[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: injection
Target surface form: injection
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as <t>injection</t> or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  The text describes "Cerenia," a veterinary medicine (anti-emetic) used for dogs.
    *   "Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)."
    *   The context compares "injection" to "tablets".
    *   It describes a method of administering medication.
    *   The phrase "given for up to five days" supports the administration aspect.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `injection%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure". This sounds more like a mechanical or engineering process (e.g., fuel injection), though it could theoretically apply to medical contexts, it usually implies the specific action or mechanism rather than the medical dose/procedure.
    *   Sense 2: `injection%1:27:00::` | Definition: "any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant". This refers to the *substance* itself (the liquid solution).
 to the *act* or *procedure* of administering the medication. Examples: "the nurse gave him a flu shot".
4.  **Compare context to senses:**
    *   The sentence says: "Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)."
    *   It contrasts "injection" with "tablets".
    *   "Tablets" refers to the form of the medication (pill).
    *   "Injection" here refers to the form or method of administration.
    *   Is it referring to the liquid itself (Sense 2) or the act of administering it (Sense 3)?
    *   In medical contexts, "as injection" usually refers to the administration route/method. "I took it as a tablet" vs "I took it as an injection".
    *   Sense 2 defines it as "any solution that is injected". While technically true that the injection involves a solution, the usage "as injection" denotes the *mode* of treatment. When someone asks "How was the medicine given?", the answer "As an injection" refers to the event/process.
    *   However, WordNet senses can be tricky.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again: "the act of putting a liquid into the body...". Example: "the nurse gave him a flu shot".
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "any solution that is injected". Synonym: "injectant".
    *   The text says "treatment of vomiting (either as injection...)".
    *   Common medical usage usually equates "injection" with the "shot" or the act/procedure. For example, "The drug is available as a tablet or an injection." In thatSense 2). But here the text says "used in the treatment... as injection".
    *   "Used as injection" is slightly ungrammatical if it strictly means the substance (usually "used as *an* injectant"). It functions as an adverbial modifier of method here.
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 vs Sense 3. Sense 1 is "forceful insertion under pressure". Sense 3 is "act of putting a liquid... by means of a syringe". Sense 3 is the standard medical definition of the administration procedure. Sense 1 is often technical (engineering).
    *   Between Sense 2 (substance) and Sense 3 (act), which is better?
    *   Context: "used... as injection".
    *   If we substitute: "used... as [the act of putting liquid in]" vs "used... as [any solution]".
    *   "As an injection" typically refers to the *method of delivery*.
    *   WordNet hierarchy:
        *   Sense 1 (1:04:00) -> act (insertion under pressure).
        *   Sense 3 (1:04:01) -> act (medical shot).
        *   Sense 2 (1:27:00) -> object (solution/injectant).
    *   In "Cerenia can also be used... as injection", it contrasts with "tablets". Tablets are the dosage form. An injection (the solution) is the dosage form. However, "injection" as a route of administration is an act/event.
    *   Let's look at standard WSD practices for "injection" in medical contexts. Often, Sense 3 (the act/shot) is the default for the medical procedure.
    *   Example: "I had an injection." -> Sense 3.
    *   Example: "The injection was painful." -> Sense 3 (the event).
    *   Example: "The injection contained saline." -> Sense 2 (the liquid).
    *   Here: "used... as injection".
    *   Phrase: "as injection".
    *   If the sentence was "Cerenia is available as an injection," it strongly implies the substance/form (Sense 2).
    *   If the sentence was "Cerenia is given by injection," it implies the method (Sense 3).
    *   The text says: "used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)".
    *   This structure "either as X or as X followed by Y" describes the treatment regimen.
    *   "Tablets" refers to the form.
    *   Usually, "injection" acts as a synecdoche. It stands for the administration event.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3's examples: "the nurse gave him a flu shot". A "shot" is an act.
    *   "Cerenia... used... as injection". This reads like "used as a shot". You don't "use a solution", you "administer a solution". You "use a method".
    *   If it were Sense 2 ("injectant"), the phrasing "used as injectant" is less natural than "used by injection".
    *   Let's check Sense 3 again. "The act of putting a liquid into the body...".
    *   When you say "The treatment consists of an injection", you are referring to the event/procedure.
    *   Given the options, Sense 3 is the standard medical procedure sense. Sense 1 is too technical/forceful. Sense 2 is the liquid substance. While the liquid is involved, the word "injection" in the context of a treatment regimen usually refers to the administration event/method.
    *   Sense 3 matches "shot" as a synonym. "Used as a shot" makes sense. "Used as an injectant" is clunky.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

    *   Self-Correction/Refinement:
        *   Could it be Sense 2? Sometimes "injection" refers to the ampule or the drug form. "The doctor ordered an injection." (Ambiguous). "Prepare the injection." (Substance - Sense 2).
        *   Here: "treatment... either as injection". Treatment is an action. Doing it "as injection" implies the mode of action.
        *   Mode of action = Act of putting liquid in = Sense 3.
        *   If it were Sense 2, it would mean "using the solution". While semantically adjacent, Sense 3 captures the administration aspect better, especially given the synonym "shot".

    *   Let's double check Sense 1. "Forceful insertion... under pressure". This is often for fuel injection or plastic injection molding. Medical the sentence: "treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)".
    *   The contrast is between the method/form.
    *   "Tablets" is a noun denoting the form.
    *   "Injection" is a noun denoting the form or method.
    *   If I say "I took the medicine as an injection", I am describing the process.
    *   Sense 3 (Act) fits better than Sense 2 (Substance) because "injection" is primarily the act, and secondarily the substance (which is usually "injectable" in pharmaceutical formulary lists, or "solution for injection"). "Injection" stands for the procedure here.

