[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: physical
Target surface form: physical
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires <t>physical</t> dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=physical%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit | examples=physical exercise; physical suffering
2. sense_key=physical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics | examples=physical sciences; physical laws
3. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:material:01 | definition=having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses | examples=a physical manifestation; surrounded by tangible objects
4. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:natural:03 | definition=according with material things or natural laws (other than those peculiar to living matter) | examples=a reflex response to physical stimuli
5. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:energetic:00 | definition=characterized by energetic bodily activity | examples=a very physical dance performance
6. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:forceful:00 | definition=impelled by physical force especially against resistance | synonyms=forcible, strong-arm | examples=forcible entry; a real cop would get physical
7. sense_key=physical%5:00:02:material:01 | definition=concerned with material things | examples=physical properties; the physical characteristics of the earth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target word: "physical"
    *   Phrase: "...requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   Contrast: The text explicitly contrasts "physical dexterity" with "intense mental concentration".
    *   Activity: Change-ringing involves moving heavy bells (some weigh more than a ton). This requires bodily effort and skill.
    *   Key phrase: "dexterity" (skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands). "Physical dexterity" means bodily skill.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit".
        *   Examples: "physical exercise", "physical suffering".
        *   Context match: The text contrasts "physical dexterity" with "mental concentration". This sense perfectly captures the body vs. mind distinction made in the sentence. Ringing heavy bells involves bodily movement and effort.

    *   **Sense 2:** "relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics".
        *   Examples: "physical sciences", "physical laws".
        *   Context match: Incorrect. The context is about ringing bells, not physics or science.

    *   **Sense 3:** "having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses".
        *   Examples: "a physical manifestation".
        *   Context match: While bells are physical objects, the adjective modifies "dexterity". Dexterity isn't a material object in that sense; it's an attribute of a person involving bodily movement. Sense 1 is a better fit for the adjective modifying a human attribute/skill in contrast to mental activity.

    *   **Sense 4:** "according with material things or natural laws (other than those peculiar to living matter)".
        *   Examples: "reflex response to physical stimuli".
        *   Context match: Too scientific/abstract. "Physical dexterity" refers to the use of the body.

    *   **Sense 5:** "characterized by energetic bodily activity".
        *   Examples: "a very physical dance performance".
        *   Context match: This is close. Ringing heavy bells is energetic. However, the explicit contrast in the text is between "physical" and "mental". Sense 1 ("involving the body as distinguished from the mind") captures the *contrast* better than Sense 5 (which emphasizes the energy level). Furthermore, "dexterity" implies skill involving the body. Sense 1 covers the domain of the body vs mind. Sense 5 is often used for sports or fights (e.g., "it got physical"). The text is describing a skill ("dexterity"), not just the intensity of the activity. Sense 1 is the standard definition for "physical" when contrasted with "mental".

    *   **Sense 6:** "impelled by physical force especially against resistance".
        *   Examples: "forcible entry".
        *   Context match: Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** "concerned with material things".
        *   Examples: "physical properties".
        *   Context match: Incorrect. Again, this usually refers to objects, not human faculties.

3.  **Refine the choice:**
    *   The sentence says: "...requires physical dexterity ... combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   The structure "physical [noun] ... combined with ... mental [noun]" strongly supports Sense 1 ("involving the body as distinguished from the mind").
    *   Sense 5 ("energetic bodily activity") is a subset of Sense 1 in many contexts, but the defining characteristic here is the *type* of skill (bodily vs mental), not just the energy. The WordNet definition for Sense 1 is the standard definition for this usage (body vs mind/spirit).
    *   Sense 1 examples: "physical exercise". Bell ringing is a form of exercise/activity involving the body.
    *   Sense 1 is the precise fit for the antonymy with "mental".

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some <t>bells</t> weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Form:**
    *   Lemma: bell
    *   Form: bells (plural noun)

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The context discusses "East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."
    *   It mentions "church bells".
    *   It talks about "ringing" them.
    *   It mentions "Change-ringing" and "playing tunes on bells".
    *   It mentions some bells "weigh more than a ton".
    *   It mentions "highest-pitched bell to the lowest".
    *   It describes them as physical objects hung in churches that are struck or swung to make sound.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".
        *   This fits the general definition of church bells. The text mentions "Aslacton bells", "church bells", weighing more than a ton, ringing, pealing. This is the primary physical object definition.

    *   **Sense 2:** "a push button at an outer door... | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer".
        *   Incorrect. The context is about large church bells, not doorbells.

    *   **Sense 3:** "the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll".
        *   Incorrect. While the text mentions the sound ("pealing"), the specific instances "Aslacton bells", "church bells", and "some bells weigh more than a ton" refer to the physical instruments, not just the sound event. "Saved by the bell" is a specific idiom example given for this sense. Here, the bells are physical objects being rung by people.

    *   **Sense 4:** "(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units... | synonyms=ship's bell".
        *   Incorrect. The context is land-based church bells in England, not nautical time.

    *   **Sense 5:** "the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana".
        *   Incorrect. While church bells have a bell shape, the text refers to the objects themselves that are rung, weighed, and played, not the abstract geometric shape.

    *   **Sense 6, 7, 8:** Proper nouns (Melville Bell, Vanessa Bell, Alexander Graham Bell).
        *   Incorrect. The text refers to musical instruments in a church tower.

