[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: length

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "say" in the given context:

The context is:
"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The sentence is about researchers/scientists reporting findings. They are expressing/stating something in words - specifically, they are reporting findings from their research.

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
- This is about expressing something in words, stating something.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
- This is about reporting or maintaining something, with synonyms like "allege" and "aver". The examples suggest this is used when making claims or assertions, particularly in a more formal or legalistic context.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
- This is about expressing a supposition, hypothetical.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
- This is about text/documents containing certain content.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
- This is about commanding or ordering.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
- This is about pronunciation.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
- This is about nonverbal communication.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
- This is about uttering specific words/phrases.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
- This is about expressing opinion or judgment.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
- This is about reciting prayers or fixed texts.

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
- This is about inanimate objects indicating something.

Now, let's consider the context again:
"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The scientists are reporting findings in a report. They are making a statement about their research findings. This is a formal, research context where scientists are stating/reporting their findings.

Between sense 1 (express in words) and sense 2 (report or maintain), I need to decide which is more appropriate.

Sense 1 is the general sense of "say" meaning to express something in words, to state something.
Sense 2 is specifically about "reporting or maintaining" with synonyms like "allege" and "aver."

The context here is about scientists reporting findings from their research in a report. The word "report" appears in the context itself: "In a report out last week..." This suggests the scientists are reporting their findings.

However, I need to be careful. The synonyms for sense 2 are "allege, aver" which have connotations of making claims that may need to be proven or that are being asserted in a legalistic or formal context. The examples "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war" suggest a context of making claims or assertions.

In this case, the scientists are indeed reporting findings, but this seems more like a straightforward statement of research findings rather than "alleging" or "averring" something. The scientists are stating what they found in their research.

Looking at sense 1 again: "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell" and examples "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you" - this seems more appropriate for the context where scientists are simply stating/reporting their research findings.

Actually, let me reconsider. The sense 2 definition is "report or maintain" and the context explicitly mentions that this is in a "report" - "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues... say that..."

The fact that this is in the context of a formal scientific report, and that the scientists are maintaining/stating their findings, aligns well with sense 2's "report or maintain."

But I'm still hesitant because the synonyms "allege, aver" have a slightly different connotation. Let me think more carefully...

Actually, in academic and scientific contexts, when researchers report findings, they are indeed "maintaining" or stating their findings. The word "aver" means to state or assert to be true. In a scientific paper/report, scientists are asserting their findings as true based on their research.

The example for sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - this is a statement/report about a situation, which is similar to the scientists reporting their research findings.

Given that:
1. The context explicitly mentions this is a "report"
2. The scientists are formally reporting/maintaining their research findings
3. Sense 2's definition is "report or maintain"

I believe sense 2 is the most appropriate here. The scientists are reporting their findings in a formal research context.

Wait, let me reconsider once more. Sense 1 is "express in words" which is very general and could apply to many contexts. Sense 2 is more specific - "report or maintain" - which suggests a formal context of reporting or asserting something.

Looking at the WordNet hierarchy, sense 2 (report or maintain) would be a more specific type of "saying" - it's saying something in a formal/assertive context, like reporting findings or making claims.

Given that this is a scientific report where researchers are formally stating their findings, sense 2 seems more appropriate.

However, I should also note that sense 1 is the most basic and common sense of "say" - expressing something in words. In many contexts, when someone "says" something, sense 1 would apply. The question is whether sense 2 is specific enough to this context.

The presence of "report" in the context and the formal scientific nature of the statement pushes me toward sense 2. But I could also argue that sense 1 is sufficient - the scientists are simply expressing in words what they found.

Let me look at the examples more carefully:

Sense 1 examples:
- "He said that he wanted to marry her" - personal statement
- "tell me what is bothering you" - request for information

Sense 2 examples:
- "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" - formal claim/allegation
- "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - formal statement about a situation

The second example for sense 2, "He said it was too late to intervene in the war," seems most similar to our context - it's a formal statement about a situation/finding.

I think sense 2 is the better fit here because:
1. It's a formal context (scientific report)
2. The researchers are reporting/maintaining their findings
3. The definition explicitly includes "report"
4. The context itself mentions "report"

So my answer is sense 2.

Hmm, but let me think again. I might be overthinking this. Let me reconsider the basic question: what are the scientists doing? They are stating/reporting their research findings.

Sense 1: "express in words" - yes, they are expressing their findings in words.
Sense 2: "report or maintain" - yes, they are reporting their findings.

