[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial <t>discovery</t> of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target word is "discovery" (noun).

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."
    *   Key phrase: "the initial discovery of the gene..."
    *   Who made it? A Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja.
    *   What was the result? It "opened a field of cancer study".
    *   Contextual meaning: Dr. Dryja found/identified a specific gene. This finding is a new piece of scientific knowledge.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `discovery%1:04:00::` | definition="the act of discovering something" | synonyms=find, uncovering.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the *process* or *act*. While Dr. Dryja performed the act of discovery, the sentence says "the initial discovery... has opened a field". Usually, an "act" doesn't open a field of study in this phrasing; the *finding* or the *object found* does. However, "the discovery of X" can be ambiguous between the event and the result. Let's look at the other senses.

    *   **Sense 2:** `discovery%1:10:00::` | definition="something that is discovered" | synonyms=---
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the *entity* or the *result* of the discovery. "The gene" is technically the thing discovered. But here, "discovery" refers to the event/fact of finding it, or perhaps the finding itself as a conceptual entity in the history of science. It's often hard to distinguish sense 1 (act) and sense 2 (thing) in abstract contexts like this, but Sense 2 usually refers to the *physical object* (e.g., "The discovery was exhibited in the museum"). Here, the gene is the object, but the "discovery" is the *achievement* or the *finding*.

    *   **Sense 3:** `discovery%1:09:00::` | definition="a productive insight" | synonyms=breakthrough, find.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense fits scientific contexts well. "A productive insight" or "breakthrough". The text says this discovery "opened a field of cancer study" and led to "fundamental insights". This aligns with the concept of a scientific "find" or "breakthrough". The discovery isn't just the gene (Sense 2) or just the act of looking (Sense 1); it's the *achievement* of finding it and the knowledge gained. The synonym "find" is often used for things like "a great scientific find".
        *   *Comparison:*
            *   Sense 1 focuses on the action/event.
            *   Sense 2 focuses on the object found.
            *   Sense 3 focuses on the result as a conceptual entity/achievement (insight/breakthrough).
        *   Let's look at the phrase "initial discovery". Was it the initial *act*? Or the initial *thing found*? Or the initial *breakthrough*?
        *   Dr. Dryja identified the gene. This *finding* opened a new field. This sounds like a "breakthrough" or a "productive insight". It represents the addition to human knowledge.

    *   **Sense 4:** Legal definition. Clearly incorrect.

    *   *Refining the choice between 1, 2, and 3:*
        *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 structure for "discovery":
            *   1:04:00 (act)
            *   1:09:00 (cognition/insight/breakthrough)
            *   1:10:00 (artifact/object)
        *   Context: "the initial discovery... has opened a field".
        *   If I say "The discovery of penicillin changed medicine," am I referring to the act of Fleming noticing the mold? Or the specific mold sample? Or the breakthrough finding?
        *   Usually, in scientific contexts, "discovery" maps to the "breakthrough/find" sense (Sense 3) when it is discussed as a milestone or a contribution to a field.
        *   "The discovery of the gene" -> Dr. Dryja made a find. It was a breakthrough.
        *   Sense 2 ("something that is discovered") is often used for specific physical items (e.g., "The astronomer pointed his telescope at the new discovery"). The gene is the object, but the word "discovery" here encapsulates the *event of finding it* which resulted in a productive insight. However, WordNet definitions can be tricky.
        *   Let's check the synonyms for Sense 3: "breakthrough", "find". This fits perfectly. A scientist makes a "find". A scientist makes a "breakthrough". The text discusses the impact of this finding ("opened a field").
        *   Sense 1 (act): "The discovery took a long time." (Process). Here, the discovery *is* the milestone.
        *   Let's look at the hypernyms/hierarchy implied.
            *   Sense 1: Act.
            *   Sense 3: Insight / Finding (cognitive event/result). "A productive insight".
            *   Sense 2: Entity / Object.
        *   The sentence says "initial discovery... has opened a field". This treats "discovery" as the intellectual achievement. This aligns best with "a productive insight" (Sense 3).

    *   Let's double check Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
        *   Sense 2: "something that is discovered". Example: "The discovery was a new species of beetle." (The beetle is the discovery).
        *   Sense 3: "a productive insight". Example: "It was a major discovery in physics."
        *   In the text: "initial discovery of the gene". The gene is the object of the preposition "of". The head noun "discovery" is the event/achievement of finding it. Does "discovery" mean the gene here? No, the gene is the *thing* discovered. The "discovery" is the scientific finding. This fits "productive insight" / "breakthrough" (Sense 3) better than "something that is discovered" (Sense 2, which implies the gene *is* the discovery). The gene is the *object* of the discovery, not the discovery itself in the grammatical structure "discovery *of* X". If X is the discovery, we usually say "X was a wonderful discovery." But here "discovery of the gene" implies the *act* or the *finding*.
        *   Between Sense 1 (act) and Sense 3 (insight/find):
            *   Sense 1 emphasizes the process.
            *   Sense 3 emphasizes the result as a contribution to knowledge.
            *   "The initial discovery... has opened a field". An act doesn't usually open a field; a *finding* (Sense 3) or a *fact discovered* does. A "breakthrough" opens a field.
            *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   Sense 1 (act) is close, but Sense 3 captures the scientific weight/impact ("breakthrough", "find") better.
    *   Sense 2 (object) is incorrect because "the gene" is the object, not the discovery itself (grammatically, "discovery of the gene").
    *   Sense 4 (legal) is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 3: "productive insight", synonyms "breakthrough, find". This describes a scientific milestone.