    *   **Sense 9:** "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong".
        *   This is close, as it is a musical instrument. However, the specific context here is English church bells used for "change-ringing". Sense 1 is the hypernym for the hollow metal device. Sense 9 refers specifically to orchestral chimes or tubular bells. The text explicitly distinguishes the English style (swinging large bells for change-ringing) from the "less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons...". Church bells are usually categorized under the general "hollow device" definition (Sense 1) in WordNet hierarchies, whereas Sense 9 is often specific to the orchestral instrument or a specific type of setup (chimes/gong). Let's check the definition of Sense 1 again. "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck". This covers church bells perfectly. Sense 9 implies "struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument". While carillons use hammers, English change-ringing bells are usually swung (though they have clappers that strike them). The text focuses on the physical device in the church tower. Sense 1 is the standard definition for a church bell.

    *   **Sense 10:** "the flared opening of a tubular device".
        *   Incorrect. Context is musical instruments.

4.  **Refine Choice between Sense 1 and Sense 9:**
    *   Sense 1: Hollow metal device.
    *   Sense 9: Orchestral percussion instrument / chime.
    *   Context: "church bells", "weigh more than a ton", "change-ringing".
    *   Church bells are the quintessential example of Sense 1. Sense 9 is defined as "a percussion instrument ... used as an orchestral instrument". Church bells are not primarily orchestral instruments in this context; they are church bells. WordNet often separates the specific orchestral instrument (Sense 9) from the general object (Sense 1). Even though they are played, they are the "hollow device made of metal".
    *   Let's look at the distinction. Sense 1 is the standard entry for "bell" (the object found in towers). Sense 9 is "chime, gong". The text uses the word "bells", not "chimes". The text actually contrasts English bells with carillons.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   The text refers to physical objects ("weigh more than a ton").
    *   They are metal devices.
    *   They make ringing sounds.
    *   This matches Sense 1 exactly.

6.  **Output Generation:**
    *   Selected index: 1.
    *   Format: JSON.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: weigh
Target surface form: weigh
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells <t>weigh</t> more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=weigh%2:42:01:: | definition=have a certain weight
2. sense_key=weigh%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=consider, count | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient
3. sense_key=weigh%2:42:00:: | definition=determine the weight of | synonyms=librate | examples=The butcher weighed the chicken
4. sense_key=weigh%2:42:03:: | definition=have weight; have import, carry weight | synonyms=count, matter | examples=It does not matter much
5. sense_key=weigh%2:42:04:: | definition=to be oppressive or burdensome; , | synonyms=press | examples=weigh heavily on the mind; Something pressed on his mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: *weigh*
    *   Target surface form: *weigh*
    *   Context sentence: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells **weigh** more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   Key phrase: "some bells weigh more than a ton".
    *   Meaning: The bells possess a specific physical property (weight). Their mass is over one ton.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `weigh%2:42:01::` | definition=have a certain weight.
        *   Context match: "some bells weigh more than a ton". This describes the physical attribute of the bells. They *have* a weight of more than a ton.
        *   Fit: Excellent.

    *   **Sense 2:** `weigh%2:32:00::` | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=consider, count.
        *   Context match: No. This is a cognitive/mental verb (weighing options). The context is about physical objects (bells).
        *   Fit: Poor.

    *   **Sense 3:** `weigh%2:42:00::` | definition=determine the weight of | synonyms=librate | examples=The butcher weighed the chicken.
        *   Context match: No. This is the act of measuring weight (transitive verb). The bells are not measuring anything; they *are* heavy.
        *   Fit: Poor.

    *   **Sense 4:** `weigh%2:42:03::` | definition=have weight; have import, carry weight | synonyms=count, matter.
        *   Context match: No. This is metaphorical importance. "It doesn't matter". The context is physical mass.
        *   Fit: Poor.

    *   **Sense 5:** `weigh%2:42:04::` | definition=to be oppressive or burdensome | synonyms=press.
        *   Context match: No. This is metaphorical burden. "weigh heavily on the mind".
        *   Fit: Poor.

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 clearly matches the usage "X weighs Y amount", describing the physical weight of an object.

4.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the index number (1, 2, 3, 4, or 5).
    *   Selected index: 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: intense
Target surface form: intense
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with <t>intense</t> mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=intense%3:00:00:: | definition=possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree | examples=intense heat; intense anxiety
2. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:sharp:04 | definition=extremely sharp or intense | synonyms=acute | examples=acute pain; felt acute annoyance
3. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:saturated:03 | definition=(of color) having the highest saturation | synonyms=vivid | examples=vivid green; intense blue

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `intense`
    *   Target surface form: `intense`
    *   Context snippet: "...combined with <t>intense</t> mental concentration."
    *   The phrase is "intense mental concentration".
    *   The context is discussing "change-ringing", a difficult exercise requiring physical dexterity and mental concentration.
    *   The word "intense" modifies "mental concentration". It describes the *degree* or *quality* of the concentration.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `intense%3:00:00::`
        *   Definition: "possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree"
        *   Examples: "intense heat", "intense anxiety"
        *   Analysis: This is the general sense of "intense" meaning "extreme", "high degree", or "strong". It applies to abstract qualities like heat, anxiety, and indeed, concentration. "Intense concentration" fits this definition perfectly—displaying the feature (concentration) to a heightened degree.

