[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an <t>educational</t> program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Context:**
    *   **Lemma:** educational
    *   **Context:** The text is discussing a policy proposed by Gov. Bill Clinton regarding a "comprehensive child-development policy for children under five." The author argues that this is essentially extending the "educational system" down to pre-kindergarten. The author then states: "Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an *educational* program."
    *   **Target Word Usage:** The word "educational" is used here to describe a type of program. It contrasts a "child-care program" with an "educational program." The context mentions extending the "educational system."

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `educational%3:01:00::`
        *   Definition: relating to the process of education.
        *   Examples: educational psychology.
        *   Analysis: This sense focuses on the institutional or systemic aspect of education (the process, the field). The context explicitly mentions the "educational system" earlier. Here, the author is debating whether a program for under-fives fits the definition of an actual schooling/education program (the process of education) or if it's just child-care. The distinction drawn is between simple care (babysitting) vs. formal education (schooling system/process).
    *   **Sense 2:** `educational%5:00:00:instructive:00`
        *   Definition: providing knowledge.
        *   Examples: an educational film.
        *   Analysis: This sense is about the quality of being instructive or informative. It is often used for things like books, films, museums, toys, etc. (e.g., "That was a very educational experience"). While child-care might be educational in the sense of providing knowledge (sense 2), the author's argument is structural. They are arguing about the *nature of the program* in relation to the *system*. The author says it is *not* an educational program (implying it's not part of the schooling process defined earlier as the "educational system"). However, even if it were "educational" in sense 2 (providing knowledge), the author is making a claim about the institutional function.

        *Re-evaluating the distinction:*
        Is the author saying "This program does not provide knowledge"? Or is the author saying "This program belongs to the sphere of institutional education"?
        The sentence says: "this is a child-care program, not an educational program."
        Earlier sentence: "What Gov. Clinton is advocating... is extending the educational system..."
        The argument is about the *system* and the *process* of education.
        Sense 1 covers "relating to the process of education" (systemic/institutional).
        Sense 2 covers "providing knowledge" (functional/informative quality).

        Does the author think the program provides no knowledge? Not necessarily. The author suggests that early schooling effects wash away. The distinction is between "child-care" (supervision) and "education" (systematic instruction/process).
        The phrase "educational system" appears right before. This aligns strongly with Sense 1.
        "Educational program" in this context is being compared to "educational system".
        Sense 1 is the adjective derived from the noun "education" (the process/institution).
        Sense 2 is the adjective synonymous with "instructive" or "edifying".

        If I say "Sesame Street is an educational program," I mean Sense 2 (it teaches kids).
        If I say "The school board voted on the educational budget," I mean Sense 1 (related to the institution).

        In the text: "this is a child-care program, not an educational program."
        Is the author denying that it teaches anything? Or denying that it is a proper school-like program?
        The context discusses "extending the educational system." The author argues it's child-care, not "education" (the process). Therefore, it relates to the *process of education* (Sense 1). The author is classifying the type of program based on the domain of education vs. child-care. It refers to the institutional nature.

3.  **Decide:**
    *   The context is political and systemic ("educational system," "governors' conference," "policy").
    *   The contrast is between "child-care" and "education" (as a process/system).
    *   Sense 1 ("relating to the process of education") fits the institutional context better.
    *   Sense 2 ("providing knowledge") is usually used for specific artifacts (films, toys) or experiences. While a program could be described as "educational" in this sense, the specific contrast with "child-care" in a policy discussion points toward the formal process of schooling (Sense 1). The author is arguing that it shouldn't be classified under the "educational system" umbrella.

    Let's double check Sense 1 examples: "educational psychology". This is a field related to education.
    Let's double check Sense 2 examples: "an educational film". This is an object that imparts knowledge.

    The sentence: "this is a child-care program, not an educational program."
    If it were Sense 2, the author would be saying "This is a child-care program, not a program that provides knowledge." That seems unlikely as a primary assertion; child-care programs often provide some knowledge. The author is likely saying "This is a child-care program, not a program of systematic instruction / part of the education system."
    This aligns with Sense 1.

    Sense 1 covers the adjective use relating to the domain/system.
    Sense 2 covers the qualitative use (instructive).
    The usage here is classification by domain/system.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Together


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational <t>program</t>. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *program*
    *   Context snippet: "...Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational <t>program</t>. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..."
    *   Preceding context talks about a "comprehensive child-development policy", "child-care program".
    *   The sentence contrasts "child-care program" with "educational program".
    *   The phrase "educational program" refers to a system or service provided to meet a need (education/care) or a course of study.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (program%1:09:00::):** "a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished" (synonyms: plan, programme).
        *   *Analysis:* This is usually for a specific plan of action (e.g., a 6-step plan). While an educational program involves planning, this sense feels more like a "plan of action" rather than an established system or service.

    *   **Sense 2 (program%1:09:01::):** "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" (synonyms: programme).
        *   *Examples:* "he proposed an elaborate program of public works"; "working mothers rely on the day care program".
        *   *Analysis:* The context mentions "child-care program" right before. It discusses a public policy ("comprehensive child-development policy"). The target word is in the phrase "educational program". An educational program, in the context of public policy and systems (like extending the educational system), fits the definition of a "system of projects or services intended to meet a public need". Education is a public need. The example "working mothers rely on the day care program" is extremely close to the context's "child-care program".

    *   **Sense 3 (program%1:10:01::):** "a radio or television show".
        *   *Analysis:* Clearly incorrect. No media context.

    *   **Sense 4 (program%1:10:04::):** "a document stating the aims and principles of a political party" (synonyms: platform).
        *   *Analysis:* While the text discusses politicians (Gov. Clinton), the specific phrase "educational program" refers to the service/system, not the party platform document itself.

    *   **Sense 5 (program%1:10:00::):** "an announcement of the events... theatrical or sporting event".
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. Not a brochure or schedule of events.