Both senses could apply, but which is the BEST fit?

The synonyms for sense 2 are "allege, aver" which have connotations of making claims or assertions, often in a legalistic or formal context where something needs to be proven or established. While scientists do make assertions, the word "allege" seems too strong or legalistic for this context.

On the other hand, sense 1's synonyms are "state, tell" which seem more neutral and appropriate for scientists simply stating their findings.

Actually, I think I've been overthinking this. The most basic and appropriate sense for "say" in this context is sense 1 - "express in words." The scientists are expressing in words what they found in their research. The fact that it's in a report doesn't necessarily make it sense 2.

Sense 2 with "allege" and "aver" seems more appropriate for contexts where someone is making a claim that may be disputed or that needs to be established - like alleging someone is a victim of a crime or making a statement about whether it's too late to intervene in a war. These have a slightly different flavor - they're claims that might be contested or that are making an argument about something.

In this context, the scientists are simply reporting their empirical findings - they found that about half the cells from lung cancer tissue were missing the p53 gene. This is a straightforward statement of research findings, not an allegation or a contested claim.

Therefore, I believe sense 1 is the most appropriate: "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell."

Actually, let me look at the WordNet senses more carefully. In WordNet, sense 2 (say%2:32:01) is a hyponym of sense 1 (say%2:32:00). This means sense 2 is a more specific type of sense 1. Sense 2 is for when "say" means to report or maintain something, to allege or aver.

The question is whether this context warrants the more specific sense 2, or if the general sense 1 is sufficient.

Looking at the context again: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

This is scientists stating their research findings. They are not "alleging" something that might be in dispute. They are reporting empirical findings from their research. The word "say" here is the basic sense of expressing something in words, stating their findings.

I don't think the context has the flavor of "alleging" or "averring" that comes with sense 2. The scientists are simply stating what they found. Sense 1 seems more appropriate.

Let me also consider that in scientific writing, authors commonly "say" things like "The results show that..." or "We found that..." - this is the basic sense of stating/expressing, not the more specific sense of alleging/maintaining.

So my final answer is sense 1: "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell."

Actually, I realize I should reconsider more carefully. Let me look at the definition and synonyms again:

Sense 2: definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver

The word "report" in the definition is key. The scientists are indeed reporting their findings. But does this mean sense 2 applies?

The synonyms "allege" and "aver" suggest a context where someone is making a claim or assertion that might be significant or noteworthy. In academic/scientific contexts, when researchers report findings, they are indeed making claims about what they found - they are asserting that their findings are true.

However, I still feel that sense 1's "state, tell" are more natural synonyms for this context. The scientists are stating their findings. "Allege" and "aver" seem too formal and legalistic.

Let me think about this from a different angle. If I were to replace "say" with its synonyms:

Sense 1 synonyms (state, tell):
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute state that about half the cells..."
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute tell that about half the cells..." (awkward)

Sense 2 synonyms (allege, aver):
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute allege that about half the cells..." (seems wrong - they're not alleging, they're reporting findings)
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute aver that about half the cells..." (too formal/legalistic)

Hmm, "state" works well, but "allege" and "aver" don't seem right. This suggests sense 1 is more appropriate.

But wait, "report" is in the definition of sense 2, and the scientists ARE reporting their findings. Let me consider if the definition alone, without the synonyms, points to sense 2.

Actually, I think the key insight is that while "report" is in the definition of sense 2, the synonyms "allege" and "aver" give us a clearer picture of what sense 2 really means. Sense 2 is for contexts where "say" means to allege or aver - to make a claim or assertion, often about something that might be in dispute or that is being presented as a claim.

In this context, the scientists are simply stating their empirical findings. They're not alleging something controversial or making a claim that might be disputed. They're reporting straightforward research findings.

Therefore, sense 1 is more appropriate: "express in words" with the synonym "state" being the most natural fit.

Let me double-check by considering: would "state" work in this context?
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute state that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

Yes, "state" works perfectly. The scientists are stating their findings.

Would "allege" work?
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute allege that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

No, "allege" doesn't work well. It sounds like the scientists are making an unproven claim or accusation, which doesn't fit the context of reporting research findings.

So, sense 1 is the best fit.