    *   **Sense 2:** `intense%5:00:00:sharp:04`
        *   Definition: "extremely sharp or intense" (Wait, the definition uses the word itself, which is circular, but the synonym is `acute`). Actually, looking at the synonyms/examples: synonyms=acute, examples="acute pain", "felt acute annoyance".
        *   Analysis: This sense usually relates to sharpness (physical or metaphorical) or suddenness/severity, often associated with pain or annoyance. While concentration can be "sharp", the word "intense" here is emphasizing the *effort* and *depth* of the focus, not necessarily the "sharpness" or "acuteness" in the sense of a needle or a sudden pang. The synonym "acute" doesn't fit "mental concentration" as well as Sense 1's general "heightened degree".

    *   **Sense 3:** `intense%5:00:00:saturated:03`
        *   Definition: "(of color) having the highest saturation"
        *   Synonyms: vivid
        *   Examples: "vivid green", "intense blue"
        *   Analysis: This is specific to color. "Intense mental concentration" is not a color. This is incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and the context:**
    *   The context describes "mental concentration" as being high or extreme.
    *   Sense 1 covers "heightened degree". This fits "intense concentration" (similar to "intense heat" or "intense anxiety" in the examples).
    *   There are no other senses provided that fit better. Sense 1 is the general adjective sense for high intensity.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the meaning of "extreme" or "high degree" applied to an abstract noun (concentration).

5.  **Formatting the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mental
Target surface form: mental
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense <t>mental</t> concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mental%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the mind or an intellectual process | examples=mental images of happy times; mental calculations
2. sense_key=mental%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the mind | examples=mental powers; mental development
3. sense_key=mental%3:01:03:: | definition=of or relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects and certain mollusks
4. sense_key=mental%3:01:04:: | definition=of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw | synonyms=genial
5. sense_key=mental%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=affected by a disorder of the mind | examples=a mental patient; mental illness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "mental"
    *   Context sentence: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense <t>mental</t> concentration."
    *   Key phrase: "intense mental concentration".
    *   The context contrasts "physical dexterity" (handling heavy bells) with "mental concentration". It describes an activity that requires thinking, focus, and intellectual effort.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "involving the mind or an intellectual process". Examples: "mental images", "mental calculations".
        *   This fits the idea of "mental concentration" as an intellectual process. It distinguishes the cognitive aspect from the physical aspect.
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to the mind". Examples: "mental powers", "mental development".
        *   This is a broader relational sense. "Mental concentration" does relate to the mind. However, sense 1 ("involving the mind or an intellectual process") seems more specific to the *activity* or *process* described here (concentration is a process). Let's look closer at the distinction between 1 and 2 in WordNet.
        *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 distinctions:
            *   Adjective 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process (e.g., mental calculation).
            *   Adjective 2: of or relating to the mind (e.g., mental health).
        *   "Concentration" is an intellectual process. Therefore, "mental concentration" describes concentration that involves the mind/intellectual process. Sense 1 is often used for activities (calculations, arithmetic, images, concentration) whereas Sense 2 is often used for attributes or fields (hygiene, age, powers).
    *   Sense 3: "of or relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects and certain mollusks".
        *   Irrelevant anatomical sense.
    *   Sense 4: "of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw".
        *   Irrelevant anatomical sense.
    *   Sense 5: "affected by a disorder of the mind".
        *   Irrelevant. No one is talking about illness here.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 vs. Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 (involving the mind or an intellectual process): "Mental concentration" is a standard collocation. Concentration is a process. The context describes "change-ringing" as an "exercise" requiring "dexterity... combined with intense mental concentration". This focuses on the *doing* or the *process* of thinking.
    *   Sense 2 (of or relating to the mind): This is a general relational sense. While technically true (it is relating to the mind), Sense 1 is more specific to the active engagement of the mind in a task.
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy/examples again.
        *   Sense 1 examples: "mental images", "mental calculations". These are active processes/things generated by the mind.
        *   Sense 2 examples: "mental powers", "mental development". These are attributes or states.
    *   "Concentration" acts like "calculation" (Sense 1). It is an act or process.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   The phrase "mental concentration" refers to the intellectual effort/process required to ring the bells correctly.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1's definition: "involving the mind or an intellectual process".
    *   Index: 1.

5.  **Formatting:**
    *   Return JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concentration
Target surface form: concentration
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concentration%1:07:02:: | definition=the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
2. sense_key=concentration%1:07:03:: | definition=the spatial property of being crowded together | synonyms=density, denseness, tightness, compactness
3. sense_key=concentration%1:04:01:: | definition=strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material
4. sense_key=concentration%1:11:00:: | definition=increase in density
5. sense_key=concentration%1:09:00:: | definition=complete attention; intense mental effort | synonyms=engrossment, absorption, immersion
6. sense_key=concentration%1:04:02:: | definition=bringing together military forces
7. sense_key=concentration%1:07:01:: | definition=great and constant diligence and attention | synonyms=assiduity, assiduousness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: concentration
    *   Context snippet: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>."
    *   Key phrase: "intense mental <t>concentration</t>"

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume" (Chemistry context).
    *   Sense 2: "the spatial property of being crowded together" (Spatial/Physical density).
    *   Sense 3: "strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material" (Process of concentrating).
    *   Sense 4: "increase in density" (General density increase).
    *   Sense 5: "complete attention; intense mental effort" (Cognitive process).
    *   Sense 6: "bringing together military forces" (Military context).
    *   Sense 7: "great and constant diligence and attention" (Trait/behavior).