    *   **Sense 6 (program%1:10:05::):** "an integrated course of academic studies" (synonyms: course of study, curriculum).
        *   *Analysis:* This is a strong contender. "Educational program" often means a curriculum. However, the context is about public policy ("governors' conference", "public need", "extending the educational system down"). The earlier mention of "child-care program" aligns better with Sense 2 (system of services). While an "educational program" *is* a curriculum (Sense 6), in the context of government policy and the juxtaposition with "child-care program" (which is Sense 2), the broader sense of a "system of services" (Sense 2) seems more appropriate for the political/administrative context. Let's look closely at Sense 2's examples: "public works", "day care program". The text explicitly mentions "child-care program" earlier. The target "educational program" is being contrasted with or defined in relation to the child-care aspect. Both "child-care program" and "educational program" in this political context refer to organized systems/services intended to meet public needs. Sense 2 captures the institutional/public service aspect better than Sense 6 (which is more specific to the content of study). The context talks about "extending the educational system".

    *   **Sense 7 (program%1:10:02::):** "(computer science) a sequence of instructions..."
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 8 (program%1:04:00::):** "a performance (or series of performances)..."
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

3.  **Refine decision between Sense 2 and Sense 6:**
    *   Sense 6: "course of study, curriculum".
    *   Sense 2: "system of projects or services intended to meet a public need".
    *   Context: Gov. Clinton advocates extending the educational system down to pre-kindergarten. The author argues this is a child-care program, not an educational program.
    *   The author is discussing policy and systems (services provided by the state/governors).
    *   Example for Sense 2: "working mothers rely on the day care program".
    *   Example for Sense 6: "he was admitted to a new program at the university".
    *   The context here is about *government provision* of services ("governors' conference", "public need", "child-care program"). Therefore, the sense corresponds to the organized system of services (Sense 2) rather than just the academic curriculum (Sense 6), though there is overlap. The usage "child-care program" immediately preceding the target is the clincher. "Child-care program" maps directly to Sense 2's example "day care program". The target "educational program" is functioning in the same syntactic and semantic slot as "child-care program" in this policy discussion. Thus, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final check:**
    *   Target: "educational <t>program</t>".
    *   Definition 2: "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need".
    *   Does "educational program" fit this? Yes, in the context of a "comprehensive child-development policy" and "governors' conference".
    *   Does it fit Sense 6 ("course of study")? Yes, but the text is contrasting it with a "child-care program" (which is definitely Sense 2). Since the two are being contrasted within the same administrative/policy framework, they should share the same sense. Sense 2 covers "day care program" (child-care) and "public works". It covers "educational program" in the sense of a public service/institution.
    *   Therefore, index 2 is thebest fit.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We <t>know</t> that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "know":

The context is about education policy and what is known about education reforms. The specific sentence is:

"We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

The word "know" here is used in the context of having knowledge or being aware of a fact - specifically the fact that early exposure to schooling improves first-grade performance. This is about possessing knowledge about a specific piece of information, not about:
- Knowing how to do something (sense 2)
- Being familiar with a person (sense 4)
- Having firsthand experience (sense 5)
- Accepting someone's authority (sense 6)
- Having something fixed in mind (sense 7)
- Sexual intercourse (sense 8)
- Knowing someone's character (sense 9)
- Distinguishing between things (sense 10)
- Perceiving something as familiar (sense 11)

The sentence is making a factual claim about what has been established through research or observation. The speaker is stating that "we know" this fact about early education.

Let me distinguish between sense 1 and sense 3:

Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"

The difference seems subtle. Sense 1 is about having knowledge or being aware of information/facts. Sense 3 is about being aware of the truth of something, having belief or faith in it.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "I know that the President lied to the people" - this is stating awareness of a fact
- Sense 3: "I know that I left the key on the table" and "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" - these are about being certain of truths

In the context "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade," this seems more like sense 1 - being cognizant of a fact or piece of information (research findings). The speaker is saying that this is established knowledge based on evidence.

However, sense 3 could also apply since it's about being aware of the truth of something. But the emphasis seems to be on having information/knowledge rather than having faith or belief.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "possess knowledge or information about" - this fits well with "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance" - it's knowledge from research/studies
- Sense 3 emphasizes "have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" - this is more about conviction or certainty

The context is about what research has shown, not about deeply held beliefs or faith. It's about being aware of empirical findings. So sense 1 seems more appropriate.

Let me also consider the later use in the same text: "Let us sum up what we do know about education" - this again is about possessing knowledge/information.

I'll go with sense 1.

Actually, let me reconsider. The examples for sense 3 include "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" which is also a factual/scientific claim, similar to "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance."

But looking at the definition more carefully:
- Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
- Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"

Sense 1 seems broader and more about having information. Sense 3 adds the dimension of faith/belief and "beyond any doubt."

In the educational context, the speaker is citing research findings - knowledge that comes from evidence, not from faith or belief. The emphasis is on possessing information about educational outcomes.

I believe sense 1 is the better fit. The sense index would be 1.

Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The sense keys are:
1. know%2:31:01::
2. know%2:31:03::
3. know%2:31:02::
etc.

The sense_index for know%2:31:01:: would be 1.

So my answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: very
Target surface form: very
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that <t>very</t> early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=very%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=really, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well
2. sense_key=very%4:02:01:: | definition=precisely so | examples=on the very next page; he expected the very opposite

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "very", used as an adverb or adjective depending on the sense. In the sentence: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..."

2.  **Analyze the context:** The phrase is "very early exposure". "Early" is an adjective (or adverbial adjective modifying exposure, or just an adjective modifying exposure). "Very" modifies "early". "Early" describes the time/age. "Very" intensifies "early". It means the exposure happened extremely early (at a young age).

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   *Definition:* "used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal"
        *   *Synonyms:* really, real, rattling
        *   *Examples:* "she was very gifted", "he played very well"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense corresponds to the standard adverbial intensifier. It modifies adjectives (gifted) or adverbs (well). In the context "very early", "very" modifies the adjective "early" to intensify it (meaning "extremely" or "really" early). This fits perfectly.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   *Definition:* "precisely so"
        *   *Examples:* "on the very next page", "he expected the very opposite"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense corresponds to the adjective usage emphasizing exactness or identity (often implies "the specific one" or "the exact one"). For example, "the very next page" (the specific/precise page following). "The very opposite" (the exact opposite). In the context "very early exposure", "very" is not saying "the specific early exposure" or "the precise early exposure". It is saying the exposure was *intensely* early.

4.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Context: "very early exposure".
    *   Function: Intensifier of the adjective "early".
    *   Sense 1 (Intensifier): Matches. "very early" = "really early".
    *   Sense 2 (Precisely/Exactness): Does not match. We aren't talking about a specific instance called "the very early exposure", we are talking about the degree of earliness.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.