    *   Self-Correction/Refinement: In many WSD systems, "discovery of X" is often annotated as the Act (Sense 1). However, looking at the specific definition of Sense 3 ("a productive insight"), and the context "opened a field... fundamental insights", Sense 3 is very strong.
    *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy again mentally.
        *   wn: 07021286 n (discovery, breakthrough, find) -- a productive insight.
        *   wn: 00111477 n (discovery, find, uncovering) -- the act of discovering something.
    *   If the sentence were "The discovery was difficult," it would be the act.
    *   If the sentence were "The discovery was a large rock," it would be the object.
    *   The sentence is "The initial discovery... has opened a field." This implies the *result* of the act having an impact. The "find" (Sense 3) is the unit of scientific progress. Dr. Dryja made a "find". This "find" opened a field.
    *   I will stick with Sense 3.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1 vs Sense 3 nuances.
    *   "The discovery of America."
        *   Is it the act (Columbus arriving)? Or the insight/breakthrough? Usually "discovery of America" refers to the event.
    *   "The discovery of the structure of DNA."
        *   Is it the event or the breakthrough? "The discovery changed biology." The *fact* of the discovery (the insight) changed biology.
    *   Synonyms for Sense 3 are "breakthrough" and "find".
    *   Synonyms for Sense 1 are "find" (as a noun, "the find of the lost ship" is ambiguous, but "uncovering" is an act) and "uncovering".
    *   WordNet Sense 3 is specifically defined as "a productive insight". The text mentions "fundamental insights".
    *   The text says: "...studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights...".
    *   The *discovery* (the finding of the gene) was the breakthrough.
    *   Sense 3 is the intended sense for scientific breakthroughs/findings.

    Let's check the index.
    1. act
    2. thing
    3. insight/breakthrough
    4. law

    Context: "initial discovery ... made by a Boston doctor ... opened a field".
    This is a scientific achievement. It fits the "breakthrough" profile.

    Therefore, Sense 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: controls
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that <t>controls</t> retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "controls" in the context: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth"

Let me analyze what's being described here. The gene is controlling retinal cell growth. This is a biological/scientific context where a gene regulates or governs how cells grow.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
- This is about authoritative control, like commanding. Not quite right for a gene regulating cell growth.

2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
- This is about restraining or limiting something. Genes do regulate and can restrain cell growth, so this could potentially fit.

3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
- This is about operating machinery or handling something physical. Not fitting for a gene.

4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
- This is about manipulation of people. Not fitting for a gene.

5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
- This is about experimental controls in science. Not fitting here.

6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
- About verification with registers. Not fitting.

7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
- About making certain of something. Not fitting.

8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?
- About understanding/knowledge. Not fitting.

Looking at these, sense 1 (exercise authoritative control or power over) seems to be about governing or regulating something, which is what a gene does - it governs/regulates cell growth. A gene has authority/power over the process of cell growth.

Sense 2 is more about restraining or limiting, which could apply to a tumor suppressor gene (which restrains cell growth to prevent tumors), but the context says "controls retinal cell growth" which could mean either regulating the process in general or specifically restraining it.

Given that this is about a tumor-suppressor gene, it does function to restrain or limit cell growth. However, the phrasing "controls retinal cell growth" suggests a more general regulatory function rather than just restraint.

Actually, I think sense 1 is the best fit here. The gene exercises authoritative control or power over retinal cell growth. It governs how the cells grow. This is the most general sense of "control" that would apply to a biological regulator.

Wait, let me reconsider. A tumor-suppressor gene specifically functions to suppress or restrain cell growth. It prevents uncontrolled growth. So sense 2 (lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits) might actually be more accurate for a tumor-suppressor gene.

But the sentence says the gene "controls retinal cell growth" - not specifically that it suppresses growth, just that it controls it. The control could be either stimulating or inhibiting depending on the needs.

I think sense 1 is more appropriate because it's about exercising power/control over something, which is what a regulatory gene does. It has authority over the growth process.

Let me reconsider one more time. The definition of sense 1 is "exercise authoritative control or power over" with synonym "command." The examples are about controlling budgets and commanding military forces. This has a connotation of authoritative/commanding power.

In biology, when we say a gene "controls" a process, we mean it regulates or governs that process. This aligns with sense 1 - exercising authoritative control over retinal cell growth.

Sense 2 is specifically about lessening intensity or holding in restraint, which would only capture the suppressing aspect, not the general regulatory function.