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time. I may have been influenced by the connotation of "allege" in legal contexts. Let me look at the examples for sense 2 again:

"He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" - yes, this is a legal/formal claim
"He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - this is actually quite neutral; someone is stating their opinion/assessment about a situation

The second example is more relevant to our context. In that example, someone is making a statement about a situation - saying that it was too late to intervene. This isn't a legal allegation; it's a statement/assessment.

Similarly, in our context, scientists are saying/stating that half the cells were missing the gene. They are reporting their findings.

Hmm, but the first synonym is still "allege" which has that legal connotation. And "aver" is also quite formal.

Let me think about the definition more carefully: "report or maintain."

In our context, the scientists are reporting their findings. But they're not "maintaining" something in the sense of asserting a position or claim. They're simply stating what they found.

I think the key distinction is:
- Sense 1: expressing something in words, stating something (neutral)
- Sense 2: reporting or maintaining, alleging or averring (more formal/assertive)

For our context, sense 1 seems more appropriate. The scientists are stating their research findings - they're expressing in words what they found. The more formal/assertive sense 2 doesn't quite fit.

So, my final answer is sense 1.

Actually, I want to reconsider one more time, thinking about it from the perspective of which sense is more specific and appropriate.

In WordNet, more specific senses often have more specific definitions and synonyms. Sense 2 is more specific than sense 1 (sense 2 is a hyponym of sense 1).

Sense 2 is defined as "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver." This suggests contexts where someone is making a formal claim or assertion.

Our context: scientists stating research findings in a report. They are indeed reporting their findings. But are they "alleging" or "averring" in the sense that the synonyms suggest?

I don't think so. They're stating empirical findings, not making formal claims or allegations. Sense 1's "state" is the right fit.

Also, consider the overall tone of the passage. Earlier in the text: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families..." This is also just stating information, not alleging anything.

I'm confident that sense 1 is the correct answer. The scientists are expressing in words, stating, their research findings.

Wait, I should also look at all the instances of "say" in the passage:

1. "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."
2. "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families..."
3. "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

All these instances have the same sense - someone is stating/expressing information. None of them have the flavor of "alleging" or "averring."

So, sense 1 is the correct answer for all these instances, including our target.

My final answer: sense 1.

Actually, I realize I might be being influenced by negative connotations of "allege" in legal contexts. Let me reconsider sense 2 more carefully.

Sense 2: definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver

"Report" is the first word in the definition, and the context explicitly mentions a report: "In a report out last week..."

The scientists are reporting their findings. They are making a statement in a formal scientific context.

Let me consider if sense 2 applies. The definition says "report or maintain." The scientists are indeed reporting. The synonyms "allege, aver" mean to assert or state something as true.

In scientific reports, scientists do assert or state their findings as true. They're not just casually expressing something; they're formally reporting and maintaining their findings as factual.

So, is sense 2 more appropriate because:
1. It's a formal report context
2. They are reporting findings
3. They are maintaining/asserting their findings as true

Or is sense 1 more appropriate because:
1. It's the basic sense of expressing in words
2. "Allege" and "aver" have connotations that don't fit this context
3. "State" is a more natural synonym

I'm torn, but let me think about the following:

The key question is: Is sense 2 for more formal/assertive contexts, or is it specifically for allegations and assertions?

Looking at the examples:
- "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" - legal allegation
- "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - statement about a situation

The second example is more relevant. Someone is stating their assessment of a situation. This isn't a legal allegation; it's a statement.

Similarly, in our context, scientists are stating their research findings. They're saying: "about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue we tested are missing this gene."

This is a statement of fact based on research. It's not a legal allegation, but it is a formal statement in a report.

Given that:
1. The context is a formal report
2. The scientists are reporting their findings
3. Sense 2's definition includes "report"
4. The examples for sense 2 include statements about situations (not just legal allegations)

I think sense 2 might actually be more appropriate. The scientists are reporting their findings, and "report" is in the definition of sense 2.

But I'm still bothered by the synonyms "allege" and "aver" which don't seem to fit perfectly.

Let me consider this: in WordNet, the synonyms and examples are meant to help clarify the sense. The synonyms "allege" and "aver" suggest that sense 2 is for more formal/assertive contexts where someone is making a claim. The examples show both a legal allegation and a statement about a situation.

Our context has scientists making a statement about their findings in a report. This is more formal than casual conversation, but not a legal allegation.

Is this closer to sense 1 (express in words, state) or sense 2 (report or maintain, allege, aver)?