    *   Final check:
        *   Sense 1: Forceful insertion (Engineering). No.
        *   Sense 2: Solution/Injectant (Substance). Maybe, but "used as injection" sounds like method.
        *   Sense 3: Act/Shot (Procedure). Yes. "Used as injection" = "Used as a shot". Matches definition.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: injection
Target surface form: injection
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as <t>injection</t> followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context discusses Cerenia, a veterinary medication used to prevent vomiting in dogs. The target word appears in the phrase "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets", which is comparing two forms of administering the medication: via injection (a shot) and via tablets (oral medication).

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. injection%1:04:00:: - "the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure" - This refers to the mechanical process of injecting something under pressure. This is more about the physical force aspect.

2. injection%1:27:00:: - "any solution that is injected (as into the skin)" with synonym "injectant" - This refers to the substance/medicine itself that is injected.

3. injection%1:04:01:: - "the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe" with synonyms "shot" and example "the nurse gave him a flu shot" - This refers to the act/method of administering medication via syringe, which is what we commonly call a "shot".

In the context "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets", the word "injection" is being contrasted with "tablets" as a method of administration. This is the common medical sense of injection - administering a medication by means of a syringe, as opposed to taking it orally via tablets.

Sense 3 is the best fit because:
- It refers to the act of administering medication via syringe (a "shot")
- The example "the nurse gave him a flu shot" matches the medical context
- The synonym "shot" is commonly used in this context
- The context clearly contrasts injection (administering medication via syringe) with tablets (oral administration)

Sense 1 is too focused on the "forceful insertion under pressure" aspect, which isn't the primary meaning in this medical context.

Sense 2 refers to the solution/substance being injected, not the method of administration. While one could say "the injection worked well" meaning the medication worked, in this context the contrast is clearly between two methods of administration.

The answer is sense 3.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tablet
Target surface form: tablets
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by <t>tablets</t>). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tablet%1:06:02:: | definition=a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription
2. sense_key=tablet%1:27:00:: | definition=a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge | synonyms=pad, pad of paper
3. sense_key=tablet%1:06:01:: | definition=a small flat compressed cake of some substance | examples=a tablet of soap
4. sense_key=tablet%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet | synonyms=pill, lozenge, tab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Form:**
    *   Lemma: tablet
    *   Surface form: tablets (plural)
    *   Context: A description of medication ("Cerenia") used for dogs. It describes the physical appearance ("pale-orange," "score line," "Pfizer logo"), usage ("stops vomiting," "anti-emetic"), and administration ("given for up to five days," "injection followed by tablets").

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `tablet%1:06:02::` - Definition: "a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription".
        *   *Context match:* No. The context talks about medicine, not stone or wood inscriptions.
    *   **Sense 2:** `tablet%1:27:00::` - Definition: "a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge" | Synonyms: pad, pad of paper.
        *   *Context match:* No. The context mentions "each tablet is marked," "halved," and "dose of medicine." It's not a writing pad.
    *   **Sense 3:** `tablet%1:06:01::` - Definition: "a small flat compressed cake of some substance" | Examples: "a tablet of soap".
        *   *Context match:* Close. A medicinal tablet *is* a compressed cake of substance. However, WordNet often distinguishes between the generic material form (like soap) and the specific medicinal dose. Let's check Sense 4.
    *   **Sense 4:** `tablet%1:06:00::` - Definition: "a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet" | Synonyms: pill, lozenge, tab.
        *   *Context match:* Perfect. The context discusses a pharmaceutical product ("Cerenia," "anti-emetic," "veterinary treatment"). The tablets are ingested as a dose of medicine. Synonyms "pill" and "tab" fit the context of the text describing medication.

3.  **Evaluate Sense 3 vs. Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 3 is broader (soap, etc.).
    *   Sense 4 is specific to medicine ("a dose of medicine").
    *   The text is explicitly about a medicinal drug ("Cerenia is an anti-emetic"). The object is a unit of dosage.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the precise fit for "dose of medicine".

4.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The instructions ask for a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The target sense corresponds to the 4th item in the list.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: "Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting... as injection followed by tablets."
    *   Definition 4: "a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet".
    *   This matches perfectly.

    *   Index: 1, 2, 3, 4.
    *   Selection: 4.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purposes
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these <t>purposes</t>, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** purpose
    *   **Target Surface Form:** purposes
    *   **Context:** The text is about a veterinary medicine called Cerenia (maropitant). It explains what the medicine is used for (preventing vomiting, treating vomiting). The specific phrase is "For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days."
    *   **Meaning in Context:** The word "purposes" refers to the specific uses or functions of the medicine mentioned previously (preventing vomiting caused by chemotherapy, treating vomiting). It refers to *what the drug is used for*, not an abstract intention of a person.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `purpose%1:09:00::`
        *   Definition: an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions.
        *   Synonyms: intent, intention, aim, design.
        *   Examples: "his intent was to provide a new translation", "good intentions are not enough".
        *   Fit: This sense refers to the mental state or goal of an agent (a person). While a vet might have the *intention* to treat a dog, the phrase "For these purposes" in a pharmaceutical context refers to the indications or functions of the drug itself, not the vet's mental aim. This sense is less fitting than sense 2.

