[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   Subject: "their growth-suppressing proteins".
    *   Predicate: "no longer <t>work</t>".
    *   Meaning: The proteins stop functioning or performing their intended biological task (suppressing growth).
    *   Domain: Biology/Medicine.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `work%2:41:02::` (exert oneself): Incorrect. Proteins don't exert themselves like humans.
    *   2. `work%2:41:00::` (be employed): Incorrect. Proteins aren't employees.
    *   3. `work%2:41:03::` (have an effect or outcome): "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected". This is close. The proteins have an effect. However, let's look for a more mechanical/functional sense first.
    *   4. `work%2:35:02::` (perform as expected when applied): "perform as expected when applied". Synonyms: function, operate, go, run. Examples: "The washing machine won't go...", "Does this old car still run...".
    *   5. `work%2:36:00::` (shape/form material): Incorrect.
    *   ... (Skipping manual labor, movement, artistic, agricultural senses) ...
    *   11. `work%2:36:01::` (cause to happen): Incorrect.
    *   14. `work%2:42:10::` (behave in a certain way when handled): "This dough does not work easily". Incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 3 and Sense 4:**

    *   Sense 3 (`work%2:41:03::`): "have an effect or outcome". The example is "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought". This focuses on the *result* or *efficacy*.
    *   Sense 4 (`work%2:35:02::`): "perform as expected when applied". Synonyms: "function, operate". The example is "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in".

    *   In the biological context, when a protein stops functioning due to damage, we say it doesn't "work" in the sense of functioning correctly. The sentence says "proteins no longer work". This implies a failure of function.
    *   "Function" is the key synonym here. The proteins have a specific biological function. If they are damaged, they lose that function.
    *   Sense 4 specifically lists "function" and "operate" as synonyms. This matches the scientific register better than Sense 3, which is more about abstract efficacy (like a plan or a voting process).
    *   Proteins are somewhat mechanical (molecular machines). They "operate" or "function". Sense 4's definition "perform as expected when applied" fits "proteins... no longer work" very well. They are the mechanism for growth suppression. If the mechanism is broken, it doesn't work/function.

4.  **Refining the choice:**
    *   Context: "proteins no longer work".
    *   Paraphrase: The proteins no longer perform their function.
    *   Sense 4 gloss: "perform as expected when applied".
    *   Sense 4 synonyms: "function, operate".
    *   Sense 3 gloss: "have an effect or outcome".
    *   Sense 3 synonyms: "act".
    *   While proteins do "have an effect", the standard collocation "X works" (where X is a mechanism or biological entity) maps strongly to the "function/operate" sense. If I say "my heart works", I mean it functions. If I say "my liver works", it functions. If I say "the drug works", it has an effect (Sense 3). However, here the subject is the "proteins" themselves—the internal machinery of the cell.
    *   Let's check the mapping in WordNet.
    *   `work%2:35:02::` is the "function" sense.
    *   `work%2:41:03::` is the "succeed/have effect" sense.
    *   If a protein is damaged, it ceases to *function*. Sense 4 is the most precise fit for the internal operation of a biological mechanism. Sense 3 is often used for strategies, methods, or drugs (e.g., "The treatment worked"). Here the subject is a component part (protein) that stops performing its task.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the best choice.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Target: "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work".
    *   Replacement: "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer function".
    *   Sense 4 synonym: "function".
    *   Sense 4 definition: "perform as expected when applied".
    *   This fits perfectly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: "cell" (plural "cells").
    *   Context: A text about cancer research, genes, tumor suppressors, molecular biology, and cell division. The specific sentence is "...and cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   Task: Choose the single best indexed sense from the provided list.
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses biology, organisms, cancer, genes, proteins, and growth.
    *   Key phrases: "molecular level", "cell's growth", "cell division", "turn malignant".
    *   The target word "cells" refers to the biological entities that make up tissues and can become cancerous.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1:* "any small compartment" (e.g., honeycomb). This is a general/metaphorical sense, often used for structures. Not the primary meaning in a biological text about cancer.
    *   *Sense 2:* "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...". This matches the context perfectly. The text talks about cell growth, cell division, and cells turning malignant (biological processes).
    *   *Sense 3:* "a device that delivers an electric current". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 4:* "a small unit serving as part of... a larger political movement". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 5:* "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 6:* "small room in which a monk or nun lives". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 7:* "a room where a prisoner is kept". Irrelevant.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 2 is the biological definition of a cell. The context is explicitly biological ("cell division", "malignant", "proteins", "genes").

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants the output as a JSON object with the key "sense_index".
    *   Since Sense 2 is the correct one, the index is 2.

    *Wait, let me double-check the indexing.*
    The list is numbered 1 to 7.
    1. cell%1:06:03:: (compartment)
    2. cell%1:03:00:: (biology unit) -> This is the one.
    ...

