picture into the text
9. sense_key=enter%2:30:10:: | definition=set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) | synonyms=embark | examples=she embarked upon a new career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *enter*
    *   Target surface form: *entered*
    *   Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have <t>entered</t> the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
    *   Key phrase: "entered the once male-dominated field".
    *   Meaning: Women are joining the profession/activity of bellringing. They are becoming participants in this field.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `enter%2:38:00::` | definition=to come or go into | synonyms=come in, get into, get in, go into, go in, move into | examples=the boat entered an area of shallow marshes.
        *   *Analysis:* This is physical motion into a physical space. While one can metaphorically "enter" a field, this sense seems to lean towards physical movement (boat, marshes). "Come/go into".

    *   **Sense 2:** `enter%2:33:00::` | definition=become a participant; be involved in | synonyms=participate | examples=enter a race; enter an agreement.
        *   *Analysis:* This fits "enter a field" (a field of work/study/activity). It denotes becoming a participant. The example "enter a race" is about joining an activity. The text says women are becoming participants in the field.

    *   **Sense 3:** `enter%2:41:06::` | definition=register formally as a participant or member | synonyms=enroll, inscribe, enrol, recruit | examples=The party recruited many new members.
        *   *Analysis:* This implies a formal registration process (enrolling). While women are joining the field, the context emphasizes the general act of joining/participating rather than the administrative act of signing up. The synonym "recruit" is close, but the definition emphasizes "register formally".

    *   **Sense 4:** `enter%2:42:00::` | definition=be or play a part of or in | synonyms=figure | examples=Elections figure prominently...
        *   *Analysis:* This is about having influence or playing a role. Not the primary meaning here.

    *   **Sense 5:** `enter%2:32:04::` | definition=make a record of; set down in permanent form | synonyms=record, put down.
        *   *Analysis:* Data entry. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6:** `enter%2:36:00::` | definition=come on stage.
        *   *Analysis:* Theater specific. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 7:** `enter%2:41:00::` | definition=take on duties or office | synonyms=accede | examples=accede to the throne.
        *   *Analysis:* Specific to official positions or office. "Field" is broader.

    *   **Sense 8:** `enter%2:35:03::` | definition=put or introduce into something | synonyms=insert, infix, introduce | examples=insert a picture into the text.
        *   *Analysis:* Physical insertion or introducing an element. Not the best fit for "entering a field" in the sense of a career/activity.

    *   **Sense 9:** `enter%2:30:10::` | definition=set out on (an enterprise or subject of study) | synonyms=embark | examples=she embarked upon a new career.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a strong contender. "Embark upon a new career" vs "entered the ... field". However, Sense 2 "become a participant" is often the standard definition for "enter a field/profession".

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 2 and Sense 9:**
    *   Sense 9 (embark) usually implies the *start* of a journey or process.
    *   Sense 2 (become a participant) implies joining a group or activity.
    *   Context: "women have entered the... field". They are now part of the group of ringers. They are participants.
    *   Sense 2 Examples: "enter a race", "enter an agreement". These show joining/participating.
    *   Sense 9 Examples: "embark upon a new career". This is slightly different syntax (embark *upon*).
    *   The phrase "enter a field" is a standard collocation for joining a profession. This aligns with "become a participant".
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchies or usage.
        *   Sense 2 (WN 2:33:00): Become a participant; be involved in. Synonyms: participate.
        *   Sense 9 (WN 2:30:10): Set out on (an enterprise...). Synonyms: embark.
    *   "Entering a field" is about joining the existing population of workers/practitioners. "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered..." -> They are now participants.
    *   Sense 2 seems the most direct fit for "joining a profession/field". "Participate" works well with "field" (a domain of activity).
    *   Sense 1 is physical motion (come into a room). While metaphors exist, Sense 2 is specifically about abstract participation.
    *   Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3. Sense 3 is "register formally". The women aren't just signing a list; they are actually ringing bells (becoming ringers). Sense 2 is broader: "become a participant".