    *   **Sense 2:** `purpose%1:07:00::`
        *   Definition: what something is used for.
        *   Synonyms: function, role, use.
        *   Examples: "the function of an auger is to bore holes", "ballet is beautiful but what use is it?"
        *   Fit: This sense refers to the utility or function of an object/tool. Cerenia is a tool/medicine. The text lists specific uses (preventing vomiting, treating vomiting). "For these purposes" effectively means "For these uses/functions." This aligns perfectly with the context.

    *   **Sense 3:** `purpose%1:07:01::`
        *   Definition: the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose.
        *   Synonyms: determination.
        *   Examples: "his determination showed in his every movement", "he is a man of purpose".
        *   Fit: This refers to a personality trait or mental resolve. It has nothing to do with the medical indications of a drug.

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 2 defines "what something is used for."
    *   Context: "For these [uses/functions], Cerenia can be given..."
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Since Sense 2 is the target, the index is 2.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: give
Target surface form: given
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be <t>given</t> for up to five days How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=give%2:40:03:: | definition=cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense | examples=She gave him a black eye; The draft gave me a cold
2. sense_key=give%2:40:05:: | definition=be the cause or source of | synonyms=yield, afford | examples=He gave me a lot of trouble; Our meeting afforded much interesting information
3. sense_key=give%2:40:00:: | definition=transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to somebody | examples=I gave her my money; can you give me lessons?
4. sense_key=give%2:40:07:: | definition=convey or reveal information | examples=Give one's name
5. sense_key=give%2:32:01:: | definition=convey, as of a compliment, regards, attention, etc.; bestow | synonyms=pay | examples=Don't pay him any mind; give the orders
6. sense_key=give%2:36:02:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, make | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
7. sense_key=give%2:32:00:: | definition=convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture | synonyms=throw | examples=Throw a glance; She gave me a dirty look
8. sense_key=give%2:40:01:: | definition=give as a present; make a gift of | synonyms=gift, present | examples=What will you give her for her birthday?
9. sense_key=give%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen or be responsible for | synonyms=yield | examples=His two singles gave the team the victory
10. sense_key=give%2:31:02:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=pay, devote | examples=give thought to; give priority to
11. sense_key=give%2:36:00:: | definition=give or supply | synonyms=render, yield, return, generate | examples=The cow brings in 5 liters of milk; This year's crop yielded 1,000 bushels of corn
12. sense_key=give%2:40:09:: | definition=transmit (knowledge or skills) | synonyms=impart, leave, pass on | examples=give a secret to the Russians; leave your name and address here
13. sense_key=give%2:36:01:: | definition=bring about | synonyms=establish | examples=The trompe l'oeil-illusion establishes depth
14. sense_key=give%2:40:02:: | definition=leave with; give temporarily | examples=Can I give you my keys while I go in the pool?; Can I give you the children for the weekend?
15. sense_key=give%2:41:00:: | definition=emit or utter | examples=Give a gulp; give a yelp
16. sense_key=give%2:40:10:: | definition=endure the loss of | synonyms=sacrifice | examples=He gave his life for his children; I gave two sons to the war
17. sense_key=give%2:40:06:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=pass, hand, reach, pass on, turn over | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
18. sense_key=give%2:32:03:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=dedicate, consecrate, commit, devote | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
19. sense_key=give%2:40:13:: | definition=give (as medicine) | examples=I gave him the drug
20. sense_key=give%2:40:14:: | definition=give or convey physically | synonyms=apply | examples=She gave him First Aid; I gave him a punch in the nose
21. sense_key=give%2:32:02:: | definition=bestow | synonyms=render | examples=give homage; render thanks
22. sense_key=give%2:40:11:: | definition=bestow, especially officially | synonyms=grant | examples=grant a degree; give a divorce
23. sense_key=give%2:38:00:: | definition=move in order to make room for someone for something | synonyms=move over, give way, ease up, yield | examples=The park gave way to a supermarket; `Move over,' he told the crowd
24. sense_key=give%2:34:00:: | definition=give food to | synonyms=feed | examples=Feed the starving children in India; don't give the child this tough meat
25. sense_key=give%2:40:08:: | definition=contribute to some cause | synonyms=contribute, chip in, kick in | examples=I gave at the office
26. sense_key=give%2:38:13:: | definition=break down, literally or metaphorically | synonyms=collapse, fall in, cave in, give way, break, founder | examples=The wall collapsed; The business collapsed
27. sense_key=give%2:31:00:: | definition=estimate the duration or outcome of something | examples=He gave the patient three months to live; I gave him a very good chance at success
28. sense_key=give%2:41:10:: | definition=execute and deliver | examples=Give bond
29. sense_key=give%2:40:12:: | definition=deliver in exchange or recompense | examples=I'll give you three books for four CDs
30. sense_key=give%2:40:15:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, open | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
31. sense_key=give%2:36:13:: | definition=present to view | examples=He gave the sign to start
32. sense_key=give%2:36:12:: | definition=perform for an audience | examples=Pollini is giving another concert in New York
33. sense_key=give%2:35:00:: | definition=be flexible under stress of physical force | synonyms=yield | examples=This material doesn't give
34. sense_key=give%2:34:10:: | definition=propose | examples=He gave the first of many toasts at the birthday party
35. sense_key=give%2:32:11:: | definition=accord by verdict | examples=give a decision for the plaintiff
36. sense_key=give%2:32:08:: | definition=manifest or show | examples=This student gives promise of real creativity; The office gave evidence of tampering
37. sense_key=give%2:32:15:: | definition=offer in good faith | examples=He gave her his word
38. sense_key=give%2:32:14:: | definition=submit for consideration, judgment, or use | examples=give one's opinion; give an excuse
39. sense_key=give%2:32:09:: | definition=guide or direct, as by behavior of persuasion | examples=You gave me to think that you agreed with me
40. sense_key=give%2:32:07:: | definition=allow to have or take | examples=I give you two minutes to respond
41. sense_key=give%2:32:10:: | definition=inflict as a punishment | examples=She gave the boy a good spanking; The judge gave me 10 years
42. sense_key=give%2:30:13:: | definition=occur | examples=what gives?
43. sense_key=give%2:29:11:: | definition=consent to engage in sexual intercourse with a man | examples=She gave herself to many men
44. sense_key=give%2:29:10:: | definition=proffer (a body part) | examples=She gave her hand to her little sister

