[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma:** The target word is "eye" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses tumor-suppressor genes and retinoblastoma.
    *   The specific sentence is: "He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Retinoblastoma is defined as "a rare form of cancer that develops in the retina... of the eye".
    *   The phrase is "eye cancer". This modifies "cancer" to specify the location/organ affected. It refers to cancer of the organ of sight.
3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `eye%1:08:00::` | definition="the organ of sight" | synonyms=oculus, optic.
        *   Does it fit? Yes. "Eye cancer" refers to cancer of the organ of sight. Retinoblastoma is specifically a cancer of the eye.
    *   **Sense 2:** `eye%1:09:00::` | definition="good discernment..." | examples=...
        *   Does it fit? No. This refers to a metaphorical ability to judge or see quality. "He has an eye for talent." Not relevant to anatomy.
    *   **Sense 3:** `eye%1:09:01::` | definition="attention to what is seen" | examples=...
        *   Does it fit? No. This refers to attention. "He tried to catch her eye." Not relevant here.
    *   **Sense 4:** `eye%1:15:00::` | definition="an area that is approximately central..." | synonyms=center, centre...
        *   Does it fit? No. This refers to the center of something (like a storm). "The eye of the hurricane." While cancer might be in the "eye" of a metaphorical storm, here it is a specific anatomical location modifying "cancer". It is not referring to the center of a region generally, but the specific body part.
    *   **Sense 5:** `eye%1:06:00::` | definition="a small hole or loop..." | examples=...
        *   Does it fit? No. This is for needles or loops.
4.  **Conclusion:** The context is discussing retinoblastoma, which is a cancer of the eye (the organ). Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.
5.  **Format Output:** The instructions ask for a JSON object with the sense index. Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

content: sense_index": 1}

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  Target surface form: "cancer"
    *   Context: A passage discussing genetics, tumor-suppressing genes, and diseases like "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney...". The specific instance is "the eye <t>cancer</t>".
    *   Candidate senses: 5 options provided with definitions and synonyms.
    *   Task: Choose the single best indexed sense.
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text is about medical research, specifically "tumor-suppressing genes" and "malignant growth".
    *   It mentions " the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix".
    *   The target instance is "the eye <t>cancer</t>".
    *   The context clearly refers to a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cancer%1:26:00::` - Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell The text talks about tumors, malignant growth, genetic defects causing diseases. The specific phrase "the eye cancer" refers to the disease retinoblastoma mentioned earlier.
    *   **Sense 2:** `cancer%1:18:00::` - Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer".
        *   *Match check:* Incorrect. The context is medical, not astrological.
    *   **Sense 3:** `cancer%1:17:00::` - Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation...".
        *   *Match check:* Incorrect. Not referring to stars.
    *   **Sense 4:** `cancer%1:15:00::` - Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac...".
        *   *Match check:* Incorrect. Not referring to the zodiac   **Sense 5:** `cancer%1:05:00::` - Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae".
        *   *Match check:* Incorrect. Not referring to a biological genus of crabs.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only one that fits the medical context of the passage. It refers to the disease.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The request asks for `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

    Wait, usually sense indices in these tasks start from 1 based on the list order.
    Candidate 1 is the disease.
    Candidate 2 is the person.
    Candidate 3 is the constellation.
    Candidate 4 is the zodiac sign.
    Candidate 5 is the genus.

    The target word is "cancer" in the phrase ", the correct index is 1.

6.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, *   Definition 1: "any malignant growth or tumor..."
    *   This is a perfect match.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Amazon Bedrock

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 5. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   **Target lemma:** `cancer`
    *   **Target surface form:** `cancer`
    *   **Context:** A text discussing medical research, specifically tumor-suppressing genes, retinoblastoma, and the disease affecting organs like the brain, skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix.
    *   **Candidate senses:** 5 options provided, ranging from the disease (malignant neoplastic disease) to astrology (person, sign, constellation) to a genus of crustaceans.
    *   **Constraint:** Return *only* a JSON object `{"sense_index": N}`. No hedging.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence containing the target is: "He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   The broader context talks about: "tumor-suppressing genes", "development of such scourges as cancer of the brain...", "inherit defective versions", "retinoblastoma".
    *   The specific instance refers to "eye cancer" (specifically retinoblastoma, mentioned in the previous sentence).
    *   This is clearly referring to a medical condition, a malignant growth/disease.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cancer%1:26:00::` -> Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease".
    *   **Sense 2:** `cancer%1:18:00::` -> Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer".
    *   **Sense 3:** `cancer%1:17:00::` -> Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation...".
    *   **Sense 4:** `cancer%1:15:00::` -> Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac...".
    *   **Sense 5:** `cancer%1:05:00::` -> Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae" (crabs/crustaceans).