    The target word "cells" in "...cells normally under control turn malignant" refers to biological cells.

    Therefore, the index is 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "turn" in the context: "cells normally under control turn malignant."

Let me analyze this context:
- The sentence is about cells that "turn malignant"
- This is describing a transformation - cells change from a normal/controlled state to a malignant state
- The word "turn" here means "become" or "transform into" - specifically a change of state

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. turn%2:38:00:: - change orientation or direction - No, this is about physical orientation
2. turn%2:30:04:: - undergo a transformation or a change of position or action - Could be, examples show political/social change
3. turn%2:42:00:: - undergo a change or development, synonyms: become - "The water turned into ice" - This looks promising! It's about becoming something else
4. turn%2:38:02:: - cause to move around or rotate - No
5. turn%2:30:00:: - change to the contrary, reverse - Not exactly
6. turn%2:38:03:: - pass to the other side of - No
7. turn%2:30:03:: - pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become - "The weather turned nasty" - This also looks good! It's about becoming or taking on a property
8. turn%2:35:08:: - let something fall or spill - No
9. turn%2:38:04:: - move around an axis - No
10. turn%2:38:01:: - cause to move around a center - No
11. turn%2:38:06:: - to send or let go - No
12. turn%2:36:00:: - break and turn over earth - No
13. turn%2:35:06:: - shape by rotating - No
14. turn%2:30:09:: - change color - Too specific
15. turn%2:29:00:: - twist suddenly - No
16. turn%2:42:13:: - cause to change or turn into something different - This is causative, not what we have here
17. turn%2:41:10:: - accomplish by rotating - No
18. turn%2:40:13:: - get by buying and selling - No
19. turn%2:38:13:: - cause to move along an axis - No
20. turn%2:38:14:: - channel one's attention - No
21. turn%2:35:11:: - cause to assume crooked form - No
22. turn%2:35:10:: - alter the functioning - No
23. turn%2:33:13:: - direct at someone - No
24. turn%2:32:14:: - have recourse to - No
25. turn%2:30:01:: - go sour or spoil - No
26. turn%2:30:14:: - become officially one year older - No

The main contenders are:
- Sense 3: "undergo a change or development" with synonym "become" and example "The water turned into ice"
- Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become" with synonym "grow" and example "The weather turned nasty"

Looking at the context "cells normally under control turn malignant":
- This is describing cells becoming malignant - a change of state
- "Turn malignant" is very similar to "turn nasty" (sense 7) - both describe taking on a negative property/attribute
- The example "The weather turned nasty" is very analogous to "cells turn malignant"

Sense 7 seems like the best fit because:
- It specifically mentions "take on a specific property or attribute" - "malignant" is a property/attribute
- The example "The weather turned nasty" parallels "cells turn malignant" (both involve taking on a negative property)
- It's about passing into a condition - becoming malignant

Sense 3 is also close but focuses more on "turn into" constructions where one thing transforms into another thing entirely (water into ice, friend into enemy). The construction "turn malignant" is more like "turn nasty" - taking on an attribute.

So sense 7 is the best choice.

The index would be 7.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "identified" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

The context says "newly identified genes", which means the genes were recently discovered, found, or classified.
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something (place) - e.g., She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name (name)
3. consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else
4. conceive of as united or associated
5. identify as in botany or biology, for example (discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name)
6. consider to be equal or the same

The context mentions "newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." "Discovered" is used in parallel, indicating that "identified" here means discovered, distinguished, or classified in a biological/scientific sense.
Sense 5 has synonyms "discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name", and its gloss is "identify as in botany or biology, for example". This perfectly matches the scientific context of identifying genes in biology.

Let's check the sense indices:
1. identify%2:31:00::
2. identify%2:32:00::
3. identify%2:31:04::
4. identify%2:31:03::
5. identify%2:31:01::
6. identify%2:31:02::

The best indexed sense is 5.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differ
Target surface form: differ
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: "differ"
    *   Target surface form: "differ"
    *   Context: A scientific text discussing cancer genes, specifically comparing "tumor-suppressors" (anti-cancer genes) with "oncogenes".
    *   Sentence with target: "The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `differ%2:42:00::` (be different). Example: "These two tests differ in only one respect."
        2.  `differ%2:32:00::` (be of different opinions). Synonyms: disagree, dissent, take issue. Example: "I beg to differ!"