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "given" in the context: "For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days"

This is about administering/giving medication (Cerenia) to dogs. The context is clearly about giving medicine/drugs to a patient (dogs in this case).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. give%2:40:03:: - cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense - Examples: She gave him a black eye; The draft gave me a cold
2. give%2:40:05:: - be the cause or source of - synonyms: yield, afford
3. give%2:40:00:: - transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to somebody - Examples: I gave her my money; can you give me lessons?
4. give%2:40:07:: - convey or reveal information
5. give%2:32:01:: - convey, as of a compliment, regards, attention, etc.
...
17. give%2:40:02:: - leave with; give temporarily
...
19. give%2:40:13:: - give (as medicine) - Example: "I gave him the drug"

Sense 19 is specifically about giving medicine/drugs, and the example "I gave him the drug" matches perfectly with the context where Cerenia (a veterinary medication) is being given to dogs.

The context is about administering medication, and sense 19 specifically defines this as "give (as medicine)" with the example "I gave him the drug" which aligns perfectly with "Cerenia can be given for up to five days."

So the answer should be sense_index: 19.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: day
Target surface form: days
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five <t>days</t> How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=day%1:28:00:: | definition=time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis | synonyms=twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period, 24-hour interval, solar day, mean solar day | examples=two days later they left; they put on two performances every day
2. sense_key=day%1:28:03:: | definition=some point or period in time | examples=it should arrive any day now; after that day she never trusted him again
3. sense_key=day%1:28:01:: | definition=a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance | examples=Mother's Day
4. sense_key=day%1:28:02:: | definition=the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside | synonyms=daytime, daylight | examples=the dawn turned night into day; it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime
5. sense_key=day%1:28:04:: | definition=the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working) | examples=my day began early this morning; it was a busy day on the stock exchange
6. sense_key=day%1:28:05:: | definition=an era of existence or influence | examples=in the day of the dinosaurs; in the days of the Roman Empire
7. sense_key=day%1:28:07:: | definition=the period of time taken by a particular planet (e.g. Mars) to make a complete rotation on its axis | examples=how long is a day on Jupiter?
8. sense_key=day%1:28:06:: | definition=the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day | synonyms=sidereal day
9. sense_key=day%1:26:00:: | definition=a period of opportunity | examples=he deserves his day in court; every dog has his day
10. sense_key=day%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935) | synonyms=Clarence Day, Clarence Shepard Day Jr.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days."
    *   Domain: Medical/Veterinary instructions (medication dosage).
    *   Target word: "days" (plural of "day").
    *   Meaning: A duration of time, specifically a count of 24-hour periods.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1:* "time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis".
        *   Synonyms: twenty-four hours, 24-hour interval.
        *   Examples: "two days later they left".
        *   Fit: This is the standard unit of time measurement. "Five days" means five 24-hour periods. This fits perfectly.

    *   *Sense 2:* "some point or period in time".
        *   Examples: "it should arrive any day now".
        *   Fit: This usually refers to a specific vague point in time or a specific historical/eventful day ("after that day she never trusted him again"). Here, "five days" is a specific duration/quantity, not a vague point or a specific eventful date. Less precise than Sense 1.

    *   *Sense 3:* "a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance".
        *   Examples: "Mother's Day".
        *   Fit: Completely wrong context.

    *   *Sense 4:* "the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside".
        *   Synonyms: daytime, daylight.
        *   Fit: Medication is given over a duration that includes nights as well. It's not "five days of sunlight". It implies a full cycle.

    *   *Sense 5:* "the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working)".
        *   Examples: "my day began early this morning".
        *   Fit: This refers to the active part of the day or a work shift. "Five days" in the text refers to a calendar duration, not just work hours.

    *   *Sense 6:* "an era of existence or influence".
        *   Examples: "in the days of the dinosaurs".
        *   Fit: Metaphorical/historical usage. Not applicable here.

    *   *Sense 7:* "the period of time taken by a particular planet...".
        *   Fit: Astronomy context. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 8:* "sidereal day".
        *   Fit: Astronomy context. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 9:* "a period of opportunity".
        *   Examples: "every dog has his day".
        *   Fit: Idiomatic. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 10:* "United States writer...".
        *   Fit: Proper noun. Not applicable.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on the unit of measurement (rotation of Earth, 24 hours).
    *   Sense 2 is a catch-all for "a point or period in time".
    *   The phrase "five days" quantifies the time unit. In WordNet hierarchies, when a word is quantified (like "two days", "five days"), it almost always refers to the specific time unit (Sense 1) rather than the vague "point in time" (Sense 2).
    *   Sense 1 synonyms "twenty-four hours" and "24-hour interval" align exactly with the medical dosage context (a duration).