I think the key is that the scientists are "reporting" their findings, and "report" is explicitly in sense 2's definition. Sense 1 is more general - expressing in words. Sense 2 is more specific - reporting or maintaining.

Given the formal report context and the definition "report or maintain," I think sense 2 is the better fit.

Hmm, but I'm still uncertain. Let me try one more approach.

If I think about what the scientists are doing:
- They conducted research
- They found that about half the cells were missing the gene
- They are stating this finding in a report

The verb "say" here means they are communicating their finding. They are stating it.

Is this "expressing in words" (sense 1) or "reporting or maintaining" (sense 2)?

Both could apply, but sense 2 is more specific. The question is whether the specificity of sense 2 (report or maintain, allege, aver) fits this context.

I think the key insight is that sense 2, with its "report or maintain" definition and "allege, aver" synonyms, is for contexts where someone is making a formal statement or claim. This could be:
- Alleging something in a legal context
- Making a formal statement about a situation
- Reporting findings in a formal/scientific context

Our context fits this last category - scientists reporting findings in a formal context. Sense 2 seems appropriate.

But then again, the synonym "state" from sense 1 also works well. And "allege" seems too strong.

Ugh, I'm going back and forth. Let me make a decision.

The deciding factors for me:
1. The definition of sense 2 is "report or maintain" - the context explicitly mentions a "report"
2. The formal scientific context aligns with sense 2's more formal tone
3. The example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is similar to our context - someone making a statement about a situation

Therefore, I'll go with sense 2.

But wait - let me also consider the earlier instances of "say" in the passage:

1. "...says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research..." - Weinberg is stating his opinion/assessment
2. "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members..." - scientists are stating information

Are these also sense 2?

For instance 1: Weinberg is making a statement about the significance of the discovery. This is similar to the example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - someone making an assessment/statement. This could be sense 2.

For instance 2: Scientists are stating information about breast cancer. This is more factual/reporting. Could also be sense 2.

Hmm, if all instances in this passage are sense 2, that would be consistent.

Actually, I think I've been overthinking this. Let me step back and consider the basic meaning of "say" in this context.

The scientists are saying something - they are communicating their findings. This is the basic sense of "say" - expressing in words, stating something.

Sense 1 captures this basic meaning: "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell."

Sense 2 is more specific: "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver." This is for contexts where someone is making a formal claim or assertion.

Our context is scientists stating their findings in a report. This is a formal context, but I'm not sure it rises to the level of "alleging" or "averring." The scientists are simply stating what they found.

I think sense 1 is the more appropriate fit. The scientists are expressing in words, stating, their findings. Sense 2, with its "allege, aver" synonyms, seems more suited for contexts where someone is making a claim that might be disputed or that is being formally asserted.

My final decision: sense 1.

Alright, let me reconsider this one last time with a clear head.

The target sentence is:
"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The scientists are communicating their research findings. They are stating what they found.

Let me look at the two main candidate senses:

Sense 1: definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you

Sense 2: definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war

Key considerations:
1. The word "report" appears in both the context and in sense 2's definition
2. The synonyms for sense 2 (allege, aver) have formal/legalistic connotations
3. The synonyms for sense 1 (state, tell) are more neutral
4. The example for sense 2 "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is a statement about a situation, not necessarily a legal allegation

Let me also consider the broader context. This is a news article about scientific research. The tone is informative, not legalistic. The scientists are presenting their findings, not making allegations or legal claims.

I think the most natural synonym here is "state" from sense 1. The scientists are stating their findings. "Allege" and "aver" from sense 2 seem too strong and formal for this context.

Even though "report" appears in sense 2's definition, the synonyms "allege, aver" clarify that sense 2 is for more formal/assertive contexts where someone is making a claim or allegation. Our context, while formal (scientific report), doesn't have the flavor of "alleging" something.

Therefore, I choose sense 1.

Actually, let me reconsider the examples one more time:

Sense 1 examples:
- "He said that he wanted to marry her" - expressing a desire/intention
- "tell me what is bothering you" - requesting information

Sense 2 examples:
- "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" - making a formal claim/allegation
- "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - making a statement/assessment about a situation

The second example for sense 2 is interesting. Someone is saying/stating that it was too late to intervene in the war. This is a statement about a situation, similar to scientists saying/stating their research findings.

But I think the key distinction is the level of formality and the nature of what's being said:
- Sense 1: expressing in words, stating (neutral, general)
- Sense 2: reporting, maintaining, alleging, averring (more formal/assertive)

Our context: scientists stating research findings in a report.