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Subject: "The newly identified genes" (inanimate objects/biological entities).
    *   Object of preposition: "a family of genes... called oncogenes".
    *   Meaning: The genes are distinct or not the same as the other family of genes. It is a comparison of characteristics or classification.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1 (be different):* Does this fit? Yes. The text is comparing two types of genes. It is explaining how they are distinct entities or have distinct roles (implied by the context of contrasting functions later in the paragraph, though the immediate sentence just sets up the distinction). "Gene A differs from Gene B" is a standard way of saying they are not the same or have different properties.
    *   *Sense 2 (be of different opinions):* Does this fit? No. Genes do not have opinions. They cannot "disagree" or "dissent". This sense applies to sentient beings (people) holding conflicting views.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only logical choice for inanimate subjects in a scientific comparison.
    *   Sense index for `differ%2:42:00::` is 1.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: family
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target**: The target word is "family" used in the phrase "a family of genes".
2.  **Analyze the Context**: The text discusses biology, specifically genetics, cancer research, and classifications of genes (tumor-suppressors vs. oncogenes). The sentence in question is: "The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:
    *   Sense 1: Social unit living together (household). -> Incorrect. Genes don't live in houses.
    *   Sense 2: Primary social group; parents and children. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: A collection of things sharing a common attribute (class, category). -> This looks promising. In scientific taxonomy, "family" is a specific rank, but in general scientific usage (outside strict Linnaean taxonomy for organisms), "a family of [X]" often means a group or category of related things. The gloss "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" fits the concept of a group of related genes.
    *   Sense 4: People descended from a common ancestor. -> Incorrect. Genes don't have ancestors in the human sense, though they evolve.
    *   Sense 5: Kinship. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera. -> This is the strict biological definition for classifying organisms (e.g., Family Hominidae). While genes are biological, "family" is not a standard rank in gene taxonomy (genes are usually classified into families based on sequence similarity or function, which aligns more with Sense 3 "collection of things sharing a common attribute" or a metaphorical extension of taxonomy). However, let's look closer. Is "family of genes" a taxonomic rank in the Linnaean sense? No. Is it a collection sharing a common attribute? Yes. The distinction between Sense 3 and Sense 6 is crucial here.
    *   Sense 7: Gangsters. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 8: Association of people sharing beliefs. -> Incorrect.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 3 vs Sense 6**:
    *   Sense 6 is specific to biological taxonomy (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). This applies to organisms (sharks, cats, roses). Genes are molecules, not organisms.
    *   Sense 3 is defined as "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" with synonyms "class, category". The phrase "a family of genes" refers to a group of genes that are structurally similar or functionally related. This matches the definition of a collection sharing a common attribute. Even though it's a biological context, the usage of "family" regarding genes functions as a grouping mechanism based on similarity, which maps best to Sense 3 (class/category) rather than the strict taxonomic rank defined in Sense 6.
    *   Let's check the synonyms/examples for Sense 3: "class, category", "there are two classes of detergents". This fits the logical structure of "a family of genes" being a classification of types of genes.
    *   Let's check Sense 6 examples: "sharks belong to the fish family". This refers to organism classification.

    In linguistics and WordNet, "family of genes" is usually mapped to the "collection/class" sense (Sense 3) because it denotes a category of items sharing attributes, rather than the specific biological taxonomic rank Sense 6.

5.  **Conclusion**: The text refers to a classification/grouping of genes. Sense 3 ("a collection of things sharing a common attribute") captures this usage.

6.  **Final Check**:
    *   Context: "a family of genes" = a group/category of genes.
    *   Sense 3: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute".
    *   Match: Perfect.

    Resulting index: 3.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discover
Target surface form: discovered
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discover%2:39:03:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=discover%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
4. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
5. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
6. sense_key=discover%2:32:04:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
7. sense_key=discover%2:39:00:: | definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
8. sense_key=discover%2:31:03:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "discovered" in the context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

Let me analyze the context:
- This is about scientific research discovering genes (oncogenes)
- Scientists/researchers found these genes through research
- This is about making a scientific discovery

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=discover%2:39:03:: - "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - synonyms: detect, observe, find, notice - This is more about detecting something that exists, like detecting lead in water.

2. sense_key=discover%2:31:01:: - "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - synonyms: learn, hear, get word - This is about learning information, usually accidentally, not scientific discovery.

3. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: - "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: find - examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - This is about scientific discovery, making new findings.

4. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: - "make a discovery" - examples: "She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover" - This is more about finding out facts/information.

5. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: - "find unexpectedly" - synonyms: fall upon, strike, come upon - This is about accidental discovery.

6. sense_key=discover%2:39:00:: - "see for the first time; make a discovery" - examples: "Who discovered the North Pole?" - This could work for scientific/geographic discovery.

7. sense_key=discover%2:31:03:: - "identify as in botany or biology" - synonyms: identify, key, distinguish - This is about identifying/classifying something.

8. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: - "make known to the public information..." - This is about revealing/disclosing secrets.

Now, in this context, researchers/scientists "discovered" oncogenes in the early 1980s. This is clearly a scientific discovery - finding something new in research.