4.  **Match Context to Sense:**
    *   The context is medical/biological regarding human disease.
    *   Sense 1 is the disease definition.
    *   Senses 2, 3, and 4 are astrological.
    *   Sense 5 is biological (genus of crabs), but not the human disease.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct match.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user requested `{"sense_index": 1}`.
    *   The previous attempt failed because I wrote `sense_index": 1}` instead of `{"sense_index": 1}`. I must ensure the JSON is valid.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   Does Sense 1 fit "eye cancer"? Yes.
    *   Is the JSON valid? Yes.

    Result: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context discusses inheriting defective versions of genes, specifically a damaged copy of a gene from one parent. This clearly refers to genetic transmission.

Sense 1: obtain from someone after their death - Not applicable here, as the context is about genetic inheritance, not receiving property after death.

Sense 2: receive from a predecessor - This is more metaphorical, like inheriting problems from a previous chair. Not applicable here.

Sense 3: receive by genetic transmission - This is exactly what the context describes: inheriting damaged genes from a parent.

The correct sense is 3.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "damaged", and the surface form is "damaged". It is used as an adjective modifying the noun "copy" (specifically, "a damaged copy of a gene").

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The text discusses genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes and cancer (retinoblastoma).
    *   Sentence: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Later sentence: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   The meaning here refers to a physical or functional impairment of a gene (genetic defect). It is not about reputation or abstract disrepute. It is about the biological structure/function being broken or defective.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `damaged%3:00:00::`
        *   Definition: "harmed or injured or spoiled"
        *   Examples: "I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings"
        *   Analysis: This sense covers physical harm, injury, or spoiling. Genetic damage fits well here. A "damaged gene" is a gene that has been harmed or structurally impaired. This aligns with the examples of damaged goods or buildings.
    *   **Sense 2**: `damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00`
        *   Definition: "being unjustly brought into disrepute"
        *   Synonyms: "discredited"
        *   Examples: "a discredited politician; her damaged reputation"
        *   Analysis: This sense is figurative, referring to social standing or reputation. The context is strictly scientific/biological, referring to DNA/genes. There is no metaphorical personification of the gene having a "reputation".

4.  **Compare and Decide**:
    *   The context refers to a genetic defect.
    *   Sense 1 refers to physical harm/injury (spoiled).
    *   Sense 2 refers to reputation/disrepute.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct fit.

5.  **Format the output**: The user requested a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. Since Sense 1 is the first option, the index is 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target word: "copy"
    *   Sentence: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Topic: Genetics, tumor-suppressor genes, cancer research.
    *   Specific usage: "damaged copy of a gene", "normal copy". It refers to a specific instance of a gene inherited from a parent. In genetics, organisms often have two copies of each gene (alleles), one from each parent.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" (synonyms: transcript). -> This refers to documents/transcripts. Not applicable to genetics.
    *   Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress", "the clone was a copy of its ancestor"). -> This is the most general sense of "copy" referring to a duplicate or a replica. In genetics, a gene copy is a duplicate of the gene found on the homologous chromosome. It fits the concept of one of a pair of things that are similar/identical.
    *   Sense 3: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" (synonyms: written matter). -> Refers to text for publishing. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "material suitable for a journalistic account" (examples: "catastrophes make good copy"). -> Refers to news stories. Not applicable.

3.  **Evaluate the best fit:**
    *   Sense 1 is about written records.
    *   Sense 2 is about a thing similar/identical to another. In the biological context, a gene copy is one version of a gene that exists in a pair (one from each parent). The chromosomes are copies (or near-copies) of each other in terms of the genetic information carried (though alleles differ). The usage "copy of a gene" aligns with the concept of a genetic duplicate or one of the two instances of the genetic sequence present in the cell. It fits the broad definition of Sense 2 (a thing similar/identical to another).
    *   WordNet often lacks specific domain senses (like specific biological definitions of "copy"), so one must choose the most appropriate hypernym or general definition. A gene copy is a physical thing (a sequence of DNA) that is intended to be identical to the other copy of that gene (though variations/mutations exist).
    *   Sense 2 includes the example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor", which is biological. This supports Sense 2 as the correct bucket for biological copies.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 2 is the only one that fits the semantic field of biology/replication/duplication.