6.  **Formatting:** Return JSON `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very <t>early</t> exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "early" in the context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

The phrase is "very early exposure to schooling". This refers to exposure at a young age. Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time (e.g., early morning)
2. being or occurring at an early stage of development (e.g., in an early stage)
3. belonging to the distant past (e.g., early inhabitants)
4. very young (e.g., at an early age)
5. of an early stage in the development of a language or literature
6. expected in the near future

"Very early exposure" in this context means exposure at a very young age (pre-kindergarten).
Sense 4 definition: "very young", example: "at an early age".
This matches perfectly with "early exposure to schooling" meaning exposure when the children are very young.

Let's check Sense 1: "before the usual or expected time". While early schooling could be before the expected time, the specific example "at an early age" in Sense 4 strongly correlates with "early exposure" meaning exposure when young.
Wait, "very early exposure to schooling" = exposure at a very young age. Sense 4 exactly matches "very young" and the example "at an early age".

Let's verify sense 4: `early%5:00:00:young:00` definition is "very young", example is "at an early age".
In the text: "very early exposure to schooling" -> exposure at a very young age.
So sense 4 is the best fit.

Index for sense 4 is 4.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exposure
Target surface form: exposure
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early <t>exposure</t> to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exposure%1:07:00:: | definition=vulnerability to the elements; to the action of heat or cold or wind or rain;  or | examples=exposure to the weather; they died from exposure
2. sense_key=exposure%1:04:06:: | definition=the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience | examples=she denounced the exposure of children to pornography
3. sense_key=exposure%1:10:00:: | definition=the disclosure of something secret | examples=they feared exposure of their campaign plans
4. sense_key=exposure%1:09:00:: | definition=aspect resulting from the direction a building or window faces | examples=the studio had a northern exposure
5. sense_key=exposure%1:26:01:: | definition=the state of being vulnerable or exposed | synonyms=vulnerability | examples=his vulnerability to litigation; his exposure to ridicule
6. sense_key=exposure%1:23:00:: | definition=the intensity of light falling on a photographic film or plate | examples=he used the wrong exposure
7. sense_key=exposure%1:06:00:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, picture, pic
8. sense_key=exposure%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of exposing film to light
9. sense_key=exposure%1:04:05:: | definition=presentation to view in an open or public manner | examples=the exposure of his anger was shocking
10. sense_key=exposure%1:04:01:: | definition=abandoning without shelter or protection (as by leaving as infant out in the open)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form**: The target word is "exposure" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   Sentence: "We know that very early <t>exposure</t> to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Key phrases: "early exposure to schooling", "improves performance".
    *   Meaning: The text discusses the effect of sending young children to school (pre-kindergarten) early. The word "exposure" here refers to the experience or act of being subjected to schooling.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "vulnerability to the elements" (weather, heat, cold). Incorrect context (not about weather).
    *   Sense 2: "the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience". Example: "exposure of children to pornography". This fits well with "exposure to schooling". Schooling is an influencing experience.
    *   Sense 3: "the disclosure of something secret". Incorrect context (not about secrets).
    *   Sense 4: "aspect resulting from the direction a building... faces". Incorrect context (architecture).
    *   Sense 5: "the state of being vulnerable or exposed". Synonyms: vulnerability. While there's a slight overlap in abstract meaning, the context is about the *act* or *experience* of attending school causing improvement, rather than a state of vulnerability. Sense 2 is more active and fits the "subjecting to an experience" definition.
    *   Sense 6: "intensity of light...". Incorrect context (photography).
    *   Sense 7: "a representation... photograph". Incorrect context (photography).
    *   Sense 8: "the act of exposing film to light". Incorrect context (photography).
    *   Sense 9: "presentation to view...". Incorrect context.
    *   Sense 10: "abandoning without shelter...". Incorrect context.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 5**:
    *   Sense 2: "act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience". "Early exposure to schooling" means the act of subjecting children to the experience of school.
    *   Sense 5: "the state of being vulnerable or exposed". Example: "exposure to ridicule".
    *   The context says early exposure improves performance. This implies an active process or experience (schooling). Schooling is an "influencing experience". Sense 2's definition "act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience" matches "exposure to schooling" perfectly. It frames the schooling as the influencing experience.

5.  **Conclusion**: Sense 2 is the best fit. The phrase "exposure to schooling" parallels the example "exposure of children to pornography" (in structure: exposure to [influencing thing]), where the definition is "act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience".

6.  **Format Output**: JSON object with index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: schooling
Target surface form: schooling
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to <t>schooling</t> improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=schooling%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of teaching at school
2. sense_key=schooling%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=school | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
3. sense_key=schooling%1:04:01:: | definition=the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "schooling" in the context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

Let me analyze the context:
- This is about education policy
- It's discussing "very early exposure to schooling"
- It mentions "improves performance in the first grade"
- It's about young children (pre-kindergarten years mentioned earlier)
- The context is clearly about formal education for children

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. schooling%1:04:00:: - "the act of teaching at school" - This is about the act/process of teaching, the activity from the teacher's perspective.

2. schooling%1:09:00:: - "the process of being formally educated at a school" - synonym: school, example: "what will you do when you finish school?" - This is about the experience/process from the student's perspective - being educated.

3. schooling%1:04:01:: - "the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage)" - This is clearly not applicable; the context is about children's education.

So it's between sense 1 and sense 2.

The context says "very early exposure to schooling" - this refers to children being exposed to the educational experience. The children are the ones receiving education, being exposed to the school environment and educational process.

Sense 2 "the process of being formally educated at a school" fits better because:
- The children are exposed to the process/experience of being educated
- The synonym "school" works well here ("exposure to school")
- The example "what will you do when you finish school?" aligns with the educational journey/progression context
- The context talks about performance in first grade, suggesting the child's experience

Sense 1 is more about the act of teaching from the educator's perspective, but the context is about children's exposure and experience.

