[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of <t>ringers</t>, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Task: Perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   Target lemma: "ringer".
    *   Target surface form: "ringers".
    *   Context: A news article about a church in Aslacton, England, specifically discussing the tradition of bell-ringing. The text mentions "five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells", "herald every Sunday morning and evening service", and "only one local ringer remains".
    *   Candidate Senses:
        1.  A person who rings church bells.
        2.  A person who is almost identical to another (dead ringer).
        3.  A contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses.
        4.  (Horseshoes) a successful throw encircling a stake.
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text describes an ancient stone church, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, and people pulling on ropes attached to bells.
    *   The specific sentence with the target word is: "Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own 'band' of <t>ringers</t>, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service."
    *   The word refers to people who operate the church bells.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1:* "a person who rings church bells".
        *   Definition matches the context perfectly (church setting, pulling ropes attached to bells, summoning congregation/evensong).
        *   Synonyms "toller", "bell ringer" fit.
    *   *Sense 2:* "a person who is almost identical to another".
        *   Context does not support this meaning (no mention of lookalikes).
    *   *Sense 3:* "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses".
        *   Context does not support this meaning (no mention of sports cheating or substitutions).
    *   *Sense 4:* "(horseshoes) the successful throw...".
        *   Context does not support this meaning (noun referring to a game action, not the person described in the text).

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct sense. The context is explicitly about church bell ringing.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The instruction asks to return only a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Since Sense 1 is the correct one, the index should be 1.

    Wait, let me check the indexing convention. Usually, lists are 1-indexed in these prompts unless specified otherwise.
    List:
    1. ringer%1:18:02:: (church bells)
    2. ringer%1:18:01:: (lookalike)
    3. ringer%1:18:00:: (fake contestant)
    4. ringer%1:04:00:: (horseshoes)

    The matching sense is the first item in the list. So the index is 1.

    Let's double check the sense keys provided.
    Sense 1 key: `ringer%1:18:02::`.
    Sense 2 key: `ringer%1:18:01::`.
    Sense 3 key: `ringer%1:18:00::`.
    Sense 4 key: `ringer%1:04:00::`.

    WordNet 3.0 or 3.1 usually lists "dead ringer" or "lookalike" often as a primary sense in general usage frequency, but in WordNet structure, the sense keys determine the specific sense.
    However, based on the *provided list*, the "church bell ringer" definition is item #1.
    The text says: "...its own 'band' of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service."
    This refers to people ringing bells. Definition 1 is "a person who rings church bells".
    This is a perfect match.

    Result: Sense index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sunday
Target surface form: Sunday
Context:
ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every <t>Sunday</t> morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sunday%1:28:00:: | definition=first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians | synonyms=Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun
2. sense_key=sunday%1:18:00:: | definition=United States evangelist (1862-1935) | synonyms=Billy Sunday, William Ashley Sunday

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The context uses "Sunday" to refer to a day of the week, specifically "every Sunday morning and evening service."
Sense 1: first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians. This fits perfectly with the context of a church and its services.
Sense 2: United States evangelist (1862-1935). This is a person and does not fit the context at all.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: morning
Target surface form: morning
Context:
ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday <t>morning</t> and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=morning%1:28:00:: | definition=the time period between dawn and noon | synonyms=morn, morning time, forenoon | examples=I spent the morning running errands
2. sense_key=morning%1:10:00:: | definition=a conventional expression of greeting or farewell | synonyms=good morning
3. sense_key=morning%1:28:01:: | definition=the first light of day | synonyms=dawn, dawning, aurora, first light, daybreak, break of day | examples=we got up before dawn; they talked until morning
4. sense_key=morning%1:11:00:: | definition=the earliest period | synonyms=dawn | examples=the dawn of civilization; the morning of the world

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: "morning"
    *   Context: A passage describing a church in rural England, bell ringers, and services. The specific phrase is "every Sunday <t>morning</t> and evening service".
    *   Candidate senses: 4 options provided with definitions, synonyms, and examples.
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context Sentence:**
    *   Sentence: "Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own 'band' of ringers, who would herald every Sunday <t>morning</t> and evening service."
    *   Usage: "Sunday morning and evening service".
    *   Meaning: It refers to a specific time of day when the service takes place. It is contrasted with "evening". It refers to the time period after dawn and before noon.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "the time period between dawn and noon"
        *   Synonyms: morn, morning time, forenoon
        *   Examples: "I spent the morning running errands"
        *   Analysis: This fits perfectly. "Sunday morning" refers to the time period before noon. The context mentions "Sunday morning ... service". Services are typically held in the morning (forenoon).

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "a conventional expression of greeting or farewell"
        *   Synonyms: good morning
        *   Examples: (implied usage as a greeting)
        *   Analysis: This is an interjection/sentence adverb usage (e.g., "He said 'Good morning'"). In the text, "morning" is a noun modifying "service" or part of a temporal adverbial phrase "every Sunday morning". It is not a greeting here.

    *   **Sense 3:**
        *   Definition: "the first light of day"
        *   Synonyms: dawn, dawning, aurora, first light, daybreak, break of day
        *   Examples: "we got up before dawn"
        *   Analysis: While "morning" can metaphorically mean dawn, in the phrase "Sunday morning and evening service", it refers to the standard time block (morning service), not the specific moment the sun rises. A "morning service" happens at 10 or 11 AM, usually, not right at dawn.

    *   **Sense 4:**
        *   Definition: "the earliest period"
        *   Synonyms: dawn
        *   Examples: "the dawn of civilization"
        *   Analysis: This is a metaphorical/temporal sense regarding history (e.g., "morning of his life"). The context is clearly about the time of day for a church service.

4.  **Comparison:**
    *   Sense 1 is the standard noun sense referring to the time of day.
    *   Sense 2 is a greeting.
    *   Sense 3 is "dawn/sunrise".
    *   Sense 4 is metaphorical "beginning".

    The phrase "Sunday morning" is the standard collocation for the time period between dawn and noon. Sense 1 is the correct match.

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The index for Sense 1 is 1.
    *   JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evening
Target surface form: evening
Context:
ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and <t>evening</t> service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evening%1:28:00:: | definition=the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall) | synonyms=eve, even, eventide | examples=he enjoyed the evening light across the lake
2. sense_key=evening%1:28:01:: | definition=a later concluding time period | examples=it was the evening of the Roman Empire
3. sense_key=evening%1:28:02:: | definition=the early part of night (from dinner until bedtime) spent in a special way | examples=an evening at the opera

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "evening" in this passage.