3.  **Evaluate the fit of each sense against the context:**
    *   The context describes an activity (change-ringing) requiring "physical dexterity" combined with "intense mental [concentration]".
    *   The adjective "mental" strongly signals a cognitive state.
    *   The adjective "intense" supports the idea of high focus.

    *   Sense 1 (Solution strength): Incorrect. No chemistry involved.
    *   Sense 2 (Spatial crowding): Incorrect. Not about physical proximity.
    *   Sense 3 (Strengthening solution): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (Density increase): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5 (Complete attention; intense mental effort): Correct. The gloss matches "intense mental effort". The context "intense mental concentration" aligns perfectly with this definition. The synonyms (engrossment, absorption, immersion) fit the activity of change-ringing well.
    *   Sense 6 (Military forces): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 7 (Great and constant diligence): This is close (diligence and attention), but Sense 5's definition "complete attention; intense mental effort" maps more directly to the specific act of focusing one's mind during a specific task (change-ringing) described in the text as "intense mental concentration". Sense 7 often implies a character trait or sustained habit (assiduity), whereas Sense 5 is about the act of focusing attention.

4.  **Differentiate between Sense 5 and Sense 7:**
    *   Sense 5 definition: "complete attention; intense mental effort".
    *   Sense 7 definition: "great and constant diligence and attention".
    *   Context phrase: "intense mental concentration".
    *   The context emphasizes the immediate mental effort required to perform the exercise ("mind-boggling exercise... requires... intense mental concentration").
    *   Sense 5 explicitly mentions "intense mental effort" in the gloss, which is a near-exact match for the context phrase "intense mental concentration". Sense 7 is slightly more abstract or behavioral (diligence).
    *   Therefore, Sense 5 is the best fit.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense corresponds to index 5 (1-based indexing typically used in these prompts, or based on the numbered list provided). The list provided has indices 1 through 7.
    *   Selected index: 5.

    Let's double check the numbering.
    1. concentration%1:07:02:: ...
    2. concentration%1:07:03:: ...
    3. concentration%1:04:01:: ...
    4. concentration%1:11:00:: ...
    5. concentration%1:09:00:: ... ("complete attention; intense mental effort")
    6. concentration%1:04:02:: ...
    7. concentration%1:07:01:: ...

    Yes, index 5.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper <t>English</t> bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "English" in this passage.

The target word "English" appears in this sentence:
"Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

The two candidate senses are:
1. english%3:01:00:: - of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people
2. english%3:01:01:: - of or relating to the English language

In this context, "English bells" refers to bells that are characteristic of England or its culture - specifically bells used in the English tradition of change-ringing, which is described as something "the English invented 380 years ago." The passage is discussing a cultural practice specific to England, comparing it to continental European carillons.

The reference to "English bells" is not about the English language - it's about bells that are characteristically English in design, usage, or cultural significance. The passage is describing a specific English cultural tradition of bell-ringing, contrasting it with continental European practices.

Therefore, the correct sense is the first one: "of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people."

The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English <t>bells</t> are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the User's Request:**
    *   Task: Fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   Target lemma: bell.
    *   Target surface form: bells.
    *   Context: A paragraph about church bell ringing in England, mentioning "church bells", "playing tunes on bells", "change-ringing", "some bells weigh more than a ton", "12 bells", "order in which the bells sound".
    *   Candidate senses: 10 options provided with sense keys, definitions, synonyms, and examples.
    *   Constraint 1: Choose the single best indexed sense.
    *   Constraint 2: Do not hedge.
    *   Constraint 3: Use context, examples, and synonyms.
    *   Constraint 4: Return *only* a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. Do not output the sense key.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "nearly a third of England's church **bells** are no longer rung..."
    *   "playing tunes on **bells**..."
    *   "some **bells** weigh more than a ton..."
    *   "as many as 12 **bells**..."
    *   "...order in which the **bells** sound..."
    *   The context refers to large metal musical instruments found in churches, specifically the hollow metal devices that are struck to make sound.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1: bell%1:06:00::* - "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".
        *   This fits perfectly. It covers church bells, heavy bells (weighing more than a ton), and bells used in change-ringing.
    *   *Sense 2: bell%1:06:02::* - "a push button at an outer door..." (doorbell/buzzer).
        *   Incorrect. The text speaks of weighing more than a ton and being rung on Sundays. Doorbells don't weigh a ton.
    *   *Sense 3: bell%1:11:00::* - "the sound of a bell being struck".
        *   Incorrect. While the text mentions the sound ("bells sound"), the instances of "bells" refer to the physical objects being rung ("bells are no longer rung", "bells weigh more than a ton").
    *   *Sense 4: bell%1:28:00::* - "(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units..."
        *   Incorrect. This is about church bells, not timekeeping on a ship.
    *   *Sense 5: bell%1:25:00::* - "the shape of a bell".
        *   Incorrect. The text refers to the physical objects, not just their geometric shape.
    *   *Sense 6, 7, 8: bell%1:18:xx::* - People (Alexander Graham Bell, etc.).
        *   Incorrect. These are proper nouns/people. The context refers to musical instruments.
    *   *Sense 9: bell%1:06:04::* - "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells... used as an orchestral instrument" (chime, gong).
        *   This is close, as they are percussion instruments. However, Sense 1 is the general definition for the physical object (the church bell itself). Sense 9 often refers to specific orchestral chimes or gongs. While church bells are percussion instruments, Sense 1 is the core definition of "a hollow device made of metal...". Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy.
        *   In WordNet, `bell%1:06:00` is the direct hyponym of `acoustic device`. It is the generic term for the object.
        *   Sense 9 (`bell%1:06:04`) is defined as a "percussion instrument...". Church bells are percussion instruments.
        *   Let's check the distinction. Sense 1 is usually the general "church bell" or "hand bell" object. Sense 9 (often mapped to `chime` or `glockenspiel` concepts in some versions) implies a specific orchestral setup or a set of bells functioning as a single instrument entity (chime).
        *   However, the text says "12 bells". These are individual bells. "Proper English bells are started off...".
        *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. "a hollow device...". This is the standard definition for a church bell.
        *   Let's look at Sense 9 again. Definition: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells...". The text mentions "as many as 12 bells". It treats them as countable individual objects ("bells are no longer rung", "weigh more than a ton"). Sense 9 seems to define the *instrument* (the chime/orchestral bell setup) as a whole, often singular or collective.
        *   Actually, looking at WordNet 3.x structure:
            *   `bell%1:06:00` (artifact) -> hyponyms include `cowbell`, `diving bell`, `doorbell`, `handbell`, `church bell`.
            *   `bell%1:06:04` (artifact) -> synonyms `chime`, `gong`. This sense is often used for orchestral tubular bells or gongs.
        *   The context specifically discusses "church bells" (mentioned explicitly in the first sentence). WordNet usually treats "church bell" as a specific hyponym of Sense 1. However, among the choices provided here, Sense 1 is the general physical object. Sense 9 is a specific type of orchestral instrument.
        *   Church bells are best described by Sense 1 (the hollow metal device). Even though they are percussion instruments, Sense 9 usually refers to orchestral chimes or tubular bells, not the massive bronze bells swinging in a church tower.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit for the general physical object described.
    *   *Sense 10: bell%1:06:03::* - "the flared opening of a tubular device".
        *   Incorrect. Context is about ringing and weight.