Is this neutral/general (sense 1) or formal/assertive (sense 2)?

I think it's somewhere in between. It's formal (scientific report), but not legalistic (not "alleging" something).

Given the choice, I think sense 1 is more appropriate. "State" is the right synonym, not "allege" or "aver."

Final answer: sense 1.

Hmm wait, let me reconsider once more. Looking at this more carefully:

The definition of sense 2 is "report or maintain." Our context has scientists reporting their findings. The word "report" explicitly appears in the definition of sense 2. This seems significant.

The synonyms "allege, aver" are just that - synonyms. They don't have to apply perfectly to every instance of sense 2. What matters is the definition: "report or maintain."

In our context, scientists are reporting their findings in a formal report. This fits sense 2's definition.

Also, the examples for sense 2 are helpful:
- "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" - alleging
- "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - making a statement

The second example shows that sense 2 isn't limited to legal allegations. It includes making statements about situations.

Our context has scientists making statements about their research findings. This is similar to the second example for sense 2.

I'm now leaning toward sense 2. The key factors:
1. "Report" is in sense 2's definition, and our context is explicitly about a report
2. The examples for sense 2 include statements about situations (not just legal allegations)
3. The formal scientific context aligns with sense 2

Let me make a final decision.

On one hand:
- Sense 1 has "state" as a synonym, which works perfectly
- "Allege" and "aver" seem too strong for this context

On the other hand:
- "Report" is in sense 2's definition, and our context mentions a report
- The examples for sense 2 include non-legal statements

I think the definition of sense 2 ("report or maintain") is the deciding factor. Our context explicitly mentions a report, and the scientists are indeed reporting their findings. The synonyms "allege, aver" are just one way to express this sense; they don't have to be the only way.

Given the formal report context and the definition "report or maintain," I choose sense 2.

Actually, I'm going to make a final comparison:

If I replace "say" with synonyms from sense 1 (state, tell):
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute state that about half the cells..." - works well

If I replace "say" with synonyms from sense 2 (allege, aver):
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute allege that about half the cells..." - doesn't work as well; too legalistic
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute aver that about half the cells..." - too formal

Hmm, "state" works better than "allege" or "aver." This suggests sense 1.

But then again, "report" is in sense 2's definition, and our context is about a report. And "report" also works:
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute report that about half the cells..." - works well!

So both "state" (from sense 1) and "report" (from sense 2's definition) work well. The synonyms for sense 2 ("allege, aver") don't work as well, but "report" from the definition does.

I think the key insight is that sense 2's definition includes "report," and that word fits our context perfectly. The scientists are reporting their findings. Sense 2 is appropriate.

Final decision: sense 2.

Actually, I think I need to be careful here. The synonyms in WordNet are carefully chosen to reflect the sense. If "allege" and "aver" are the synonyms for sense 2, and they don't fit well in this context, that's a strong indicator that sense 2 isn't the right fit.

The definition "report or maintain" might be broader, but the synonyms "allege, aver" give us the specific flavor of sense 2 - it's for formal/assertive contexts where someone is making a claim or allegation.

Our context has scientists stating research findings. "State" (from sense 1) is the right synonym. "Allege" and "aver" (from sense 2) don't fit well.

Even though "report" appears in sense 2's definition and our context, the synonyms clarify that sense 2 is for more formal/legalistic contexts. Our context, while formal (scientific report), doesn't have the flavor of "alleging" or "averring" something.

Therefore, I choose sense 1.

Let me reconsider one more time.

The key question: Are the scientists in this context "alleging" or "averring" something, or are they simply "stating" something?

"Allege" means to claim or assert that someone has done something wrong or illegal, or to state something as a fact without proof.
"Aver" means to state or assert to be true.

The scientists are stating their research findings. They're not making claims about wrongdoing, and they're not stating something without proof (they have research evidence).

They're simply stating their findings. "State" is the right synonym. Sense 1.

Final answer: sense 1.

Hmm, but let me look at "aver" more carefully. "Aver" means to state or assert to be true. In a scientific report, scientists do state their findings as true. They aver their findings.

So, "aver" could work in this context:
"John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute aver that about half the cells..."

This is grammatically correct and makes sense, though it's more formal than typical scientific writing.

And sense 2's definition is "report or maintain." The scientists are both reporting and maintaining (asserting) their findings.