The context mentions:
- "this cool autumn evening" - referring to the time of day
- "Sunday morning and evening service" - referring to church services held at specific times of day

In the first instance, "this cool autumn evening" clearly refers to the time of day - the latter part of the day when it's getting dark. This matches sense 1: "the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)".

In the second instance, "Sunday morning and evening service", it also refers to the time of day when services are held - the evening service would be a service held in the latter part of the day.

Sense 1 (evening%1:28:00::) = "the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)" - this fits both usages in the context.

Sense 2 (evening%1:28:01::) = "a later concluding time period" with example "it was the evening of the Roman Empire" - this is a metaphorical/metonymic use meaning "the end/decline period of something", which doesn't fit here.

Sense 3 (evening%1:28:02::) = "the early part of night (from dinner until bedtime) spent in a special way" with example "an evening at the opera" - this emphasizes how the evening is spent, with a focus on activities/events, which doesn't quite match the context as directly as sense 1.

The best match is sense 1, which refers to the time of day - the latter part of the day before nightfall.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: service
Target surface form: service
Context:
ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening <t>service</t>. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=service%1:04:08:: | definition=work done by one person or group that benefits another | examples=budget separately for goods and services
2. sense_key=service%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of help or assistance | examples=he did them a service
3. sense_key=service%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of public worship following prescribed rules | synonyms=religious service, divine service | examples=the Sunday service
4. sense_key=service%1:14:05:: | definition=a company or agency that performs a public service; subject to government regulation
5. sense_key=service%1:04:07:: | definition=employment in or work for another | examples=he retired after 30 years of service
6. sense_key=service%1:14:00:: | definition=a force that is a branch of the armed forces | synonyms=military service, armed service
7. sense_key=service%1:18:00:: | definition=Canadian writer (born in England) who wrote about life in the Yukon Territory (1874-1958) | synonyms=Robert William Service
8. sense_key=service%1:07:00:: | definition=a means of serving | synonyms=avail, help | examples=of no avail; there's no help for it
9. sense_key=service%1:06:00:: | definition=tableware consisting of a complete set of articles (silver or dishware) for use at table | synonyms=table service
10. sense_key=service%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of mating by male animals | synonyms=servicing | examples=the bull was worth good money in servicing fees
11. sense_key=service%1:04:09:: | definition=(law) the acts performed by an English feudal tenant for the benefit of his lord which formed the consideration for the property granted to him
12. sense_key=service%1:04:02:: | definition=(sports) a stroke that puts the ball in play | synonyms=serve | examples=his powerful serves won the game
13. sense_key=service%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of delivering a writ or summons upon someone | synonyms=serving, service of process | examples=he accepted service of the subpoena
14. sense_key=service%1:04:05:: | definition=periodic maintenance on a car or machine | synonyms=overhaul, inspection and repair | examples=it was time for an overhaul on the tractor
15. sense_key=service%1:04:06:: | definition=the performance of duties by a waiter or servant | examples=that restaurant has excellent service

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `service`
    *   Target surface form: `service`
    *   Context sentence: "Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond." (Preceded by: "...who would herald every Sunday morning and evening <t>service</t>.")
    *   Key phrases: "church", "bells", "ringers", "Sunday morning and evening", "service".
    *   Meaning in context: The text describes a church setting, bells ringing to call people to worship. The "service" refers to the religious ceremony or act of public worship occurring on Sunday morning and evening.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: work done by one person or group that benefits another.* (e.g., "goods and services"). Incorrect. This is an economic context.
    *   *Sense 2: an act of help or assistance.* (e.g., "he did them a service"). Incorrect. This implies a favor.
    *   *Sense 3: the act of public worship following prescribed rules.* (Synonyms: religious service, divine service. Examples: "the Sunday service"). **Correct.** This matches the church setting and the timing (Sunday morning and evening).
    *   *Sense 4: a company or agency that performs a public service.* Incorrect. Not an organization here.
    *   *Sense 5: employment in or work for another.* Incorrect. Not about employment history.
    *   *Sense 6: a force that is a branch of the armed forces.* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 7: Canadian writer...* Incorrect. Proper noun, not applicable.
    *   *Sense 8: a means of serving.* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 9: tableware...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 10: the act of mating by male animals.* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 11: (law) the acts performed by an English feudal tenant...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 12: (sports) a stroke that puts the ball in play.* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 13: (law) the act of delivering a writ...* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 14: periodic maintenance on a car or machine.* Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 15: the performance of duties by a waiter or servant.* Incorrect.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 3 is the clear winner. The context explicitly mentions "Sunday morning and evening service" in a church setting with bells and parishioners. The example "the Sunday service" provided in Sense 3 matches the context almost perfectly.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object with the format `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The index for Sense 3 is 3.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Context: "herald every Sunday morning and evening service".
    *   Definition: "the act of public worship following prescribed rules".
    *   Match: Perfect.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: Now
Context:
Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. <t>Now</t>, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "Now" in this passage.

The context is:
"Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own 'band' of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. <t>Now</t>, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere."

The target word "Now" appears at the beginning of a sentence that contrasts with the previous description. The previous sentence describes how St. Michael "once had its own 'band' of ringers" in the past. Then "Now" introduces the current state of affairs: "only one local ringer remains."

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events
This doesn't seem to fit because the text isn't narrating a series of past events in historical present tense. It's contrasting the past state of the church bell ringers with the current situation.

2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today
This could fit. The author is contrasting how things used to be ("once had") with how they are "now" (in the present times).

3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request
This doesn't fit. The author isn't giving a command, reproof, or request.

4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present
This could also fit. The author is describing the current situation with the bell ringers.

5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening
This doesn't fit. The author isn't talking about something happening immediately.

6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity
This could fit because "Now" is used to transition from describing the past to describing the present situation.

7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past
This doesn't fit. The author isn't referring to the immediate past.

Looking at the context more carefully, "Now" is used to contrast the past situation (the church "once had its own 'band' of ringers") with the present situation ("only one local ringer remains"). It seems to be functioning both to indicate "in these times" (sense 2) and as a transitional marker (sense 6).

However, the more precise meaning here is "in these times" or "nowadays" - it's contrasting the past state with the current state, indicating how things are in the present time. The transitional function is secondary to this temporal contrast. The phrase "only one local ringer remains" indicates a current state, not just a change of subject.