I'll go with sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Friendli

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal <t>cell</t> growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: "cell" in the phrase "retinal cell growth".
2.  **Analyze the context**: The text discusses biology, genetics, cancer research, the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, and the growth of cells in the retina. It talks about organisms, tumors, and basic structural units of life.
3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "any small compartment" (e.g., honeycomb). Too general. Doesn't fit the biological context of "retinal cell growth".
    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...". This fits perfectly. The text discusses "retinal cell growth" within the context of cancer, tumors, and genetics. Retinal cells are biological cells.
    *   Sense 3: "a device that delivers an electric current...". Incorrect context.
    *   Sense 4: "a small unit serving as part of... a larger political movement". Incorrect context.
    *   Sense 5: "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone...". Incorrect context.
    *   Sense 6: "small room in which a monk or nun lives". Incorrect context.
    *   Sense 7: "a room where a prisoner is kept". Incorrect context.
4.  **Select the best sense**: Sense 2 is the definition of a biological cell. The context is explicitly biological/medical ("retinal cell growth", "tumor", "gene", "cancer").
5.  **Format the output**: The user wants a JSON object with the sense index.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

Decision: Sense 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell <t>growth</t>, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target word is "growth" in the phrase "retinal cell growth".
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell <t>growth</t>, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."
    *   The context is biological/scientific.
    *   It talks about a gene controlling how retinal cells develop/change.
    *   It mentions cancer, tumors, and "changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" (implied by biological development).
    *   Crucially, it refers to the *process* of cells growing/developing, which, when uncontrolled, leads to the tumor mentioned earlier in the text (retinoblastoma).
3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". Synonyms: growing, maturation, development. This fits perfectly with "retinal cell growth". Cells grow and develop; the gene controls this biological process.
    *   **Sense 2**: "a progression from simpler to more complex forms". Examples: "the growth of culture". This is abstract/cultural, not biological cell growth.
    *   **Sense 3**: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". Examples: "growth of population". While cells becoming more numerous is part of cancer, "retinal cell growth" usually refers to the biological development process rather than just an increase in numbers/size in a generic way. Sense 1 is more specific to biology.
    *   **Sense 4**: "vegetation that has grown". Examples: "a growth of trees". This refers to the result (plants), not the biological process in animal cells.
    *   **Sense 5**: "the gradual beginning or coming forth". Examples: "emergence of sculpture". Abstract.
    *   **Sense 6**: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". The context mentions tumors (retinoblastoma) earlier, but the specific phrase "retinal cell growth" refers to the *normal* biological process that the gene controls. If the gene is damaged, the growth becomes abnormal (tumor). The text says the gene "controls retinal cell growth". The normal process is being described, which goes awry in cancer. Therefore, this sense (abnormal proliferation) is not the primary meaning of the phrase "retinal cell growth" in this specific instance, although the context involves pathology. The gene controls the normal process. Sense 1 covers the biological process.
    *   **Sense 7**: "something grown or growing". Examples: "a growth of hair". This refers to an entity/object (like hair), not the process.
4.  **Select the best sense**: Sense 1 is the biological process definition. "Retinal cell growth" is a biological process of organic unfolding. The gene controls this process. This is the standard biological definition.
    *   Comparison: Is it Sense 6 (pathology)? The context is about cancer. However, the gene controls *normal* growth. A damaged gene leads to *abnormal* growth (Sense 6/Tumor). The text says "gene that controls retinal cell growth". We generally say genes control normal growth. The lack of control leads to the pathology. Therefore, the definition referring to the biological process (Sense 1) is the most accurate fit for the specific phrase used.
    *   Comparison: Is it Sense 3 (increase)? While growth involves increase, Sense 1 is explicitly marked as "(biology)" and fits the context of cells and genes perfectly.
5.  **Final Decision**: Sense 1 is the intended meaning. It captures the biological process of cells growing/developing.

Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 6:
The sentence says the gene *controls* retinal cell growth. If the gene didn't exist/function, the growth would be uncontrolled (tumor). Thus, the "growth" being controlled is the biological process of cells developing. The result of losing control is the tumor. Therefore, "growth" here refers to the biological process (Sense 1), not the pathological tumor (Sense 6). Sense 6 is usually used for "a growth" (count noun) meaning a lump, whereas here it's an uncountable noun referring to the process.

Choice: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "make" is being used in this passage.