The best fits are:
- Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding" with examples like "Roentgen discovered X-rays" - This fits perfectly with discovering genes in scientific research.
- Sense 6: "see for the first time; make a discovery" with examples like "Who discovered the North Pole?" - This also works for scientific discovery.

Let me compare these two:
- Sense 3 specifically mentions "make a new finding" and has examples about discovering X-rays and elementary particles, which is very similar to discovering genes in research.
- Sense 6 says "see for the first time; make a discovery" with the North Pole example.

Sense 3 seems more fitting because:
1. The examples (Roentgen discovering X-rays, physicists finding elementary particles) align well with discovering genes in molecular biology
2. The definition "make a discovery, make a new finding" captures the scientific research context

So I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** early
    *   **Target Surface Form:** early
    *   **Context:** "...The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the **early** 1980s called oncogenes..."
    *   **Phrase:** "in the early 1980s"

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time`.
        *   *Examples:* "early morning", "an early warning".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense covers time periods (like "early morning", "early 1980s"). It refers to the initial part of a defined duration.

    *   **Sense 2:** `being or occurring at an early stage of development`.
        *   *Examples:* "in an early stage", "early forms of life".
        *   *Analysis:* This usually refers to developmental stages of organisms or processes, not specific calendar dates (like 1980s).

    *   **Sense 3:** `belonging to the distant past`.
        *   *Synonyms:* former, other.
        *   *Examples:* "the early inhabitants of Europe", "former generations".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to historical antiquity or things long gone ("distant past"). The 1980s, while in the past relative to the text's "Today", is not usually described as "distant past" in the way "early inhabitants" implies ancient history. It's a specific decade.

    *   **Sense 4:** `very young`.
        *   *Examples:* "at an early age".
        *   *Analysis:* Refers to biological age, not dates.

    *   **Sense 5:** `of an early stage in the development of a language or literature`.
        *   *Examples:* "Early Hebrew alphabetical script", "Early Modern English".
        *   *Analysis:* Specific to linguistics/literature. Irrelevant here.

    *   **Sense 6:** `expected in the near future`.
        *   *Examples:* "look for an early end to the negotiations".
        *   *Analysis:* Future-oriented. The text refers to the past (discovery in the 1980s).

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The phrase is "early 1980s".
    *   This refers to the beginning part of the decade 1980-1989.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "at or near the beginning of a period of time".
    *   This fits perfectly. "The 1980s" is a period of time. "Early" locates the event near the beginning of that period.
    *   Sense 3 is the closest distractor, but it implies "distant past" (antiquity) rather than simply the start of a specific recent decade.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   `{"sense_index": 1}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes."
    *   Target lemma: call
    *   Target surface form: called
    *   Syntactic structure: NP (a family of genes...) + V-ed (called) + NP (oncogenes). This is a reduced relative clause: "a family of genes [which is/was] called oncogenes".
    *   Meaning: The genes are given the name "oncogenes". The word "oncogenes" is the name assigned to this family of genes.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to (synonyms: name)*. Examples: "They named their son David".
        *   "Oncogenes" is a scientific term/name given to a specific class/family of genes. This fits well. It's assigning a name.

    *   *Sense 2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality*. Examples: "He called me a bastard", "She called her children lazy".
        *   This usually involves an adjective or a common noun used descriptively or pejoratively to characterize someone. While "oncogenes" is a noun phrase, it's functioning as a label/name for a category rather than a quality or insult. "Oncogenes" is the technical name of the group. Sense 1 is a better fit for technical nomenclature.

    *   *Sense 27: consider or regard as being*. Examples: "I would not call her beautiful".
        *   This involves a judgment or estimation of a quality. "Oncogenes" isn't a quality like "beautiful" or "difficult". It's a taxonomic label.