I'm still torn, but I think sense 2 is more appropriate because:
1. The definition "report or maintain" fits - scientists are reporting their findings
2. "Aver" (one of the synonyms) could work in this context - scientists are asserting their findings as true
3. The context is a formal report

But then again, "state" from sense 1 works perfectly, and "allege" from sense 2 doesn't fit well at all. And the examples for sense 2 are:
- "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" - legal allegation
- "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - statement about a situation

The second example is similar to our context - someone making a statement about a situation. This supports sense 2.

Alright, I'm going to make a final decision based on all this analysis.

The deciding factors:
1. Sense 2's definition includes "report," and our context explicitly mentions a report
2. One of sense 2's synonyms, "aver," could work (meaning to state/assert as true)
3. Sense 2's examples include statements about situations, not just legal allegations
4. The formal scientific context aligns with sense 2

Therefore, I choose sense 2.

Wait, I realize I should consider one more thing. The difference between "allege" and "aver":
- "Allege" typically implies claiming something without having proved it yet
- "Aver" means to state or assert confidently as true

In scientific reports, scientists state their findings confidently based on their research. They "aver" their findings. They don't "allege" them (that would imply they haven't proved them).

So, "aver" works, but "allege" doesn't. Given that "aver" is a synonym for sense 2, sense 2 could apply.

But "state" from sense 1 also works perfectly and is more natural in this context.

I'm going to go with sense 1 because:
1. "State" is a natural and perfect fit for this context
2. "Allege" (one of sense 2's synonyms) doesn't fit well
3. While "aver" (another synonym for sense 2) could work, it's overly formal
4. Sense 1 is the basic sense of "say" - expressing in words - which is what the scientists are doing

Final answer: sense 1.

Alright, I think I need to stop second-guessing and make a final decision.

Let me consider the core meaning:
- The scientists are communicating their findings
- They are stating what they found in their research
- This is a formal scientific context

Sense 1: "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell" - this captures the basic act of communicating/stating.

Sense 2: "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver" - this is for more formal/assertive contexts.

The scientists are indeed stating their findings, and "state" is a perfect synonym. While they are also "reporting," the synonyms for sense 2 ("allege, aver") don't fit as naturally.

I believe sense 1 is the best fit for this context.

Final answer: sense 1.

Wait, one more thing. Let me look at the examples one more time for both senses:

Sense 1 examples:
- "He said that he wanted to marry her" - personal statement of intention
- "tell me what is bothering you" - request for information

Sense 2 examples:
- "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime" - legal/formal allegation
- "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - statement about a situation

Our context: scientists stating research findings in a report.

The second example for sense 2 ("He said it was too late to intervene in the war") is most similar to our context. In both cases, someone is making a statement about something they've assessed/observed.

This supports sense 2.

But then again, the first example for sense 1 ("He said that he wanted to marry her") is also similar to our context - someone saying/stating something. Both are statements.

Hmm, the examples don't clearly point to one sense over the other.

Let me go with my gut feeling based on the synonyms:
- "State" (sense 1) works perfectly
- "Allege" and "aver" (sense 2) don't

native_finish_reason: length


status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 11. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "say" in the context:
"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is about researchers/scientists making a statement/report
- They are saying something factual based on their research - that about half the cells from lung cancer tissue are missing a gene
- This is a statement being made by scientists in a report

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
- This is a general sense of "say" meaning to express something in words

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
- This is about reporting or maintaining something, often with a connotation of stating something as fact (which might be questioned)

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
- This is hypothetical, not applicable here

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
- This is about text/documents containing certain content, not applicable

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
- This is about commanding, not applicable

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
- This is about pronunciation, not applicable

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
- Not applicable

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
- Too general/basic

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
- This is about stating opinion, but the context is more about reporting findings

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
- Not applicable

11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
- Not applicable

Now between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 is the general sense of "express in words"
- Sense 2 is "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver"

The context is about scientists at a cancer institute reporting findings in a report. They are saying/stating that about half the cells are missing this gene. This is a factual statement about research findings.

Sense 2 with "report or maintain" and synonyms like "allege, aver" seems to fit well - it's about making a statement/report about findings. The word "report" in the definition aligns with "In a report out last week" - the scientists are reporting something.

However, sense 1 "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell" is also very applicable. This is the most basic sense of "say" - expressing something in words.