    *   Let's look closely at Sense 2 again.
        *   Definition: become a participant; be involved in.
        *   Synonyms: participate.
        *   Examples: enter a race; enter an agreement.
        *   Context: women have entered the ... field.
        *   Match: Excellent. They have become participants in the field.

    *   Let's look at Sense 9 again.
        *   Definition: set out on (an enterprise or subject of study).
        *   Synonyms: embark.
        *   Context: entered the ... field.
        *   "Enter a field" can mean "start a career in". But "become a participant" (Sense 2) covers the status of being in the field.

    *   Let's check the index mappings.
        *   1: come/go into (physical)
        *   2: become a participant (abstract/social)
        *   3: register/enroll (administrative)
        *   ...
        *   9: embark (start)

    *   Decision: Sense 2 covers the meaning of joining a profession or activity (field) effectively. "Enter a race" is analogous to "enter a field" — you join the activity.

    *   Double check Sense 1 usage. Sometimes "enter a field" is treated as a metaphor for physical entry. However, WordNet distinguishes physical entry (Sense 1) from participation (Sense 2). Since "field" here is abstract (the profession of bellringing), Sense 2 is the intended definition for social/abstract participation.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    *   Wait, let's re-read Sense 9. "set out on". This implies the *beginning*. "Enter a field" also implies the beginning of involvement. But "participate" (Sense 2) captures the state of being in it. The text contrasts with the male-dominated history. They have joined the ranks. They participate.
    *   Common WordNet assignments for "enter a field/profession":
        *   Often assigned to the "participate" sense.
        *   Example: "She entered the legal profession."
        *   Sense 2 definition: "become a participant".
        *   Sense 9 definition: "set out on".
        *   "Become a participant" describes the result of entering the field better than "setting out". The text says "more than a third of the ringers today are women", confirming they are participants.

    *   Result: Sense 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the <t>once</t> male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "once" in the context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

In the context, "once male-dominated field" means the field was formerly or at a previous time male-dominated. This corresponds to sense 3: definition=at a previous time, synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst.

Sense 1 means "on one occasion" (e.g., "I ran into her once").
Sense 2 means "as soon as" (e.g., "Once we are home...").
Sense 3 means "at a previous time" (e.g., "formerly"). "Once male-dominated" = "formerly male-dominated".

Therefore, the best sense index is 3.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: field
Target surface form: field
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated <t>field</t>; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=field%1:15:00:: | definition=a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed | examples=he planted a field of wheat
2. sense_key=field%1:15:04:: | definition=a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought | synonyms=battlefield, battleground, field of battle, field of honor | examples=they made a tour of Civil War battlefields
3. sense_key=field%1:15:01:: | definition=somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected | examples=anthropologists do much of their work in the field
4. sense_key=field%1:09:00:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field of study, study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
5. sense_key=field%1:19:00:: | definition=the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it | synonyms=field of force, force field
6. sense_key=field%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular kind of commercial enterprise | synonyms=field of operation, line of business | examples=they are outstanding in their field
7. sense_key=field%1:26:00:: | definition=a particular environment or walk of life | synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena | examples=his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment
8. sense_key=field%1:15:02:: | definition=a piece of land prepared for playing a game | synonyms=playing field, athletic field, playing area | examples=the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field
9. sense_key=field%1:17:00:: | definition=extensive tract of level open land | synonyms=plain, champaign | examples=they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth
10. sense_key=field%1:14:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1 | examples=the set of all rational numbers is a field
11. sense_key=field%1:15:03:: | definition=a region in which active military operations are in progress | synonyms=field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations | examples=the army was in the field awaiting action; he served in the Vietnam theater for three years
12. sense_key=field%1:14:01:: | definition=all of the horses in a particular horse race
13. sense_key=field%1:14:02:: | definition=all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
14. sense_key=field%1:15:05:: | definition=a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found | examples=the diamond fields of South Africa
15. sense_key=field%1:14:03:: | definition=(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
16. sense_key=field%1:09:01:: | definition=the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) | synonyms=field of view
17. sense_key=field%1:06:00:: | definition=a place where planes take off and land | synonyms=airfield, landing field, flying field