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit. The index would be 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: improve
Target surface form: improves
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling <t>improves</t> performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=improve%2:30:01:: | definition=to make better | synonyms=better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The editor improved the manuscript with his changes
2. sense_key=improve%2:30:00:: | definition=get better | synonyms=better, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The weather improved toward evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "improve", and the surface form is "improves" (3rd person singular present tense).
2.  **Analyze the context**: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..."
    *   Subject: "very early exposure to schooling".
    *   Verb: "improves".
    *   Object: "performance in the first grade".
    *   Meaning: The exposure causes the performance to become better. It makes the performance better.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: `improve%2:30:01::` | definition="to make better" | examples="The editor improved the manuscript with his changes". This is a transitive sense (causative). The subject acts on the object to make it better.
    *   Sense 2: `improve%2:30:00::` | definition="get better" | examples="The weather improved toward evening". This is an intransitive sense (ergative/inchoative). The subject itself gets better.
4.  **Compare context to senses**:
    *   The sentence says "exposure to schooling improves performance".
    *   "Exposure" is the agent/cause. "Performance" is the patient/theme undergoing the change.
    *   The structure is Subject + Verb + Object.
    *   Does the exposure *get better*? No.
    *   Does the exposure *make the performance better*? Yes.
    *   Sense 1 ("to make better") fits the transitive structure where the subject affects the object.
    *   Sense 2 ("get better") fits an intransitive structure (e.g., "Performance improves"). While "improve" can be ergative (The weather improved / The fertilizer improved the crop), the specific definition "get better" usually maps to the intransitive usage, whereas "to make better" maps to the transitive usage found here.
5.  **Select the best index**:
    *   Sense 1 is transitive: "to make better".
    *   Sense 2 is intransitive: "get better".
    *   The context is transitive: X improves Y.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Let's double-check WordNet numbering conventions often used in these tasks.
    *   Usually, WordNet lists senses by frequency.
    *   WordNet 3.0 for "improve":
        *   1: make better (verb.change) -> Synonyms: better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate.
        *   2: get better (verb.change) -> Synonyms: better, ameliorate, meliorate.
    *   The provided candidates match this numbering.
    *   Candidate 1: "to make better".
    *   Candidate 2: "get better".
    *   Context: "exposure ... improves performance". This is clearly causative/transitive.

    Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves <t>performance</t> in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses education policy, specifically early childhood education/schooling.
    *   The target sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves <t>performance</t> in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Key phrase: "improves performance in the first grade".
    *   The subject is schooling, education, children in the first grade.
    *   The meaning is about how well the children do in school (academic achievement, functioning as students).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (performance%1:10:00::):* "a dramatic or musical entertainment". Examples: "the play ran for 100 performances".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. The context is academic achievement, not a play or concert.

    *   *Sense 2 (performance%1:04:01::):* "the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Similar to Sense 1, focused on artistic performance.

    *   *Sense 3 (performance%1:04:00::):* "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it". Synonyms: "execution, carrying out". Examples: "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance".
        *   *Fit:* This is a strong contender. It deals with "doing something successfully" and "using knowledge". The example "experience generally improves performance" is somewhat parallel to "schooling improves performance". However, this sense often feels more agentive regarding a specific task or role (like a mayor's job performance).

    *   *Sense 4 (performance%1:04:03::):* "any recognized accomplishment". Examples: "they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs...".
        *   *Fit:* This focuses on a specific feat or accomplishment. While academic performance is an accomplishment, this sense leans towards singular or specific feats of prowess (like a sports game or handling a crisis).

    *   *Sense 5 (performance%1:22:00::):* "process or manner of functioning or operating". Synonyms: "operation, functioning". Examples: "the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds".
        *   *Fit:* This sense describes how well a system or entity functions. In an educational context, "student performance" refers to how well the student functions academically (grades, test scores, etc.). It is often used to describe the output or efficiency of a system or person in a routine capacity. "Academic performance" is a standard collocation. While Sense 3 mentions "using knowledge", Sense 5 captures the operational aspect of how a student performs in the school environment (functioning).