The target sentence is:
"Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

In this context, "made" is being used to describe a discovery. The sentence is saying that a discovery was "made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. engage in - doesn't fit (make love, not war)
2. give certain properties to something - doesn't fit
3. make or cause to be or to become - doesn't quite fit
4. cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner - doesn't fit
5. give rise to; cause to happen or occur - this could potentially fit for "making a discovery"
6. create or manufacture a man-made product - doesn't fit
7. make, formulate, or derive in the mind - this could potentially fit for "making a discovery"
8. compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way - doesn't fit
9. create by artistic means - doesn't fit
10. earn on some commercial or business transaction - doesn't fit
11. create or design, often in a certain way - doesn't fit
12. to compose or represent - doesn't fit
13. reach a goal - doesn't fit
14. be or be capable of being changed or made into - doesn't fit
15. make by shaping or bringing together constituents - doesn't fit
16. perform or carry out - this could potentially fit for "making a discovery"
17. make by combining materials and parts - doesn't fit
18. change from one form into another - doesn't fit
19. act in a certain way so as to acquire - doesn't fit
20. charge with a function; charge to be - doesn't fit
21. achieve a point or goal - doesn't fit
22. reach a destination - doesn't fit
23. institute, enact, or establish - doesn't fit
24. carry out or commit - doesn't fit
25. form by assembling individuals or constituents - doesn't fit
26. organize or be responsible for - doesn't fit
27. put in order or neaten - doesn't fit
28. head into a specified direction - doesn't fit
29. have a bowel movement - doesn't fit
30. undergo fabrication or creation - doesn't fit
31. be suitable for - doesn't fit
32. add up to - doesn't fit
33. amount to - doesn't fit
34. constitute the essence of - doesn't fit
35. appear to begin an activity - doesn't fit
36. proceed along a path - doesn't fit
37. reach in time - doesn't fit
38. gather and light the materials for - doesn't fit
39. prepare for eating by applying heat - doesn't fit
40. induce to have sex - doesn't fit
41. assure the success of - doesn't fit
42. represent fictitiously - doesn't fit
43. consider as being - doesn't fit
44. calculate as being - doesn't fit
45. cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable - doesn't fit
46. favor the development of - doesn't fit
47. develop into - doesn't fit
48. behave in a certain way - doesn't fit
49. eliminate urine - doesn't fit

Looking more closely at the most promising candidates:

Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" with synonyms "cause, do" and examples "cause a commotion; make a stir"

This sense is about causing something to happen. However, in the context "discovery...made by a Boston doctor," the focus is on the act of discovery itself, not causing something to happen.

Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" with synonym "draw" and examples "I draw a line here; draw a conclusion"

This could potentially fit for "making a discovery" since discovery involves formulating or deriving something in the mind.

Sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move"

This could also fit for "making a discovery" as it involves performing or carrying out an action.

Let's consider the context more deeply. In this sentence, "made" is used in the phrase "discovery...made by a Boston doctor." This indicates that the doctor performed the action of discovery. This aligns most closely with sense 16, which is about performing or carrying out an action.

Sense 5 is about causing something to happen, which isn't quite right for a discovery. The doctor didn't cause the discovery to happen in an external sense; rather, they performed the action of discovering.

Sense 7 is about formulating or deriving in the mind, which could partially describe the cognitive aspect of discovery, but it doesn't capture the full action of making a discovery in the scientific context.

Sense 16, "perform or carry out," best captures the sense in which a scientist "makes a discovery" - they perform the research and analysis that leads to the discovery.

Therefore, sense 16 seems to be the best fit for this context.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider the structure of the sentence more carefully:

"Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

The "made" here is actually a passive construction, "was made by a Boston doctor." This means the doctor performed the action of making the discovery.

Let's revisit our candidate senses with this understanding:

Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally"
The doctor caused the discovery to happen, but this isn't quite right. The discovery didn't just happen; the doctor actively discovered something.

Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind"
The doctor formulated or derived the discovery in their mind. This could fit, as discoveries often involve mental processes, but it might not fully capture the active research involved.

Sense 16: "perform or carry out"
The doctor performed or carried out the discovery. This could fit well, as discovery involves active research and investigation.

Upon further reflection, I think sense 16 is still the best fit. Discovery is an action that one performs or carries out, which aligns with sense 16.

However, let me double check if any other senses could fit better:

Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create" and examples "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"

This sense is about creating or causing something to come into being. In a way, the doctor did create the discovery through their research. But the focus in the context is on the action of discovery rather than creation.

Sense 6: "create or manufacture a man-made product" with synonyms "produce, create" and examples "We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries"

This sense is about creating tangible products, which doesn't fit for a discovery, which is an intangible piece of knowledge.

Sense 9: "create by artistic means" with synonym "create" and examples "create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music"

This sense is about artistic creation, which doesn't fit for scientific discovery.

Sense 15: "make by shaping or bringing together constituents" with examples "make a dress; make a cake"

This sense is about making physical objects by shaping or combining materials, which doesn't fit for a discovery.

Sense 17: "make by combining materials and parts" with synonyms "construct, build" and examples "this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer"

This sense is about constructing physical objects, which doesn't fit for a discovery.

None of these seem to fit better than sense 16 for the context of "making a discovery."

Therefore, I believe sense 16, "perform or carry out," is the best fit for the target word "made" in the given context. The doctor performed or carried out the action of discovering the gene.

Actually, one more check. Sense 5 again:

Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" with synonyms "cause, do" and examples "cause a commotion; make a stir"

The definition doesn't perfectly match, but the synonym "do" is interesting. "Do a discovery" isn't a natural phrase, but "make a discovery" is similar to "do research" or "do an experiment." This could potentially fit.

However, the examples "cause a commotion; make a stir" suggest that this sense is about causing events or situations, not performing actions like discovery.

I still think sense 16 is the best fit for "making a discovery" in this context.

Wait, I should look more closely at the specific definition and examples for sense 16:

Sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move"

These examples are about performing specific actions: making a decision, making a move. Similarly, making a discovery is a specific action that one can perform. This aligns well with the context.