5.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target lemma is "parent". The target surface form is "parent".
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other."
    *   The subject is a "pediatrician" discussing "retinoblastoma" (eye cancer) in an "infant".
    *   The "infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   This refers to the biological mother and father of a human child (the infant).
3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `parent%1:18:00::` | definition="a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian". This sense focuses on human parents (father/mother) or guardians. It fits the biological relationship in humans (father/mother begetting/giving birth).
    *   **Sense 2:** `parent%2:26:00::` (Wait, the prompt says `parent%1:03:00::` for sense 2) | definition="an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained". This sense is broader, covering biology generally, often used in scientific contexts regarding plants or non-human animals, though humans are organisms. However, usually, when referring to human mothers and fathers, Sense 1 is the specific hypernym used. WordNet often distinguishes between "person" (noun.person) and "organism" (noun.animal/noun.plant).
4.  **Evaluate Sense Fit:**
    *   The context explicitly mentions an "infant" (a human child) and "families". The "parent" here is the biological mother or father of a human child.
    *   Sense 1 defines "a father or mother". This is the most direct and natural fit for human relationships.
    *   Sense 2 defines "an organism... from which younger ones are obtained". While technically true that humans are organisms, WordNet's hierarchy usually maps human parents to the "person" branch (Sense 1) rather than the generic "organism" branch (Sense 2), which is often used for breeding contexts in animals or plants (e.g., "the parent plant").
    *   The context talks about "families" and a pediatrician (children's doctor). The social and biological roles of "father or mother" are highlighted.
    *   Sense 1 is the standard definition for a human parent.
5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the human element ("father or mother") which matches the context of an "infant" and "families".
6.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `normal`
    *   Target surface form: `normal`
    *   Context snippet: "...an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a **normal** copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, **normal** copy also was damaged."
    *   Core meaning in context: The text contrasts a "damaged copy of a gene" with a "normal copy". In genetics/biology, a "normal" gene is one that functions correctly, is the wild type, or is the standard, undamaged version. It represents the typical, functional state of that gene.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `normal%3:00:01::` | definition="conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal" | examples="serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations".
        *   Analysis: This is a very broad sense. It covers anything that fits a standard or norm. A "normal" gene (as opposed to a damaged one) fits the "standard" or "type" aspect. It means the gene is not abnormal (not damaged).

    *   **Sense 2:** `normal%3:00:02::` | definition="in accordance with scientific laws".
        *   Analysis: This usually refers to physics or chemistry (e.g., "normal distribution", "normal solution" in chemistry, "normal force"). While biology involves scientific laws, this specific sense often implies a more technical/mathematical regularity. However, a functioning gene is "normal" relative to the standard/healthy type, not necessarily specifically "in accordance with scientific laws" (though biological laws govern it, the usage here is about functionality vs. defect).

    *   **Sense 3:** `normal%3:00:03::` | definition="being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development" | examples="a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence".
        *   Analysis: This is specifically about human development, intelligence, or psychology. It's used for "a normal child" or "normal intelligence". This doesn't fit a gene copy well.

    *   **Sense 4:** `normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00` | definition="forming a right angle".
        *   Analysis: This is a geometric sense. Clearly not applicable here.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 2 ("in accordance with scientific laws") is often used for things like "normal distribution" or "normal temperature and pressure" (though NTP is a specific standard, which links to Sense 1).
    *   Sense 1 ("conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal") is the general adjective for "standard" or "typical" or "functional".
    *   In the context of genetics, a "normal copy" of a gene means the wild-type or standard, functional version. It is "not abnormal" (where "abnormal" implies damaged/mutated).
    *   Sense 1 is the general "standard/typical" sense. Sense 2 is often a specialized technical sense (like perpendicular in geometry, or standard concentration in chemistry, or typical behavior in science). However, WordNet's Sense 2 definition "in accordance with scientific laws" is quite specific and usually applies to things like "normal curve" or "normal distribution" (though sometimes those get their own entries).
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1 covers "standard". A standard gene copy is the norm.
    *   Sense 3 is definitely out (human development).
    *   Sense 4 is definitely out (geometry).
    *   Between 1 and 2: A "normal copy" of a gene is the *standard* copy, as opposed to the damaged copy. It fits the definition of "not abnormal" perfectly. "Abnormal" is the direct antonym. The damaged gene is the "abnormal" one. Therefore, the undamaged one is "normal" in the sense of Sense 1.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    The text contrasts a "damaged" gene with a "normal" gene. "Damaged" equates to "abnormal" (defective). "Normal" equates to "standard" or "conforming to the norm". This aligns perfectly with Sense 1 ("conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal").

    Sense 3 is specific to human traits.
    Sense 4 is geometry.
    Sense 2 is ambiguous but usually implies scientific law strictly (like a law of nature), whereas Sense 1 covers the general concept of "standard" or "correct" version of something (like a gene).