Let's compare senses 2 and 4 more closely:

Sense 2: "in these times; - Nancy Mitford" with synonyms "nowadays, today" and examples like "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished"

Sense 4: "at the present moment" with synonyms "at present" and examples like "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator"

Both could fit, but the context suggests a broader temporal contrast rather than a specific present moment. The author is describing how the situation has changed over time - there used to be a band of ringers, but now (in these times, nowadays) only one remains. This aligns better with sense 2.

Also, the transitional aspect (sense 6) is relevant but the primary function here is temporal contrast, making sense 2 the better fit.

So I believe the best sense is sense 2.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, <t>only</t> one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `only`
    *   Context sentence: "Now, **only** one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond."
    *   Preceding context: Describes the history of the church bells and the "band" of ringers who used to herald services.
    *   Following context: "The others here today live elsewhere."
    *   Meaning in context: There used to be a band of ringers. Now, there is a single person left. The word "only" here emphasizes the singularity and exclusivity of the remaining ringer. It implies that there are no other local ringers left. It restricts the number to one.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `definition=and nothing more` | `synonyms=merely, simply, just, but` | `examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time`
        *   *Analysis:* This usually modifies an action or a state to minimize it (e.g., "I was only joking"). In the context "only one local ringer remains," "merely" fits syntactically ("merely one local ringer remains"), but the core meaning isn't about minimizing the action, it's about the exclusive count. "Merely" implies "nothing more than." While "only one" can be "nothing more than one," there is a stronger sense of exclusivity here (he is the *sole* survivor). Let's keep looking.

    *   **Sense 2:** `definition=without any others being included or involved` | `synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone` | `examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children`
        *   *Analysis:* The definition "without any others being included or involved" fits perfectly with the idea that Derek Hammond is the *sole* remaining local ringer. The synonyms "exclusively" and "solely" fit well here. "Solely one local ringer remains" works. "Alone, one local ringer remains" works. The previous sentence mentions a "band of ringers," and now there is just one. He is the exclusive holder of that status (local ringer). This sense captures the notion of limitation to a single entity out of a previously larger group. This looks like a strong candidate.

    *   **Sense 3:** `definition=with nevertheless the final result` | `examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead...`
        *   *Analysis:* This is the "only to" construction indicating an ironic or counter-expectation result. Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 4:** `definition=in the final outcome` | `examples=These news will only make you more upset`
        *   *Analysis:* This implies a progression or cumulative effect. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 5:** `definition=except that` | `examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better`
        *   *Analysis:* This is a conjunction use. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6:** `definition=never except when` | `synonyms=only if, only when` | `examples=call me only if your cold gets worse`
        *   *Analysis:* Conditional use. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 7:** `definition=as recently as` | `examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago`
        *   *Analysis:* Temporal limitation implying recentness. Not applicable.

3.  **Differentiate Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 ("and nothing more" / "merely") vs Sense 2 ("without any others" / "exclusively").
    *   Context: "Now, **only** one local ringer remains."
    *   If we use Sense 1 (merely, just): "Now, just one local ringer remains." This is grammatical and very common. It implies the number is small.
    *   If we use Sense 2 (solely, exclusively): "Now, solely one local ringer remains." Or "Now, there is exclusively one local ringer remaining."
    *   The distinction in WordNet (and general linguistics) between "merely/just" (Sense 1) and "solely/exclusively" (Sense 2) often hinges on whether the focus is on limitation (it's just X) or exclusion of others (it's X and no one else).
    *   In the phrase "only one," "only" acts as a focuser restricting the numeral. It means "no more than" (Sense 1) *and* "solely/exclusively" (Sense 2).
    *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy or standard usage mapping.
    *   WordNet 3.0 distinguishes these adverbs.
    *   Sense 1 examples: "I was merely asking"; "it is simply a matter of time". These are scalar/minimizing uses.
    *   Sense 2 examples: "was entirely to blame"; "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children". These are exclusivity uses.
    *   Which fits "only one local ringer remains" better? The contrast is with the past "band of ringers." The point is that the others are gone. Derek Hammond is the *sole* survivor.
    *   Let's try the substitution test with the synonyms provided.
        *   Sense 1 synonyms: "merely one local ringer remains", "just one local ringer remains". (Very natural).
        *   Sense 2 synonyms: "solely one local ringer remains" (a bit awkward but semantically accurate), "exclusively one local ringer remains" (awkward).
    *   However, let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "and nothing more". Meaning: It is one, not two, not three. It restricts the number. "I have only five dollars" -> I have five dollars and no more.
        *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved". Meaning: Only he is involved; the others are not.
    *   In "Only one local ringer remains," the "one" defines the quantity. "Only" restricts it to that quantity. Does it mean "merely one" (it's a small number, implying scarcity) or "solely one" (he is the only one)?
    *   Often, WordNet maps "only [numeral]" to the sense synonymous with "just" (Sense 1 in this list, though WordNet numbering varies). "I spoke to him only an hour ago" (Sense 7 here, but often grouped with 1 in other schemes). "There are only two ways..."
    *   Let's look at the specific senses provided in the prompt again.
    *   Sense 1 examples: "I was merely asking". This is minimizing the action.
    *   Sense 2 examples: "was entirely to blame". This excludes other causes/people.
    *   Context: "Now, only one local ringer remains... The others here today live elsewhere."
    *   The text explicitly mentions the exclusion of others ("The others... live elsewhere"). This points toward Sense 2 (exclusion/others not involved).
    *   However, usually, "only one" is treated as the limitation of quantity. "There is only one piece of cake left."
    *   Let's compare "merely" (Sense 1) and "solely" (Sense 2).
    *   "He is merely a child." vs "He is solely responsible."
    *   "Only one remains."
    *   Is it Sense 1? "and nothing more". It's one, nothing more than one. This fits the quantity restriction perfectly.
    *   Is it Sense 2? "without any others being included". The set of local ringers includes Derek and no others. This also fits.
    *   Which is the standard WordNet assignment?
    *   WordNet 3.0 `only` (r).
        *   Sense 1: "with nevertheless the final result" (Only to find...) -> This is Sense 3 in the prompt.
        *   Sense 2: "and nothing more" (synonyms: merely, simply, just). -> This is Sense 1 in the prompt. Examples: "I was merely asking". "Only" meaning "just".
        *   Sense 3: "without any others being included or involved" (synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely). -> This is Sense 2 in the prompt. Examples: "was entirely to blame".
    *   Let's re-evaluate the "only one" phrase.
    *   Common usage: "I have only one brother." (I have one brother, not two). This is usually considered the "nothing more" sense (Sense 1). "Just one".
    *   "Only you." (Nobody else). This is usually Sense 2 (solely).
    *   "Only one ringer remains." Does this mean "Just one ringer remains" (emphasizing the small number/lack of more) or "Solely one ringer remains" (emphasizing he is the lone entity)?
    *   The text contrasts the current situation (one ringer) with the past (a band of ringers).
    *   "Now, **just** one local ringer remains." (Sense 1 synonym).
    *   "Now, **solely** one local ringer remains." (Sense 2 synonym - sounds archaic/awkward).
    *   "Now, **exclusively** one local ringer remains." (Sense 2 synonym - very awkward).
    *   "Now, **merely** one local ringer remains." (Sense 1 synonym - grammatically fine, emphasizes the drop in numbers).
    *   The synonyms for Sense 2 ("entirely", "exclusively", "solely") often apply to adjectives or verbs ("entirely to blame", "solely for the purpose"). They don't naturally modify numerals in the same way "only" or "just" do.
    *   "Only" + Numeral usually maps to the "nothing more" / "just" sense. E.g., "only 5 dollars", "only 2 miles". You wouldn't say "exclusively 5 dollars". You would say "just 5 dollars".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 seems the better fit syntactically and semantically for "only + numeral". It restricts the number to one and no more.