4.  **Refine the Choice:**
    *   The text discusses "church bells". These are hollow metal devices struck to make sound.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".
    *   This matches perfectly. The mention of weight ("more than a ton") confirms they are physical devices (Sense 1), not sounds (Sense 3), shapes (Sense 5), or buttons (Sense 2).
    *   Sense 9 is a distractor because bells are percussion instruments, but Sense 9's definition ("consisting of a set of tuned bells... used as an orchestral instrument") fits orchestral chimes/tubular bells better than the traditional English change-ringing church bells described here. Church bells are distinct from the orchestral instrument "tubular bells" (often called "bells" in an orchestra).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Target: "Proper English <t>bells</t>..."
    *   Context: "...church bells...", "...weigh more than a ton...", "...12 bells..."
    *   Sense 1: "hollow device made of metal..." -> Matches the physical object in a church tower.
    *   Result: Sense 1.

6.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: round
Target surface form: rounds
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "<t>rounds</t>, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=round%1:06:01:: | definition=a charge of ammunition for a single shot | synonyms=unit of ammunition, one shot
2. sense_key=round%1:28:01:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
3. sense_key=round%1:15:00:: | definition=a regular route for a sentry or policeman | synonyms=beat | examples=in the old days a policeman walked a beat and knew all his people by name
4. sense_key=round%1:04:00:: | definition=(often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order) | examples=the doctor goes on his rounds first thing every morning; the postman's rounds
5. sense_key=round%1:04:03:: | definition=the activity of playing 18 holes of golf | synonyms=round of golf | examples=a round of golf takes about 4 hours
6. sense_key=round%1:04:01:: | definition=the usual activities in your day | synonyms=daily round | examples=the doctor made his rounds
7. sense_key=round%1:28:00:: | definition=(sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive | synonyms=turn, bout
8. sense_key=round%1:17:00:: | definition=the course along which communications spread | examples=the story is going the rounds in Washington
9. sense_key=round%1:13:01:: | definition=a serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic) | synonyms=round of drinks | examples=he ordered a second round
10. sense_key=round%1:13:00:: | definition=a cut of beef between the rump and the lower leg
11. sense_key=round%1:10:00:: | definition=a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time | synonyms=troll | examples=they enjoyed singing rounds
12. sense_key=round%1:10:01:: | definition=an outburst of applause | examples=there was a round of applause
13. sense_key=round%1:06:03:: | definition=a crosspiece between the legs of a chair | synonyms=rung, stave
14. sense_key=round%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=circle | examples=the machine punched out metal circles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:**
    *   Target lemma: "round"
    *   Target surface form: "rounds"
    *   Context: The text describes church bell ringing in England. Specifically, it mentions "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds', from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale..."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The domain is campanology (bell ringing).
    *   The phrase "started off in rounds" refers to a specific state or sequence of the bells.
    *   The definition provided immediately after in the text clarifies: "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale".
    *   This implies a sequence, an order, or a cycle of ringing.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (ammunition):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 2 (interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs):* This is a strong candidate. The definition mentions "recurring sequence of events". The synonyms are "cycle, rhythm". In bell ringing, "rounds" is a specific sequence (descending scale) that repeats or serves as the basis for the "change-ringing" mentioned later. It fits the idea of a cycle or a structured sequence.
    *   *Sense 3 (sentry/policeman route):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 4 (professional calls):* Irrelevant (doctor/postman rounds).
    *   *Sense 5 (golf):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 6 (daily activities):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 7 (sports division):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 8 (communications spread):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 9 (serving of drinks):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 10 (cut of beef):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 11 (partsong/canon):* This involves music and voices following each other. While bells make music, "rounds" in bell ringing is distinct from a vocal round (like "Row, Row, Row Your Boat"). The text describes a "descending scale" played in unison/rhythm, not necessarily a canon where voices start at different times (though change-ringing varies the order). However, the text defines "rounds" here specifically as the descending scale order.
    *   *Sense 12 (applause):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 13 (chair rung):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 14 (circular mechanism):* Irrelevant.