    *   Other senses (telephone, shout, visit, order, etc.) are clearly irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is for "proper names" (or specific names). Example: "They named their son David."
    *   Sense 2 is for "common noun that reflects a quality". Example: "He called me a bastard."
    *   Context: "genes ... called oncogenes".
    *   Is "oncogenes" a proper name? In biology, species names are proper (capitalized), but gene family names are often common nouns functioning as specific designators. However, WordNet sense distinctions often hinge on the "naming" aspect vs the "labeling/describing" aspect.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". The modifier "usually proper" allows for names that aren't strictly proper nouns but function as specific labels.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "ascribe a quality to". Calling someone a "bastard" or "lazy" is describing them. Calling a gene family "oncogenes" is naming a category. It's not describing them as having the quality of being an "oncogene" in the way one describes a person as "lazy". It is assigning a term of art.
    *   Comparison with examples:
        *   Sense 1: "named their son David" -> Label = David.
        *   Sense 2: "called me a bastard" -> Label/Description = bastard (descriptive/common noun).
        *   Sentence: "called ... oncogenes". Is this naming or describing? "Oncogenes" is the scientific term for that family. It functions like a name. "Scientists call the new class... tumor-suppressors" (earlier in text). This looks very much like naming a newly discovered class.
    *   Standard WSD practice for "call + [Name/Label]":
        *   If the object is a proper noun (David, Paris), it's Sense 1.
        *   If the object is a common noun acting as a descriptive label (often a profession or insult, e.g., "called him a fool", "called her a doctor"), it is often Sense 2.
        *   However, "oncogenes" is a specific scientific label. Is it a proper noun? No, it's not capitalized. Is it a quality? No.
        *   Let's check similar scientific contexts. "This process is called photosynthesis." "This device is called a spectrometer."
        *   In WordNet, Sense 1 covers "assign a specified... name to". The "usually proper" qualifier is key. "Oncogenes" is the name of the class. It is a specific term.
        *   Sense 2 examples ("called me a bastard", "called her children lazy") strongly imply a judgment of quality or character.
        *   Sense 1 example ("named their son David") implies a specific identifier.
        *   "Oncogenes" is an identifier for the group. It is closer to a name than a quality description.
        *   Let's check the "synonyms". Sense 1 synonym is "name". "We *named* the gene family oncogenes" works perfectly.
        *   Sense 2 has no synonym listed in the prompt, but usually implies "label" or "term". "He termed me a bastard".
        *   Sense 27 ("consider or regard as being"): Example "I would not call her beautiful". This is for adjectives usually. "Oncogenes" is a noun.
        *   Between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
            *   "Oncogenes" is a specific term. "We call this [name]".
            *   Sense 1: "assign a specified ... name to".
            *   Sense 2: "give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
        *   "Oncogenes" is a common noun, but does it reflect a quality? It reflects the nature of the gene (cancer-causing), but primarily it serves as the *name* of the category.
        *   Usually, Sense 1 is used for specific nomenclature. "The ship was called the Titanic" (Sense 1). "The village is called Grandeville" (Sense 1). "The gene is called p53" (Sense 1).
        *   "Oncogenes" acts like "p53" but for a class.
        *   Sense 1 is the standard choice for technical nomenclature or assigning labels that function as names. Sense 2 is usually reserved for predicative nominative constructions involving insults or roles that are seen as qualities (e.g., "They called him a hero"). Even "hero" might be Sense 2. But "oncogenes" is a neutral scientific classification.
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 1 again: "The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader". "Named" is the synonym.
        *   Can we substitute "named"? "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes ... named oncogenes." Yes, this is natural. It implies the assignment of the name.
        *   Sense 2 examples ("called me a bastard") are distinctively evaluative or qualitative.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit for a scientific label/name.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   The context describes assigning a specific scientific term ("oncogenes") to a category of entities (genes).
    *   This fits the definition of Sense 1: "assign a specified... name to".
    *   The synonym "name" fits the context well.
    *   Sense 2 is for ascribing qualities (negative or descriptive), which doesn't fit the neutral scientific naming context as well as Sense 1.

    Index 1 corresponds to Sense 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: present
Target surface form: present
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=present%3:00:01:: | definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use
2. sense_key=present%3:00:02:: | definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: "present" in the sentence "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence discusses a condition for a cell becoming malignant. It says oncogenes *must be present*. The contrast is with tumor-suppressor genes being damaged. The phrase "present for a cell to become malignant" implies existence or occurrence in a specific location (the cell or the biological system). It's saying these genes need to be there, they need to exist in that context.
3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1**: "temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration". Examples: "the present leader", "articles for present use". This refers to time (current). Does "Oncogenes must be [current] for a cell..." fit? Not really. It's not about the *time* they exist, but the fact that they are *there*.
4.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2**: "being or existing in a specified place". Examples: "the murderer is present in this room", "present at the wedding". This refers to spatial existence or presence. The context says "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant". This implies that oncogenes must *be there* (exist/be located) in the cell/system for malignancy to occur. This fits the definition of "existing in a specified place" (the place being the cell context).
5.  **Compare**:
    *   Sense 1: Time/Current status.
    *   Sense 2: Spatial/Existential status (being there).
    *   Context: "Oncogenes must be [there/exist]..."
    *   Sentence analysis: The requirement is the existence/presence of the gene in the cell. Sense 2 matches "being or existing in a specified place". Even though the "place" isn't explicitly named in the immediate phrase, the implied location is the biological system being discussed.
6.  **Conclusion**: Sense 2 is the correct fit. It describes the existence of the genes in the relevant biological context.