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The context describes a duration of treatment measured in standard Earth rotations (days).
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: receptor
Target surface form: receptor
Context:
Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) <t>receptor</t>, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=receptor%1:08:01:: | definition=a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
2. sense_key=receptor%1:08:00:: | definition=an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation | synonyms=sense organ, sensory receptor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "receptor" in the context: "Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system."

Let me analyze both candidate senses:

1. **Sense 1 (receptor%1:08:01::)**: "a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response"
   - This refers to molecular/cellular receptors like neurotransmitter receptors, drug receptors, etc.
   - These are proteins or structures on cells that respond to chemical signals.

2. **Sense 2 (receptor%1:08:00::)**: "an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation" | synonyms: sense organ, sensory receptor
   - This refers to sensory organs like eyes, ears, etc.

Now let's look at the context:
- "Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system."
- This is about a drug (Cerenia) blocking a specific type of receptor (neurokinin 1)
- NK1 is a receptor for substance P, a neurotransmitter
- This is a molecular/cellular receptor that responds to chemical signals (neurotransmitters)
- It's definitely not a sense organ like an eye or ear

The context clearly refers to a cellular/molecular receptor that mediates chemical signals in the nervous system. A neurokinin receptor is a type of G-protein coupled receptor found on cells, particularly in the central nervous system, that binds neurotransmitters like substance P.

Sense 1 is the correct choice - it describes a cellular structure that mediates between a chemical agent and physiological response, which perfectly matches a neurokinin receptor in the CNS.

Sense 2 refers to sensory organs (sense organs), which is completely wrong in this context.

The answer is sense_index:1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studied
Context:
It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been <t>studied</t>? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%2:31:02:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=study%2:31:03:: | definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. sense_key=study%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. sense_key=study%2:31:00:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=study%2:31:01:: | definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books | examples=He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. sense_key=study%2:31:04:: | definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate | examples=He is meditating in his study

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: study
    *   Target surface form: studied
    *   Context sentence: "How has Cerenia been <t>studied</t>? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises..."
    *   Wider context: This is a text about a veterinary medicine (Cerenia), explaining its uses, mechanism, and the research behind it. The phrase "How has Cerenia been studied?" is asking about the clinical trials and scientific investigation performed on the drug.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine...`
        *   This refers to scrutinizing something to understand it. In the context of clinical trials ("studies with Cerenia were carried out"), the drug is being examined, analyzed, and investigated in detail to discover its effects (efficacy, safety).
        *   This fits the scientific method context. The "large number of studies" mentioned in the following sentence supports the idea of analysis/examination.

    *   **Sense 2:** `definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning`
        *   This refers to a person attending school. Cerenia (a drug) cannot be a student. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider`
        *   This is more about pondering a possibility (e.g., "study a proposal"). While related, it lacks the rigorous, systematic implication of scientific investigation found in Sense 1. The context describes carrying out studies (experiments/trials), not just "considering" the drug.

    *   **Sense 4:** `definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take`
        *   Again, refers to learning a subject (e.g., studying geology). Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books`
        *   Refers to academic studying/reading. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 6:** `definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate`
        *   Refers to meditation or contemplation. Incorrect.

3.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 3 is "give careful consideration to" (e.g., "study a problem").
    *   Sense 1 is "consider in detail and subject to an analysis... synonyms=analyze, examine".
    *   The context describes "A large number of studies... carried out... in laboratory dogs". This indicates empirical research, clinical trials, and examination. The verb "studied" here means "investigated" or "examined" through scientific methodology.
    *   Sense 1 captures the "analysis/examination" aspect required for clinical trials. Sense 3 is too weak and usually implies mental consideration rather than experimental investigation.

4.  **Final Conclusion:**
    *   The phrase "How has Cerenia been studied?" refers to the process of analyzing and examining the drug's effects through clinical trials.
    *   Sense 1 is the best fit (analyze/examine).

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   Return JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `study`
    *   Target surface form: `studies`
    *   Context: "A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises..." and "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
    *   Domain: Medical/Veterinary (clinical trials).

2.  **Analyze the meaning in context:**
    *   The text describes how a drug (Cerenia) was tested. It mentions "carried out" studies in laboratory dogs or animal patients. This refers to scientific investigations, experiments, or clinical trials designed to assess the efficacy and safety of the drug.
    *   It is plural ("studies"), referring to multiple distinct investigations.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `study%1:04:00::` | definition="a detailed critical inspection" | synonyms=survey.
        *   This is the most general sense of "study" as an investigation. Scientific studies are detailed critical inspections. The synonym "survey" fits broadly, though in medical contexts "study" often implies an experiment rather than just a survey. However, compared to other options, this is the "investigation" sense.

    *   **Sense 2:** `study%1:09:03::` | definition="applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject..."
        *   This refers to the act of studying (e.g., studying for an exam). This does not fit the context of carrying out clinical trials.

    *   **Sense 3:** `study%1:10:00::` | definition="a written document describing the findings..."
        *   This refers to the *report* of the study. While studies result in reports, the context says studies were "carried out" on dogs/patients. You carry out the investigation (Sense 1), and then you write the report (Sense 3). The primary reference here is to the activity/investigation itself, though Sense 1 and Sense 3 are closely related. WordNet often distinguishes between the act/investigation and the document. Here, "carried out... studies" points to the activity/investigation.