Let me think more carefully:
- The definition of sense 2 is "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver" - these synonyms suggest a more formal statement, potentially of something that might be contested or needs to be asserted
- Sense 1 is more general: "express in words"

In this context, John Minna and colleagues are saying (reporting/stating) something based on their research. This is a straightforward case of someone expressing something in words. The context mentions "a report" which suggests they are formally stating/reporting findings.

I think sense 2 "report or maintain" fits better because:
1. It's in the context of a formal report
2. Scientists are making a formal statement based on evidence
3. The synonyms "allege, aver" suggest a more formal assertion of fact

But I could also argue sense 1 fits because it's the most general sense of "say" and would cover this usage.

Looking at the examples more carefully:
- Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" - personal statement
- Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - these are more about making claims or assertions

The scientists are making an assertion based on evidence (similar to the second example of sense 2). But is this "alleging" or just "saying"?

Actually, I think sense 1 is the better fit. The scientists are simply stating/saying what they found. The "allege, aver" connotation in sense 2 suggests something slightly different - making a claim that might need verification or is being asserted. Here, the scientists are straightforwardly reporting findings, which is more aligned with "state, tell" (sense 1).

Wait, let me reconsider. The gloss for sense 2 is "report or maintain" - the word "report" directly appears in the gloss, and the context is about scientists reporting findings. The examples include "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" which is a statement about a situation/fact, similar to the scientists saying something about their findings.

I think sense 2 is the better choice because:
1. The gloss includes "report" which matches the context (reporting scientific findings)
2. The context is formal (scientists, National Cancer Institute, report)
3. The synonyms "allege, aver" fit the formal assertion nature of this context

Actually, I'm overthinking this. Let me consider what's most natural:

"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells..."

This is a straightforward use of "say" meaning to state/express. Sense 1 is the most basic and common sense. The sense 2 has connotations of "alleging" which might not be appropriate here - the scientists aren't "alleging" something, they're simply reporting/stating findings.

But the gloss for sense 2 is "report or maintain" - the "report" part fits perfectly. And one of the examples for sense 2 is "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" which is a straightforward factual statement.

Hmm, this is tricky. Let me look at the distinction:
- Sense 1: "express in words" - basic, general
- Sense 2: "report or maintain" - more specific to reporting/asserting

I think for this context, sense 2 "report or maintain" is slightly better because the scientists are specifically reporting findings (and the context even mentions "a report").

Final answer: sense 2

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


attempt_kind: initial

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that <t>about</t> half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "about" in the context: "about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
Here "about half" means approximately half, roughly half.
Sense 1 definition: "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct", synonyms: approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less.
This matches perfectly.

Let's check the other senses:
2: all around or on all sides
3: in the area or vicinity
4: used of movement
5: reversed position
6: in rotation
7: slightly short of or not quite accomplished (almost)

Sense 1 is the correct one for "about half".
So sense_index is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the <t>cells</t> taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target lemma is "cell" (plural "cells").

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses cancer research, tumors, genes (p53 suppressor gene), chromosomes, and tissues.
    *   Specific sentence: "...about half the <t>cells</t> taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
    *   Key phrases: "lung cancer tissue", "taken from", "missing this gene".
    *   The word "cells" refers to biological units that make up the tissue. Cancer affects cells. Genes exist within cells.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "any small compartment" (e.g., honeycomb). Not specific enough for biological tissue context.
    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." (monads, colonies, tissues). This is the biological definition. It fits perfectly with "tissue," "cancer," and "genes."
    *   Sense 3: "a device that delivers an electric current..." (electric cell). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4: "a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement." Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 5: "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone..." (cell phone). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 6: "small room in which a monk or nun lives." Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 7: "a room where a prisoner is kept." Irrelevant.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The context is explicitly biological (cancer, tissue, genes).
    *   Sense 2 is the biological definition.
    *   Sense 1 is too generic; while a biological cell is technically a compartment, Sense 2 provides the domain-specific meaning required here.

5.  **Formulate the Output:**
    *   The correct sense corresponds to index 2.
    *   Format: JSON object {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells <t>taken</t> from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "taken" in the context:
"about half the cells <t>taken</t> from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene"

The context here is about scientists extracting/removing cells from lung cancer tissue for testing purposes. The cells were removed or extracted from the tissue for examination.