    *   *Counter-argument for Sense 2:* The context is about the *identity* of the remaining ringers. The "others" are not included. But the definition of Sense 2 "without any others being included" is usually applied to the subject (Only *he* came -> He and no one else). Here the subject is "one local ringer". "Only one local ringer" is the focus.
    *   If the sentence was "Only Derek Hammond remains," Sense 2 would be a strong contender (Derek, and nobody else).
    *   But the phrase is "Only one...". "One" is a quantity. Sense 1 "and nothing more" (nothing more than one) fits quantity restriction perfectly.
    *   WordNet distinctions can be tricky. Let's check the examples for Sense 1 again. "it is simply a matter of time". That's a minimizing function.
    *   "Only one" is a restriction of quantity.
    *   Let's look at a linguistic resource or corpus intuition.
        *   "There is only one way." -> "There is just one way." (Sense 1).
        *   "He is the only person." -> "He is the sole person." (Sense 2 - usually "only" as adjective, but here we have adverb). Note: "only" is tagged as adverb in the prompt (`only%4:02...`). 4 = Adverb.
        *   Wait, in "only one local ringer", "only" modifies "one" (numeral/adjective) or the noun phrase.
        *   "Only" acts as a focusing adverb.
        *   Restrictive focus.
        *   Sense 1: Scalar focus? "Just one". It implies the number is small/insufficient/limited.
        *   Sense 2: Exclusivity focus? "Exclusively one".
    *   The sentence "Now, only one local ringer remains" highlights the depletion of the group. "Just one" captures this. The "others" being mentioned later confirms the exclusivity, but the primary function of "only" with a numeral is almost always the "just/nothing more" sense.
    *   Let's try to find a definitive reason to exclude Sense 1 or 2.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "and nothing more".
        *   Value = 1. Only says Value = 1 and nothing more. (Correct).
    *   Sense 2 definition: "without any others being included".
        *   Set = {local ringers}. Only says Set = {Derek Hammond}. (Correct).
    *   However, Sense 2 synonyms ("entirely", "exclusively", "solely") are notoriously poor fits for pre-numeral position. "Solely one" is not good English. "Exclusively one" is rare.
    *   Sense 1 synonyms ("merely", "simply", "just") fit perfectly before a numeral. "Just one". "Merely one". "Simply one".
    *   Therefore, based on the "synonyms" test provided in the prompt, Sense 1 is the correct choice. The sense inventory relies on synonyms to distinguish. Since "just" and "merely" (Sense 1) are natural substitutions, and "solely" and "exclusively" (Sense 2) are not natural in the position "_____ one local ringer", Sense 1 is the intended answer.

    *   Let's double check Sense 7 ("as recently as").
        *   "I spoke to him only an hour ago."
        *   Context: "Now, only one local ringer remains."
        *   Is this temporal? "Now" is temporal, but "only" modifies "one local ringer". Not "only [time phrase]".
        *   So Sense 7 is out.

    *   Let's double check Sense 3 ("with nevertheless the final result").
        *   "Only to find..."
        *   Not the structure here.

    *   So it's Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Synonym test result: Sense 1 wins ("just", "merely").
    *   Example test result:
        *   Sense 1 ex: "I was merely asking" (minimizing). "Only one" minimizes the count (from a band to one). Fits.
        *   Sense 2 ex: "was entirely to blame". "School devoted entirely to..." Focus on the subject/domain. "Only one local ringer" focuses on the quantity/subject.
    *   However, in standard WSD tasks (like SemCor), "only" preceding a numeral is almost always mapped to the "merely/just" sense (Sense 1 here). The "solely/exclusively" sense (Sense 2 here) is typically for "only" focusing on a noun phrase where the exclusion of others is the primary predication (e.g. "Only *you* can prevent forest fires"). Even then, "Only you" is often mapped to Sense 1 in some taxonomies, but WordNet 3.0 separates them. Sense 1 is "nothing more" (quantification/scalar). Sense 2 is "without others" (exclusivity).
    *   While "only one" implies exclusivity (Sense 2 semantics), the syntactic distribution and synonymy align with Sense 1. "Just" is the synonym. "Just" maps to Sense 1.
    *   Let's check the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more".
        *   One ringer remains. And nothing more (no more ringers).
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved".
        *   One ringer remains. Without others.
    *   There is a massive overlap. However, the example "I was merely asking" vs "was entirely to blame".
    *   "I was merely asking" -> I was asking and nothing more.
    *   "Only one remains" -> One remains and nothing more.
    *   This matches Sense 1.
    *   The synonym "just" is the key. "Now, just one local ringer remains."
    *   WordNet Sense 1 (`only%4:02:02::` in this prompt's indexing, usually `only%4:02:01::` in standard WordNet 3.1 but the prompt has specific keys) is the "just" sense.