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Formatting Output:**
    Must be JSON `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context snippet: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Full context description: The text discusses genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes, inheritance, and DNA. The phrase "damaged copy of a gene" and "normal copy" refers to the specific instance of a gene inherited from a parent.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `copy%1:10:00::` | Definition: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" | Synonyms: `transcript`.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to documents, transcripts, legal records. Genes are not written records in this administrative sense. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 2:** `copy%1:06:00::` | Definition: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" | Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor".
        *   *Evaluation:* This is the most general sense of "copy" as a duplicate or replica. In genetics, an individual inherits two copies (alleles) of a gene—one from each parent. While biological replication is a specific process, the noun "copy" here functions as "one of a set of identical or similar things" (the gene). The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is related to biology. The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" fits the biological concept of gene copies (DNA replication/transcription machinery makes things similar/identical, and inheritance provides a copy of the parent's gene). Among the options, this is the closest fit for a physical/structural duplicate.

    *   **Sense 3:** `copy%1:10:01::` | Definition: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" | Synonyms: `written matter`.
        *   *Evaluation:* This is publishing jargon (copy editing, "send the copy to the printer"). Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `copy%1:10:02::` | Definition: "material suitable for a journalistic account" | Examples: "catastrophes make good copy".
        *   *Evaluation:* This is journalism jargon (news story material). Incorrect.

3.  **Refine the choice:**
    *   The context is strictly biological: "damaged copy of a gene".
    *   Sense 1 refers to administrative documents.
    *   Sense 2 refers to a duplicate or thing similar to another.
    *   Senses 3 and 4 refer to publishing/journalism.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the only logical choice. Even though the WordNet definition ("a thing made to be...") sounds a bit mechanical/manufacturing-focused, the example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" bridges the gap to biology. In WordNet, this is often the bucket for "genetic copy" or "replica". A gene copy is a duplicate of the chromosomal sequence.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 2}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
The target word is "developed".
In this context, a tumor "developed" - it came into existence or manifested as a medical condition.
Looking at the candidate senses:
Sense 1: make something new (transitive)
Sense 2: work out (transitive)
Sense 3: gain through experience (transitive)
Sense 4: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes). Examples: "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains"
Sense 5: come into existence; take on form or shape. Examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"
Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment. Examples: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower"

Let's look closely at Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)", example: "The patient developed abdominal pains". This often applies to medical conditions.
However, the subject of "developed" here is "The tumor", not "The patient". "The tumor developed" means it came into existence or grew.
Wait, Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape", synonyms: originate, arise. "The tumor developed" = The tumor came into existence.
Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment", examples: "A flower developed on the branch".
Between Sense 5 and Sense 10, Sense 10 implies natural growth and progression. A tumor develops (grows) from a genetic defect.
Let's check Sense 4: "The patient developed abdominal pains" -> the patient came to have.
Here, "The tumor developed" -> the tumor came into existence / grew.
Sense 5: come into existence. "A new religious movement originated..."
Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth. "A flower developed on the branch".
A tumor is often referred to as growing. "A flower developed on the branch" is similar to "A tumor developed".

Let's look at WordNet 3.0 senses for develop (verb):
develop%2:30:00:: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
develop%2:30:06:: "gain through experience"
develop%2:30:09:: "become technologically advanced"
develop%2:30:10:: "grow emotionally or mature"
develop%2:30:12:: "expand in the form of a series"
develop%2:30:13:: "elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea..."
develop%2:30:01:: "cause to grow and differentiate..."
develop%2:30:03:: "happen"
develop%2:30:04:: "change the use of and make available..."
develop%2:30:05:: "be gradually disclosed or unfolded..."
develop%2:42:00:: "come into existence; take on form or shape"

Wait, "The tumor developed" - did it come into existence (Sense 5: develop%2:42:00::) or grow (Sense 10: develop%2:30:00::)?
In medical contexts, tumors "develop". Does it mean they originate or they grow?
Actually, Sense 10 "grow, progress, unfold..." seems very fitting for a tumor growing from cells. A tumor develops (grows) when the second copy is damaged.
Sense 5 "come into existence" (2:42:00) - "A new religious movement originated..."
Often, "develop" for diseases is mapped to Sense 4 "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" when the patient is the subject ("The patient developed a tumor"). But here, the tumor is the subject ("The tumor developed").
If the tumor is the subject, "develop" means it grew or came into existence.
Sense 10 has the example "A flower developed on the branch". A tumor is a physical growth, like a flower.
Let's check Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape; synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow; examples: A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship".
Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment; examples: A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower".
A tumor develops due to genetic damage. It grows. Sense 10 captures "natural growth" and "differentiation", which perfectly aligns with a biological growth like a tumor. Also the example "A flower developed" is biological.
Let's look at Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire; examples: He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains". In this sense, the subject acquires something. The tumor didn't acquire something, the tumor is the thing that came into existence / grew.
Therefore, Sense 10 seems the best fit for "The tumor developed".