    *   **Sense 4:** `study%1:09:04::` | definition="a state of deep mental absorption"
        *   Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** `study%1:06 | definition="a room used for reading and writing..."
        *   Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** `study%1:09:02::` | definition="a branch of knowledge"
        *   Irrelevant (e.g., "Physics is a study").

    *   **Sense 7:** `study%1:06:01::` | definition="preliminary drawing..."
        *   Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 8:** `study%1:09:01::` | definition="attentive consideration and meditation"
        *   Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 9:** `study%1:18:00::` | definition="someone who memorizes quickly..."
        *   Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 10:** `study%1:10:01::` | definition="a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique"
        *   Irrelevant (music).

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The choice is primarily between Sense 1 ("detailed critical inspection") and Sense 3 ("written document").
    *   The phrase "studies were carried out" strongly implies an activity or process of investigation, rather than just the physical document. However, WordNet definitions can be tricky.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "a detailed critical inspection". A clinical trial is a detailed critical inspection.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again: "a written document describing the findings". While one might say "I read the study," implying the document, the context here is about the experimental process ("carried out... in laboratory dogs").
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit for "carried out" (the action of doing the research).

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Sometimes WordNet sense 1:04:00 is defined as "a detailed critical inspection" which maps to "survey". In the WN hierarchy, this is often under "investigation".
    *   Let's check if there is a sense for "experiment".
    *   WN 3.0 or 3.1 usually has:
        *   study (n) -> detailed critical inspection.
        *   study (n) -> written document.
    *   There is no specific "scientific experiment" sense listed in the provided candidates other than the general "detailed critical inspection". The activity of conducting research falls under the "inspection/investigation" bucket.

    *   Comparison:
        *   Sense 1: Activity/Investigation. Matches "carried out".
        *   Sense 3: Document. Matches "read the study".
    *   Context: "A large number of studies... were carried out". You carry out an investigation. You don't "carry out" a document (you write/publish a document).
    *   Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   Sense index: 1.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: carry_out
Target surface form: carried out
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were <t>carried out</t> either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carry_out%2:36:00:: | definition=put in effect | synonyms=carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil | examples=carry out a task; execute the decision of the people
2. sense_key=carry_out%2:30:00:: | definition=pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue | synonyms=follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through | examples=Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "carried out".

Context:
"A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."

The phrase "studies were carried out" refers to conducting or performing research studies.

Sense 1:
- Definition: "put in effect"
- Synonyms: carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil
- Examples: "carry out a task", "execute the decision of the people"

Sense 2:
- Definition: "pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue"
- Synonyms: follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through
- Examples: "Did he go through with the treatment?", "He implemented a new economic plan"

The context is about studies being conducted or performed. The phrase "studies were carried out" is a common way of saying that studies were conducted or performed.

Looking at the synonyms and examples:
- Sense 1 focuses on executing, accomplishing, or putting something into effect. The examples show carrying out tasks or executing decisions.
- Sense 2 focuses more on following through with something or implementing a plan. The examples show following through with treatment or implementing an economic plan.

The context is about conducting studies, which is more aligned with Sense 1 (putting into effect, executing, accomplishing). When we say "studies were carried out," we mean they were conducted or performed, which fits better with "put in effect" and "execute" from Sense 1.

Sense 2 is more about following through with a process or plan to completion, which has a slightly different connotation. While studies are completed, the phrase "carry out studies" is more about performing or conducting them than "following through" with them.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit for this context.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratory
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in <t>laboratory</t> dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target word: "laboratory" (noun).
    *   Context sentence: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises..."
    *   Key phrase: "laboratory dogs".
    *   The context is discussing veterinary medicine studies. The phrase "laboratory dogs" refers to dogs kept for scientific research purposes, as opposed to "animal patients" (pets brought to a vet).

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a workplace for the conduct of scientific research". Synonyms: lab, research lab, etc.
        *   This refers to the physical location (building, room) where experiments happen.
        *   Does "laboratory dogs" fit? Yes, these are dogs *in* or *belonging to* a laboratory. The adjective "laboratory" modifies "dogs", implying these dogs are used for research *in* a laboratory setting. The underlying sense of the word "laboratory" here is the place of scientific research. The studies were carried out "in laboratory dogs" (actually, the text says "in laboratory dogs" which seems to mean *on* laboratory dogs, or using laboratory dogs as subjects).
        *   Let's re-read the context carefully: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients..."
        *   The preposition "in" applies to "laboratory dogs".
        *   The concept of "laboratory" here defines the type of dog: a dog associated with a research facility.
        *   The core meaning is the facility for research.

    *   **Sense 2:** "a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation". Synonyms: testing ground. Examples: "Pakistan is a laboratory for studying..."
        *   This is a metaphorical sense. It refers to a country, a region, or a situation being used as an experiment.
        *   Does "laboratory dogs" fit this? No. A dog is not a "region" or a "testing ground" in this metaphorical geopolitical sense.

3.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   The phrase "laboratory dogs" uses "laboratory" as a noun adjunct (attributive noun).
    *   It characterizes the dogs based on their location/function: they belong to a "workplace for the conduct of scientific research" (Sense 1).
    *   Sense 2 is abstract/metaphorical (a nation as a laboratory). This context is literal (a physical place where dogs are kept for study).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. The "laboratory" in "laboratory dogs" refers to the facility defined in Sense 1.