    *   Wait, let me check the indexing in the prompt carefully.
    *   Prompt Sense 1: `only%4:02:02::` | def: and nothing more | syns: merely, simply, just, but.
    *   Prompt Sense 2: `only%4:02:01::` | def: without any others being included or involved | syns: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone.
    *   Standard WordNet 3.0/3.1 mapping:
        *   "Just" is the synonym for the scalar/minimizing sense.
        *   "Solely" is the synonym for the exclusive sense.
    *   "Only one" -> "Just one". This is the scalar/minimizing sense. It says the number is 1 and restricts it.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Let's confirm if there's any nuance that forces Sense 2.
    The sentence contrasts "a band of ringers" with "one local ringer".
    "Only" marks the reduction.
    "Merely one" captures the reduction.
    "Exclusively one" is logically true but idiomatically distinct.
    Most WSD systems and annotators tag "only [numeral]" with the "just/merely" sense.
    The definition "and nothing more" covers "one, and not two or three".

    Final check:
    Context: "Now, only one local ringer remains."
    Substitution: "Now, just one local ringer remains." (Sense 1).
    Substitution: "Now, merely one local ringer remains." (Sense 1).
    Substitution: "Now, solely one local ringer remains." (Sense 2 - awkward).
    The natural paraphrase uses Sense 1 synonyms.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one <t>local</t> ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Target lemma: "local"
    *   Target phrase: "...only one local ringer remains..."
    *   Context situation: A village church (St. Michael and All Angels in Aslacton) has a tradition of bell-ringing. Previously, there was a "band" of ringers. Now, only one ringer remains who is described as "local". The next sentence clarifies: "The others here today live elsewhere."
    *   Meaning in context: "Local" here contrasts with those who "live elsewhere." It means belonging to or living in this specific small locality (the village of Aslacton). It refers to proximity and residence within that specific neighborhood or village, distinct from outsiders or people coming in from other areas.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `local%3:00:01::` | Definition: "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area" | Examples: "local taxes; local authorities".
        *   Critique: This sense focuses on administration, government, and jurisdiction (local vs. state/national). While Aslacton is a locality, the usage here isn't about administrative scope or politics. It's about where the person lives relative to the church. "Local ringer" doesn't mean a ringer employed by the local council; it means a ringer who lives nearby/in the village.

    *   **Sense 2:** `local%3:01:01::` | Definition: "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood" | Examples: "local customs; local schools".
        *   Critique: This sense covers belonging to a specific place. A "local ringer" is a ringer belonging to that locality (Aslacton). This fits the contrast with "live elsewhere." The "local pub" or "local resident" falls under this general definition of being part of or near a specific neighborhood. The defining feature here is belonging to the specific neighborhood/village.

    *   **Sense 3:** `local%3:00:02::` | Definition: "affecting only a restricted part or area of the body" | Examples: "local anesthesia".
        *   Critique: This is clearly a medical sense. It is totally irrelevant to the context of church bell ringers.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is administrative/political (local government).
    *   Sense 2 is spatial/neighborhood-based (local customs, local people).
    *   The phrase "local ringer" refers to a person's relationship to the place. They are from that place. This aligns with Sense 2's "of or belonging to... a particular locality". Sense 1 is strictly about administration (authorities, taxes). Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 2.

5.  **Formatting Output:** The user requires a JSON object `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local <t>ringer</t> remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `ringer`.
    *   Context: The text discusses a church (St. Michael and All Angels) with bells. It mentions a "band of ringers" who herald services. It explicitly states: "Now, only one local *ringer* remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond." It describes people pulling on ropes attached to bells.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)`. Synonyms: `toller`, `bell ringer`.
    *   **Sense 2:** `a person who is almost identical to another`. Synonyms: `dead ringer`, `clone`.
    *   **Sense 3:** `a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses`.
    *   **Sense 4:** `(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg`.

3.  **Evaluate senses against context:**
    *   The context talks about bells cascading from the tower, pulling on ropes attached to bells, heralding services.
    *   Derek Hammond is described as a "local ringer".
    *   Sense 2 (lookalike) does not fit. There is no discussion of identity or doubles.
    *   Sense 3 (fake contestant) does not fit. There is no competition mentioned (other than the implicit "competition" of bell ringing, but the text refers to the activity of ringing church bells for services).
    *   Sense 4 (horseshoes game) does not fit. The context is clearly a church setting with musical bells.
    *   Sense 1 matches perfectly. The text describes the activity of ringing church bells ("pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells", "calling the faithful to evensong"). Derek Hammond is a person doing this.

4.  **Determine the best index:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: remain
Target surface form: remains
Context:
Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer <t>remains</t>: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remain%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=stay, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=remain%2:42:03:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay, stay on, continue | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
3. sense_key=remain%2:42:05:: | definition=be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. | examples=There remains the question of who pulled the trigger; Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war
4. sense_key=remain%2:42:01:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, stay | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond." The previous sentences establish that the church used to have a "band" of ringers. The word "remains" here refers to the state of the group of ringers. The others have left or died (implied by "The others here today live elsewhere"), and only one person is left in that specific role or group in that location.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "stay the same; remain in a certain state". Examples: "The dress remained wet", "rest assured". This sense focuses on maintaining a specific condition (wet, assured). The context isn't about Derek Hammond maintaining a "state" like being wet or happy; it's about his presence relative to a group.

    *   **Sense 2:** "continue in a place, position, or situation". Synonyms: stay, stay on, continue. Examples: "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge...", "Stay with me, please". This sense implies continuing to be somewhere or holding a position. Derek Hammond is the one who continues to be a local ringer while others have left. This fits well. He is the one who "stayed on".

    *   **Sense 3:** "be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc.". Examples: "There remains the question...", "Carter remains the only President...". This sense focuses on the remainder of a set after subtraction or removal. In the context, the "band" of ringers was the original set. Most are gone. One "is left" or "remains". The example "Carter remains the only President..." is structurally similar to "only one local ringer remains". This sense emphasizes the result of a subtraction process (others left, one remains).

    *   **Sense 4:** "stay behind". Synonyms: persist, stay. Examples: "The smell stayed in the room", "The hostility remained...". This sense often implies staying after others have gone or persisting. While similar, the examples lean towards inanimate things (smell, hostility) or unintended persistence.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**

    *   *Context:* "Now, only one local ringer remains..."
    *   *Sense 2 (Continue in a place/position):* This describes the action of the individual relative to the location/role. He is the one who stayed.
    *   *Sense 3 (Be left):* This describes the status of the remainder of the group. The sentence structure "only one... remains" strongly highlights the *leftover* status of the subject. The definition "be left; of persons..." explicitly lists persons. The example "Carter remains the only President..." mirrors the "only one... remains" structure almost perfectly.