Let's review the senses again:
1. make something new
2. work out
3. gain through experience
4. come to have (patient developed...)
5. come into existence (movement originated...)
6. change use of land
7. elaborate theories
8. create by training
9. be gradually disclosed
10. grow, progress, unfold... (A flower developed)
11. become technologically advanced
12. cause to grow
13. generate gradually
14. grow emotionally
15. make visible (film)
16. geometry
17. chess pieces
18. chess piece
19. music
20. happen
21. math series

"The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
Does the tumor come into existence (5) or grow (10)?
WordNet 2:42:00 "come into existence; take on form or shape" has synonyms: originate, arise, spring up, grow.
WordNet 2:30:00 "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
The tumor developed (grew) from the damaged cells. The biological process of a tumor developing is one of natural growth and cellular differentiation (actually, lack of differentiation, but it's a biological growth). The example "A flower developed on the branch" in Sense 10 is highly analogous to a tumor developing.
Therefore, Sense 10 is the best.

Let's double check.
Sense 5: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"
Sense 10: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower"
A tumor is a biological growth, like a flower. So Sense 10 is the most appropriate.
Index 10 corresponds to Sense 10.

Wait, is there any possibility it is Sense 5? "come into existence".
"The tumor developed" could mean it came into existence.
But "develop" in biology often falls under 2:30:00. "grow, progress, unfold...".
What if the "two-hit" theory means the tumor originated from the second hit? The second hit causes the tumor to come into existence. But even then, it grows from a single cell.
Sense 10 is the standard sense for biological entities developing.

Let's confirm the sense keys.
1: develop%2:36:01::
2: develop%2:36:00::
3: develop%2:30:06::
4: develop%2:29:00::
5: develop%2:42:00::
6: develop%2:32:00::
7: develop%2:36:09:: (wait, 7 is 2:32:00?)
Let's map them carefully:
1. 2:36:01
2. 2:36:00
3. 2:30:06
4. 2:29:00
5. 2:42:00
6. 2:30:04
7. 2:32:00
8. 2:31:00
9. 2:30:05
10. 2:30:00
11. 2:30:09
12. 2:30:01
13. 2:36:09
14. 2:30:10
15. 2:39:00
16. 2:35:04
17. 2:33:03
18. 2:33:02
19. 2:30:13
20. 2:30:03
21. 2:30:12

Sense 10 has the key develop%2:30:00:: which matches "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".
Example: "A flower developed on the branch". This is the exact parallel to "The tumor developed".

I will choose 10.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "second" and the surface form is "second".
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   Discourse context: The text discusses a theory about retinoblastoma (eye cancer). It states that an infant inherits a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor develops when the *second* copy (the normal one mentioned as coming from the "other" parent) is damaged.
    *   Semantic role: "second" modifies "copy" (a noun). It refers to the item following the first one mentioned (the damaged copy).
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude"
        *   Synonyms: 2nd, 2d
        *   Part of Speech: Adjective (implied by the definition structure and synonyms, though WordNet sense keys are complex; `second%5:00:00:ordinal:00` indicates an adjective satellite or adjective).
        *   Fit: This fits perfectly. There is a first copy (damaged) and a second copy (normal). It is an ordinal number used to order items.
    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first"
        *   Examples: "second flute", "the second violins"
        *   Part of Speech: Noun (usually) or Adjective used specifically in a musical context.
        *   Fit: The context is genetics/cancer biology, not music. This sense is incorrect.
4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the standard ordinal usage of "second" (following the first).
    *   Context: "one parent... the other" -> "damaged copy... second, normal copy".
    *   This is clearly the ordinal sense.
5.  **Format the output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the index number (1 or 2). The correct index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma:** The target lemma is "normal", used as an adjective in the specific context.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses genetics, cancer, and tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   The specific sentence is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a **normal** copy from the other."
    *   The contrast is crucial here: "damaged copy" vs. "normal copy".
    *   Later, "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, **normal** copy also was damaged."
    *   This implies a binary opposition between "damaged" (mutated, defective, non-functional) and "normal" (functional, correct, standard, wild-type).