JSON format required: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence is "Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells..."
    *   Keywords: "malignant", "cancerous", "tumor-suppressors", "genes", "growth", "division", "organisms", "tissues".
    *   The context discusses biological processes, cancer research, genes, and the fundamental units of life that make up tissues and organisms.
    *   The target word "<t>cell</t>" refers to the biological entity that can become malignant (cancerous).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "any small compartment" (e.g., honeycomb). Too generic. Not specifically biological in the way the text discusses.
    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." This matches perfectly. The text discusses cells becoming malignant, having genes, dividing, etc. This is the core biological definition.
    *   Sense 3: "a device that delivers an electric current..." Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4: "a small unit serving as part of... a larger political movement" Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 5: "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone..." Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 6: "small room in which a monk or nun lives" Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 7: "a room where a prisoner is kept" Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Context vs. Definitions:**
    *   The text talks about "cell division", "cell's growth", "normal ... cells", "cancerous cells".
    *   Sense 2 definition: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life... or may form colonies or tissues..."
    *   This is the scientific/biological sense required here.

4.  **Select the Best Index:**
    *   The best match is Sense 2.

5.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object {"sense_index": X}.

    *   Sense index: 2.

    Final check:
    Context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."
    Definition: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..."
    Match: Perfect.

    The user instructions explicitly say "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key" and "Return only a JSON object exactly like...".

    Result: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: become
    *   Target surface form: become
    *   Context: "...Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."
    *   Meaning in context: A cell changes its state from normal/benign to malignant (cancerous). This implies a transformation or a change of state.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `become%2:30:00::` | Definition: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" | Synonyms: go, get | Examples: "He became annoyed...", "It must be getting more serious".
        *   Analysis: This sense usually refers to acquiring a temporary state, often an adjective describing a condition (annoyed, serious). "Malignant" is an adjective describing a state/condition of a cell. "Become malignant" fits the pattern of entering a state.

    *   **Sense 2:** `become%2:42:01::` | Definition: "undergo a change or development" | Synonyms: turn | Examples: "The water turned into ice", "Her former friend became her worst enemy".
        *   Analysis: This sense emphasizes the *process* of change or transformation, often with a resultant state or object. "Turn" is the key synonym. "The water turned into ice" involves a fundamental change in nature. "Become malignant" involves a fundamental change in the nature of the cell. The phrase "turn malignant" is also very common idiomatically in medical contexts.
        *   Distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
            *   Sense 1 ("enter or assume a state"): Often used with adjectives describing qualities or emotions (become angry, become old, become clear). The focus is on the resulting state.
            *   Sense 2 ("undergo a change or development"): Often implies a transformation or a significant shift. The synonym "turn" is strong here. In the text, the context talks about "damaged genes", "initiate a cancer", "propel it into a deadly state". It describes a biological transformation. The previous sentence says "cells ... turn malignant". The text uses "turn malignant" as a synonym nearby! "cells normally under control turn malignant." Later, the target sentence is "for a cell to become malignant".
            *   If the text explicitly uses "turn malignant" in the immediate context to describe the same phenomenon, Sense 2 (synonym "turn") is a very strong candidate.

    *   **Sense 3:** `become%2:42:00::` | Definition: "come into existence" | Examples: "What becomes has duration".
        *   Analysis: This is a philosophical or archaic usage. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 4:** `become%2:42:03::` | Definition: "enhance the appearance of" | Synonyms: suit | Examples: "Mourning becomes Electra".
        *   Analysis: Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is "enter or assume a certain state or condition". "Malignant" is a state/condition.
    *   Sense 2 is "undergo a change or development". Synonym "turn".
    *   Context clue: "cells normally under control **turn** malignant".
    *   Target sentence: "for a cell to **become** malignant".
    *   The text establishes "turn malignant" as the equivalent expression. In WordNet, "turn" is the specific synonym for Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1 examples ("He became annoyed", "getting more serious") suggest a shift in quality or condition, often gradable.
    *   Sense 2 examples ("water turned into ice") suggest a transformation of substance or nature. A cell becoming malignant is a transformation of its nature.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 aligns better with the transformation aspect and the synonym "turn" used in the immediate context.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 2 fits best because of the synonym "turn" explicitly used in the context to describe the exact same process ("turn malignant") and the definition of undergoing a change/development/transformation.

    *   Sense 1 index: 1
    *   Sense 2 index: 2
    *   Sense 3 index: 3
    *   Sense 4 index: 4

    I will select Sense 2.

