[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The text discusses cancer development at a genetic level. It mentions "gene losses" being critical to tumor development. Earlier sentences explain this process: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out..." and "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted..." The target word "losses" refers to the genes being "knocked out" or "deleted". They are things (genes) that are no longer there or functional.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `loss%1:21:01::` | Definition: "something that is lost" | Examples: "the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to the specific object or entity that has been lost (the car, the livestock). In the context, "gene losses" refers to the genes that have been lost (deleted/knocked out). The genes are "something that is lost". This seems like a strong fit. It treats "loss" as the noun representing the missing entity or the instance of losing a specific entity.

    *   **Sense 2:** `loss%1:22:00::` | Definition: "gradual decline in amount or activity" | Examples: "weight loss; a serious loss of business".
        *   *Analysis:* This usually refers to a reduction in quantity or volume (weight, business volume). While gene deletion reduces the number of genes, the phrase "gene losses" typically refers to the specific events of losing genes or the genes themselves, not a "gradual decline" in a generalized sense like weight loss. It's an event/instance of loss, not a process of declining.

    *   **Sense 3:** `loss%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of losing someone or something" | Examples: "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the act/event. While losing a gene is an event, the phrase "gene losses" often acts as a count noun referring to the instances of loss or the specific genes lost. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 3.
        *   Sense 1: "something that is lost" (countable entity/result). Example: "The car was a total loss."
        *   Sense 3: "the act of losing". Example: "his loss was a shock" (referring to the event of him losing the game, or perhaps him being lost, but usually the event of losing).
        *   In molecular biology, "gene loss" (or "gene losses") is often treated as an event/process ("Loss of heterozygosity") or the result (the missing gene). Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 1. "Loss of livestock" -> the livestock are the things lost. "Gene losses" -> the genes are the things lost.
        *   Let's look at the semantic category. Sense 1 is `1:21` (possession). Sense 3 is `1:04` (act).
        *   In the sentence: "gene losses were critical". What is the subject? The fact that genes were lost? Or the genes that were lost?
        *   Often in WordNet, "loss" as "something that is lost" covers the countable noun usage. "He suffered heavy losses" (men/ships lost). "Gene losses" (genes lost).
        *   Sense 3 (act) would fit "The loss of the gene occurred early."
        *   Let's check the text again. "gene losses were critical". If we substitute the definition:
            *   Sense 1: "genes [something that is lost] were critical" -> makes sense.
            *   Sense 3: "genes [act of losing] were critical" -> slightly awkward phrasing ("gene acts of losing were critical"), usually one would say "loss of genes was critical". The plural "losses" strongly suggests countable entities or distinct events. In biology, "gene losses" usually implies specific instances of genes being lost or the genes themselves as missing entities.
        *   Let's look at Sense 1 examples again: "loss of livestock". Here "loss" is singular, but refers to the livestock (plural) lost. The target is "losses" (plural).
        *   Let's look at Sense 7: "military personnel lost by death or capture". This is a specific domain. "Gene losses" is a biological domain, but structurally similar (personnel lost vs genes lost). However, Sense 1 is the general root for "something that is lost". Sense 7 is a specific hyponym for military. Sense 1 is the appropriate general sense.

    *   **Sense 4:** `loss%1:07:00::` | Definition: "the disadvantage that results from losing something" | Synonyms: deprivation.
        *   *Analysis:* Not about disadvantage here. It's about the genetic mechanism.

    *   **Sense 5:** `loss%1:11:01::` | Definition: "the experience of losing a loved one".
        *   *Analysis:* Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** `loss%1:21:00::` | Definition: "the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue".
        *   *Analysis:* Financial context. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 7:** `loss%1:11:00::` | Definition: "military personnel lost by death or capture".
        *   *Analysis:* Specific to military. Not biology.

    *   **Sense 8:** `loss%1:11:02::` | Definition: "euphemistic expressions for death".
        *   *Analysis:* Not relevant.

3.  **Narrowing down to Sense 1 vs Sense 3:**

    *   **Sense 1** (`1:21:01::`): "something that is lost".
        *   Examples: "The car was a total loss."
    *   **Sense 3** (`1:04:00::`): "the act of losing someone or something".
        *   Examples: "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock" (Here, "loss" refers to the event of losing the match/election).

    *   In the phrase "gene losses", we are talking about multiple genes being knocked out. These are entities that are lost.
    *   If the text said "The loss of genes is a critical step," Sense 3 (act) might be a contender, as it refers to the process/event.
    *   However, the plural form "losses" typically denotes the countable things lost (like "casualties" or "financial losses" as items, though financial losses are Sense 6). In general English, "losses" often refers to the things lost (Sense 1). Example: "The company wrote off its losses" (bad debts/assets lost - though this leans financial).
    *   Let's look at a non-financial example for Sense 1. "The fire resulted in the loss of the barn." (Barn = something lost). "The losses included a barn and a tractor." (Barn and tractor = things lost).
    *   "Gene losses" -> The genes are the things lost. They are the entities.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 ("something that is lost") fits the plural countable nature of "losses" referring to the specific genes that have been deleted/knocked out.

    *   Let's double check the Sense 1 examples. "loss of livestock". "losses" (plural) -> "livestock losses". This usually means the animals that died/were lost.
    *   The context says: "gene losses were critical". The genes (plural entities) are the "losses".
    *   Sense 3 refers to the "act". You can have "acts of losing", but usually we say "the loss of X" for the act, and "X's losses" or "losses of X" for the things lost.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the "something that is lost" meaning applied to genes.

    *   Let's check if there is a distinction between the event and the entity in WordNet hierarchies.
    *   `loss%1:21:01::` is in the noun.cognition or noun.possession? The file number `1:21` usually corresponds to noun.possession in WordNet 3.0/3.1 (often possession or attribute). Actually, `1:04` is noun.act. `1:21` is noun.possession.
    *   "Something that is lost" (Possession) makes semantic sense. You possessed the gene, now you don't. It is a lost possession.
    *   "Gene losses" = Lost genes.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "something that is lost".
    *   Target context: genes are lost.
    *   Target phrase: "gene losses" = genes (things) that are lost.

    *   Final check against Sense 3: "act of losing".
        *   Context: "If both copies... were knocked out... gene losses were critical".
        *   Is it the *act* of knocking them out that is critical, or the *fact* that the genes are missing?
        *   Usually, "gene loss" in biology (as in LOH - Loss of Heterozygosity) describes the result/state or the event.
        *   However, the plural "losses" points strongly to the countable entities. Just like "casualties" (people lost).
        *   Sense 1 is the best fit for plural "losses" referring to specific items (genes) that are gone.