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal".
        *   Examples: "serve wine at normal room temperature", "normal diplomatic relations".
        *   Analysis: This is a broad, general sense. It covers the idea of being standard or correct as opposed to abnormal. In a biological context, a "normal" gene is the standard, functional version (wild-type) compared to the "damaged" or mutated version. This fits the contrast "damaged vs. normal".
    *   **Sense 2:** "in accordance with scientific laws".
        *   Analysis: This usually applies to physical states or conditions (e.g., "normal pressure", "normal boiling point"). It doesn't quite fit the context of a gene copy being intact/functional vs. damaged. A gene isn't "in accordance with scientific laws" in this sense; it's either the correct sequence or not.
    *   **Sense 3:** "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development".
        *   Examples: "a perfectly normal child", "of normal intelligence".
        *   Analysis: This sense is specific to human development or statistical averages regarding traits. While it relates to "average", the context here is molecular biology (a gene copy), not a child's intelligence or developmental milestones. A gene copy isn't "average"; it's either the standard prototype or mutated.
    *   **Sense 4:** "forming a right angle".
        *   Analysis: This is a geometric sense (normal to a surface). Clearly incorrect here.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 1 vs. Others:**
    *   The opposition is between a "damaged" gene and a "normal" gene.
    *   A "normal" gene here represents the standard, correct, or "wild-type" configuration.
    *   Sense 1 ("conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal") captures the essence of being the standard, correct version as opposed to the "damaged" (abnormal) version. The definition "not abnormal" is the key negation that fits the context of a defect.
    *   Sense 3 is often used in medical contexts regarding patients ("normal health"), but here the subject is a *gene copy*, not a patient's development or intelligence. Therefore, Sense 1 is the broader, more appropriate category for the state of a biological component being standard/correct.

5.  **Conclusion:** The intended meaning is the standard or functional version of the gene, contrasting with the "damaged" version. This aligns best with Sense 1's definition of conforming to a standard/norm and not being abnormal.

    *   Sense 1: General standard/norm (fits "standard/wild-type gene").
    *   Sense 2: Scientific laws (incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: Average development/intelligence (incorrect subject).
    *   Sense 4: Geometry (incorrect).

6.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "copy"
    *   Context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes, retinoblastoma, and inheritance. It mentions inheriting a "damaged copy of a gene" from one parent and a "normal copy" from the other.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `copy%1:10:00::` | definition: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" | synonyms: `transcript`.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to written documents/records (like a transcript). The context is biology/genetics (genes), not paperwork or written records.
    *   **Sense 2:** `copy%1:06:00::` | definition: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" | examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor".
        *   *Evaluation:* This is the generic noun sense of "copy" meaning a duplicate or a counterpart. In genetics, an allele inherited from a parent is a "copy" of the gene. It is a genetic duplicate/reproduction of the genetic sequence. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" touches on biological reproduction. This fits the biological context of gene replication and inheritance best.
    *   **Sense 3:** `copy%1:10:02::` | definition: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" | synonyms: `written matter`.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to text prepared for printing (publishing context). Not relevant to genetics.
    *   **Sense 4:** `copy%1:10:01::` | definition: "material suitable for a journalistic account" | examples: "catastrophes make good copy".
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to news stories or material for journalists. Not relevant to genetics.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The context talks about a "normal copy" of a gene.
    *   A gene copy is a duplicate of the genetic information found in the parent's DNA.
    *   Sense 2 defines a copy as a "thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." Genes are copied during reproduction; an individual receives a copy from the mother and a copy from the father.
    *   Sense 1 is too specific to written records/transcripts. Sense 3 and 4 are publishing/journalism jargon.
    *   Sense 2 is the only sense that covers physical or biological duplicates.

    *Note on indexing:* The prompt asks for the indexed sense.
    Sense 1 corresponds to sense_key `copy%1:10:00::`.
    Sense 2 corresponds to sense_key `copy%1:06:00::`.
    Sense 3 corresponds to sense_key `copy%1:10:02::`.
    Sense 4 corresponds to sense_key `copy%1:10:01::`.

    The correct match is the second item in the list provided by the user.
    The list is:
    1. `copy%1:10:00::`
    2. `copy%1:06:00::`
    3. `copy%1:10:02::`
    4. `copy%1:10:01::`

    Therefore, the index is 2.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genetics and cancer. The target word "damaged" is used to describe a copy of a gene: "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent" and "the second, normal copy also was damaged". This means the gene copy was harmed, injured, or had defects/mutations.

Sense 1: harmed or injured or spoiled (e.g., damaged goods, damaged buildings) - this fits the biological context where a gene is physically impaired or has mutations.
Sense 2: being unjustly brought into disrepute (e.g., discredited politician, damaged reputation) - this refers to reputation, not a physical object like a gene.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."
    *   Preceding context: Discusses the difficulty in proving a scientific theory about genetic defects (retinoblastoma) in the 1970s.
    *   Following context: "Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..."
    *   Core meaning: There was no *method*, *means*, or *possibility* to prove the theory at that time. It refers to an avenue or instrument for achieving a goal (proving a theory).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (way%1:07:01::):* "how something is done or how it happens" (synonyms: manner, mode, style, fashion). Example: "his rapid manner of talking".
        *   *Evaluation:* Does it fit "no way to prove"? Not really. This sense focuses on the *style* or *manner* of an action (e.g., "he did it in a strange way"). "There was no manner to prove" sounds awkward and changes the meaning. We aren't talking about the style of proving, but the ability/means to do it.