    Wait, let me double check the indices.
    1. sense_key=become%2:30:00::
    2. sense_key=become%2:42:01::
    3. sense_key=become%2:42:00::
    4. sense_key=become%2:42:03::

    Selection: 2.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2 strictly on WordNet 3.0/3.1 data.
    WordNet 3.0:
    1. become, go, get -- (enter or assume a certain state or condition; "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news"; "It must be getting more serious"; "her face went red with excitement"; "She went into ecstasy"; "Get going!")
    2. become, turn -- (undergo a change or development; "The water turned into ice"; "Her former friend became her worst enemy"; "He turned traitor")

    Context: "...cells normally under control **turn** malignant. ... for a cell to **become** malignant..."
    The text equates "turn" and "become" in this specific biological context. The change from normal to malignant is a change in nature/development.
    Sense 1 ("get/go") is often for states like "get angry", "go wrong".
    Sense 2 ("turn") is often for transformations "turn red", "turn traitor", "turn into ice".
    "Malignant" behaves like an adjective that denotes a transformed state (like "turn traitor").
    The synonym "turn" in Sense 2 matches the usage "turn malignant" found earlier in the text.

    Conclusion: Sense 2 is the correct choice.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have *found* them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Subject: Researchers.
    *   Verb: have found.
    *   Object: them (referring to "oncogenes").
    *   Contextual details: This is a scientific discovery process. Researchers are looking for or studying genes. They *discovered* or *detected* the presence of these genes in specific locations (normal and cancerous cells).
    *   Implication: The finding is a result of scientific study/investigation.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   1: "come upon, as if by accident; meet with". (Synonyms: happen, chance, bump). *Analysis: Scientific research isn't usually accidental in this sense. While "encounter" fits somewhat, the "accident" connotation isn't quite right for systematic research finding genes in specific cell types.*
    *   2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". (Synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice). *Analysis: This fits very well. Researchers detected/observed the presence of oncogenes in normal cells.*
    *   3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost". (Synonyms: regain). *Analysis: The genes weren't lost. This is about finding a lost object.*
    *   4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". (Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain). *Analysis: This is also a strong contender. It emphasizes the process of study. However, usually "find" in this sense takes a clause (find that...) or a result. Here, the object is the genes themselves ("found them"). Sense 4 often implies finding a fact or a result (e.g., "find the product", "find the particle" - though "find the particle" leans toward sense 8/2). Let's compare 2 and 4. Sense 2 focuses on "existence, presence, or fact". The sentence says they found them *in* cells. This is locating their presence. Sense 4 is often used for "finding out" information or calculating values. "Found them" (physical entities) usually aligns better with discovery/detection (Sense 2) or discovery (Sense 8).*
    *   5: "come to believe on the basis of emotion...". (Synonyms: feel). *Analysis: Incorrect.*
    *   6: "perceive or be contemporaneous with". (Synonyms: witness, see). *Analysis: "Witness" is close, but usually implies being present at an event. Finding genes in cells implies investigation.*
    *   7: "get something or somebody for a specific purpose". (Synonyms: line up). *Analysis: Incorrect.*
    *   8: "make a discovery, make a new finding". (Synonyms: discover). *Analysis: This is also very strong. "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". Here, researchers "found" oncogenes in normal cells. Is this a "new discovery" in the sense of invention? No, it's an observation of existence. Sense 8 is often intransitive or used for the grand act of discovery. Sense 2 includes "determine the existence... of". Sense 2's examples "We found traces of lead" is structurally identical to "found them [oncogenes] in normal... cells". Sense 8's examples "found a new elementary particle" also fits. Let's look closer at the distinction between 2 and 8. WordNet often distinguishes "discover" (first time ever) vs "detect/observe" (notice presence). Oncogenes were already known ("discovered in the early 1980s"). Finding them in *normal* cells is an observation of presence, not the initial discovery of the entity itself. Therefore, Sense 2 (detect/observe presence) is more precise than Sense 8 (make a new finding/invention of the entity).*
    *   9: "make a discovery". (Synonyms: discover). Examples: "She found that he had lied". Takes a clause. *Analysis: Doesn't fit "found them".*
    *   10: "obtain through effort or management". *Analysis: Incorrect.*
    *   11: "decide on and make a declaration about". (Synonyms: rule). *Analysis: Incorrect.*
    *   12: "receive a specified treatment". *Analysis: Incorrect.*
    *   13: "perceive oneself to be...". *Analysis: Incorrect.*
    *   14: "get or find back; recover". *Analysis: Incorrect.*
    *   15: "succeed in reaching". *Analysis: Incorrect.*
    *   16: "accept and make use of one's personality...". *Analysis: Incorrect.*

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 2 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sentence: "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells"
    *   Sense 2 definition: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint".
    *   Sense 4 definition: "establish after a calculation, investigation...". Example: "find the product of two numbers".
    *   The usage here is locating the object (genes) in a location (cells). The example "We found traces of lead in the paint" (Sense 2) is structurally and semantically identical to "found them in normal cells". It is about detecting the presence of something.
    *   Sense 4 is more about establishing a truth or a calculated value (e.g., "found him guilty" - actually sense 11, or "found the answer").