    *   Wait, let's check the example for Sense 1: "the car was a total loss". This is singular.
    *   Let's check the example for Sense 3: "his loss was a shock". This refers to the event of him losing (the act).
    *   If the text said "The loss of the gene was a shock," Sense 3 would apply.
    *   But "Gene losses were critical".
        *   "Genes [that were lost] were critical".
        *   This aligns with Sense 1.

    *   Let's check Sense 2: "gradual decline". "Gene loss" can be a process of declining number of genes over evolution. But here it is specific tumor development (somatic mutation/deletion). "Gene losses" refers to specific deletion events or the deleted genes.
    *   Sense 1 "something that is lost" covers the result. The gene is the thing lost.

    *   Decision: Sense 1.

provider: Novita


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word "critical" appears in the context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor"

Let me analyze the meaning in context:
- The sentence is saying that gene losses were important/essential/necessary for the development of a tumor
- This is about scientific research into cancer development
- The meaning is that gene losses played a crucial/vital/essential role in tumor development

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws" - This doesn't fit. This is about being critical in a judgmental way.

2. "at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change" - This is about physical properties reaching a critical point (like critical mass, critical temperature). Not applicable here.

3. "characterized by careful evaluation and judgment" - This is about critical thinking/analysis. Not applicable.

4. "urgently needed; absolutely necessary" - This could fit! Gene losses were absolutely necessary/essential for tumor development. The synonym "vital" and examples like "a critical element of the plan" match this sense.

5. "forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis" - This is about turning points or crisis moments. The examples mention "critical point in the campaign" - this is more about a decisive moment. Not quite right for this context.

6. "being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency" - This is about dangerous/serious situations like "critical illness" or "critical shortage." Not applicable.

7. "of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism" - This is about literary/art criticism. Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 4: "urgently needed; absolutely necessary" with synonym "vital."

The sentence is saying that gene losses were essential/necessary/vital to the development of a tumor - meaning without these gene losses, the tumor wouldn't develop. This matches sense 4 perfectly.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 5: "forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis" with synonym "decisive." The sentence could be interpreted as saying gene losses were crucial/decisive to tumor development. But looking at the examples ("critical point in the campaign," "critical test"), these are more about specific moments or tests that are turning points. The context here is about gene losses being necessary/essential components, not about turning points.

Sense 4 with "vital" as a synonym and "a critical element of the plan" as an example seems more appropriate. The gene losses are critical components/elements that are necessary for tumor development.

I'll go with sense 4.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target lemma: `development`
    *   Context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged... It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor..."
    *   The context talks about biological processes, specifically the progression of cancer. It mentions genes being knocked out, benign polyps developing, progression to malignancy, and the "development of a common tumor". It describes a biological entity changing from one state to another (normal -> polyps -> malignancy).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:

    *   *Sense 1*: "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining" (e.g., development of a plan). This is abstract/planning oriented. Not the primary fit for biological tumor progression.
    *   *Sense 2*: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" (synonyms: evolution). Examples: "development of his ideas", "evolution of Greek civilization". This fits the idea of progression. Cancer development is a progression through stages.
    *   *Sense 3*: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically... changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" (synonyms: growth, maturation, ontogeny). This is specific to biology/organism growth. Is cancer development "growth" or "ontogeny"? Cancer is an aberrant biological process. Tumor development is often described as uncontrolled growth or a biological process. However, "ontogeny" usually refers to the development of an embryo/organism, not a disease process. Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3 closely in this context.
        *   Sense 2 is about passing to a different stage (evolution). The text says "polyps would progress to malignancy".
        *   Sense 3 is about "growing organically... simple to a more complex level".
        *   The phrase "cancer development" and "development of a common tumor" refers to the formation and progression of the disease. While it's biological, it's not the "ontogeny" of an organism. It is a pathological process of change/progression.
        *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "passes by degrees to a different stage". This aligns perfectly with the text: "If both copies... then deleted... progress to malignancy". It is a stepwise process.
        *   However, in biomedical contexts, "development" often refers to the biological process of formation/growth. Let's check specific WordNet usage. Sense 3 is strictly "growing organically... individual organism". A tumor is not exactly an individual organism in the standard sense of ontogeny, though it grows.
        *   Let's look at Sense 2's synonym "evolution". In cancer biology, "tumor evolution" or "clonal evolution" is a specific term, but "development" is also used.
        *   Let's re-read Sense 2's definition: "process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". This matches the "progression" aspect mentioned in the text ("progress to malignancy").
        *   Let's re-read Sense 3's definition: "process of an individual organism growing organically". While a tumor grows, "development" in the phrase "development of a tumor" often implies the *process* of it coming into being and evolving/mutating. Is it "growth" (Sense 3) or "process of changing stages" (Sense 2)?
        *   Often, WordNet senses for "development" are split between "growth" (biological) and "evolution/progression" (general).
        *   Context: "picture of cancer development emerged". "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor".
        *   The text highlights the *stages*: polyps -> malignancy. This fits the definition of Sense 2 ("passes by degrees to a different stage") very well.
        *   Does it fit Sense 3? Sense 3 is usually "child development", "embryonic development". Tumors are often described as having "development" in the sense of growth, but the specific context here emphasizes the stepwise progression (degrees to a different stage).
        *   Let's look at the synonym for Sense 3: "growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny". "Tumor growth" is a very common phrase. "Tumor development" is also common.
        *   Let's look at the synonym for Sense 2: "evolution". "Tumor evolution" is also a concept.
        *   However, WordNet sense 3 (ontogeny) is specifically for the biological unfolding of an *organism*. Cancer is a pathological condition, not the normal ontogeny of an organism. Therefore, Sense 3 is likely too specific to normal biological growth of an individual.
        *   Sense 2 is a general process of change/advancement. Cancer development is the process of the disease advancing. The text mentions "progress to malignancy". This aligns with "passes by degrees to a different stage". The example in Sense 2 is "evolution of Greek civilization" (a process of change). The text describes cancer moving from normal to polyp to malignant.
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 seems stronger than Sense 3 because Sense 3 implies normal biological maturation of an organism, whereas Sense 2 applies to the *process* of changing states/degrees, applicable to civilizations or diseases.

    *   *Sense 4*: "recent event". No, this refers to the biological process, not a news update.
    *   *Sense 5*: "land/water development". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 6*: "district". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 7*: "chess". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 8*: "photography". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 9*: "music". Irrelevant.