4.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The request asks for a JSON object with the sense index.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.

    ```json
    {"sense_index": 1}
    ```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form:**
    *   Lemma: "dog"
    *   Surface form: "dogs" (plural noun)

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises..."
    *   Keywords: "veterinary", "animal patients", "laboratory", "Cerenia" (a veterinary drug).
    *   Meaning: The context is discussing medical studies conducted on animals, specifically canines, in a veterinary setting.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds" (synonyms: domestic dog, Canis familiaris).
        *   *Fit:* This refers to the literal animal. The context mentions "laboratory dogs" and "veterinary practises". This is a perfect fit. "Laboratory dogs" refers to dogs used for scientific testing.

    *   **Sense 2:** "a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman" (synonyms: frump).
        *   *Fit:* This is a derogatory slang term for a woman. It does not fit the context of "laboratory dogs" in a veterinary study.

    *   **Sense 3:** "informal term for a man" (examples: "you lucky dog").
        *   *Fit:* This is a slang term for a person. It does not fit the context of laboratory subjects in veterinary medicine.

    *   **Sense 4:** "someone who is morally reprehensible" (synonyms: cad, bounder, etc.).
        *   *Fit:* This is a derogatory slang term for a person. It does not fit the context.

    *   **Sense 5:** "a smooth-textured sausage..." (synonyms: hotdog, frankfurter).
        *   *Fit:* This refers to food. "Laboratory hotdogs" makes no sense in this context.

    *   **Sense 6:** "a hinged catch..." (synonyms: pawl, detent).
        *   *Fit:* Mechanical device. Not relevant to veterinary studies.

    *   **Sense 7:** "metal supports for logs..." (synonyms: andiron).
        *   *Fit:* Fireplace equipment. Not relevant.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only one that matches the biological/zoological meaning required by the context of veterinary medicine and laboratory testing.

5.  **Formatting:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense is the first one listed.
    *   Index: 1.

    *   Wait, are the indices 0-based or 1-based?
    *   The prompt lists them as:
        1. sense_key=...
        2. sense_key=...
        ...
    *   The instruction says "Choose the single best indexed sense".
    *   Usually, in these prompts, "indexed sense" refers to the number provided in the list (1 through 7).
    *   Let's double-check the JSON format requirement: `{"sense_index": 3}`.
    *   If I choose the first sense, the index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA."
    *   Target word: "several".
    *   Function: Determiner/Quantifier/Adjective modifying "European countries".
    *   Meaning: It indicates an indefinite number of countries. The phrase is "several European countries".

2.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1**:
    *   Definition: "(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many".
    *   Examples: "several letters came in the mail", "several people were injured in the accident".
    *   Match: This fits the standard usage of "several" as a quantifier meaning "more than a few but not many". "Several European countries" means a small number (more than two) of European countries participated. This aligns perfectly with standard quantification.

3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2**:
    *   Definition: "considered individually".
    *   Synonyms: "respective, various".
    *   Examples: "the respective club members", "specialists in their several fields".
    *   Match: This usage is archaic or formal/legalistic, often implying "separate" or "respective". In the phrase "several European countries", the author isn't emphasizing the individuality or "respectiveness" of the countries relative to a list of other things, but rather the number/quantity. We aren't talking about "the several possessions of the King" (meaning distinct/separate). We are talking about a group of countries where the studies were done.

4.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 3**:
    *   Definition: "distinct and individual".
    *   Examples: "three several times".
    *   Match: Similar to sense 2, this emphasizes distinctness/separateness. While the countries are distinct, the primary meaning in the sentence is quantification. "Three several times" is a specific idiom/usage. "Several European countries" is a standard quantifier usage.

5.  **Comparison**:
    *   Sense 1 is the most common modern usage (quantifier).
    *   Senses 2 and 3 deal with the "separate/distinct" etymology of the word, often used in legal or archaic contexts.
    *   The context "in several European countries" clearly refers to a number of countries (studies were carried out in a number of places). The number is indefinite but likely more than two or three.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

6.  **Final Output Formulation**:
    *   Index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefit
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What <t>benefit</t> has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: benefit
    *   Target surface form: benefit
    *   Context: The text is about a veterinary medicine called "Cerenia." It asks: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" It then describes the results: Cerenia was more effective than a placebo (less vomiting). This is clearly discussing the medical efficacy or the positive outcome resulting from using the drug.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `benefit%1:21:00::` | definition="financial assistance in time of need".
        *   Does the context talk about money or financial aid? No, it talks about medical effectiveness (less vomiting).
    *   **Sense 2:** `benefit%1:07:00::` | definition="something that aids or promotes well-being" | synonyms=["welfare"] | examples=["for the benefit of all"].
        *   Does the context talk about well-being or aid? Yes. The "benefit" mentioned is the medical advantage gained by the dogs (less vomiting, better health). "Something that aids or promotes well-being" fits the medical efficacy context perfectly. The synonym "welfare" aligns with health/well-being.
    *   **Sense 3:** `benefit%1:10:00::` | definition="a performance to raise money for a charitable cause".
        *   Does the context talk about a concert or charity event? No.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is financial (incorrect).
    *   Sense 3 is an event (incorrect).
    *   Sense 2 describes a positive contribution to well-being, which matches the medical context (the positive effect of the drug).

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The correct sense is the second one listed.
    *   Index: 2.