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses "bellringers" in England.
    *   It mentions a lack of ringers and efforts to attract and train new ones.
    *   The key sentence is: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated <t>field</t>; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
    *   Here, "field" refers to an area of activity, occupation, interest, or a "walk of life." Specifically, the activity/practice of bellringing.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: a piece of land cleared of trees...* (Physical land). Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 2: a region where a battle is being...* (Battlefield). Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 3: somewhere... where practical work is done...* (e.g., "in the field" for anthropologists). This usually implies a physical location away from the office where work happens. While bellringers ring bells in a physical location (churches), the context "entered the once male-dominated field" implies a profession, hobby, or sphere of activity, not just the physical location of the tower. It talks about demographics (women entering the group/activity).
    *   *Sense 4: a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject...* (Academic subject). Bellringing is an activity/hobby, not really an academic discipline like physics or history. Close, but usually "field of study" refers to academia.
    *   *Sense 5: electromagnetic oscillations...* (Physics). Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 6: a particular kind of commercial enterprise...* Bellringing is generally a hobby or church service, not a commercial enterprise or business line.
    *   *Sense 7: a particular environment or walk of life | synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena | examples="his social sphere is limited", "closed area of employment".*
        *   This sense fits "walk of life", "sphere of activity", or "area of employment/occupation".
        *   The phrase "male-dominated field" is a common collocation. It refers to the sphere of activity or occupation.
        *   Example alignment: "his social sphere is limited" -> The sphere of bellringing.
        *   Synonyms: arena, domain, sphere. Bellringing is a domain of activity.
        *   This seems the strongest fit. It captures the "sphere of activity" aspect better than Sense 4 (academic knowledge) or Sense 3 (physical location of work). "Male-dominated field" refers to the collective group of practitioners and the activity itself as a social/professional sphere.

    *   *Sense 8: a piece of land prepared for playing a game...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 9: extensive tract of level open land...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 10: (mathematics) a set of elements...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 11: a region in which active military operations...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 12: all of the horses...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 13: all the competitors...* (Sports context). While ringers compete, "entered the field" here means entered the *profession/activity*, not just stepped into the competition. Sense 13 is specific to the *set* of competitors, whereas the text describes entering the *domain* or *occupation*.
    *   *Sense 14: a geographic region...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 15: (computer science)...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 16: the area that is visible...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 17: a place where planes take off...* Incorrect.

3.  **Refine the choice between Sense 4 and Sense 7:**
    *   Sense 4: "branch of knowledge", "discipline", "subject area". Is bellringing a branch of knowledge? One can study it, but it's primarily an activity/hobby/service. The context discusses demographics (women entering), which aligns more with "walk of life" or "profession/occupation" (even if unpaid, it acts like one here).
    *   Sense 7: "environment or walk of life", "sphere", "domain", "arena". The phrase "male-dominated field" is synonymous with "male-dominated profession" or "male-dominated sphere". In WordNet hierarchies, "field" often splits into academic subjects (Sense 4) and general spheres of activity (Sense 7).
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 7: "his social sphere is limited", "closed area of employment".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 4: "in what discipline is his doctorate?", "teachers should be well trained in their subject".
    *   The context is about people (ringers, women) entering an activity. This is a "walk of life" or "sphere". Sense 7 is the correct choice. It is the abstract domain of activity.

4.  **Final check:**
    *   Sentence: "...women have entered the once male-dominated field..."
    *   Paraphrase: "...women have entered the once male-dominated sphere/domain/activity..."
    *   Sense 7 definition: "a particular environment or walk of life". Synonyms: "sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena".
    *   This matches perfectly.