3.  **Final Decision between Sense 2 and Sense 3**:
    *   Sense 3 definition: "process of an individual organism growing organically... simple to a more complex level".
    *   Sense 2 definition: "process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
    *   Context: "cancer development", "development of a common tumor".
    *   The text describes a multi-step process: "If both copies... If both copies... progress to malignancy". This is a progression through stages.
    *   While "development" in biology often maps to Sense 3 (growth/ontogeny), the specific phrase "cancer development" or "tumor development" regarding the *etiology* and *pathogenesis* (progression) fits the schematic of Sense 2 (process of passing by degrees to a different stage) or perhaps Sense 3 if one considers the tumor an "organism" or "organic growth".
    *   However, standard WordSense Disambiguation for "development" in medical contexts (like "drug development" or "disease development") often looks at whether it's "growth" or "process".
    *   Let's check the examples again.
    *   Sense 3 example: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children". This is normal growth.
    *   Sense 2 example: "development of his ideas", "evolution of Greek civilization". This is change/progression over time.
    *   Cancer development is more like the "evolution of Greek civilization" in the sense that it changes character over time (benign to malignant) rather than the "osseous development" (growing bigger/maturing according to a genetic plan).
    *   Also, Sense 2's definition "passes by degrees to a different stage" captures the "progress to malignancy" aspect perfectly.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    *   Wait, let me double check Sense 1. "act of improving...". Not relevant.
    *   Let's check if there is a specific "biological process" sense that isn't ontogeny. Sense 3 is the only one tagged `(biology)`.
    *   Does `cancer development` fall under the `(biology)` sense?
    *   If we look at how WSD systems usually tag this: "development of a disease" is often mapped to Sense 2 (evolution/progression) rather than Sense 3 (ontogeny/growth). A tumor grows (Sense 3 might be close), but the "development of cancer" as a pathological process is a "passing by degrees to a different stage" (Sense 2).
    *   Consider the text: "confirming evidence... that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor". The gene losses lead to the progression.
    *   If we look at the definition of Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". Malignancy is a "different stage". The text explicitly says "progress to malignancy".
    *   Sense 3 is about an "individual organism". A tumor is part of an organism, not the organism itself (usually).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is superior.

    *   Let's verify Sense 2 vs Sense 1.
    *   Sense 1: "act of improving...". Not fitting.
    *   Sense 2: "process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". Fits "cancer development" (normal -> polyps -> malignant). Fits "development of a common tumor".

    *   Let's re-read the definition of Sense 3 carefully. "process of an individual organism growing organically". Is a tumor an individual organism? No. It is a growth *in* an organism.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    *   Index 2 corresponds to `sense_key=development%1:22:02::`.
    *   Wait, let me check the provided list numbering.
    *   1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: (Improving)
    *   2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: (Process/Degrees/Evolution) -> This matches.
    *   3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: (Biology/Organism Growth) -> Mismatch on "organism".

    *   Conclusion: The process of cancer moving from normal to benign to malignant is a "process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".
    *   Selected sense index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   **Target**: common
    *   **Context**: "...gene losses were critical to the development of a **common** tumor..."
    *   **Sentence meaning**: The sentence discusses cancer research. It mentions "a common tumor". In this context, the author is referring to the prevalence or frequency of the tumor type (colon cancer). It is a tumor that happens often or is widespread, not rare.
    *   **Key nuance**: It's not "shared" by two people (sense 3). It's not "vulgar" or "low class" (senses 6, 7, 8). It's not "public" property (sense 1). It's not "informal language" (sense 5). It's about statistical frequency or being "widely known or commonly encountered".

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:

    *   *Sense 1 (belonging to a community as a whole; public)*: No. This applies to land or goods (common lands). A tumor isn't public property.
    *   *Sense 2 (having no special distinction; average or ordinary or usual)*: Definition: "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual". Examples: "the common man", "a common sailor". This fits well. A "common tumor" is one that is frequently encountered in the population. It implies high prevalence.
    *   *Sense 3 (shared by two or more parties)*: No. The tumor isn't shared. Synonyms like "mutual" don't fit.
    *   *Sense 4 (commonly encountered; usual)*: Definition: "commonly encountered". Synonyms: "usual". Examples: "a common complaint". This is very similar to Sense 2. Let's distinguish Sense 2 and Sense 4.
        *   Sense 2 ("common%3:00:01::") often implies "ordinary" or "average" or "having no special distinction" (sometimes potentially negative or neutral generic quality).
        *   Sense 4 ("common%5:00:00:familiar:02") specifically highlights "commonly encountered" and "usual".
        *   Let's look at the specific phrasing "a common tumor". Is it "an ordinary tumor" (Sense 2) or "a frequently occurring tumor" (Sense 4)?
        *   Medical contexts usually distinguish between "common" (prevalent) and "rare".
        *   Let's check the examples again.
            *   Sense 2: "the common man" (archetype), "a common sailor" (rank/status).
            *   Sense 4: "a common complaint" (frequent occurrence), "the usual greeting".
        *   "A common tumor" aligns very closely with "a common complaint" (Sense 4). It means it happens often.
        *   However, Sense 2's definition includes "widely known or commonly encountered".
        *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy (indicated by the sense keys).
            *   `common%3:00:01::` is an adjective satellite? No, 3:00:01 suggests it's an adjective (3). The structure usually puts the most generic senses first.
            *   `common%5:00:00:familiar:02`. The `5:00:00` indicates it is an adjective satellite. It likely points to a head word.
            *   Let's check the relationships.
            *   WordNet 3.1 structure:
                *   `common%1` (noun) - not relevant.
                *   `common%3:00:01::` (adj all) -> "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual". This is often the main entry for 'common' meaning usual/ordinary.
                *   `common%5:00:00:familiar:02` -> "commonly encountered". Synonyms: `usual`.
            *   Often, WordNet splits "ordinary" and "frequently encountered".
            *   If I say "a common error", it maps to "frequently encountered" (Sense 4-ish).
            *   If I say "a common man", it maps to "ordinary" (Sense 2-ish).
            *   If I say "a common tumor", does it mean "ordinary" (as opposed to special/unique)? Or "frequently encountered"?
            *   Colon cancer is a specific disease. It is not "ordinary" in the sense of lacking quality, it is "frequent".
            *   Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 4 definitions closely.
            *   Sense 2: "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual".
            *   Sense 4: "commonly encountered". Synonyms: `usual`.
            *   Sense 4 is a satellite of `familiar` or `usual`. Sense 2 is a direct "adj all" (or similar high-level node).
            *   In many WSD tasks on WordNet, Sense 2 covers the broad range of "ordinary/usual/encountered", while Sense 4 is specifically tied to the "familiar/usual" synset.
            *   Let's look at the examples again.
                *   Sense 2: "the common man". This suggests status/quality.
                *   Sense 4: "a common (or familiar) complaint". This suggests frequency.
                *   "A common tumor" parallels "a common complaint". It's about epidemiology (frequency), not social status or genericness.
            *   Therefore, Sense 4 seems semantically precise for "frequently encountered".
            *   *However*, checking standard WordNet mappings for "common" in contexts like "common disease" or "common cold".
            *   Often, the "frequently found" meaning maps to the sense defined as "commonly encountered".
            *   Let's look at Sense 2's definition again: "widely known or commonly encountered". This definition actually *includes* the meaning of Sense 4.
            *   Let's check Sense 9: "to be expected; standard". (common decency). Not this.
            *   Let's check Sense 3: "shared". Not this.
            *   Refining the choice between Sense 2 and Sense 4.
            *   In WordNet 3.0/3.1:
                *   Sense 2: `common, ordinary` -> having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual.
                *   Sense 4: `common` -> commonly encountered (satellite of `familiar` or `usual`?).
            *   Wait, usually the specific "often encountered" meaning is Sense 1 or 2 in some versions, but here Sense 1 is "public", Sense 2 is "ordinary/encountered".
            *   Let's look at the provided examples for Sense 2: "the common man". This leans towards "ordinary".
            *   Let's look at the provided examples for Sense 4: "a common complaint". This leans towards "frequency".
            *   The context "a common tumor" implies high frequency of occurrence (high incidence rate).
            *   "A common complaint" is the closest analogy in the candidate list.
            *   Therefore, Sense 4 looks very strong.
            *   *But*... Sense 2's definition also explicitly says "widely known or commonly encountered".
            *   Let's look at the synonym lists.
                *   Sense 2: No specific synonyms listed here, but usually `ordinary`.
                *   Sense 4: Synonyms: `usual`.
            *   Is a common tumor a "usual" tumor? Yes.
            *   Is a common tumor an "ordinary" tumor? Maybe, but "ordinary" suggests "not special/complex" which might be misleading in a medical context. The focus is on prevalence.
            *   Let's look at the index provided in the prompt.
            *   Index 2: definition includes "commonly encountered".
            *   Index 4: definition is "commonly encountered", synonyms "usual".
            *   Often in WordNet, Sense 2 is the "generic" catch-all for ordinary/usual, and Sense 4 is the specific satellite for "familiar/usual".
            *   If Sense 2 is the head synset and Sense 4 is a satellite, Sense 2 is usually the safer, more general "correct" choice unless the specific nuance of the satellite is required.
            *   Let's check the "Sense Key" provided.
                *   Sense 2: `common%3:00:01::`. This is a head synset (type 3 adjective, lex_id 01).
                *   Sense 4: `common%5:00:00:familiar:02`. This is a satellite adjective (type 5). It points to `familiar` (likely `familiar%1:09:00::` or similar).
            *   Satellite adjectives add specific nuances to head adjectives.
            *   If Sense 4 is a satellite of `familiar` or `usual`, does "common tumor" mean "familiar tumor" or "usual tumor"?
            *   "A common tumor" means "a tumor type that occurs frequently".
            *   Is "familiar" the right head? We are familiar with it because it occurs frequently.
            *   Is "ordinary" (Sense 2 head) the right head? It is ordinary because it occurs frequently.
            *   Let's look at "common complaint" (Sense 4 example). "A common tumor" is extremely similar to "a common complaint".
            *   Let's check if Sense 2 allows "common complaint". "A common complaint" is definitely something that occurs frequently.
            *   However, Sense 4's example is "a common complaint".
            *   Sense 2's example is "common man". "Common man" is about status/quality, not necessarily frequency of occurrence of a specific event/object, though they overlap.
            *   "Common cold" -> frequently occurring cold.
            *   "Common name" -> frequently occurring name.
            *   In biomedical texts, "common" usually refers to frequency (prevalence).
            *   Sense 4 defines "commonly encountered". This is the definition of prevalence.
            *   Sense 2 defines "having no special distinction... widely known or commonly encountered".
            *   Which is the better fit?
                *   The phrase "common tumor" does not imply the tumor is of "low quality" or "average quality" (which Sense 2's "average/ordinary" might imply in other contexts). It strictly implies prevalence.
                *   Sense 4 isolates the "commonly encountered" aspect. Sense 2 mixes it with "ordinary" and "average".
                *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the more precise fit for the statistical/epidemiological usage. It captures the "frequency" aspect without the "average/mediocre" baggage of Sense 2.
                *   The example "a common complaint" in Sense 4 clinches it. A complaint is an event/phenomenon, like a tumor. "The common man" is a person. "Common sailor" is a person/rank.
            *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the best choice.

    *   Double check Sense 3 (shared). "Common tumor" is not a tumor shared by two people. (Unlike "common ground" or "common interest").
    *   Double check Sense 1 (public). No.
    *   Double check Sense 9 (standard/decency). No.

    *   Final decision between 2 and 4.
        *   Sense 2: broad "ordinary".
        *   Sense 4: specific "frequently encountered".
        *   Context: "development of a common tumor".
        *   Meaning: Tumors of this type happen often.
        *   This is a frequency meaning.
        *   Sense 4's example "common complaint" is the closest match to "common tumor".
        *   Sense 2's examples "common man/sailor" are about status/identity.
        *   I will select Sense 4.

    *   Wait, let me check standard mapping practices for "common" in "common cold".
        *   WordNet 3.1:
            *   "common cold" is a noun compound.
            *   Adjective common:
                *   1. common(a) -- (belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public; "for the common good"; "common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community")
                *   2. common -- (having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual; "the common man"; "a common sailor"; "the common cold"; "a common nuisance"; "followed common procedure"; "it is common knowledge that she lives alone"; "the common housefly"; "a common brand of soap")
                *   ...
                *   5. common, mutual -- (common to or shared by two or more parties; "a common friend"; "the mutual interests of management and labor") [This is Sense 3 in my list]
                *   ...
        *   Wait. The prompt's Sense 2 says: `definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual`.
        *   The prompt's Sense 4 says: `definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual`.
        *   In standard WordNet display (e.g., Nodebox, standard online interfaces), the definition containing "commonly encountered" (often Sense 2 in the database) includes examples like "the common cold".
        *   However, the prompt has split these. The prompt has allocated "commonly encountered" to Sense 4 as a satellite.
        *   BUT, look at Sense 2 again. Sense 2 *also* lists "commonly encountered" in the definition.
        *   This creates an overlap.
        *   Let's look at the examples provided in the prompt again.
        *   Sense 2: "the common man", "a common sailor".
        *   Sense 4: "a common complaint", "the usual greeting".
        *   The context "common tumor" is a phenomenon/disease entity.
        *   "Common man" (Sense 2) = generic/representative.
        *   "Common complaint" (Sense 4) = frequent.
        *   "Common tumor" = frequent disease.
        *   The usage "common tumor" aligns with frequency.
        *   Sense 4 is the satellite defined *specifically* as "commonly encountered" with synonym "usual". Sense 2 is a mix of "ordinary" and "encountered".
        *   In WSD, if a satellite sense captures a specific nuance (frequency) better than the head sense (general ordinariness), the satellite is preferred.
        *   Sense 4 is the correct sense for "frequently occurring".