    *   *Comparison between Sense 3 and Sense 5:*
        *   Sense 3 emphasizes the act of doing something successfully using knowledge. The example "experience generally improves performance" is very close to "schooling improves performance".
        *   Sense 5 emphasizes functioning/operating. It is usually applied to machines or systems, but also to people in professional or academic capacities (e.g., job performance, academic performance).
        *   Let's look at the specific phrase "performance in the first grade". Is it the *act* of performing (Sense 3) or the *manner of functioning* (Sense 5)?
        *   Usually, "academic performance" maps to Sense 5 in many WSD datasets because it's a measure of functioning/operation.
        *   However, looking at Sense 3's definition: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it". The distinction "using knowledge" fits school perfectly. The example "experience generally improves performance" fits the context of the text ("early exposure... improves performance").
        *   Let's check Sense 5's examples again: "power of its engine", "plane's operation". These are mechanical.
        *   Let's check Sense 3's examples again: "performance as mayor", "experience generally improves performance". These are human agents performing roles/tasks.
        *   In WordNet 3.0/3.1, "academic performance" is tricky.
            *   Sense 3 (execution): doing something successfully.
            *   Sense 5 (operation): manner of functioning.
        *   Context: "improves performance in the first grade".
        *   If a student has good "performance", they are functioning well. If they have bad "performance", they are functioning poorly.
        *   Often, WSD tasks tag "job performance" or "academic performance" under Sense 5 because it is viewed as a metric of functioning.
        *   *However*, Sense 3's definition includes "using knowledge". The text is explicitly about education (acquiring vs using knowledge?).
        *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: "execution". Let's look at synonyms for Sense 5: "functioning".
        *   Does a student "execute" the first grade? Or do they "function" in the first grade? They "perform" tasks.
        *   Let's look at the phrase "experience generally improves performance" (Sense 3 example). This is semantically almost identical to "early exposure to schooling improves performance".
        *   Let's look at Sense 5 definition: "process or manner of functioning". This is more static/systemic.
        *   Sense 3 definition: "the act of performing... successfully".
        *   The text talks about the result of schooling. Is it the *accomplishment* or the *functioning*?
        *   Let's check OntoNotes or SemCor mappings if I were to simulate a standard linguistic intuition.
        *   Usually, "performance" in "academic performance" is mapped to the "functioning" sense (Sense 5) in modern NLP datasets (like OntoNotes), or the "accomplishment" sense (Sense 4) if referring to a specific test, or "doing something" (Sense 3).
        *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "the act of performing... using knowledge". This seems very specific to the *act* of utilizing skills.
        *   Let's re-read Sense 5: "process or manner of functioning".
        *   Standard collocations: "Job performance", "Engine performance", "System performance". These are usually Sense 5.
        *   "Academic performance" is often analogous to "Job performance".
        *   Let's consider the gloss of Sense 3 again: "using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it". The text contrasts "exposure to schooling" (which implies gaining knowledge/experience) with the result.
        *   Let's look at the specific wording "improves performance".
        *   If I say "The new oil improves the engine's performance", it's Sense 5.
        *   If I say "Training improves the athlete's performance", it could be Sense 5 (overall functioning) or Sense 4 (specific accomplishments).
        *   The example "experience generally improves performance" under Sense 3 is the deciding factor. It relates human experience to human performance in a general way, similar to how schooling (experience) relates to student performance.
        *   Wait, let me double-check the WordNet hierarchy.
        *   Sense 3 is under `act` (noun).
        *   Sense 5 is under `process` (noun).
        *   Is doing schoolwork an act or a process? It's an act.
        *   However, "performance" as a metric (how well you are doing) is often treated as a process/state of functioning.
        *   Let's look at Sense 5's synonyms: "operation, functioning".
        *   Let's look at Sense 3's synonyms: "execution, carrying out".
        *   "Performance in the first grade" refers to the aggregate of academic acts (grades, learning).
        *   Often, WordNet distinguishes between the *act* (Sense 3) and the *manner of functioning* (Sense 5).
        *   For "academic performance" or "student performance", Sense 5 (functioning) is often the preferred mapping in SemCor/OntoNotes because it refers to the level of functioning/efficiency.
        *   Let's look at Sense 3 again. "The act of performing... successfully". This implies a specific instantiation of an act. "His performance of the sonata" (Sense 2). "His performance of the duty" (Sense 3).
        *   But "performance in the first grade" is a general state of how they operate in school.
        *   Therefore, Sense 5 ("manner of functioning") seems to capture the "level of success/efficiency" aspect better than Sense 3, which focuses on the "execution of an act".
        *   Consider the example "performance as mayor" (Sense 3). This is a role performance.
        *   Consider "performance in the first grade". This is also a role/environment performance.
        *   But Sense 5's "manner of functioning" applies to "performance" in a metric sense (high performance, low performance).
        *   Let's check standard WSD conventions. In SemCor, "performance" regarding a computer or machine is Sense 5. What about a student?
        *   Example: "The poor performance of the student."
        *   Sense 5 definition: "process or manner of functioning". This fits "how well the student functions".
        *   Sense 3 definition: "act of ... doing something successfully". This fits the specific acts the student does.
        *   "Improves performance" implies improving the *level* of functioning.
        *   Let's look at Sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment". This is usually specific (Maris's 4 home runs).
        *   The text says "improves performance". This suggests a variable metric.
        *   Sense 5 (Operation/Functioning) is the standard sense for "performance" used as a metric of success/efficiency (e.g., "high performance").
        *   Example: "The drug improves cognitive performance." -> Functioning. Sense 5.
        *   Example: "The training improves the employee's performance." -> Functioning. Sense 5.
        *   Therefore, Sense 5 is the best fit for "student performance" in this context.

    *   *Wait, let me check Sense 3 vs 5 for humans again.*
        *   Sense 3 example: "experience generally improves performance". This specific example makes me hesitate on rejecting Sense 3. The example is explicitly about humans and how experience aids performance.
        *   Sense 5 examples: "engine", "plane". Explicitly mechanical.
        *   WordNet examples are strong clues.
        *   The example "experience generally improves performance" is mapped to Sense 3 in WordNet. The context "early exposure to schooling improves performance" is semantically parallel. Schooling is a form of experience.
        *   Sense 3 definition: "using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it". The context is *education*. This distinction (knowledge vs possession) is the core of educational philosophy mentioned in the text ("educational program").
        *   This strongly points to Sense 3. The "act of doing something successfully... using knowledge".
        *   Although "manner of functioning" (Sense 5) fits the metric aspect, the "using knowledge" aspect of Sense 3 is highly relevant to the specific domain (education) and the examples provided in WordNet for Sense 3 include the exact semantic construction ("X improves performance").

    *   *Re-evaluating Sense 5 vs 3:*
        *   If the text were about a machine, Sense 5 is the winner.
        *   Since the text is about humans (students) and "using knowledge", Sense 3's gloss is a better semantic match for the *domain*, despite Sense 5 covering the "metric" aspect.
        *   The example in Sense 3 "experience generally improves performance" is structurally identical to "early exposure... improves performance".
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the intended answer.

3.  **Final check:**
    *   Target: "improves performance in the first grade".
    *   Sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge..."
    *   Example Sense 3: "experience generally improves performance".
    *   Context: "early exposure to schooling improves performance".
    *   Match: High.
    *   Sense 5: "process or manner of functioning". Examples: engines, planes.
    *   While "academic performance" is a functioning, WordNet's own example for Sense 3 aligns perfectly with the "improves performance" construction regarding humans.

    Let's verify if there is any reason to choose Sense 5. Some linguistic theories map "job performance" to functioning (Sense 5). However, WordNet 3.0 places "performance as mayor" and "experience generally improves performance" under Sense 3 (Execution). This indicates WordNet treats human task execution under Sense 3.

    Therefore, following the WordNet examples strictly:
    Sense 3 is the correct choice.

    Index calculation:
    1. public presentation (dramatic)
    2. act of presenting (dramatic)
    3. act of performing / execution
    4. recognized accomplishment
    5. process/manner of functioning

    The target sense is Sense 3.
    Index is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the <t>first</t> grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "first" in the context "the first grade."

Let me analyze the context:
"We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

Here, "first grade" refers to the first year of formal schooling (typically for 6-7 year olds in the US). This is an ordinal use - indicating the beginning unit in a series of grades (first grade, second grade, third grade, etc.).

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "preceding all others in time or space or degree" - This is more general and could apply, but the examples given are "the first house on the right; the first day of spring" which are spatial/temporal firsts.

2. "indicating the beginning unit in a series" with synonym "1st" - This is specifically about ordinal position in a series, which perfectly describes "first grade" as the initial grade in the series of school grades.

3. "serving to set in motion" with synonyms like "inaugural, initiative" - This is about something that initiates or starts something new, not appropriate for "first grade."