5.  **Output Formatting:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The index is the number preceding the sense definition in the list provided.
    *   Sense 7 corresponds to index 7.

    Wait, let me double check the numbering.
    1. field%1:15:00:: (land)
    2. field%1:15:04:: (battle)
    3. field%1:15:01:: (practical work location)
    4. field%1:09:00:: (branch of knowledge)
    5. field%1:19:00:: (physics)
    6. field%1:04:00:: (commercial enterprise)
    7. field%1:26:00:: (walk of life) -> Matches "male-dominated field".

    Confirming Sense 4 vs Sense 7 again.
    If the text was "She has a PhD in the field of bellringing", Sense 4 would apply.
    Since the text is "women have entered the field" (implying participation in the occupation/activity), Sense 7 applies. Sense 6 is "commercial enterprise", which implies business specifically. Bellringing isn't necessarily a commercial enterprise. Sense 7 covers non-commercial walks of life.

    Therefore, Sense 7 is the best fit.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: third
Target surface form: third
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a <t>third</t> of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=third%1:23:00:: | definition=one of three equal parts of a divisible whole | synonyms=one-third, tierce | examples=it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement
2. sense_key=third%1:04:00:: | definition=the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the third of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate) | synonyms=third base | examples=he is playing third
3. sense_key=third%1:24:00:: | definition=following the second position in an ordering or series | examples=a distant third; he answered the first question willingly, the second reluctantly, and the third with resentment
4. sense_key=third%1:10:00:: | definition=the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it | examples=a simple harmony written in major thirds
5. sense_key=third%1:06:00:: | definition=the third from the lowest forward ratio gear in the gear box of a motor vehicle | synonyms=third gear | examples=you shouldn't try to start in third gear
6. sense_key=third%1:06:01:: | definition=the base that must be touched third by a base runner in baseball | synonyms=third base | examples=he was cut down on a close play at third

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "third"
    *   Target surface form: "third"
    *   Context snippet: "...more than a <t>third</t> of the ringers today are women."
    *   Key phrase: "more than a third of the ringers".
    *   Meaning: A fraction or portion of a whole group. Specifically, one out of three equal parts.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "one of three equal parts of a divisible whole". Synonyms: one-third, tierce. Example: "it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement".
    *   Sense 2: "the fielding position... in baseball".
    *   Sense 3: "following the second position in an ordering or series". Example: "a distant third".
    *   Sense 4: "the musical interval".
    *   Sense 5: "the third... gear in... a motor vehicle".
    *   Sense 6: "the base that must be touched third... in baseball".

3.  **Compare context to senses:**
    *   The context talks about the proportion of women among bellringers. "More than a third of the ringers" refers to a fraction of the total population of ringers.
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly. It refers to a part of a whole (the whole being the ringers). The construction "a third of [group]" is a standard way to express a fractional quantity (1/3).
    *   Sense 3 refers to ordinal position (1st, 2nd, 3rd). If the sentence were "She finished third in the competition," Sense 3 would apply. However, "a third of the ringers" denotes quantity/proportion, not position.
    *   Senses 2, 4, 5, 6 are domain-specific (baseball, music, automotive) and irrelevant to the text about bellringers.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is clearly the correct one. It matches the definition "one of three equal parts of a divisible whole" and the example usage pattern "a third of...".

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction requires a JSON object with the specific format `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense is index 1.