4.  **Refining the choice between Sense 2 and Sense 8:**
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding". Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
    *   The oncogenes were already known (discovered in the early 1980s). This finding is about locating them in a new context (normal cells), which fits "determine the ... presence of" (Sense 2) better than the grand "make a discovery" (Sense 8), which often implies finding something previously unknown to science.

5.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 2 matches the "detect/observe" aspect of scientific inquiry where the object's presence is verified.
    *   Example match: "We found traces of lead in the paint" <-> "found them in normal... cells".
    *   Sense Index 2.

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 8 vs Sense 2.
    WordNet 3.0 structure:
    find%2:39:02:: (Sense 2 in this list) -> discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of.
    find%2:38:10:: (Sense 8 in this list) -> make a discovery, make a new finding.

    Context: "researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells".
    They didn't discover the genes *themselves* (that happened in the early 80s). They discovered/detected the *presence* of the genes in specific cells.
    Therefore, Sense 2 is the precise fit.

    Let's check Sense 1 ("come upon, as if by accident").
    While "We find this idea in Plato" is an example, "accident" is the wrong vibe for "researchers have found". Research implies intent (unlike sense 1's "happen, chance").

    Let's check Sense 4 ("establish after a calculation...").
    This usually implies finding an abstract result (product, solution, answer). Finding a gene in a cell is finding a physical entity (or trace of it), aligning with "traces of lead".

    Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best fit.

    The indices provided in the prompt:
    1. find%2:40:02:: (come upon by accident)
    2. find%2:39:02:: (discover or determine existence/presence) - *Selected*
    3. find%2:40:00:: (find location of missed/lost)
    4. find%2:32:00:: (establish after calculation)
    ...
    8. find%2:36:00:: (make a discovery) - *Runner up, but implies the entity itself was unknown.*

    The sentence structure "found [object] in [location]" matches Sense 2 example "found traces of lead in the paint".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text is discussing cancer genes (tumor-suppressors and oncogenes).
    *   The specific sentence containing the target word is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   The contrast is between "normal" cells and "cancerous" cells.
    *   The phrase "normal ... as well as in cancerous cells" implies healthy, non-diseased, standard, or properly functioning cells.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal".
        *   Examples: "serve wine at normal room temperature", "normal diplomatic relations".
        *   This is a broad definition about adhering to a standard or norm. In a biological context, a "normal cell" is one that conforms to the standard/expected state of a cell (not cancerous/abnormal).
    *   **Sense 2:** "in accordance with scientific laws".
        *   This usually refers to things like "normal reaction force" in physics or "normal solution" in chemistry. It doesn't fit a biological cell context well.
    *   **Sense 3:** "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development".
        *   Examples: "a perfectly normal child", "of normal intelligence".
        *   This sense is specific to human development/intelligence. While biological cells develop, this sense is heavily skewed towards psychological/medical developmental norms for people, not cell biology.
    *   **Sense 4:** "forming a right angle".
        *   Geometric sense (perpendicular). Totally irrelevant here.

3.  **Evaluate the fit:**
    *   Sense 4 is definitely out (geometry).
    *   Sense 2 is unlikely (scientific laws, usually physics/chemistry terminology).
    *   Sense 3 is specific to human traits/intelligence. While cells have development, "normal cells" in a cancer context refers to non-cancerous cells. Is a non-cancerous cell an "average" cell or one conforming to a standard?
    *   Sense 1 defines "not abnormal". In the text, the contrast is explicitly with "cancerous cells". Cancer cells are abnormal cells. Therefore, normal cells are those that are *not abnormal*, conforming to the biological standard/norm.
    *   The gloss "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal" fits best. The text contrasts "normal" with "cancerous" (which is a type of abnormality). Thus, "normal" here means the standard, healthy state, which aligns with the definition of "not abnormal" or "conforming to the standard".

    Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    Sense 3 is usually about "normal child", "normal development", "normal intelligence". It restricts the domain to intelligence and development of people.
    Sense 1 is the general sense of "not abnormal" or "conforming to a standard".
    In medical/biological texts, "normal tissue" or "normal cells" refers to the expected, non-pathological state. This aligns with the general definition of Sense 1 (standard/not abnormal) rather than the specific developmental metric of Sense 3.

    Let's check WordNet hierarchy or usage notes if possible (mentally).
    Sense 1 is the most general and common adjective sense.
    Text: "found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells".
    Meaning: healthy, non-malignant, standard cells.
    Definition 1: "not abnormal". This matches perfectly. Cancer cells are abnormal. Normal cells are not.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the general opposition to "abnormal" (cancerous) and the adherence to the biological standard/norm.

5.  **Formatting:**
    Return JSON `{"sense_index": 1}`.