4.  **Deep Dive into Bell Ringging Terminology vs. WordNet:**
    *   In campanology, "rounds" refers to ringing the bells in sequence from highest to lowest (or vice versa) in a steady rhythm. It is a specific *sequence* or *pattern*.
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 2: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs". Synonyms: "cycle, rhythm". This seems the closest fit among the provided options. It captures the "sequence" aspect.
    *   Let's look at Sense 11 (partsong). A musical "round" is a specific form (like a canon). Is bell "rounds" related? Not really. Bell "rounds" is the orderly state before the "changes" start.
    *   Let's look at Sense 14 (circular mechanism). No.
    *   Is there a sense missing? WordNet often lacks highly specialized terminology, or maps it to broader categories.
    *   Let's look at the text definition again: "a simple descending scale".
    *   Sense 2 defines "round" as a cycle/rhythm. In change ringing, the bells are rung in a cycle.
    *   Wait, let's check if there is a better fit for a "series" or "sequence".
    *   Sense 1:04:00 and 1:04:01 refer to rounds as series of activities (doctor's rounds, daily round).
    *   Sense 1:28:01 (cycle/rhythm). The text mentions "without altering the steady rhythm". The bells strike in a sequence. "Rounds" is the name for that specific recurring sequence of sounds.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 11: Sense 11 is a music theory term. Bell ringing is musical, but "rounds" here is defined as a specific order of notes (descending scale), not a contrapuntal composition technique where voices enter staggered.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 6/4: Sense 6/4 are about human routines.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 seems the best "container" for this meaning among the choices. It describes a recurring sequence. The text says "started off in rounds... descending scale". It implies a recurring pattern of bell strikes.

    *   *Alternative interpretation:* Could it be Sense 11? Is "rounds" in bell ringing considered a type of musical round?
    *   Wikipedia/Campanology definition: "Ringing rounds is the simplest form of change ringing... the bells are rung in order from the highest to the lowest." This is distinct from a "round" in singing (a canon). Therefore, Sense 11 is incorrect based on technical music definitions vs bell definitions.
    *   Sense 2 defines it as an "interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs". This fits the mechanical/abstract nature of the bells striking in a sequence. It matches the synonym "cycle". The bells cycle through the notes 1, 2, 3, 4... in order.

    *   Let's check if there is a sense regarding "series of calls" (Sense 4) but applied to bells? No, that's specific to professions.
    *   Let's check Sense 1:28:00 (sports division/turn). No.

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 2. "The never-ending cycle of the seasons". "Rounds" in bell ringing is a cycle of the bells sounding.
    *   Is there a better match?
    *   The text describes "rounds" as a state/mode of ringing.
    *   If I have to choose the *single best* indexed sense from this specific list, Sense 2 (cycle/rhythm) is the only one that deals with recurring sequences of events/actions in a way that fits an operational process like bell ringing.

    *   Let's double-check the exact WordNet hierarchy.
    *   WordNet 3.1 or 3.0 usually has a specific sense for "round" in bell ringing? Or perhaps it's mapped to the musical sense?
    *   Actually, checking external resources: "round" in bell ringing is often associated with a *series*.
    *   Is there a sense for "series"?
    *   Sense 1:04:00 (series of professional calls).
    *   Sense 1:04:01 (daily round).
    *   Sense 1:28:01 (cycle).
    *   If I look at the context "started off in rounds", it is a noun.
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 2 again: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs".
    *   In bell ringing, you ring "a round" (or "rounds"). It is an interval of ringing where the sequence is 1-2-3-4...
    *   This aligns with Sense 2.

    *   Let's look at the gloss for Sense 14: "any circular or rotating mechanism". This is physical. "Rounds" in the text is a method/action.
    *   Let's look at Sense 11: "a partsong...". The gloss is very specific to voices joining one after another. In bell ringing "rounds", they ring in order down the scale, typically evenly spaced. It's not a canon (which is what a musical "round" is). So Sense 11 is technically incorrect for the specific campanology term, though bells are instruments. The text describes "started off in 'rounds' ... a simple descending scale". This contradicts the "voices follow each other... until all are singing different parts" definition of Sense 11. In bell rounds, they are playing the *same* sequence/beat, just different notes.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 (cycle/rhythm) remains the strongest candidate abstractly. The bells go through a cycle.

    *   Let's check if there's another sense hidden in the list.
    *   Sense 9: serving to each of a group.
    *   Sense 1: ammunition.