    *   Let's double check the Sense 4 mapping.
    *   `common%5:00:00:familiar:02`. This key indicates it's a satellite of a word starting with 'f' (familiar).
    *   In WordNet, `familiar` has a sense "well known".
    *   `usual` has a sense "commonly encountered".
    *   If "common" is a satellite of `familiar` (Sense 4 here), it means "well known / familiar".
    *   Wait. "Common complaint" -> a complaint that is familiar/known to happen often.
    *   Let's verify Sense 2 again. `common%3:00:01::`. This is the main synset for "common" (along with `mutual` senses etc).
    *   Is "common tumor" expressing "ordinariness" or "familiarity/frequency"?
    *   A "common tumor" is a tumor that is "commonly encountered".
    *   Both Sense 2 and Sense 4 definitions contain "commonly encountered".
    *   However, Sense 2 adds "having no special distinction... average or ordinary".
    *   Sense 4 adds "synonyms: usual".
    *   A tumor isn't "average" (statistics aside, a tumor is a pathology). It isn't "ordinary" in the sense of "plain". It is "usual" in the sense of "occurring often".
    *   The synonym "usual" in Sense 4 fits "common tumor" perfectly ("a usual tumor" sounds slightly off but means frequent). "A common tumor" = "A tumor that occurs frequently".
    *   The example "common complaint" in Sense 4 is the strongest predictor.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4.

    *   Let me reconsider Sense 2.
    *   In some versions of WordNet (3.0), Sense 2 is: "of no special distinction or quality; widely known; commonly encountered; average; ordinary". Examples: "the common man", "a common sailor", "the common cold", "a common brand of soap".
    *   Note "the common cold" is in Sense 2.
    *   If "the common cold" (a frequently occurring disease) is in Sense 2, then "common tumor" should be Sense 2.
    *   Let's check the provided examples for Sense 2 in the *Prompt*.
    *   Prompt Sense 2 examples: "the common man", "a common sailor".
    *   Prompt Sense 4 examples: "a common complaint", "the usual greeting".
    *   The prompt has seemingly divided the "frequently encountered" items.
    *   Sense 2 examples are "types of people".
    *   Sense 4 examples are "types of events/phenomena".
    *   "Common tumor" is a type of phenomenon/event (medical condition).
    *   This suggests the prompt intends for Sense 4 to cover the "frequently encountered phenomenon" (complaint, greeting, tumor) distinction.
    *   Although standard WordNet Sense 2 often covers both "common man" and "common cold", the restriction of examples in the prompt suggests Sense 4 is the target here for the "frequency of occurrence" meaning regarding events/conditions.
    *   The example match ("common complaint") is superior to Sense 2.

    *   Let's verify Sense 9. "to be expected; standard". Example "common decency".
    *   Is a common tumor "to be expected"? Yes.
    *   But "common tumor" implies prevalence statistics. "Common decency" implies a social norm.
    *   Sense 4 "commonly encountered" implies prevalence. This is the scientific usage.

    *   Conclusion:
    *   Sense 2: Ordinary/Typical person or thing (generic).
    *   Sense 4: Frequently encountered (frequency).
    *   "Common tumor" = Frequently encountered tumor.
    *   Example "common complaint" maps to Sense 4.
    *   I will choose Sense 4.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine the best sense for "says" in this passage.

Context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, " says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

In this context, Ray White is being quoted as speaking about scientific findings. He is expressing words - specifically, he's stating something about the evidence and its significance to their research.

Let me go through each sense:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you

This sense is about expressing something in words. The examples show someone expressing thoughts or opinions verbally. This seems to fit the context well - Ray White is expressing his thoughts about the confirming evidence.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war

This sense is more about reporting or maintaining something, often with an implication of asserting something that might be questioned. The examples suggest a more formal or legal context. While Ray White is making a statement, it's not quite an "allegation" or formal "averment."

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?

This sense is about hypothetical statements, which doesn't fit the context.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?

This sense is about written text or documents having specific content, not about a person speaking.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping

This is about commanding, not expressing information.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'

This is about the physical act of pronunciation, not relevant here.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?

This is about nonverbal communication, which doesn't fit.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office

This is very basic and about simply uttering words aloud, but it lacks the nuance of expressing information or an opinion, which is what's happening in the context.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business

This sense is about stating an opinion or judgment. Ray White is indeed giving his assessment of the scientific evidence, so this could fit.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'

This is about reciting set phrases or texts, not relevant here.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

This is about inanimate objects "indicating" something, not relevant here.

Now, between senses 1 and 9, which is more appropriate?

Sense 1 (express in words) is more general - it's about simply expressing something verbally.
Sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement; declare) is more specific - it's about stating opinions or making declarations.

Ray White is definitely expressing an opinion about scientific evidence. He's commenting on the significance of research findings. This seems closer to sense 9, where he's stating his professional judgment.

However, looking more carefully at sense 1's examples - "He said that he wanted to marry her" - this also involves expressing thoughts and opinions. And looking at sense 9's example - "I say let's forget this whole business" - this is more about making a suggestion or recommendation.

The context shows Ray White is being quoted for his professional assessment of evidence. He's stating something that he believes based on the evidence. This seems more aligned with sense 1 (express in words / state) rather than sense 9 (which has more of a suggestion/recommendation feel based on the example).

Actually, I should reconsider. Let me look at the synonyms again:

Sense 1: synonyms=state, tell
Sense 9: synonyms=declare (not listed in synonyms, but in definition)

The verb "state" as a synonym for sense 1 fits well here - Ray White is stating his assessment of the evidence. The sense 9 example "I say let's forget this whole business" is more colloquial and suggestion-oriented, which doesn't quite match the formal, informative nature of Ray White's statement.

Sense 1 is the best fit. Ray White is expressing in words (stating) his assessment of the scientific evidence. The structure of his quote (a declarative statement about the significance of evidence) matches sense 1's example pattern.

Wait, let me also consider sense 2 more carefully:

sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war

The synonyms "allege" and "aver" suggest this sense is used when someone is asserting something that might be contentious or needs to be established. The examples bear this out - alleging victimhood and stating it's too late to intervene (making a claim about a situation).