4. "serving to begin" with synonym "beginning" - Examples include "the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse" - This could potentially apply, but it's more about something that serves as a beginning/introduction rather than an ordinal position in a numbered series.

5. "ranking above all others" with synonyms "foremost, world-class" - This is about being best or top-ranked, not applicable here.

6. "highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments" - This is musical context, not applicable.

The best fit is sense 2, as "first grade" is clearly an ordinal position in a series of numbered grades in school. "First" here indicates the beginning unit (grade 1) in the series of elementary school grades.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: grade
Target surface form: grade
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first <t>grade</t>, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=grade%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
2. sense_key=grade%1:26:00:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=level, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=grade%1:07:01:: | definition=the gradient of a slope or road or other surface | examples=the road had a steep grade
4. sense_key=grade%1:23:00:: | definition=one-hundredth of a right angle | synonyms=grad
5. sense_key=grade%1:10:00:: | definition=a degree of ablaut | synonyms=gradation
6. sense_key=grade%1:09:00:: | definition=a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance) | synonyms=mark, score | examples=she made good marks in algebra; grade A milk
7. sense_key=grade%1:07:02:: | definition=the height of the ground on which something stands | synonyms=ground level | examples=the base of the tower was below grade
8. sense_key=grade%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
9. sense_key=grade%1:05:00:: | definition=a variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "grade". The surface form is "grade".
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Key phrases: "early exposure to schooling", "improves performance", "first grade".
    *   The context is about schools, education, children, and cohorts of students moving through the system.
    *   "First grade" refers to the specific year of school, typically for children around 6-7 years old. It implies a group of students at that level or the level itself.
3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `grade%1:14:00::` | definition="a body of students who are taught together" | synonyms=class, form, course.
        *   *Fit*: "First grade" is a specific group of students taught together in their first year of primary school. This fits perfectly with the educational context.
    *   **Sense 2**: `grade%1:26:00::` | definition="a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" | synonyms=level, tier.
        *   *Fit*: While "first grade" is a level, sense 1 specifically refers to the *body of students* or the specific educational stage, which aligns with "schooling" and "performance". However, "first grade" usually denotes the class/year, not a quality tier (like "lumber of the highest grade").
    *   **Sense 3**: `grade%1:07:01::` | definition="the gradient of a slope..."
        *   *Fit*: Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 4**: `grade%1:23:00::` | definition="one-hundredth of a right angle"
        *   *Fit*: Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 5**: `grade%1:10:00::` | definition="a degree of ablaut"
        *   *Fit*: Linguistic term, irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 6**: `grade%1:09:00::` | definition="a number or letter indicating quality..."
        *   *Fit*: "First grade" could theoretically mean "first quality", but the context ("exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade") clearly refers to a stage of education, not a score.
    *   **Sense 7**: `grade%1:07:02::` | definition="the height of the ground..."
        *   *Fit*: Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 8**: `grade%1:07:00::` | definition="a position on a scale of intensity..."
        *   *Fit*: Similar to sense 2, too abstract. "First grade" is an institutional unit/year.
    *   **Sense 9**: `grade%1:05:00::` | definition="a variety of cattle..."
        *   *Fit*: Irrelevant.

4.  **Refine choice between Sense 1 and others**:
    *   "First grade" in the context of "schooling" refers to the specific class or year in school.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a body of students who are taught together". Synonyms: "class".
    *   In US English (indicated by "Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas"), "first grade" is the standard term for the first year of elementary school. This corresponds to the concept of a "class" or "year group".
    *   Does the sentence say performance improves the *group* or the *stage*? It says "performance in the first grade". You perform *during* that year of school. This sense covers the class/group of students or the specific stage of instruction they are in.
    *   Sense 2 ("level/tier") is often used for things like "grade A", "high grade", etc.
    *   Sense 6 ("score/mark") is for individual assessments.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct fit for "first grade" as a school year/class.

5.  **Final Check**:
    *   Context: "...performance in the first grade..."
    *   Sense 1: "a body of students who are taught together" (synonyms: class, form).
    *   This is the standard dictionary definition for "grade" in the context of "first grade", "second grade", etc.

    *   Wait, is there a specific sense for "a stage in a process"?
    *   WordNet often groups "year in school" under "body of students" (Sense 1) or sometimes "level".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "early morning classes are always sleepy". This confirms Sense 1 is used for the school class context.
    *   Let's look at Sense 8: "a moderate grade of intelligence". This is abstract degree.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2: "lumber of the highest grade". This is quality ranking.

    The phrase "first grade" acts as a compound denoting the school class. Sense 1 is the best match.

    Index mapping:
    1. grade%1:14:00:: (body of students) -> Index 1
    2. grade%1:26:00:: (relative position/value) -> Index 2
    ...

    So, the answer is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away."
    *   Topic: Education, early schooling, performance improvement.
    *   Meaning of "difference" here: It refers to the gap or distinction in performance between those who had early exposure and those who didn't (or the state of being different in performance).
    *   Phrase "washed away": The improvement/gap disappears. The quality of being unlike (in performance) diminishes.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (difference%1:07:00::):** "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar". Example: "there are many differences between jazz and rock".
        *   *Fit:* This is the most general and fundamental sense. The context talks about performance improvement, creating a "difference" (a dissimilarity in outcome/level) between the groups. When that difference is "washed away," the quality of being unlike disappears (they become similar again). This fits well. It refers to the state of disparity in performance.

    *   **Sense 2 (difference%1:11:00::):** "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm". Synonyms: deviation, divergence, departure. Example: "the deviation from the mean".
        *   *Fit:* This implies a statistical deviation or a departure from a norm. While performance can be measured statistically, the context is discussing the *advantage* or *disparity* created by early schooling. It's not necessarily a "deviation" in a negative or statistical error sense, but a gap between two conditions. Sense 1 captures the general disparity better than specific deviation from a norm.

    *   **Sense 3 (difference%1:10:00::):** "a disagreement or argument about something important". Synonyms: dispute, difference of opinion, conflict.
        *   *Fit:* Clearly incorrect. The text is not talking about an argument.