    *   *Sense 2 (way%1:04:01::):* "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" (synonyms: means, agency). Example: "a means of control".
        *   *Evaluation:* Does it fit "no way to prove"? Yes. "There was no means to prove." The goal is proving the theory. The "way" is the method or instrument to achieve that end. This aligns perfectly with "no way of ferreting out specific genes" in the next sentence as well.

    *   *Sense 3 (way%1:15:00::):* "a line leading to a place or point" (synonyms: direction).
        *   *Evaluation:* This is physical direction. Not applicable to abstract scientific proof.

    *   *Sense 4 (way%1:26:00::):* "the condition of things generally".
        *   *Evaluation:* Examples are "that's the way it is". Not applicable here.

    *   *Sense 5 (way%1:04:00::):* "a course of conduct" (synonyms: path, way of life).
        *   *Evaluation:* Moral or behavioral path. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 6 (way%1:06:00::):* "any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage".
        *   *Evaluation:* Physical road. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 7 (way%1:04:02::):* "a journey or passage".
        *   *Evaluation:* Physical travel. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 8 (way%1:23:00::):* "space for movement" (synonyms: room).
        *   *Evaluation:* Physical space. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 9 (way%1:07:02::):* "the property of distance in general".
        *   *Evaluation:* Distance. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 10 (way%1:09:00::):* "doing as one pleases or chooses".
        *   *Evaluation:* "If I had my way". Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 11 (way%1:09:01::):* "a general category of things".
        *   *Evaluation:* "in the way of". Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 12 (way%1:21:00::):* "a portion of something divided into shares".
        *   *Evaluation:* Not applicable.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on *manner/style* (how an action is performed).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on *means/agency* (the instrument or method used to achieve a result).
    *   Context: "no way to prove". This implies the lack of a *method* or *possibility* to achieve the result (proof). Synonyms like "means" fit perfectly ("no means to prove"). Synonyms for Sense 1 like "manner" or "fashion" do not fit well ("no manner to prove").
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice. It captures the "method/means/instrumentality" aspect of achieving the scientific goal.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prove
Target surface form: prove
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prove%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=turn out, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=prove%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=demonstrate, establish, show, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=prove%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, evidence, show | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=prove%2:31:02:: | definition=prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof
5. sense_key=prove%2:41:03:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
6. sense_key=prove%2:38:01:: | definition=increase in volume | synonyms=rise | examples=the dough rose slowly in the warm room
7. sense_key=prove%2:38:00:: | definition=cause to puff up with a leaven | synonyms=raise, leaven | examples=unleavened bread
8. sense_key=prove%2:36:00:: | definition=take a trial impression of
9. sense_key=prove%2:31:01:: | definition=obtain probate of | examples=prove a will

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory." The paragraph discusses a scientific theory proposed by Dr. Knudson regarding the genetic origins of retinoblastoma (eye cancer). The context is about establishing the validity or truth of a scientific hypothesis. The scientists could not demonstrate or validate the theory at that time because they lacked the technology to isolate specific genes.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "be shown or be found to be" (e.g., "She proved to be right"). This is a copular usage (linking verb) followed by an infinitive phrase "to be". In the context "prove Dr. Knudson's theory", "prove" is transitive, taking an object ("the theory"). It is not saying the theory "proved to be [something]". So, Sense 1 is incorrect.
    *   **Sense 2:** "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (synonyms: demonstrate, establish, show). Examples: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound". This fits perfectly. The context is about validating a scientific theory. The object is "theory". The action is establishing its validity.
    *   **Sense 3:** "provide evidence for" (synonyms: testify, bear witness). Examples: "The blood test showed that he was the father". While providing evidence is related, the core meaning here is about validating the *entire* theory, not just giving evidence for a claim in a legalistic or witness-like manner. Sense 2 (establish validity) is a stronger fit for a scientific theory.
    *   **Sense 4:** "prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof". While scientific, "two-hit theory" in genetics is often validated through observation and experiment rather than a strict mathematical formal proof (though mathematical modeling exists, the context mentions looking at chromosomes under a microscope, implying experimental verification). However, Sense 2 covers "experiment" and "explanation" broadly. Sense 4 is more specific to formal logic or math. Sense 2 is the broader "establish validity" sense which fits scientific theories.
    *   **Sense 5:** "put to the test" (synonyms: test, try). One can "test a theory", but the phrase "prove a theory" usually means to demonstrate its truth, not just subject it to a test (which might fail). The context implies they wanted to show it was *true* (or valid), fitting Sense 2 better than just "testing" it.
    *   **Sense 6, 7, 8, 9:** These are specialized meanings (baking/dough, printing, probate) and are clearly irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment". Examples include "instability of the compound". This aligns with scientific validation in a general sense.
    *   Sense 4: "prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof".
    *   Knudson's two-hit hypothesis is a biological theory. While it has mathematical components (probability), the act of "proving" it in this context refers to finding the genetic evidence (ferreting out specific genes) to establish that the mechanism described actually happens. This fits "establish the validity... by experiment" (Sense 2) better than the strict "formal mathematical proof" (Sense 4). The context mentions "ferreting out specific genes" and "microscope", pointing to empirical validation.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 3: "provide evidence for".
    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of".
    *   In scientific contexts, "prove a theory" means establishing it as valid/true. "Provide evidence for" is often a step towards that, or used when the object is a fact ("proved that he was the father"). When the object is a "theory", "establish the validity of" (Sense 2) is the standard definition. Sense 2's synonyms "demonstrate" and "establish" match the context of scientific discovery well.