    Let's look closer at the distinction.
    Sense 2 emphasizes *continuation*. "She stayed on as a student adviser."
    Sense 3 emphasizes *existence as a remainder*. "There remains the question..." "Carter remains the only President..."

    In the text: "St. Michael once had its own 'band' of ringers... Now, only one local ringer remains."
    The contrast is between the past group and the current solitary survivor.
    Is he "continuing in a position" (Sense 2) or is he "what is left of the group" (Sense 3)?
    The construction "only one... remains" usually points to the quantification of the remainder. It's not just that he stayed (Sense 2), but that he is the *result* of the others leaving. He is the remainder.

    Let's check WordNet hierarchy/definitions for `remain%2:42:03` vs `remain%2:42:05`.
    `remain%2:42:03`: continue in a place, position, or situation. (Synonyms: stay, stay on, continue).
    `remain%2:42:05`: be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc.

    Example from Sense 3: "Carter remains the only President in recent history..."
    My text: "only one local ringer remains"
    These are functionally identical. They both express that X is the only item/person remaining from a set.

    Example from Sense 2: "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge..."
    This focuses on the agent's decision/action to stay.

    In the text "only one local ringer remains", the focus is on the shrinking size of the group. He is what is left.
    Therefore, Sense 3 fits best because of the quantifier "only one" and the specific "be left" definition regarding persons.

    Let's double-check Sense 4 ("stay behind"). Synonyms: persist, stay. Examples are "The smell stayed in the room", "The hostility remained". These suggest lingering. While Derek stayed behind while others left, the specific structure "only one... remains" aligns much better with the "be left" definition of Sense 3. Sense 4 seems to imply a more passive lingering or an unwanted/forceful persistence, or just staying in a spot. Sense 3 captures the "remaining member of a group" nuance perfectly.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
    If the sentence were "Derek Hammond remains the local ringer despite the low pay," it would be Sense 2 (continuing in a position).
    The sentence is "only one local ringer remains." This emphasizes the number/quantity of the remainder.
    "There remains the question" (Sense 3) -> "There remains one ringer".
    The syntax "X remains" where X is a quantified remainder fits Sense 3.

    Let's look at the Sense 3 example again: "Carter remains the only President..."
    My context: "only one local ringer remains"
    The semantic equivalence is very high. It denotes the state of being the remainder.

    Final decision process:
    - Is it maintaining a state (wet/assured)? No. (Not Sense 1).
    - Is it lingering/persisting (smell/hostility)? No. (Not Sense 4).
    - Is it continuing in a place (stay on/stay with me)? It is related, but the context is about the result of others leaving.
    - Is it being left (persons/questions)? Yes. The context contrasts the past group with the present remainder. The subject is the "remainder" of the group.

    Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice.

    Let's verify the index.
    1. remain%2:30:00:: (stay the same)
    2. remain%2:42:03:: (continue in a place)
    3. remain%2:42:05:: (be left)
    4. remain%2:42:01:: (stay behind)

    The text "only one local ringer remains" maps to "be left; of persons".
    The example "Carter remains the only President..." maps directly to the text.

    Selection: Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: here
Target surface form: here
Context:
The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others <t>here</t> today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=here%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is | examples=I work here; turn here
2. sense_key=here%4:02:02:: | definition=in this circumstance or respect or on this point or detail | examples=what do we have here?; here I must disagree
3. sense_key=here%4:02:01:: | definition=to this place (especially toward the speaker) | synonyms=hither | examples=come here, please
4. sense_key=here%4:02:04:: | definition=at this time; now | examples=we'll adjourn here for lunch and discuss the remaining issues this afternoon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "here" in the sentence: "The others here today live elsewhere."
Let's analyze the context.
The context talks about the bell ringers at St. Michael and All Angels church in Aslacton. The sentence says "The others here today live elsewhere." It means "The others who are in this place today live elsewhere."
Let's check the senses:
1. here%4:02:00:: - in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is. Examples: I work here; turn here.
2. here%4:02:02:: - in this circumstance or respect or on this point or detail. Examples: what do we have here?; here I must disagree
3. here%4:02:01:: - to this place (especially toward the speaker). Synonyms: hither. Examples: come here, please
4. here%4:02:04:: - at this time; now. Examples: we'll adjourn here for lunch

"The others here today" means the other ringers who are *at this place* today. Sense 1 fits perfectly.

Index 1 corresponds to sense 1.

Let's double check.
"here" as in "at this place". The ringers are present at the church "here today".
It doesn't mean "in this circumstance", "to this place", or "at this time" exclusively, but specifically "in or at this place".

So the best indexed sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: today
Context:
The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here <t>today</t> live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "today" in a specific context.

**Context Analysis:**
- Sentence: "The others here <t>today</t> live elsewhere."
- Context: The text discusses bell ringers in a church. Historically, the church had its own local "band" of ringers. Now (current situation), only one local ringer remains (Derek Hammond).
- Meaning of "today": It contrasts the past situation ("St. Michael once had its own 'band' of ringers") with the current situation. It refers to the present era, the current state of affairs, or "nowadays".
- The "others" mentioned are the ringers who are currently part of the group but don't live locally. They drive in from elsewhere.

**Candidate Sense Analysis:**

*   **Sense 1:** `today%1:28:00::`
    *   Definition: the present time or age.
    *   Examples: "the world of today"; "today we have computers".
    *   Fit: This sense refers to the general present era or current circumstances, often contrasting with the past. The text contrasts the past ("once had") with the present ("today"). The phrase "The others here today" implies "The others [who are ringers] in the present time/era". It doesn't necessarily mean *this specific calendar day*, but rather the current state of things.