Ray White's statement is about confirming evidence in science - he's not making an allegation or a contentious claim. He's expressing an observation about evidence.

So sense 1 remains the best choice. It's the most neutral, basic sense of "say" meaning to express something in words, which is exactly what Ray White is doing in the quote.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 9 once more:

sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business

The example "I say let's forget this whole business" does sound like a suggestion or strong opinion. But Ray White's statement "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor" is also an opinion/judgment - it's his professional assessment of what the evidence meant.

However, the structure and nature of the quote is more informational than opinion-based. He's explaining the significance of research findings. This aligns better with sense 1 (express in words / state / tell) rather than sense 9.

Sense 1 is the most appropriate choice.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target: "yet"
    *   Context sentence: "But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   Syntactic structure: "had yet to nail". This is a specific construction: "have yet to [verb]".
    *   Meaning in context: The action ("to nail the identity") has not happened up to the present time (the time of the narrative), but is expected or pending. It implies "has not yet done something" but phrased positively with "yet" to indicate the state of not having done so *up to now*.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `yet%4:02:02::` | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
        *   Analysis: The definition "up to the present time" fits the "up to now" aspect. The examples "I have yet to see the results" and "details are yet to be worked out" match the syntactic construction "had yet to nail". This captures the meaning that the action is pending or not completed up to the reference time.

    *   **Sense 2:** `yet%4:02:04::` | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
        *   Analysis: This sense is typically for "not yet" or "as yet". Example: "he hasn't called yet". The context sentence is *not* a negative statement (grammatically). It uses "had yet to", which is idiomatic for "has not yet". While semantically close to "has not yet", Sense 1 provides the specific construction "I have yet to..." which matches the text perfectly. Sense 2 seems restricted to the adverbial use with negatives ("isn't up yet").

    *   **Sense 3:** `yet%4:02:03::` | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse...
        *   Analysis: This is the "even" or "still" usage (e.g., "yet more evidence"). Not the case here.

    *   **Sense 4:** `yet%4:02:00::` | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves...
        *   Analysis: This often implies a future expectation. "were yet to show themselves". The context sentence "had yet to nail" implies a lack of completion up to the past reference point ("had"). It's close to Sense 1, but Sense 1's specific example "I have yet to see the results" is a closer syntactic match to "had yet to nail" than the "were yet to show themselves" (which is future relative to the past). Sense 1 focuses on the "up to the present time" aspect relative to the modal/auxiliary.

    *   **Sense 5:** `yet%4:02:05::` | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
        *   Analysis: Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6:** `yet%4:02:06::` | definition=despite anything to the contrary... | synonyms=however, nevertheless... | examples=...however I'd like to try it...
        *   Analysis: This is the conjunctive adverb usage (often at the start of a clause or sentence, though the example is clunky). The context starts with "But", and the "yet" is inside the predicate. Not applicable.

3.  **Refine choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   The phrase "have yet to [verb]" is a fixed idiom meaning "have not [verbed] yet".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "up to the present time". Examples: "I have yet to see the results". This matches the context sentence "Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail..." perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "used in negative statement...". The context sentence "had yet to nail" is technically not a negative statement grammatically (no "not"), though it conveys negative meaning. The examples for Sense 2 are "So far he hasn't called" and "the sun isn't up yet". These are standard negations.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct classification for the specific construction "have yet to".

4.  **Refine choice between Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 4 examples: "he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves". This construction ("were yet to show") expresses future relative to the past.
    *   The context "had yet to nail" expresses that the action has not happened up to that point. It emphasizes the duration of the lack of action ("up to the present time" - or past reference time).
    *   Sense 1 ("up to the present time") and its examples ("I have yet to see the results") align more closely with the perfect aspect ("had yet to") implying a state of non-completion extending up to a time point. Sense 4 focuses on the future occurrence ("in time"). While Vogelstein *would* eventually nail it, the emphasis in "had yet to" is on the status up to that moment. Sense 1 captures the "up to the present time" semantic perfectly.

    *   Checking WordNet (mentally):
        *   Sense 1 (up to the present time) includes "have yet to".
        *   Sense 4 (future time) includes "were yet to".
    *   The context is "had yet to nail". "Had" places it in the past relative to the narrator, but the construction "have yet to" functions to say "up to this point, X has not happened".
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and 4 examples:
        *   Sense 1: "I have yet to see the results".
        *   Sense 4: "flowers that were yet to show themselves".
    *   "Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail..." is structurally identical to Sense 1's example "I have yet to see the results" (just shifted to past tense "had"). The Sense 4 example "were yet to show" is slightly different (copula + yet + infinitive vs auxiliary have + yet + infinitive).
    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Target: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail..."
    *   Sense 1 Definition: up to the present time.
    *   Sense 1 Example: "I have yet to see the results".
    *   Match: Excellent.

    *   Index: The prompt lists candidates numbered 1 to 6.
    *   Candidate 1 corresponds to `yet%4:02:02::`.

    Result: Sense 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nail
Target surface form: nail
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails | examples=nail the board onto the wall
2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody | synonyms=collar, apprehend, arrest, pick up, nab, cop | examples=the police nabbed the suspected criminals
3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard | synonyms=smash, boom, blast | examples=He smashed a 3-run homer
4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position | synonyms=nail down, peg | examples=He nailed down a spot at Harvard
5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily | synonyms=breeze through, ace, pass with flying colors, sweep through, sail through | examples=She sailed through her exams; You will pass with flying colors
6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint | examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome
7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=complete