    *   **Sense 4 (difference%1:24:00::):** "a significant change". Example: "the difference in her is amazing".
        *   *Fit:* This usually refers to a change in state or character ("a world of difference," "made a difference"). In the context "the difference is quickly washed away," it could refer to the *change* (improvement) fading. However, "difference" usually implies the *result* of the change—a distinction or gap relative to a baseline—rather than the process of change itself. The "difference" here is the measurable distinction in performance levels. Sense 1 is the core concept of "unlikeness" (Group A vs Group B). Sense 4 is often idiomatic ("make a difference"). Here, the "difference" is the effect size or the gap. The gap is a quality of being unlike.

    *   **Sense 5 (difference%1:23:00::):** "the number that remains after subtraction".
        *   *Fit:* Arithmetic definition. Not applicable here.

3.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Context: "improves performance... but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Is it a "significant change" (Sense 4) or "the quality of being unlike" (Sense 1)?
    *   If you have early schooling, you perform better. You are *unlike* the control group. There is a difference between the two groups.
    *   Sense 1 is the standard definition for a distinction or disparity between two things (groups, times, objects).
    *   Sense 4 ("significant change") is often used in phrases like "make a difference" or "what a difference a day makes." While the improvement *is* a change, the noun phrase "the difference" in this sentence refers to the gap/advantage relative to the norm or other students. The "washing away" implies the gap closes. The closing of a gap is the elimination of "unlikeness" (Sense 1).
    *   Let's look at WordNet hierarchies often used in WSD.
    *   Sense 1 (quality of being unlike) covers disparity.
    *   Sense 4 (significant change) often borders on "effect" or "impact". However, in WN 3.0/3.1 mappings, Sense 1 is the primary hypernym for distinctness.
    *   Example for Sense 1: "there are many differences between jazz and rock". This structural comparison fits the comparison between students with early schooling and those without.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the most precise linguistic fit for a comparative disparity that disappears.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   The text describes a disparity in performance (a gap) created by early schooling.
    *   This disparity is a "quality of being unlike" (Sense 1).
    *   It is not a dispute (Sense 3).
    *   It is not a mathematical result (Sense 5).
    *   It is not strictly a "deviation from the norm" in the sense of Sense 2 (though related, Sense 1 is the parent concept).
    *   It is not a "significant change" in the sense of a transformation of character (Sense 4), but rather a measurable distinction between conditions.

    Sense 1 is the safest and most accurate core definition.

    Let's double check Sense 4. "A significant change."
    Sentence: "improves performance... but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    Could it be the "impact" or "change"?
    Usually, Sense 4 is for "The difference in her is amazing" (she has changed). Here, the "difference" is external (performance scores). The scores are different. That is Sense 1 (unlikeness).
    "Washed away" implies the distinction no longer exists.
    Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Let's re-read Sense 2. "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm".
    If the standard is "normal performance," the early schooled kids deviate (higher). Then the deviation is washed away.
    However, Sense 1 is the general "quality of being unlike". "Differences between jazz and rock". "Differences in performance".
    Usually, unless "deviation" is explicit, the general sense (Sense 1) covers "difference in [attribute]".
    Context: "the difference [in performance]".
    Sense 1 examples: "there are many differences between jazz and rock".
    This fits "differences in performance".
    Sense 2 examples: "the deviation from the mean".
    This is more statistical jargon. The text is general prose.
    I will stick with Sense 1.

    Indexing:
    sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: -> index 1.
    sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: -> index 2.
    sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: -> index 3.
    sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: -> index 4.
    sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: -> index 5.

    Selection: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: quickly
Target surface form: quickly
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00:: | definition=with rapid movements | synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace | examples=he works quickly
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02:: | definition=with little or no delay | synonyms=promptly, quick | examples=the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03:: | definition=without taking pains | synonyms=cursorily | examples=he looked cursorily through the magazine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target:** "quickly"
    *   **Context:** "...the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away."
    *   **Sentence:** "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   **Meaning:** The sentence discusses how early schooling benefits fade or disappear soon after. The "difference" (the benefit/gap) disappears rapidly over time.
    *   **Syntactic function:** Adverb modifying a verb phrase ("washed away") or a passive construction.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `quickly%4:02:00::`
        *   Definition: "with rapid movements"
        *   Synonyms: rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace
        *   Examples: "he works quickly"
        *   Analysis: This sense usually applies to physical actions performed with speed or the manner in which an agent moves or acts (e.g., running, working). "Washed away" is the action here, but it's an abstract process (the fading of a difference), not a physical movement performed by an agent with rapid limb movements. While "rapidly" is a synonym, the specific nuance of "rapid movements" feels slightly off for an abstract disappearance over a duration (even a short one).

    *   **Sense 2:** `quickly%4:02:02::`
        *   Definition: "with little or no delay"
        *   Synonyms: promptly, quick
        *   Examples: "the rescue squad arrived promptly"; "come here, quick!"
        *   Analysis: This sense relates to the timing or immediacy of an event occurring. Something happens without delay. In the context "the difference is quickly washed away," the meaning is that the effect disappears soon after the first grade. It happens without much delay or after a short time interval. This fits the aspectual nature of the change of state. "The difference fades quickly/rapidly."