6.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "more than a third of the ringers"
    *   Definition: "one of three equal parts of a divisible whole"
    *   Match: Yes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the <t>ringers</t> today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The lemma is "ringer" and the surface form is "ringers". It's a noun.
2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers."
    *   "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring."
    *   "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches."
    *   "...program to attract and train ringers..."
    *   "...growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field..."
    *   "more than a third of the ringers today are women."
3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:
    *   *Sense 1*: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)".
        *   Synonyms: "toller", "bell ringer".
        *   Context match: The text explicitly mentions "bellringers", "bells need to be rung", "rural parishes", "inner-city churches". The context is clearly about the activity of ringing bells, specifically church bells.
    *   *Sense 2*: "a person who is almost identical to another".
        *   Synonyms: "dead ringer", "clone".
        *   Context match: The text talks about training, living in parishes, and women entering the field. It does not talk about look-alikes.
    *   *Sense 3*: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses".
        *   Synonyms: None provided in the prompt snippet, but usually "ringer" in sports.
        *   Context match: The text mentions a "survey", "training", and "bells", not a fraudulent competitor in a sports match or contest.
    *   *Sense 4*: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg".
        *   Synonyms: None provided.
        *   Context match: This is a specific scoring move in a game. The text refers to people (demographics, training, retention), not a throw or a score.
4.  **Select the best sense**: Sense 1 is the perfect fit. The context discusses the decline in numbers of people who ring church bells, the demographics of these people (women), and the locations (parishes).
5.  **Format the output**: The instructions ask for a JSON object with the index.
    *   The index for "a person who rings church bells" is 1.

The reasoning is straightforward. The context is saturated with keywords related to bells (bellringers, bells, parishes, churches). Sense 1 is the only one related to bells.

Final check:
- Target: ringers
- Sense 1: person who rings church bells.
- Context evidence: "trained bellringers", "bells need to be rung".
- Result: Index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: today
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers <t>today</t> are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "today" in this passage.

The target sentence is: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

In the context, "today" is used in the phrase "more than a third of the ringers today are women."

Let me think about which sense applies:

- Sense 1 refers to "the present time or age" - a broader temporal period, like "the world of today" or an era.
- Sense 2 refers specifically to "the day that includes the present moment" - the literal current day.

In the sentence "more than a third of the ringers today are women," the word "today" is not referring to this specific calendar day. Instead, it's referring to the current era, the present time or age. The author is talking about the current state of the field of bellringing - that in the present time/age, more than a third of ringers are women, which is a change from the past when the field was male-dominated.

This is clearly sense 1 - "the present time or age." The author is making a statement about the current era of bellringing, not about what's happening on this particular calendar day.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are <t>women</t>. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** woman
    *   **Target surface form:** women
    *   **Context:** The text discusses a shortage of bellringers in England. It mentions that many trained ringers have stopped ringing or live far away. It highlights a "bright sign": "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women." It contrasts this with the previous state of being "male-dominated."
    *   **Meaning in context:** The word "women" here refers to adult female human beings as a demographic group entering a profession/hobby. It stands in contrast to "male" or "men". It is a factual reference to gender/sex within a specific group of people (bellringers).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `woman%1:18:00::` | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
        *   *Analysis:* This is the general definition of an adult female person. The context contrasts women with the "male-dominated field." The text speaks about "a growing number of women" and "more than a third of the ringers." This fits the demographic definition perfectly. It refers to individuals who are adult females.

    *   **Sense 2:** `woman%1:18:01::` | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
        *   *Analysis:* This is a relational sense (man's woman). The context is about bellringers, a hobby/profession, not romantic relationships or domestic roles attached to a specific man. This does not fit.

    *   **Sense 3:** `woman%1:18:02::` | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet...
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a domestic servant. The women mentioned in the text are bellringers, not housekeepers. This does not fit.

    *   **Sense 4:** `woman%1:14:00::` | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to the abstract concept of women as a whole class or the state of being a woman (womanhood). The example "a growing number of women" suggests a countable noun referring to specific individuals belonging to the set of adult females, rather than the abstract concept of "womanhood" or "the fair sex". While Sense 4 deals with "women as a class," the usage here is usually Sense 1 (plural of the individual). "More than a third of the ringers today are women" is a statement about the composition of a group via individual characteristics, not an abstract reference to "Woman" as a philosophical entity. Sense 1's plural "adult female persons" is the direct fit for the plural form "women" used to describe a demographic subset of bellringers.