    *   Let's confirm Sense 2 index.
    *   The list provided in the prompt:
        1. ammo
        2. interval/cycle (1:28:01)
        3. sentry beat
        4. professional calls
        5. golf
        6. daily round
        7. sports division
        8. communications
        9. drinks
        10. beef
        11. partsong
        12. applause
        13. chair rung
        14. circular mechanism

    *   In WordNet 3.0/3.1, the sense `round%1:28:01::` is defined as "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs".
    *   Does "rounds" in bell ringing fit this?
    *   Yes. The bells strike in a sequence. This sequence repeats. It is a cycle. The term "rounds" refers to this repetitive cycling of the bells in order.
    *   Example in WN: "the never-ending cycle of the seasons".
    *   Context example: "started off in rounds". They ring the bells in the recurring sequence (rounds) before moving to "change-ringing".

    *   Is there any ambiguity with Sense 11? A "round" in music is a canon. "Row, row, row your boat". Does the text imply this? The text says: "descending scale ... varying the order". Change ringing is mathematically distinct from a musical round. The text explicitly distinguishes the "less complicated version" (carillons) from change-ringing. Rounds is the starting point.
    *   Conclusion: Sense 11 is a distractor based on the word "bells" and "music", but the gloss defines a musical form that is not "rounds" in bell ringing.
    *   Conclusion: Sense 2 captures the "recurring sequence" aspect of the bells striking in order.

    *   Let's look at Sense 4/6 again. These are "rounds" of a person. "Doctor goes on his rounds". This is a *series* of actions.
    *   In bell ringing, "rounds" is a series of sounds. However, the "professional calls" or "daily activities" glosses are semantically restricted to human behavior/routines.
    *   Sense 2 (cycle) is more abstract and applies to physical processes/events (like seasons). The bells striking is a physical process/event sequence.

    *   Decision: Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high-pitched
Target surface form: highest-pitched
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high-pitched%3:00:00:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high
2. sense_key=high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01 | definition=set at a sharp or high angle or slant | examples=a high-pitched roof

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   **Task:** Perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   **Target Lemma:** `high-pitched`
    *   **Target Surface Form:** `highest-pitched`
    *   **Context:** A paragraph about English church bell ringing (change-ringing). The specific sentence is: "Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   **Candidate Senses:**
        1.  `high-pitched%3:00:00::`: used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency (synonyms: high).
        2.  `high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01`: set at a sharp or high angle or slant (examples: a high-pitched roof).
    *   **Constraints:** Choose the single best indexed sense, do not hedge, do not output sense keys, output *only* a JSON object `{"sense_index": N}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses church bells.
    *   The phrase "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest" refers to a "descending scale".
    *   Scales and bells relate to musical notes and sound frequencies.
    *   "Highest-pitched" describes the auditory quality of the bell (how high or low the note is).
    *   The comparison "to the lowest" confirms we are talking about a spectrum of sound frequency (pitch), not a physical angle or slant.

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency".
        *   Matches the context perfectly. Bells produce sounds/sounds have pitch. A "descending scale" goes from high pitch to low pitch.
    *   **Sense 2:** "set at a sharp or high angle or slant".
        *   This sense applies to physical objects like roofs.
        *   Bells hang, but describing a bell as "highest-pitched" in the context of a musical scale clearly refers to sound, not the physical angle of the bell itself or its hanging mechanism. The phrase "highest-pitched bell" would not make sense referring to an angle in this context.

4.  **Determine the Best Sense:**
    *   The context describes a musical scale and the sounds produced by bells.
    *   Sense 1 is the standard definition for sound frequency/pitch.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user requested JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   Target: `highest-pitched`.
    *   Context: "...from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale..."
    *   Logic: Pitch refers to sound frequency here.
    *   Selection: Index 1.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched <t>bell</t> to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:** "bell" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   "...nearly a third of England's church **bells** are no longer rung on Sundays..."
    *   "...playing tunes on **bells**, as do the carillons..."
    *   "...some **bells** weigh more than a ton..."
    *   "...Proper English **bells** are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched **bell** to the lowest..."
    *   "...the **bells** sound without altering the steady rhythm..."

    The context is clearly about physical objects found in church towers, made of metal, weighing tons, rung by people (ringers), and used to produce sound (striking). It mentions "church bells", "weigh more than a ton", "highest-pitched", "lowest", etc.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `bell%1:06:00::` | definition="a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".
        *   *Analysis:* This definition perfectly matches the physical objects described in the text. Church bells are hollow metal devices that make a ringing sound. The text mentions them being rung, weighing a ton, and sounding. This fits perfectly.

    *   **Sense 2:** `bell%1:06:02::` | definition="a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed".
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. The text refers to church bells, not doorbells.

    *   **Sense 3:** `bell%1:11:00::` | definition="the sound of a bell being struck".
        *   *Analysis:* The target sentence is "from the highest-pitched *bell* to the lowest". While "bell" refers to an object that makes sound, the usage here refers to the specific physical unit ("using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells"). The text distinguishes between the *object* (Sense 1) and the *sound* (Sense 3). In "the bells sound", "bells" are the subject causing the action, implying the object. In "highest-pitched bell", it refers to the specific instrument, not just the abstract sound event. Sense 1 is the hypernym for the physical instrument. Sense 3 is usually for phrases like "the bell rang" where "bell" acts as the sound metonymically, or specific idioms. Here, we are counting them ("12 bells"), weighing them ("weigh more than a ton"), and pitching them. These are properties of the physical device. Sense 1 is the correct choice for the concrete noun.

    *   **Sense 4:** `bell%1:28:00::` | definition="(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time...".
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. Context is church bells, not nautical time.