5.  **Conclusion:** The target is transitive ("prove [object]"). It refers to establishing the validity of a scientific theory through evidence/experiment (which they couldn't do yet). This matches Sense 2 best.

    *   Sense 1: Intransitive/linking (incorrect).
    *   Sense 2: Transitive, establish validity (correct).
    *   Sense 3: Transitive, provide evidence (close, but Sense 2 is better for "theory").
    *   Sense 4: Formal/mathematical proof (too specific).
    *   Sense 5: Test/try (incorrect nuance).

    Index 2 corresponds to sense_key=prove%2:31:00::. Wait, let me check the numbering in the prompt.
    The prompt lists:
    1. prove%2:42:00:: (turn out)
    2. prove%2:31:00:: (establish validity)
    3. prove%2:32:00:: (provide evidence)
    ...

    Therefore, the correct index is 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theory
Target surface form: theory
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "<t>theory</t>. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theory%1:09:00:: | definition=a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena | examples=theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses; true in fact and theory
2. sense_key=theory%1:09:01:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, possibility | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
3. sense_key=theory%1:09:02:: | definition=a belief that can guide behavior | examples=the architect has a theory that more is less; they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "theory" in the context of "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."
Sense 1: a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge...
Sense 2: a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena (synonyms: hypothesis, possibility)
Sense 3: a belief that can guide behavior

In the context, "there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory." This indicates that the theory was a tentative insight or hypothesis that had not yet been verified or proven. Therefore, Sense 2 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: back
Target surface form: Back
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. <t>Back</t> then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=back%4:02:04:: | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
2. sense_key=back%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
4. sense_key=back%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
5. sense_key=back%4:02:06:: | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
6. sense_key=back%4:02:03:: | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target lemma: *back*
    *   Target surface form: *Back*
    *   Context Sentence: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory. <t>Back</t> then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."
    *   Phrase: "Back then"
    *   Meaning: This usage refers to a time in the past (the 1970s, mentioned in the preceding sentence). "Back then" is a temporal adverbial phrase indicating a previous point in time.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `back%4:02:04::` | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
        *   Analysis: This refers to physical location (place). The context is about time, not a physical location to return to.

    *   **Sense 2:** `back%4:02:00::` | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
        *   Analysis: This refers to spatial direction (rear). The context is temporal, not spatial.

    *   **Sense 3:** `back%4:02:05::` | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
        *   Analysis: This refers to a state or condition. The context refers to a specific time frame (the 1970s).

    *   **Sense 4:** `back%4:02:01::` | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
        *   Analysis: This refers to time. The definition "in or to or toward a past time" matches the phrase "Back then" perfectly. The example "never look back" implies looking into the past. The context discusses the 1970s vs. the present.

    *   **Sense 5:** `back%4:02:06::` | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
        *   Analysis: This refers to communication response. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6:** `back%4:02:03::` | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back
        *   Analysis: This refers to transaction/retaliation. Not applicable.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The phrase "Back then" clearly establishes a temporal reference to a past time.
    *   Sense 4 explicitly defines the meaning as "in or to or toward a past time".
    *   While Sense 1 deals with returning, it specifies "location".
    *   While Sense 3 deals with returning, it specifies "condition".
    *   Sense 4 fits the temporal aspect of the context.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The correct index is 4 (based on the provided list order).

    List check:
    1. location
    2. rear
    3. condition
    4. past time <- Correct
    5. reply
    6. repayment/retaliation

    Therefore, sense_index is 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back <t>then</t>, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "then" in the context "Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..."
Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. subsequently or soon afterward (e.g., then he left) - This is the sequential/chronological "then".
2. in that case or as a consequence (e.g., if he didn't take it, then who did?) - This is the conditional "then".
3. at that time (e.g., I was young then; prices were lower back then) - This is the temporal "then" referring to a past time.

The context is "Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes". "Back then" explicitly refers to a specific time in the past (the 1970s). Sense 3 fits perfectly because it means "at that time", and the example even includes "back then".

So the correct sense index is 3.