    *   **Differentiation between Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
        *   Sense 1 (plural implied): Individual adult females.
        *   Sense 4: The class of women, often used in abstract, sociological, or poetic contexts ("American womanhood").
        *   The sentence "more than a third of the ringers today are women" is classifying individuals. "Women" here is the plural form of Sense 1. If the text said "Bellringers are opening up to woman," or "an insult to women everywhere" (as a unified concept), Sense 4 might be relevant. But "a growing number of women" refers to a count of individuals.
        *   WordNet structure: Sense 1 is usually the biological/demographic "adult female person". Sense 4 is the group abstraction.
        *   In standard WSD tasks, the specific reference to individuals (even if counting them) falls under Sense 1. Sense 4 is usually reserved for usages where the word acts as a mass noun or an abstract collective noun (often singular "Woman" or "Womanhood", but sometimes plural as in the example "American womanhood"). However, the example for Sense 4 is "it's an insult to American womanhood". The definition is "women as a class".
        *   Let's look at the context again: "more than a third of the ringers today are women." This is the standard plural usage of the individual noun. Sense 1 is the correct choice.

3.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

4.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accept
Target surface form: accepted
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not <t>accepted</t> everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accept%2:31:00:: | definition=consider or hold as true | examples=I cannot accept the dogma of this church; accept an argument
2. sense_key=accept%2:40:00:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=take, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
3. sense_key=accept%2:32:00:: | definition=give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to | synonyms=consent, go for | examples=I cannot accept your invitation; I go for this resolution
4. sense_key=accept%2:31:01:: | definition=react favorably to; consider right and proper | examples=People did not accept atonal music at that time; We accept the idea of universal health care
5. sense_key=accept%2:40:03:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=admit, take, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
6. sense_key=accept%2:40:01:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=bear, take over, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=accept%2:31:03:: | definition=tolerate or accommodate oneself to | synonyms=live with, swallow | examples=I shall have to accept these unpleasant working conditions; I swallowed the insult
8. sense_key=accept%2:42:00:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=take | examples=This surface will not take the dye
9. sense_key=accept%2:40:07:: | definition=receive (a report) officially, as from a committee
10. sense_key=accept%2:40:12:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=take | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
11. sense_key=accept%2:31:08:: | definition=be sexually responsive to, used of a female domesticated mammal | examples=The cow accepted the bull

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `accept`
    *   Target surface form: `accepted`
    *   Context sentence: "They are not accepted everywhere, however."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses bellringers in England. It mentions a growing number of women entering the field. It specifically notes that the oldest bell-ringing group (Ancient Society of College Youths) remains male-only. The sentence in question follows the statement about women entering the field, implying that women ringers are not welcomed or allowed into all groups.
    *   Meaning in context: "accepted" here means being admitted into a social group or community, or being regarded as valid members of that group. The context highlights exclusion from specific groups (male-only societies).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   Sense 1: `accept%2:31:00::` | Definition: "consider or hold as true" | Examples: "accept the dogma", "accept an argument".
        *   *Fit:* This is about beliefs or facts. The context isn't about believing women exist or believing a truth; it's about social inclusion. Low fit.

    *   Sense 2: `accept%2:40:00::` | Definition: "receive willingly something given or offered" | Synonyms: take, have.
        *   *Fit:* This usually refers to objects or gifts (or a suitor). While "have him" is an example, this doesn't quite fit the institutional exclusion described.

    *   Sense 3: `accept%2:32:00::` | Definition: "give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to" | Synonyms: consent, go for.
        *   *Fit:* This refers to invitations or proposals. While joining a group involves an invitation, the sense here is broader—membership status, not just replying "yes" to an invite.

    *   Sense 4: `accept%2:31:01::` | Definition: "react favorably to; consider right and proper" | Examples: "accept atonal music", "accept the idea".
        *   *Fit:* This is close. Society might not consider women ringers "right and proper." However, the specific mention of the "male-only" group and the contrast with "admit" (implied by exclusion) points more toward membership. Sense 4 is often about abstract concepts or trends. Let's look further.