    *   **Sense 5:** `bell%1:25:00::` | definition="the shape of a bell".
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. While bells have a bell shape, the text discusses ringing them, their weight, and their pitch. It refers to the objects themselves, not the geometric shape as a concept.

    *   **Sense 6, 7, 8:** Proper nouns (people).
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 9:** `bell%1:06:04::` | definition="a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument" | synonyms=chime, gong.
        *   *Analysis:* This is close, but the definition specifies "orchestral instrument" or "chime/gong". The context is "church bells" rung by ropes (implied by "ringers" and "change-ringing", though the definition of Sense 1 covers the general device). Sense 1 is the general definition for the metal device. Sense 9 is often "chimes" or "tubular bells". Church bells are the classic instance of Sense 1. Even if one argues church bells are instruments, Sense 1 is the foundational definition ("a hollow device..."). Sense 9 usually refers to orchestral chimes. Church bells are the primary referent of Sense 1.

    *   **Sense 10:** `bell%1:06:03::` | definition="the flared opening of a tubular device".
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. Context is church bells.

4.  **Conclusion:** The text describes physical metal devices in a church used for ringing. Sense 1 defines exactly this: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".

    Let's double check Sense 3 vs Sense 1.
    Sense 3: "the sound of a bell".
    Context snippet: "...highest-pitched bell to the lowest..."
    Pitch is a property of the sound, but the "bell" itself is the object possessing that property. A "high-pitched bell" is an object that produces a high-pitched sound. If it were Sense 3, it would be "the highest-pitched *toll*" or similar. But "12 bells" are counted. You count objects, not sounds (usually).
    Therefore, it is the physical object (Sense 1).

    Let's double check Sense 9 vs Sense 1.
    Sense 9: "a set of tuned bells... orchestral instrument".
    The context mentions "playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons". Carillons are sets of bells. However, the specific target sentence is "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest".
    Furthermore, the text contrasts carillons (continental) with "Proper English bells" (change ringing).
    Sense 1 is the generic noun for the individual object. A church bell is a specific instance of Sense 1. Sense 9 seems to be for the instrument *set* or orchestral chimes. The individual bell in a church tower fits Sense 1 best.

    Choice: Sense 1.

    Index mapping:
    1 -> sense_key=bell%1:06:00::


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: low
Target surface form: lowest
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the <t>lowest</t> -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=low%3:00:02:: | definition=less than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=low prices; the reservoir is low
2. sense_key=low%3:00:01:: | definition=literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension | examples=low ceilings; low clouds
3. sense_key=low%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=very low in volume | synonyms=low-toned | examples=a low murmur; the low-toned murmur of the surf
4. sense_key=low%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=unrefined in character | examples=low comedy
5. sense_key=low%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency | synonyms=low-pitched
6. sense_key=low%5:00:00:contemptible:00 | definition=of the most contemptible kind | synonyms=abject, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy | examples=abject cowardice; a low stunt to pull
7. sense_key=low%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, lowly, modest, small | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
8. sense_key=low%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=no longer sufficient | synonyms=depleted | examples=supplies are low; our funds are depleted
9. sense_key=low%5:00:00:humble:00 | definition=subdued or brought low in condition or status | synonyms=broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated | examples=brought low; a broken man
10. sense_key=low%5:00:00:dejected:00 | definition=filled with melancholy and despondency | synonyms=gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down | examples=gloomy at the thought of what he had to face; gloomy predictions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The target word is "lowest" (superlative of "low").
    *   Sentence: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds, 'from the highest-pitched bell to the **lowest** -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Context clues: "highest-pitched bell", "descending scale", "bells".
    *   The text describes the pitch/frequency of the sound produced by the bells. It contrasts "highest-pitched" with "lowest".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   1. `low%3:00:02::` | definition=less than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=low prices... (Not about amount/price).
    *   2. `low%3:00:01::` | definition=literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension | examples=low ceilings... (Not about physical height of an object, though bells are objects, the context is "highest-pitched" vs "lowest", referring to sound properties, not vertical position).
    *   3. `low%5:00:00:soft:04` | definition=very low in volume | synonyms=low-toned | examples=a low murmur... (Not about volume/loudness, but pitch).
    *   4. `low%5:00:00:unrefined:01` | definition=unrefined in character... (Irrelevant).
    *   5. `low%5:00:00:unrefined:01` | definition=used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency | synonyms=low-pitched. (This matches perfectly. The context mentions "highest-pitched bell to the lowest", explicitly referencing pitch).
    *   6. `low%5:00:00:contemptible:00` | definition=of the most contemptible kind... (Irrelevant).
    *   7. `low%5:00:00:inferior:01` | definition=low or inferior in station or quality... (Irrelevant).
    *   8. `low%5:00:00:insufficient:00` | definition=no longer sufficient... (Irrelevant).
    *   9. `low%5:00:00:humble:00` | definition=subdued or brought low in condition or status... (Irrelevant).
    *   10. `low%5:00:00:dejected:00` | definition=filled with melancholy... (Irrelevant).

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The text explicitly contrasts "highest-pitched" with the target word "lowest".
    *   The domain is bells and sound.
    *   Sense 5 defines "low" as "used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency" and lists the synonym "low-pitched".
    *   This is an exact match for the context of a descending scale of bell pitches.

4.  **Format the Output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 5 is the correct index.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: "...from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest..."
    *   Sense 5: "used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency".
    *   Match: Yes.