Therefore, I conclude that sense 16 is the best fit for the target word "made" in the given context.

On second thought, let me take a step back and reconsider the whole context.

The phrase is "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja". The "made" here is used to attribute the discovery to Dr. Dryja - he is the one who made (performed, carried out) the discovery.

The most appropriate sense for this context is "make or cause to be or to become" (sense 3) with synonym "create". The doctor created or brought about the discovery through his research. The examples for this sense are "make a mess in one's office; create a furor". While these aren't identical to making a discovery, they share the concept of creating or bringing about something.

Sense 16, "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move", is also a reasonable fit. The doctor performed the action of discovery.

Sense 7, "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" with synonym "draw" and examples "I draw a line here; draw a conclusion", could also apply to some extent, as discoveries often involve mental processes.

After careful consideration, I believe sense 3, "make or cause to be or to become", is the best fit. Discovery is about creating new knowledge, and this sense best captures that aspect. However, I acknowledge that sense 16, "perform or carry out", is also a strong contender, as it captures the action-oriented nature of scientific discovery.

Let me examine the synonyms provided for each sense to help make a final determination:

Sense 3: synonyms "create" - This aligns well with the idea of creating new knowledge through discovery.
Sense 7: synonym "draw" - This suggests extracting or deriving something, which could apply to extracting knowledge from data, but it's not the strongest match.
Sense 16: no synonyms provided - This is about performing an action, which applies to discovery, but it doesn't specifically highlight the creative aspect of discovery.

Based on these synonyms, sense 3 with the synonym "create" seems to best capture the essence of making a discovery.

Given all these considerations, I believe sense 3, "make or cause to be or to become", is the best fit for the target word "made" in the given context.

However, now I'm going back and forth between sense 3 and sense 16. Let me think about this more methodically.

In the context "the discovery...made by a Boston doctor", "made" is used to indicate that the doctor is the one who performed the action of discovery. This aligns with the general meaning of "make" in phrases like "make a discovery", "make a decision", "make a mistake", etc.

Sense 3 is defined as "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create". While creating knowledge is a part of discovery, the primary meaning in this context is about the doctor performing the action of discovering, not necessarily about creating something. The examples for this sense, "make a mess in one's office; create a furor", are about causing situations or states, not about performing specific actions like discovery.

Sense 16 is defined as "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move". These examples align closely with "make a discovery" - all are about performing specific actions. The definition "perform or carry out" also aligns well with the concept of making a discovery.

Sense 7 is defined as "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" with synonym "draw". While mental processes are involved in discovery, this sense doesn't fully capture the active, research-oriented nature of scientific discovery. The examples "I draw a line here; draw a conclusion" suggest mental or abstract creation, not the action of discovery.

Based on this analysis, I believe sense 16, "perform or carry out", is the best fit for the target word "made" in the given context. It best captures the action-oriented nature of "making a discovery" as performed by the doctor.

One more thing to check: let's look at the other instances of "make" in the broader context:

"It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.
"It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

In the first instance, "It made our New Year," "made" is used to mean "enhanced" or "improved" the New Year celebration. This is not the same sense as the one we're analyzing.

In the second instance, "made possible some fundamental insights," "made" is used to mean "enabled" or "facilitated" the insights. This is also a different sense from the one we're analyzing.

The focus is on the specific instance: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja".

Based on all these considerations, I conclude that sense 16, "perform or carry out", is the best fit for the target word "made" in the given context.

Actually, let me make a careful list of all senses related to "create" or "perform" and see which best matches the context:

Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create" and examples "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"
Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" with synonyms "cause, do" and examples "cause a commotion; make a stir"
Sense 6: "create or manufacture a man-made product" with synonyms "produce, create" and examples "We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries"
Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" with synonym "draw" and examples "I draw a line here; draw a conclusion"
Sense 9: "create by artistic means" with synonym "create" and examples "create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music"
Sense 15: "make by shaping or bringing together constituents" with examples "make a dress; make a cake"
Sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move"
Sense 17: "make by combining materials and parts" with synonyms "construct, build" and examples "this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer"

For "the discovery...made by a Boston doctor", we need a sense that fits with making a discovery in the scientific sense.

Sense 3: This is about creating or causing something to come into being. While discovery does create knowledge, the focus is on the action of discovery rather than creation. The examples don't align well with making a discovery.

Sense 5: This is about causing events or situations. The doctor didn't cause the discovery to happen; they actively discovered something. The examples "cause a commotion; make a stir" don't align with making a discovery.

Sense 6: This is about creating tangible products, which doesn't fit for a discovery, which is an intangible piece of knowledge. The examples don't align with making a discovery.

Sense 7: This is about formulating or deriving in the mind. While mental processes are involved in discovery, this sense doesn't fully capture the active, research-oriented nature of scientific discovery. The examples "I draw a line here; draw a conclusion" don't align well with making a discovery.

Sense 9: This is about artistic creation, which doesn't fit for scientific discovery. The examples don't align with making a discovery.

Sense 15: This is about making physical objects by shaping or combining materials, which doesn't fit for a discovery. The examples don't align with making a discovery.