    *   Sense 5: `accept%2:40:03::` | Definition: "admit into a group or community" | Synonyms: admit, take, take on | Examples: "accept students for graduate study", "admit a new member".
        *   *Fit:* This aligns perfectly with the context of women entering a "field" (a group/community of professionals) and being excluded from a specific "group" (Ancient Society of College Youths). The text explicitly mentions the society "remains male-only," which means they do not admit women. The sentence "They are not accepted everywhere" means they are not admitted into all groups.

    *   Sense 6: `accept%2:40:01::` | Definition: "take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person".
        *   *Fit:* Irrelevant.

    *   Sense 7: `accept%2:31:03::` | Definition: "tolerate or accommodate oneself to".
        *   *Fit:* "Tolerate" is possible, but "admit into a group" (Sense 5) captures the social dynamic of membership and exclusion better than just toleration.

    *   Sense 8: `accept%2:42:00::` | Definition: "be designed to hold or take".
        *   *Fit:* Irrelevant (physical capacity).

    *   Sense 9: `accept%2:40:07::` | Definition: "receive (a report) officially".
        *   *Fit:* Irrelevant.

    *   Sense 10: `accept%2:40:12::` | Definition: "make use of or accept for some purpose".
        *   *Fit:* A bit vague. Sense 5 is much more specific to the context of social groups/membership.

    *   Sense 11: `accept%2:31:08::` | Definition: "be sexually responsive to".
        *   *Fit:* Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 4 and Sense 5:**
    *   Sense 4 ("react favorably to; consider right and proper") is often used for ideas, styles, or behaviors (e.g., "accept atonal music").
    *   Sense 5 ("admit into a group or community") is used for people joining an organization or social circle.
    *   The context explicitly mentions a specific "group" (Ancient Society of College Youths) and a "field". Women are people trying to enter these groups. The synonym "admit" in Sense 5 matches the exclusivity described ("male-only"). Therefore, Sense 5 is the precise definition for the social acceptance/inclusion of individuals into a collective.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 5.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, <t>however</t>. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "however" in the given context.

The sentence is: "They are not accepted everywhere, however."

In this context, "however" is being used to introduce a contrast or opposition to what was stated before. The previous sentences talked about how women have entered the bell-ringing field and that more than a third of ringers today are women, which was described as a "bright sign." Then, the sentence with "however" introduces a contrasting point - that women are not accepted everywhere.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

This sense is about expressing contrast or opposition, typically after a concession. The synonyms like "nevertheless," "still," "yet" fit well here. The examples show usage where "however" introduces a contrast.

2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours

This sense is specifically about introducing a contrast or presenting an alternative perspective. The example shows how "however" is used to contrast two situations.

3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns

This sense is about degree or extent, which doesn't seem to fit the context.

4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

This sense is about manner, which doesn't seem to fit the context.

Looking at senses 1 and 2, both involve expressing contrast. The difference seems to be that sense 1 is more about introducing a contrasting point after a concession (with synonyms like "nevertheless"), while sense 2 is specifically about contrasting two situations (like "on the other hand").

In the given context, "however" is introducing a contrasting point to the previous positive statement about women entering bell-ringing. It's not exactly contrasting two parallel situations (like in sense 2's example where the first part was easy but the second took hours). Instead, it's more like sense 1, where "however" is used to introduce a limitation or contrary point after a concession (that women have entered the field).