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   Key phrase: "nail the identity of the gene".
    *   Subject: Dr. Vogelstein (a researcher/scientist).
    *   Object: "the identity of the gene".
    *   Meaning implied: To find, determine, or pinpoint exactly what the gene is.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (nail%2:35:00):* "attach something somewhere by means of nails". - Literal carpentry meaning. Does not fit "identity of a gene".
    *   *Sense 2 (nail%2:35:01):* "take into custody". - Policing context ("nab", "arrest"). Does not fit scientific research context.
    *   *Sense 3 (nail%2:35:02):* "hit hard". - Physical action. Does not fit abstract concept like "identity".
    *   *Sense 4 (nail%2:41:01):* "succeed in obtaining a position". - Usually refers to jobs or spots (e.g., "nail a spot at Harvard"). "Identity" isn't a position.
    *   *Sense 5 (nail%2:41:00):* "succeed at easily". - Usually refers to exams or tests ("breeze through"). Not the specific action of identifying a gene.
    *   *Sense 6 (nail%2:40:00):* "locate exactly".
        *   Synonyms: "pinpoint".
        *   Examples provided: "can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?"; **"The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome"**.
        *   Analysis: This sense specifically deals with locating or determining something abstract (like an identity or position). The example sentence provided in the sense definition ("The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome") is remarkably similar to the target context ("nail the identity of the gene"). This is a very strong match.
    *   *Sense 7 (nail%2:33:00):* "complete a pass". - Sports (American football) context. Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The target sentence talks about identifying a specific gene responsible for cancer.
    *   Sense 6 definition is "locate exactly" (synonym: pinpoint).
    *   The example for Sense 6 is almost identical in structure and meaning to the target sentence: "nail the identity of the chromosome" vs "nail the identity of the gene".
    *   Therefore, Sense 6 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 6}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identity
Target surface form: identity
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identity%1:07:00:: | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army
2. sense_key=identity%1:09:00:: | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity
3. sense_key=identity%1:24:01:: | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1
4. sense_key=identity%1:07:02:: | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "identity" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses genetics, specifically colon cancer and gene deletion.
    *   The key sentence is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   The phrase "nail the identity of the gene" implies figuring out *which* specific gene it is, or *what* that gene is. They are trying to identify/recognize the specific gene responsible.
    *   The previous sentences talk about gene losses being critical. The goal is to pinpoint the specific gene (on chromosome 17).

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `identity%1:07:00::` | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a person's self/concept. This is clearly not about genes. It's about human personality/psychology.

    *   **Sense 2:** `identity%1:09:00::` | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity.
        *   *Analysis:* The definition focuses on "characteristics by which a thing... is recognized or known." The example provided in WordNet ("geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene...") matches the context of the target sentence almost perfectly ("nail the identity of the gene"). The context is about figuring out which gene is the culprit (recognizing/knowing it). This seems like a very strong match.

    *   **Sense 3:** `identity%1:24:01::` | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a mathematical sense. The context is biology, not math. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 4:** `identity%1:07:02::` | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to being identical. While genes have identical copies (alleles), the phrase "identity of the gene" here means "what the gene is" or "which gene it is," not "the sameness of the gene." The context talks about nailing (determining) the identity, which fits "recognizing/knowing" (Sense 2) better than "exact sameness" (Sense 4).

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 2 is about recognizing or knowing a thing. "Nailing the identity" means determining what it is.
    *   Sense 4 is about exact sameness.
    *   The example sentence for Sense 2 is literally "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it".
    *   The target sentence is "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene...".
    *   The semantic overlap between "discover/nail the identity" and the process of recognition/identification in Sense 2 is exact.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the correct choice.

6.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the index number (1-based).
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.
    *   Sense 2 is index 2.
    *   Sense 3 is index 3.
    *   Sense 4 is index 4.

    Selected index: 2.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genes and colon cancer. The sentence says "the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree

2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

The target word is "damaged" and it's used in a passive construction "if damaged" - meaning "if [the gene] is damaged." The gene is the one that suffers damage, not the one inflicting damage.

Sense 1 is about actively inflicting damage upon something (transitive use: "The snow damaged the roof").
Sense 2 is about suffering or being susceptible to damage (intransitive use: "These fine china cups damage easily").

In the context, the gene "is damaged" - it suffers damage. The gene doesn't inflict damage; it receives/undergoes damage. However, looking more carefully:

The phrase "if damaged" is a passive construction of the transitive verb. Something damages the gene. The gene is damaged by something. This is actually more aligned with sense 1 (inflict damage upon), but in passive voice.

Let me reconsider. Sense 2 has examples like "These fine china cups damage easily" - this is an intransitive use where the subject is the thing that can be damaged, and it suggests a susceptibility or tendency to be damaged.

In the context "if [the gene were] damaged" - this is a passive construction. Something damages the gene. The gene suffers the damage. But this passive use would still derive from the transitive verb in sense 1.

Actually, I need to think about this more carefully. In WordNet:
- Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" - this is a transitive verb. X damages Y.
- Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" - this is an intransitive/middle voice use. X damages (meaning X gets damaged).

The example "These fine china cups damage easily" shows sense 2 - the cups are the subject, and they suffer damage.

In my context: "the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell..."

The gene is the subject of the clause. "If damaged" is a passive construction (or a reduced conditional clause). The gene doesn't damage actively - the gene is damaged (by something else).

This seems to align more with sense 1 used passively, OR with sense 2 where the gene is susceptible to being damaged.

But looking at sense 2's definition: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" - the examples show the intransitive use "These fine china cups damage easily" where "damage" is the verb and the cups are the subject.

In my context, "damaged" is a past participle used in a passive construction. The gene doesn't "damage" - the gene "is damaged."

This would be derived from sense 1 (transitive), used in passive voice. Something damages the gene.

So I should choose sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   Subject: a gene (damaged gene).
    *   Object: a colon cell.
    *   Prepositional phrase: into full-blown malignancy.
    *   Meaning: The gene causes a transition or a switch in the state of the cell from a benign/intermediate state to a malignant one. It implies a critical change in state or condition.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   1: `flip%2:38:00::` | toss a coin. (Literal tossing). Incorrect.
    *   2: `flip%2:35:01::` | cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation (switch on). Synonyms: throw, switch. Examples: switch on the light.
        *   *Analysis:* This involves changing a state (on/off). Metaphorically, "flipping a cell into malignancy" is like switching a state. This looks promising.
    *   3: `flip%2:39:10::` | look through a book. Incorrect.
    *   4: `flip%2:38:02::` | toss to turn over in air. Incorrect.
    *   5: `flip%2:38:01::` | cause to move with a flick. Incorrect.
    *   6: `flip%2:35:00::` | throw/toss lightly. Incorrect.
    *   7: `flip%2:35:05::` | move with a flick. Incorrect.
    *   8: `flip%2:35:03::` | turn upside down. Incorrect.
    *   9: `flip%2:31:00::` | react excitedly. Incorrect.
    *   10: `flip%2:30:13::` | go mad. Incorrect.
    *   11: `flip%2:30:00::` | reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action). Synonyms: interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop.
        *   *Analysis:* This implies a reversal or change in direction/attitude. While "flipping a cell into malignancy" is a change, it's more about triggering a switch into a new state rather than reversing a previous course or flip-flopping. Sense 2 ("switch") is usually more applicable to the metaphor of a binary or discrete state change (benign <-> malignant), often described as a "switch" in molecular biology contexts.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 11:**
    *   Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation". Synonyms include "switch". The example is "switch on the light".
        *   In molecular biology, genes "switching on" or "switching off" or "switching" a cell state is standard terminology. The phrase "flipped ... into full-blown malignancy" suggests a discrete transition, akin to flipping a switch.
    *   Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)". Synonyms include "flip-flop".
        *   This is more about changing one's mind or reversing direction (e.g., "The car flipped a U-turn" or "He flipped his position on the issue"). The context here is a biological transformation.