Sense 16: This is about performing or carrying out actions. Making a discovery is an action that one performs or carries out. The examples "make a decision; make a move" align well with "make a discovery" in that all are about performing specific actions.

Sense 17: This is about constructing physical objects, which doesn't fit for a discovery. The examples don't align with making a discovery.

Based on this analysis, I believe sense 16, "perform or carry out", is the best fit for the target word "made" in the given context. It best captures the action-oriented nature of "making a discovery" as performed by the doctor.

Actually, I think I need to revisit this one more time. I'm starting to think I might have been overlooking something.

In the sentence "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja", the phrase "made by" indicates the agent of the discovery, not the action of discovery itself.

Let me reconsider the senses with this in mind:

Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create" and examples "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"
Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" with synonyms "cause, do" and examples "cause a commotion; make a stir"
Sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move"

Looking at these senses again, and considering that "made by" indicates the agent of the discovery, I believe sense 3, "make or cause to be or to become", is the best fit. Dr. Dryja created or brought about the discovery through his research. The phrase "made by" indicates that he is the agent who created the discovery.

Sense 5, "give rise to; cause to happen or occur", doesn't fit as well because the doctor didn't cause the discovery to happen as an event; rather, he created the discovery through his actions.

Sense 16, "perform or carry out", focuses on the action rather than the creation, and while discovery is an action, the phrase "made by" in this context is more about creation than performance.

Therefore, I now believe sense 3, "make or cause to be or to become", is the best fit for the target word "made" in the given context.

Actually, no. I think I'm overthinking this. The phrase is "the discovery...made by a Boston doctor". In this context, "made" simply means that the doctor performed the action of discovering.

Sense 16, "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move", directly aligns with this usage. Just as one can "make a decision" or "make a move", one can "make a discovery". All of these are actions that one performs or carries out.

Sense 3, "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create", is more about creating or causing something to come into being. While one could argue that a discovery is "created" by the discoverer, the more direct interpretation is that the discoverer performs the action of discovering.

Based on this reasoning, I believe sense 16, "perform or carry out", is the best fit for the target word "made" in the given context.

Let's do one final, careful check:

Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" with synonym "create" and examples "make a mess in one's office; create a furor"
- This sense is about creating or causing something to come into being.
- The examples involve causing situations or states (a mess, a furor).
- While a discovery could be viewed as "created" knowledge, the focus in the context is on the action of discovery rather than creation.

Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" with synonyms "cause, do" and examples "cause a commotion; make a stir"
- This sense is about causing events or situations.
- The examples involve causing public disturbances.
- The doctor didn't cause the discovery to happen as an event; he actively discovered something.

Sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move"
- This sense is about performing or carrying out actions.
- The examples involve performing specific actions (deciding, moving).
- Making a discovery is an action that one performs or carries out, aligning well with this sense.

Based on this final check, I confirm that sense 16, "perform or carry out", is the best fit for the target word "made" in the given context.

After all these considerations, I believe sense 16, "perform or carry out", is the best fit for the target word "made" in the given context.

Let me double-check the sentence:

"Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

Yes, "made" is used in the phrase "the discovery...made by a Boston doctor", indicating that the doctor performed the action of discovering. This aligns with sense 16, "perform or carry out", with examples "make a decision; make a move".

Therefore, my final answer is sense 16.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doctor
Target surface form: doctor
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston <t>doctor</t> named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: | definition=a licensed medical practitioner | synonyms=doc, physician, MD, Dr., medico | examples=I felt so bad I went to see my doctor
2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching | synonyms=Doctor of the Church | examples=the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages
3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: | definition=children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office | examples=the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor
4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution | synonyms=Dr. | examples=she is a doctor of philosophy in physics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context describes "a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" who made a discovery about a gene that controls retinal cell growth. This is clearly a medical researcher/physician context - someone working in medical science and cancer research.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: | definition=a licensed medical practitioner | synonyms=doc, physician, MD, Dr., medico | examples=I felt so bad I went to see my doctor

This sense refers to a licensed medical practitioner - a physician. Thaddeus Dryja is described as making a discovery about a gene, working in what appears to be a medical research context (Boston, National Cancer Institute mentioned). A medical doctor could certainly be involved in such research. This seems like a strong candidate.

2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching | synonyms=Doctor of the Church | examples=the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages

This is clearly a religious/Catholic title - not relevant to this context about medical research.

3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: | definition=children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office | examples=the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor

This is about a children's game - not relevant.

4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution | synonyms=Dr. | examples=she is a doctor of philosophy in physics

This refers to someone with a Ph.D. - an academic doctor. While Thaddeus Dryja could potentially have a Ph.D. in a relevant field (genetics, biology, etc.), the context strongly suggests a medical professional working in cancer research, associated with medical institutions (National Cancer Institute, medical discovery about tumors).

The key distinction is between sense 1 (medical practitioner/physician) and sense 4 (Ph.D. holder).

The context:
- "made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja"
- The discovery relates to "retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene"
- "controls retinal cell growth"
- "opened a field of cancer study"
- Samuel Broder is "director of the National Cancer Institute"

This is clearly a medical research context. Thaddeus Dryja is likely a physician-scientist (MD) who made this genetic discovery. The reference is to a medical professional engaged in medical research on cancer.