5.  **Final verification:**
    *   "What *benefit* has Cerenia shown...?" -> What positive effect/advantage for well-being has it shown?
    *   Definition "something that aids or promotes well-being" matches "medical efficacy/positive outcome".
    *   Sense 2 is the clear winner.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 2}

content: sense_index": 2}

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   Target word: "shown" (past participle of "show").
    *   Sentence: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
    *   Broader context: The text discusses the results of clinical studies for a veterinary drug called Cerenia. It compares the drug to a placebo and talks about effectiveness (less vomiting). The studies "showed that Cerenia was more effective".
    *   Meaning in context: The drug provided evidence of a benefit. It demonstrated or proved a specific outcome through the studies. The results provided evidence for the benefit.

2.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:
    *   *Sense 1 (exhibit/demo)*: Physical exhibition to an audience. Not fitting for an abstract benefit in a study.
    *   *Sense 2 (establish validity/prove)*: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment". Synonyms: prove, demonstrate. Examples: "The experiment demonstrated...". This fits very well. The studies established the validity of the benefit through experiment.
    *   *Sense 3 (provide evidence for)*: WordNet. Sense 2 emphasizes establishing validity (demonstrating), Sense 3 emphasizes providing evidence.
    *   *Sense 4 (make visible)*: Not physical visibility.
    *   *Sense 5 (depict)*: Not artistic representation.
    *   *Sense 6 (express emotion)*: Not an emotion.
    *   *Sense 7 (indicate place)*: Not spatial pointing.
    *   *Sense 8 (become visible)*: Intransitive usage usually.
    *   *Sense 9 (gauges)*: Not a gauge reading.
    *   *Sense 10 (give evidence of records)*: "The diary shows his distress". This is about records existing as proof.
    *   *Sense 11 (usher)*: Not seating someone.
    *   *Sense 12 (horse race)*: Not finishing third in a race.

3.  **Distinguish between Sense 2 and Sense 3**:
    *   Context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
    *   Sense 2 (show%2:31:00::): "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment". Examples: "The experiment demonstrated the instability".
    *   Sense 3 (show%2:32:00::): "provide evidence for". Examples: "The blood test showed that he was the father".
    *   In the sentence "What benefit has Cerenia shown...", the object is "benefit".
    *   Let's look at the subsequent sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."
    *   Is it establishing validity (Sense 2) or providing evidence (Sense 3)?
    *   Usually, when a study or an experiment "shows" a result or a quality (like a benefit), it fits Sense 2 or 3.
    *   Sense 2 examples involve experiments demonstrating properties (instability, validity).
    *   Sense 3 examples involve tests showing facts (paternity, incompetence).
    *   "Benefit" is an abstract quality/outcome. The studies established the existence/validity of this benefit.
    *   However, Sense 3 ("provide evidence for") is often used when X implies Y. "The blood test showed [evidence of] paternity". "Her behavior showed [evidence of] incompetence".
    *   Sense 2 ("establish validity") implies a stronger demonstration or proof. "The experiment demonstrated the instability". Clinical studies are designed to *prove* or *demonstrate* efficacy/benefit.
    *   Let's check the synonyms. Sense 2: prove, demonstrate. Sense 3: testify, bear witness.
    *   "Cerenia has demonstrated a benefit" sounds better than "Cerenia has provided evidence for a benefit" (though both are true).
    *   "Shown a benefit" is often synonymous with "demonstrated a benefit".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2 again: "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture". "The experiment demonstrated the instability". These are very close to "The studies showed a benefit".
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 examples: "The blood test showed that he was the father". "Her behavior testified to her incompetence".
    *   The usage "show a benefit" or "show efficacy" is a standard phrase in medical/scientific contexts, meaning to prove or demonstrate the existence of that property through the study.
    *   WordNet often categorizes "show" in scientific results under Sense 2 (establish validity/demonstrate). The definition "establish the validity of something, as by an ... experiment" aligns perfectly with clinical studies.
    *   Sense 3 ("provide evidence for") is slightly broader, often used for signs/testimony. While studies provide evidence, the act of a study "showing" a benefit is the act of establishing that the benefit exists (validity).
    *   Compare:
        *   Sentence: "What benefit has Cerenia shown..." = "What benefit has Cerenia proven/demonstrated..."
        *   Sense 2 synset includes "demonstrate".
        *   Sense 3 synset includes "evidence" (verb).
    *   If I say "The study showed the drug was safe", I mean the study *demonstrated* it.
    *   If I say "The symptoms showed the disease", I mean they *provided evidence for* it.
    *   Here, "Cerenia... shown... benefit". Cerenia (the drug) is the subject, Benefit is the object.
    *   Wait, strictly speaking, the *studies* showed the benefit (as seen in the next sentence). Here, "Cerenia has shown a benefit" is metonymic for "The studies on Cerenia have shown a benefit".
    *   Given the explicit mention of "The results of the studies showed that..." immediately after, the sense is clearly about the outcome of an experiment.
    *   Sense 2 is explicitly about experiments ("as by an ... experiment").
    *   Sense 3 examples ("blood test", "behavior") are slightly different in flavor (indicators rather than formal proofs/experiments). "Experiment" is a keyword in Sense 2's gloss.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

4.  **Final Check**:
    *   Context: Clinical studies.
    *   Action: Showing a benefit.
    *   Gloss 2: Establish validity by experiment.
    *   Examples 2: Experiment demonstrated instability.
    *   This matches perfectly.