    *   Let's look closer at Sense 2. The definition is "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation".
        *   Does "flipping a colon cell into malignancy" fit "cause to go on... set in operation"?
        *   Metaphorically, yes. It triggers the cell *into* a state (malignancy). It acts as the agent of the state change.
        *   Synonyms: "switch". One can say "the gene *switched* the cell into malignancy". This fits perfectly.
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 11. "reverse (a direction...)".
        *   One could argue the cell reversed its path. But "switch" is the specific synonym in Sense 2 that strongly aligns with the mechanism implied (turning a switch to a specific setting). The phrase "flipped into [state]" aligns better with the "switch" metaphor found in Sense 2.

    *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy/definitions again.
    *   Sense 2: `flip%2:35:01::` -> `switch on` / `turn on` logic? WordNet 3.0 or similar usually links "flip" to "switch" in the sense of toggling. "Switch" is explicitly listed as a synonym for Sense 2.
    *   Context: "flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy".
    *   Is it changing a direction (Sense 11) or setting an operation/state (Sense 2)?
    *   Usually, when "flip" is used with "into [new state]", it maps to the "switch/trigger" sense. "He flipped the switch". "The event flipped him into a rage" (switch of state). "The gene flipped the cell into malignancy".

    *   Sense 11 ("reverse") usually appears as "flip the sign", "flip the direction". While malignancy is a 'reverse' of health, the usage "flip X into Y" strongly favors the switch metaphor.
    *   Sense 2 has the synonym "switch".
    *   Let's verify the exact definition of Sense 2: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation". This is specific to machinery usually, but the synonym list includes "throw, switch". The semantic extension to a biological switch is standard.
    *   Let's verify the exact definition of Sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)". Synonyms: "interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop".
        *   Note that "switch" is a synonym for *both*.
        *   However, Sense 11 examples/definitions usually imply oscillation or reversal (flip-flop).
        *   Sense 2 implies activation or setting in motion/operation.
        *   "Flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy" -> The gene acted as a switch to turn the cell malignant.
        *   Does "switch" (Sense 11) mean "change to the opposite"? Or does "switch" (Sense 2) mean "activate"?
        *   In this context, "malignancy" is a state of operation (a pathological one). The cell is "switched" into that mode.
        *   However, looking at the specific definition of Sense 11 ("reverse"), it implies going the other way.
        *   Looking at Sense 2 ("cause to go on"), it implies turning on.
        *   Is malignancy a "turning on"? Yes, in biological jargon, genes/mutations "turn on" oncogenes or pathways leading to malignancy.
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most appropriate metaphorical mapping.

    *   Let's check if there is a generic "change" sense.
    *   Sense 11 includes "reverse". Sometimes "flip" means "transform" (e.g., flip a house). That's not here.
    *   Sense 11 "reverse (a direction...)" -> This doesn't quite fit "into malignancy" as well as the "switch" (Sense 2) fits the "trigger" aspect.
    *   Let's reconsider Sense 11. Synonyms: "switch". Definition: "reverse...".
    *   Let's reconsider Sense 2. Synonyms: "switch". Definition: "cause to go on...".
    *   Context: "flipped ... into".
    *   If I say "The shock flipped him into a coma", which sense?
        *   It changed his state.
    *   In WordNet, Sense 2 (`flip%2:35:01::`) is often the specific "throw a switch" sense.
    *   Sense 11 (`flip%2:30:00::`) is the "change one's mind/reverse" sense.
    *   The sentence is not saying the gene reversed its direction. It is saying the gene caused the cell to change state, akin to flipping a switch.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit because it captures the "switch" aspect which is the operative metaphor in the text ("flipped into full-blown malignancy" = triggered the switch to malignancy).

    Let's look at the synonyms again.
    Sense 2: throw, switch. Example: switch on the light.
    Sense 11: interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop.
    The context "flipped a colon cell into..." parallels "switch a colon cell into...".
    The "switch" in Sense 2 relates to toggling mechanisms (turning things on).
    The "switch" in Sense 11 relates to alternating or reversing direction/attitude.
    The biology context of "genes" and "malignancy" treats the cell state as a mechanism that can be "turned on" (activated to malignancy).
    Thus, Sense 2 is the intended sense.

    Index mapping:
    1 -> flip%2:38:00
    2 -> flip%2:35:01 (Target)
    ...
    11 -> flip%2:30:00

    Let's double check indices.
    1. flip%2:38:00
    2. flip%2:35:01
    3. flip%2:39:10
    4. flip%2:38:02
    5. flip%2:38:01
    6. flip%2:35:00
    7. flip%2:35:05
    8. flip%2:35:03
    9. flip%2:31:00
    10. flip%2:30:13
    11. flip%2:30:00

    The correct sense is Sense 2. It captures the causative "switching on" or "setting off" a process (malignancy).

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colon
Target surface form: colon
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos | synonyms=El Salvadoran colon
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos | synonyms=Costa Rican colon
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal | synonyms=Aspinwall
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: "colon"
    *   Context: A text discussing genetics, cancer, specifically "colon cancer", "colon cell", molecular biology, gene deletions, malignancy.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Anatomical colon (part of large intestine).
        2.  Currency of El Salvador.
        3.  Currency of Costa Rica.
        4.  City in Panama.
        5.  Punctuation mark (:).
    *   Constraint: Choose the single best indexed sense. Return only JSON: {"sense_index": X}.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence containing the target is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a **colon** cell into full-blown malignancy."
    *   Earlier context mentions: "benign polyps", "malignancy", "colon cancer".
    *   The phrase "colon cell" refers to a biological cell located in a specific organ of the body. "Colon cancer" refers to cancer of that organ.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "the part of the large intestine..." -> This fits perfectly. The context talks about cancer developing in this organ. "Colon cell" is a cell from this organ.
    *   Sense 2: "unit of money in El Salvador" -> Incorrect. A "money cell" makes no sense.
    *   Sense 3: "unit of money in Costa Rica" -> Incorrect. Same reason as above.
    *   Sense 4: "a port city..." -> Incorrect. A "city cell" is not the standard phrasing for a cell from a city (if that even made sense biologically), and the context is clearly medical/biological, not geographical/urban.
    *   Sense 5: "punctuation mark (:)" -> Incorrect. A "punctuation mark cell" makes no sense.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the biological organ. The context is biological/medical (cancer, genes, cells).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The required format is JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.