Sense 1 is the best fit. Thaddeus Dryja is referred to as a "doctor" in the sense of a medical practitioner/physician (likely an MD) who conducts medical research, which is consistent with the definition "a licensed medical practitioner" and its synonyms like "physician, MD, Dr."

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: named
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `name`
    *   Target surface form: `named`
    *   Context sentence: "...made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study..."
    *   Full context: The text discusses the discovery of a gene by a doctor.
    *   Syntactic role: Past participle used as a modifier (post-positive adjective or part of a reduced relative clause) modifying "doctor". "A Boston doctor [who is/was] named Thaddeus Dryja".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to` | Synonyms: `call` | Examples: "They named their son David".
        *   *Analysis:* This fits the "someone/something [is] named X" construction very well. The doctor has the name Thaddeus Dryja. The act of naming happened when he was born, but here the participle is describing the bearer of the name. "A doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" implies his name is Thaddeus Dryja. This sense captures the assignment of a proper name to a person.

    *   **Sense 2:** `give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property` | Synonyms: `identify` | Examples: "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal".
        *   *Analysis:* This is more about identification or mentioning in a context (like a report or scandal). While the text identifies the doctor, the structure "A doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" is about what his name is, not identifying him from a lineup or mentioning him in a list of culprits.

    *   **Sense 3:** `charge with a function; charge to be` | Synonyms: `nominate, make` | Examples: "She was named Head of the Committee".
        *   *Analysis:* This is about appointing someone to a position/title. Thaddeus Dryja is not being appointed "Thaddeus Dryja"; that is his proper name. This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `create and charge with a task or function` | Synonyms: `appoint, nominate, constitute` | Examples: "nominate a committee".
        *   *Analysis:* Similar to Sense 3, about appointment/creation of roles. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `mention and identify by name` | Examples: "name your accomplices!".
        *   *Analysis:* Imperative context usually. About speaking a name out loud to identify someone present or hidden. Not fitting the modifier context "a doctor named Thaddeus Dryja".

    *   **Sense 6:** `make reference to` | Synonyms: `mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer` | Examples: "His name was mentioned in connection with the invention".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a speech act of mentioning. "A doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" does not mean "A doctor who was mentioned Thaddeus Dryja".

    *   **Sense 7:** `identify as in botany or biology, for example` | Synonyms: `identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe`.
        *   *Analysis:* This is often used for classifying things (like species). While it overlaps with "identifying", Sense 1 is the standard sense for people having proper names. "A man named John". Sense 7 is usually "identify [object] as [species]". You don't usually say "A doctor identified Thaddeus Dryja" to mean his name is Thaddeus Dryja. You say "A doctor identified *as* Thaddeus Dryja" (which maps to sense 2/7 potentially), but Sense 1 is the direct "named X" construction for proper nouns. Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1 example: "They named their son David". -> Passive: "A son named David".
        *   Sense 2 example: "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal". -> This is "named" = "mentioned/identified".
        *   Context: "A Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja".
        *   Is this "A Boston doctor [who was given the name] Thaddeus Dryja"? Yes.
        *   Sense 1 seems the most appropriate for the construction "Person named ProperName".

    *   **Sense 8:** `give or make a list of; name individually` | Synonyms: `list`.
        *   *Analysis:* Not listing.

    *   **Sense 9:** `determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness` | Synonyms: `diagnose`.
        *   *Analysis:* Not diagnosing.

3.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 definition: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
    *   Context: "A Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja".
    *   Thaddeus Dryja is a proper name.
    *   The structure "Someone named [Name]" is the standard passive participle construction of Sense 1. "A boy named Sue". "A man named Horse".
    *   Sense 2 implies "identifying characteristics". "The almanac identifies the auspicious months". "Senators were named in connection with the scandal". This is about citing/mentioning. The context here is simply stating the doctor's name. It is an appositive-like modification.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final check:**
    *   Sentence: "...made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja..."
    *   Meaning: The doctor's name is Thaddeus Dryja.
    *   Sense 1 examples: "They named their son David" -> "A son named David". Matches perfectly.

    *   Index mapping:
        *   1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: (Sense 1)
        *   2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: (Sense 2)
        *   ...
        *   The instructions ask for "sense_index".
        *   Sense 1 in the list is index 1.

5.  **Construct JSON:**
    *   `{"sense_index": 1}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: open
Target surface form: opened
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has <t>opened</t> a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=open%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to open or to become open | synonyms=open up | examples=Mary opened the car door
2. sense_key=open%2:41:00:: | definition=start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning | synonyms=open up | examples=open a business
3. sense_key=open%2:35:06:: | definition=become open | synonyms=open up | examples=The door opened
4. sense_key=open%2:41:01:: | definition=begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc. | examples=He opened the meeting with a long speech
5. sense_key=open%2:35:08:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread, spread out | examples=open the map; spread your arms
6. sense_key=open%2:30:00:: | definition=make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities
7. sense_key=open%2:30:01:: | definition=become available | synonyms=open up | examples=an opportunity opened up
8. sense_key=open%2:42:00:: | definition=have an opening or passage or outlet | examples=The bedrooms open into the hall
9. sense_key=open%2:33:00:: | definition=make the opening move | examples=Kasparov opened with a standard opening
10. sense_key=open%2:40:04:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, give | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
11. sense_key=open%2:39:10:: | definition=display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "opened" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

The subject is "the initial discovery of the gene" and it "has opened a field of cancer study". This is saying that the discovery made a new field of cancer study available or accessible - it created opportunities for new research.