    *   **Sense 3:** `quickly%4:02:03::`
        *   Definition: "without taking pains"
        *   Synonyms: cursorily
        *   Examples: "he looked cursorily through the magazine"
        *   Analysis: This is about the manner of looking or doing something superficially. Clearly not applicable here.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 ("with rapid movements") focuses on the *manner* of an action, often physical. Example: "He ran quickly."
    *   Sense 2 ("with little or no delay") focuses on the *time/speed* of an event happening. Example: "It ended quickly."
    *   The context is: "the difference is quickly washed away." This is a change of state. The fading happens fast. Is it a "rapid movement"? No, it's an event occurring with speed.
    *   However, looking at the synonyms for Sense 1: "rapidly, speedily". Looking at the definition for Sense 1: "with rapid movements". WordNet definitions can be schematic.
    *   Let's look at the mapping of "rapidly" vs "promptly".
    *   If I say "the difference was washed away rapidly," does that fit Sense 1? The definition "with rapid movements" is specific to physical motion in the gloss, but the synonyms "rapidly" and "speedily" apply to speed of action generally.
    *   Sense 2's definition "with little or no delay" implies promptness (arriving on time or immediately).
    *   In the context "difference is quickly washed away", the meaning is that the erosion of the benefit happens fast.
    *   Let's check standard usage.
    *   If I say "He ran quickly," it's Sense 1.
    *   If I say "He arrived quickly," it's Sense 2 (little delay).
    *   If I say "The water drained quickly," is it rapid movement (Sense 1) or little delay (Sense 2)?
    *   The text says "the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 distinctions:
        *   00259563-r: with rapid movements (syn: apace, chop-chop, quickly, rapidly, speedily).
        *   00259840-r: with little or no delay (syn: promptly, quickly, quick).
    *   Context: "the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   The "wash away" is metaphorical here (fading/eroding). It happens over a short duration.
    *   Does it happen "with little or no delay"? "Afterward [after first grade] the difference is quickly washed away." This suggests a process starting soon or happening fast. It implies speed.
    *   Let's look at the overlap. "Quickly" is polysemous.
    *   If something happens "quickly" (duration), it is usually Sense 1 (speed/rapidly). Example: "The meeting ended quickly." = It ended rapidly.
    *   Sense 2 ("with little or no delay") is often used for punctual events or responses. "He quickly answered." "Come here quick."
    *   The context "washed away" implies a process or an event occurring over a duration (even if short).
    *   Synonyms for Sense 1: rapidly, speedily. "The difference was rapidly washed away." This sounds correct.
    *   Synonyms for Sense 2: promptly. "The difference was promptly washed away." This sounds like it happened immediately as if on a schedule, which isn't quite the meaning. The meaning is about the speed of the fading, not the promptness of the start.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 ("rapidly") seems to capture the semantics of "happening fast/with speed" better than Sense 2 ("promptly/without delay").
    *   Although the definition for Sense 1 says "with rapid movements", in WordNet, the synonym cluster {rapidly, speedily} attached to Sense 1 is the general "fast" sense for events/actions, whereas Sense 2 is specific to "promptness" or "immediate response".
    *   Let's reconsider the "movements" part of Sense 1. WordNet glosses are schematic. The examples "he works quickly" (Sense 1) show that it applies to activities, not just leg movements.
    *   "Washed away" describes an effect. The speed of the effect is the focus.
    *   Sense 2 (promptly) is usually for discrete events: "Arrived promptly." "Replied promptly."
    *   Sense 1 (rapidly) is for the manner/duration: "works quickly", "ran quickly".
    *   Here, "washed away" is a change of state. The state changes rapidly.
    *   Let's check Sense 1 vs Sense 2 with "disappeared". "He disappeared quickly."
        *   Did he disappear promptly (Sense 2)? Or did the disappearance happen rapidly (Sense 1)?
        *   Usually, we'd say "He rapidly disappeared" (Sense 1).
    *   Let's look at the nuances. "Promptly" (Sense 2) often implies adherence to a time constraint (e.g., "paid promptly"). "Rapidly" (Sense 1) implies high velocity or short duration.
    *   The text says the difference is "quickly washed away" *afterward*. It doesn't mean it happened immediately after first grade (promptly). It means the *process* of washing away happened fast once it started, or that the duration of the difference was short. It implies the fading was rapid.
    *   "Rapidly" (Sense 1) fits "washed away" better than "promptly" (Sense 2).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit despite the "movements" gloss, relying on the synonym "rapidly" and the example "he works quickly" which denotes speed of action rather than promptness of arrival.

    *   Wait, let's look at the examples again.
    *   Sense 1: "he works quickly". Activity.
    *   Sense 2: "the rescue squad arrived promptly". Arrival/Event.
    *   Sense 1 synonyms: rapidly, speedily.
    *   Sense 2 synonyms: promptly.
    *   The context: "difference is ... washed away".
    *   Is "washed away" an activity or an event?
    *   It is a change of state event.
    *   If I say "The car accelerated quickly", it is Sense 1.
    *   If I say "The car stopped quickly", it is Sense 1 (short duration of stopping).
    *   If I say "The car arrived quickly", it is Sense 2 (little delay in travel time).
    *   "Washed away" is akin to "stopped" or "disappeared" (change of state with duration/velocity).
    *   "The difference disappeared quickly." -> "The difference disappeared rapidly." (Sense 1).
    *   "The difference disappeared promptly." (Sense 2 - implies it did so obediently or right on cue). This doesn't fit the semantic contour of the sentence as well as "rapidly". The sentence discusses the *endurance* of the educational benefit. The benefit fades *fast*. Fading fast = fading rapidly.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Let's double check Sense 1 gloss "with rapid movements". This is a limitation of the WordNet gloss for a polysemous adverb. "Quickly" covers both "fast movement/action" and "short duration". Sense 1 captures "fast action" (works quickly, ran quickly). "Washed away quickly" means the washing away action happened with speed. The definition "with rapid movements" is metaphorically extended to the "movement" of the change of state. The synonym "rapidly" is the key key.

    Sense 2 is strictly about "promptness" or lack of delay in a temporal scheduling sense (arriving on time, doing something immediately upon request). The context is not about promptness (doing something when expected), but about the nature of the decline (fast).

    Decision: Sense 1.

    Final check:
    Target: quickly
    Context: "...the difference is quickly washed away."
    Meaning: The difference disappears fast.
    Synonym replacement: "...the difference is rapidly washed away." -> Matches Sense 1 synonyms.
    Replacement: "...the difference is promptly washed away." -> Matches Sense 2 synonyms, but changes meaning slightly (implies immediacy rather than speed of process).
    Sense 1 example: "he works quickly" (manner of action).
    Sense 2 example: "squad arrived promptly" (punctuality).
    The disappearance of the educational benefit is a process described by its speed (manner), not its punctuality. Thus Sense 1.

    Wait, is there a case for Sense 2?
    "With little or no delay."
    Could it mean "without delay, the difference was washed away"?
    "Afterward [the delay was little] the difference was washed away."
    The text says "afterward the difference is quickly washed away". "Afterward" sets the timeline. "Quickly" modifies "washed away". The *washing away* is the process. The process is fast.
    If I say "The ice melted quickly", I mean the melting process was rapid (Sense 1), not that the ice melted promptly at 2:00 PM (Sense 2).
    "Washed away" is semantically similar to "melted" or "eroded".
    Thus, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Index mapping:
    Sense 1 -> index 1
    Sense 2 -> index 2
    Sense 3 -> index 3

    Result: Index 1.

provider: DigitalOcean