*   **Sense 2:** `today%1:28:01::`
    *   Definition: the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow).
    *   Examples: "Today is beautiful"; "did you see today's newspaper?".
    *   Fit: This sense refers to the specific 24-hour period. Does the sentence mean "The others here on this specific calendar day live elsewhere"? Or does it mean "The others currently involved in this activity live elsewhere"?
    *   Looking at the broader context: "Like most of the other 6,000 churches... St. Michael once had its own 'band'... Now, only one local ringer remains... The others here today live elsewhere."
    *   The contrast is between "once" (past) and "today" (present time/era). If the author meant "on this specific day," the contrast would usually be with a specific past event mentioned immediately prior, or it would describe the specific actions of the day. However, the text is describing the demographic shift in bell ringers over time (from a local band to a roaming group). "The others here today" refers to the group of ringers who exist in the current era/context of the story, not just those physically present on the day the article was written (though they are physically present on that day, the adverbial usage often generalizes in this narrative structure).
    *   Let's look closer at the phrase "The others here today live elsewhere."
    *   Interpretation A (Sense 1): "The others currently here/in this situation live elsewhere." This emphasizes the general situation "nowadays".
    *   Interpretation B (Sense 2): "The others [who are] here [on this specific day] live elsewhere."
    *   However, the context continues: "They belong to a group of 15 ringers... who drive every Sunday from church to church...". This is a recurring habit, not a one-off event for "today". The phrase "here today" effectively means "in the present situation" or "at this time".
    *   Comparing examples:
        *   Sense 1 example: "the world of today". This fits the contrast with "once had" (historical context).
        *   Sense 2 example: "today's newspaper". This fits a specific date.
    *   The narrative flow is: Past state -> Present state. "St. Michael *once* had... *Now*, only one remains... The others here *today* [in the present time] live elsewhere."
    *   Actually, let's reconsider the syntax. "The others here today" could mean "The others present on this occasion". But the sentence says they "live elsewhere". If they live elsewhere, they are commuters. The fact that they live elsewhere is a permanent state, contrasting with the "local ringer" of the past.
    *   Does "today" modify "here" (location/time) or the state of being ringers?
    *   If I say "The problems we face today are economic," I use Sense 1 (present era).
    *   If I say "I saw him today," I use Sense 2 (specific day).
    *   The sentence is "The others here today live elsewhere."
    *   Is it saying "The others [who are] here [at this moment/today] live elsewhere"? Or "The others [associated with this church] today live elsewhere"?
    *   Given the contrast with the historical past ("once had"), Sense 1 (present time/age) seems much stronger. It aligns with "Nowadays, only one local ringer remains."
    *   Let's verify against the definition "the present time or age".
    *   Context: "Now, only one local ringer remains... The others here today live elsewhere." "Now" sets the temporal context of the present era. "Today" reinforces this present time frame in contrast to "once".
    *   If it were Sense 2, it would likely focus on the events of the specific day (e.g., "The others here today are ringing poorly"). But the predicate is "live elsewhere," which is a habitual/permanent attribute, aligning with the "present time/age" sense (Sense 1).

    *   Let's double check the indexing.
    *   Sense 1 index: 1 (based on the list provided: "1. sense_key=today%1:28:00::...")
    *   Sense 2 index: 2 (based on the list provided: "2. sense_key=today%1:28:01::...")

    *   Let's look at the sense keys provided in the prompt.
        *   Sense 1: `today%1:28:00::` -> definition: the present time or age.
        *   Sense 2: `today%1:28:01::` -> definition: the day that includes the present moment.

    *   In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
        *   `today%1:28:00::` is usually "the present time or age".
        *   `today%1:28:01::` is usually "the day that includes the present moment".

    *   Let's apply this to the text. "St. Michael once had... Now, only one... The others here today live elsewhere."
    *   The contrast is historical vs current state of affairs.
    *   "The world of today" vs "The world of yesterday" (metaphorical).
    *   "The others here today" = The others who are part of this scene in the present era.
    *   It is not just "this Tuesday". It is the "now" opposed to "then".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *   Wait, is there an ambiguity?
    *   "The others here today" -> The others who are present on this occasion.
    *   If the reporter is standing there on a Sunday, saying "The others here today [Sunday] live elsewhere," that refers to the specific occasion.
    *   However, the sentence structure "live elsewhere" implies a general condition. "Today" is used adverbially here?
    *   "The others here today" -> "The others [who are] here today".
    *   Is "today" an adverb or a noun? In "The others here today", it acts as an adverb modifying "here" or the existence of the others.
    *   If adverbial: "The others [who are] here [on this day]" -> Sense 2?
    *   Or "The others [who are] here [nowadays]" -> Sense 1?
    *   Let's look at the paragraph again. "Now, only one local ringer remains... The others here today live elsewhere."
    *   "Now" signals the current era. "Today" parallels "Now".
    *   Sentence: "The others here today live elsewhere."
    *   Synonyms for Sense 1: nowadays, currently, present time.
    *   Synonyms for Sense 2: this day, this afternoon/morning.
    *   Can we substitute "nowadays"? "The others here nowadays live elsewhere." This makes perfect sense in the context of the demographic shift.
    *   Can we substitute "this day"? "The others here this day live elsewhere." This sounds clunky and overly specific for a permanent trait (living elsewhere). While they are physically there *this day*, the author is making a point about the *change in the population of ringers* (historical vs present). The point is not about their location on this specific date, but the fact that the *current* group (unlike the historical group) are not locals.
    *   The "others" are defined by their role in the current time (present era), not just their presence on a single day.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    *   Confirmation of Index: The prompt lists Sense 1 first.
    *   Candidate 1 definition: the present time or age.
    *   Candidate 2 definition: the day that includes the present moment.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 1.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: live
Target surface form: live
Context:
The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today <t>live</t> elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=live%2:42:08:: | definition=inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of | synonyms=populate, dwell, inhabit | examples=People lived in Africa millions of years ago; The people inhabited the islands that are now deserted
2. sense_key=live%2:42:06:: | definition=lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style | examples=we had to live frugally after the war
3. sense_key=live%2:42:04:: | definition=continue to live through hardship or adversity | synonyms=survive, last, live on, go, endure, hold up | examples=We went without water and food for 3 days; These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America
4. sense_key=live%2:42:01:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=exist, survive, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?
5. sense_key=live%2:42:00:: | definition=have life, be alive | synonyms=be | examples=Our great leader is no more; My grandfather lived until the end of war
6. sense_key=live%2:31:00:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=know, experience | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
7. sense_key=live%2:42:07:: | definition=pursue a positive and satisfying existence | examples=You must accept yourself and others if you really want to live

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form:**
    *   Lemma: live
    *   Surface form: live (verb, present tense, plural subject "The others")

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "The others here today live elsewhere."
    *   Subject: "The others" (referring to the other bell ringers).
    *   Meaning: These people reside or dwell in a different location ("elsewhere") than where they are currently ringing bells (Aslacton).
    *   Contrast: The text contrasts "only one local ringer remains" (Derek Hammond) with "The others... live elsewhere." This implies physical habitation/residence.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `live%2:42:08::` | definition=inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of | synonyms=populate, dwell, inhabit | examples=People lived in Africa...
        *   *Fit:* Very strong. The context describes where people reside ("elsewhere"). "Dwell" or "inhabit" fits perfectly with "live elsewhere."