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=open%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to open or to become open | synonyms=open up | examples=Mary opened the car door
This is about physically opening something like a door or container. Not appropriate here.

2. sense_key=open%2:41:00:: | definition=start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning | synonyms=open up | examples=open a business
This is about starting operations, like a business. Not quite fitting here - we're not talking about starting operations of a field of study.

3. sense_key=open%2:35:06:: | definition=become open | synonyms=open up | examples=The door opened
This is about something becoming open on its own, not transitive. The discovery "opened" something, so this doesn't fit grammatically.

4. sense_key=open%2:41:01:: | definition=begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc. | examples=He opened the meeting with a long speech
This is specifically about beginning events like meetings. Not appropriate here.

5. sense_key=open%2:35:08:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread, spread out | examples=open the map; spread your arms
This is about physically unfolding something. Not appropriate here.

6. sense_key=open%2:30:00:: | definition=make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities
This is about making something available or creating new possibilities. This fits well - the discovery made a new field of cancer study available/accessible.

7. sense_key=open%2:30:01:: | definition=become available | synonyms=open up | examples=an opportunity opened up
This is intransitive - about something becoming available on its own. The discovery "opened" a field, so this doesn't fit grammatically.

8. sense_key=open%2:42:00:: | definition=have an opening or passage or outlet | examples=The bedrooms open into the hall
This is about physical spaces having openings. Not appropriate here.

9. sense_key=open%2:33:00:: | definition=make the opening move | examples=Kasparov opened with a standard opening
This is about making the first move in a game. Not appropriate here.

10. sense_key=open%2:40:04:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, give | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
This is about providing physical access. Not quite fitting.

11. sense_key=open%2:39:10:: | definition=display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer
This is about computer operations. Not appropriate here.

The best fit is sense 6: "make available" with the example "This opens up new possibilities". The discovery made a field of cancer study available - it created new research opportunities, which is very similar to "opening up new possibilities."

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of <t>cancer</t> study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:** The target is "cancer" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the context:** The text discusses a medical condition (retinoblastoma), tumors, genes, and medical testing. It mentions Mr. Quinlan losing an eye to a "rare tumor" (retinoblastoma). It discusses "developing the rare cancer". It quotes the director of the National Cancer Institute. It talks about "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer".
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." (Medical disease).
    *   Sense 2: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" (Person).
    *   Sense 3: "a small zodiacal constellation..." (Astronomy object).
    *   Sense 4: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." (Astrology sign).
    *   Sense 5: "type genus of the family Cancridae" (Crab genus).
4.  **Match context to senses:** The context is entirely about the medical disease (malignant growth/tumor). Phrases like "developing the rare cancer", "National Cancer Institute", and "workings of cancer" clearly point to the pathological condition. Sense 1 defines the medical condition.
5.  **Select the best index:** Sense 1 fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in <t>recent</t> months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "recent" in the context: "...which in recent months has exploded."
The options are:
1. "new" (recent graduates; a recent addition to the house)
2. "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" (a late development; their late quarrel)

In the phrase "recent months", "recent" refers to the time just before the present, meaning "of the immediate past". It doesn't mean "new" as in "newly existing" (like recent graduates or a recent addition), but rather refers to the past period leading up to now.

Therefore, sense 2 fits best.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent <t>months</t> has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "months" in the context: "...which in recent months has exploded."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=month%1:28:01::** - "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" with synonym "calendar month" and example "he paid the bill last month"

2. **sense_key=month%1:28:00::** - "a time unit of approximately 30 days" with example "he was given a month to pay the bill"

In the context "in recent months has exploded," the word "months" is being used to refer to a period of time - specifically recent time periods that are approximately 30 days each. This is talking about the passage of time in general, not specifically about named calendar months (like January, February, etc.).

The phrase "in recent months" is a temporal expression indicating a span of time - it's using months as a unit of time measurement, not referring to specific calendar divisions.

Sense 2 (month%1:28:00::) - "a time unit of approximately 30 days" - seems more appropriate because:
- The context is about a general time period, not specific calendar months
- It's measuring duration/passage of time
- "Recent months" refers to a span of time using months as units

Sense 1 (month%1:28:01::) - "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" with synonym "calendar month" - is more about the formal calendar division, like "January" or "February" as named entities. The example "he paid the bill last month" could work, but the definition and synonym "calendar month" suggest this is more about the formal calendar system.

In "recent months," we're talking about time units that have passed, which aligns better with sense 2 - "a time unit of approximately 30 days."

So the answer is sense index 2.