So, I believe sense 1 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell_ringing
Target surface form: bell-ringing
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest <t>bell-ringing</t> group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of someone playing a set of bells
2. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:10:00:: | definition=persuasion of voters in a political campaign | synonyms=electioneering, canvassing
3. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:04:00:: | definition=playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower | synonyms=carillon, carillon playing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `bell_ringing`
    *   Target surface form: `bell-ringing`
    *   Context snippet: "...The oldest <t>bell-ringing</t> group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637..."
    *   Context clues: The text discusses "ringers", "bells need to be rung", "small, rural parishes and inner-city churches", "St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey", "The Ringing World" (newspaper). The specific phrase is "The oldest bell-ringing group". This refers to the activity or practice of ringing bells, specifically change ringing (implied by the cultural context of Britain/England mentioned later).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `bell_ringing%1:11:00::` | definition="the sound of someone playing a set of bells".
        *   Does "the oldest sound group" make sense? No. It refers to a group of people ("Ancient Society of College Youths") associated with the activity. While the activity produces sound, the phrase "bell-ringing group" suggests a group dedicated to the *activity*, not just the sound.
    *   **Sense 2:** `bell_ringing%1:10:00::` | definition="persuasion of voters in a political campaign" | synonyms="electioneering, canvassing".
        *   This is a metaphorical or specific political meaning. The context is clearly about church bells, towers, and campanology (change ringing). This sense is completely irrelevant to the context of churches and cathedral ringers.
    *   **Sense 3:** `bell_ringing%1:04:00::` | definition="playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower" | synonyms="carillon, carillon playing".
        *   Does "the oldest [playing a set of bells] group" make sense? Yes. A society dedicated to the practice of ringing bells. The context mentions "ringers" living where "bells need to be rung" and "prestigious churches". This matches the definition of the activity/art form. Even though the specific style in Britain is often "change ringing" rather than strict "carillon playing" (which usually involves a keyboard/console, whereas English change ringing involves ropes), WordNet often groups these related tower bell activities or uses "carillon" broadly or the synset is defined loosely enough ("playing a set of bells") to cover the activity described. The definition "playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower" fits the context of St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey perfectly.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   Sense 2 is political; wrong domain.
    *   Sense 1 refers to the sound. "The oldest sound group" is awkward. One would say "group dedicated to bell-ringing (activity)".
    *   Sense 3 refers to the act/activity. "The oldest [activity] group" (group dedicated to the activity) is the natural interpretation. The text describes people doing the activity ("ringers", "playing a set of bells").

    Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   Must be JSON: `{"sense_index": 3}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing <t>group</t> in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "group"
    *   Target surface form: "group"
    *   Context snippet: "...The oldest bell-ringing <t>group</t> in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only..."
    *   Key semantic features in context: It refers to people ("women have entered", "male-only", "ringers"). It refers to an organization or a collection of people associated for a common purpose (bell-ringing). The specific entity mentioned is the "Ancient Society of College Youths".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `group%1:03:00::` | Definition: "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit" | Synonyms: grouping.
        *   *Evaluation:* This is a general definition for a collection of entities. In WordNet, this is often the generic hypernym for groups of people, animals, or objects. The context describes a specific organization of people.
    *   Sense 2: `group%1:27:00::` | Definition: "(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule" | Synonyms: radical, chemical group.
        *   *Evaluation:* This is clearly the chemical sense. The context has nothing to do with chemistry. Discard.
    *   Sense 3: `group%1:09:00::` | Definition: "a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse" | Synonyms: mathematical group.
        *   *Evaluation:* This is the mathematical sense. The context has nothing to do with algebra or set theory. Discard.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The context refers to a collection of people (bell ringers) organized as a society.
    *   WordNet organization:
        *   Top level: `group` (Sense 1 usually) -> "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit".
        *   Often, specific types of groups (like organizations) are hyponyms of Sense 1.
        *   Let's look at the options provided.
        *   Option 1 is the general "collection of entities" sense.
        *   Option 2 is Chemistry.
        *   Option 3 is Math.
    *   Since Options 2 and 3 are domain-specific and incorrect, and Option 1 covers the general concept of a collection of members considered as a unit (which fits a "bell-ringing group"), Option 1 is the correct choice among the provided candidates.

4.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense is the first one listed.
    *   Output: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Together