    *   **Sense 2:** `live%2:42:06::` | definition=lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style | examples=we had to live frugally...
        *   *Fit:* Weak. The sentence isn't describing the *style* of their life (e.g., frugally, wildly), but the *location*.

    *   **Sense 3:** `live%2:42:04::` | definition=continue to live through hardship or adversity | synonyms=survive...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. No implication of hardship or survival in this context.

    *   **Sense 4:** `live%2:42:01::` | definition=support oneself | synonyms=exist, survive, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Not talking about financial support or subsistence.

    *   **Sense 5:** `live%2:42:00::` | definition=have life, be alive | synonyms=be | examples=My grandfather lived until the end of war
        *   *Fit:* Possible but unlikely. While they are alive, the sentence contrasts their location with the location of the church. Saying "they are alive elsewhere" doesn't capture the specific contrast with the "local ringer" mentioned in the previous sentence. The previous sentence says "one local ringer remains," implying the others are not local. Therefore, the meaning is about residence (inhabiting a place), not just the state of being alive.

    *   **Sense 6:** `live%2:31:00::` | definition=have firsthand knowledge of... | synonyms=know, experience...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** `live%2:42:07::` | definition=pursue a positive and satisfying existence...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 5:**
    *   Sense 1 (inhabit/dwell) specifically addresses the location aspect ("elsewhere").
    *   Sense 5 (be alive) is the most generic sense.
    *   The text contrasts a "local ringer" (who stays/lives there) with "others" who "live elsewhere". The semantic weight is on *where* they live (reside), not the fact that they are living beings.
    *   WordNet sense 1 (`live%2:42:08::`) uses the example "The people inhabited the islands...", which aligns with "The others... live elsewhere."

5.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the best fit. It means to dwell or reside in a place.

6.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The best sense is the first one listed.
    *   Index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a <t>group</t> of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "group" in this context.

The sentence is: "They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia."

Here, "group" refers to a collection of people - specifically, 15 bell ringers who travel around to ring bells at different churches. This is clearly a social group of people, not a chemical or mathematical concept.

Let me check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Sense 2 (chemistry) and sense 3 (mathematics) are clearly wrong for this context. The context is about bell ringers, people who ring bells at churches, not atoms or mathematical sets.

Sense 1 is the correct one - it defines a group as "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit." The 15 bell ringers are a unit/group of people who work together to ring bells at various churches.

So the answer should be sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 <t>ringers</t> -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form:**
    *   Lemma: ringer
    *   Surface Form: ringers (plural noun)

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text describes a scene in a church tower involving bells.
    *   People are pulling ropes attached to bells.
    *   Mentions a "band of ringers".
    *   Mentions "herald every Sunday morning".
    *   Mentions "keep the bells sounding in the many belfries".
    *   Quote: "To ring for even one service at this tower..."
    *   The context is clearly about the activity of ringing church bells.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" | Synonyms: toller, bell ringer.
        *   *Match:* This fits perfectly. The text talks about people pulling ropes to make bells sound, church services, belfries, etc.
    *   **Sense 2:** "a person who is almost identical to another" | Synonyms: dead ringer, clone.
        *   *Mismatch:* The context has nothing to do with look-alikes.
    *   **Sense 3:** "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses".
        *   *Mismatch:* The context is not about a competition with a fraudulent contestant.
    *   **Sense 4:** "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg".
        *   *Mismatch:* This is a specific sports term/score, not referring to people (which "ringers" refers to in the text, e.g., "15 ringers... who drive").

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the exact definition of the people described in the text (people who ring church bells).

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense is the first one in the list (index 1, assuming 1-based indexing based on the numbering in the prompt).
    *   Wait, the prompt numbers them 1, 2, 3, 4.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct one.

    Let's double-check the instructions: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

    So, the output should be `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: include
Target surface form: including
Context:
In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- <t>including</t> two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=include%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a part, be made up out of | examples=The list includes the names of many famous writers
2. sense_key=include%2:31:00:: | definition=consider as part of something | examples=I include you in the list of culprits
3. sense_key=include%2:30:00:: | definition=add as part of something else; put in as part of a set, group, or category | examples=We must include this chemical element in the group
4. sense_key=include%2:41:03:: | definition=allow participation in or the right to be part of; permit to exercise the rights, functions, and responsibilities of | synonyms=admit, let in | examples=admit someone to the profession; She was admitted to the New Jersey Bar

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- <t>including</t> two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church..."
    *   The target word "including" introduces a subset of the previously mentioned "group of 15 ringers".
    *   The structure is "Group X, including members A and B".
    *   This implies that the "group of 15 ringers" contains or consists of these specific people (two octogenarians and four youngsters).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `include%2:42:00::` | Definition: "have as a part, be made up out of" | Example: "The list includes the names of many famous writers".
        *   This fits the "part-whole" relationship. The group has these people as parts/members.
        *   Example match: "The group includes two octogenarians" is very similar to "The list includes the names...".

    *   **Sense 2:** `include%2:31:00::` | Definition: "consider as part of something" | Example: "I include you in the list of culprits".
        *   This implies a cognitive act of classification or consideration. The text isn't about the narrator considering them as part of the group; they *are* simply part of the group objectively. The "consider" aspect makes this less likely than sense 1, which is the static relationship of containment.

    *   **Sense 3:** `include%2:30:00::` | Definition: "add as part of something else; put in as part of a set, group, or category" | Example: "We must include this chemical element in the group".
        *   This implies an action of adding or putting in. The context describes the state of the group, not the action of adding the octogenarians to it. "Including" here acts as a preposition/participle indicating composition, not a dynamic verb of adding.

    *   **Sense 4:** `include%2:41:03::` | Definition: "allow participation in or the right to be part of..." | Synonyms: admit, let in.
        *   This is about permission or admission (e.g., admission to a bar or profession). The context is just describing the composition of a group of bell ringers, not their admittance rights.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The sentence describes the composition of the group.
    *   "A group of 15 ringers... including..." means the group *contains* these people.
    *   Sense 1 ("have as a part, be made up out of") matches perfectly. It denotes the state of containing or comprising specific elements.
    *   Sense 3 is dynamic (action of adding), whereas the text is descriptive. "Including" as a prepositional use usually aligns with the stative sense (having as a part).

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *   Context: "They belong to a group... including..." -> The group has them as parts.
    *   Definition 1: "have as a part, be made up out of".
    *   Example 1: "The list includes the names..."

    Result: Sense index 1.