Let me look at the senses:

1. take%2:41:04:: = carry out - No, not about carrying out an action
2. take%2:40:06:: = require (time or space) - No
3. take%2:38:09:: = take somebody somewhere - No
4. take%2:35:00:: = get into one's hands, take physically - This is close, about physically taking something
5. take%2:31:07:: = interpret something in a certain way - No
6. take%2:38:10:: = take something or somebody with oneself somewhere - No
7. take%2:40:00:: = take into one's possession - Close but more about possession
8. take%2:38:02:: = travel or go by means of transportation - No
9. take%2:31:01:: = pick out, select, or choose - Could be, but not quite right
10. take%2:40:05:: = receive willingly something given - No
11. take%2:41:00:: = assume positions or roles - No
12. take%2:31:03:: = take into consideration - No
13. take%2:42:00:: = require as useful - No
14. take%2:39:00:: = experience or feel or submit to - No
15. take%2:32:02:: = make a film or photograph - No
16. take%2:30:00:: = remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract - This is about removing something! Synonyms: remove, take away, withdraw. Examples: "remove a threat; remove a wrapper"
17. take%2:34:00:: = serve oneself to, consume regularly - No
18. take%2:31:09:: = accept or undergo unwillingly - No
19. take%2:40:15:: = make use of or accept for some purpose - No
20. take%2:40:01:: = take by force - No
21. take%2:38:00:: = occupy or take on - No
22. take%2:40:07:: = admit into a group - No
23. take%2:30:08:: = ascertain or determine by measuring - No
24. take%2:31:02:: = be a student of a certain subject - No
25. take%2:32:00:: = take as an undesirable consequence - No
26. take%2:38:05:: = head into a specified direction - No
27. take%2:33:09:: = point or cause to go towards - No
28. take%2:30:09:: = be seized or affected - No
29. take%2:42:10:: = have with oneself - No
30. take%2:40:03:: = engage for service - No
31. take%2:40:04:: = receive or obtain regularly - No
32. take%2:40:02:: = buy, select - No
33. take%2:40:08:: = to get into a position - No
34. take%2:35:14:: = have sex with - No
35. take%2:32:09:: = lay claim to - No
36. take%2:42:03:: = be designed to hold - No
37. take%2:42:15:: = be capable of holding - No
38. take%2:41:13:: = develop a habit - No
39. take%2:38:11:: = proceed along in a vehicle - No
40. take%2:33:08:: = obtain by winning - No
41. take%2:29:08:: = be stricken by an illness - No

The best fit is sense 17 (take%2:30:00::) which is about removing something concrete. The cells were removed/extracted from the lung cancer tissue. This matches the definition: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract" with synonyms "remove, take away, withdraw."

Actually, wait - let me re-count. The senses are numbered in the list. Let me count more carefully:

1. take%2:41:04::
2. take%2:40:06::
3. take%2:38:09::
4. take%2:35:00::
5. take%2:31:07::
6. take%2:38:10::
7. take%2:40:00::
8. take%2:38:02::
9. take%2:31:01::
10. take%2:40:05::
11. take%2:41:00::
12. take%2:31:03::
13. take%2:42:00::
14. take%2:39:00::
15. take%2:32:02::
16. take%2:30:00:: = remove something concrete
17. take%2:34:00::
18. take%2:31:09::
19. take%2:40:15::
20. take%2:40:01::
21. take%2:38:00::
22. take%2:40:07::
23. take%2:30:08::
24. take%2:31:02::
25. take%2:32:00::
26. take%2:38:05::
27. take%2:33:09::
28. take%2:30:09::
29. take%2:42:10::
30. take%2:40:03::
31. take%2:40:04::
32. take%2:40:02::
33. take%2:40:08::
34. take%2:35:14::
35. take%2:32:09::
36. take%2:42:03::
37. take%2:42:15::
38. take%2:41:13::
39. take%2:38:11::
40. take%2:33:08::
41. take%2:29:08::

So the sense about removing something is #16 (take%2:30:00::).

The context says "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" - this is about extracting/removing cells from tissue for testing. Sense 16 with definition "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract" and synonyms "remove, take away, withdraw" fits this usage perfectly.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 16}

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer <t>tissue</t> they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target word is "tissue" (surface form: "tissue").
2.  **Analyze the context**: The text discusses cancer research, specifically the p53 suppressor gene. It mentions "lung cancer tissue", "kidney, brain and skin cancers", and "cells taken from lung cancer tissue". The context is biological/medical.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function". This refers to biological tissue (muscle tissue, connective tissue, etc.).
    *   Sense 2: "a soft thin (usually translucent) paper". This refers to "tissue paper" (e.g., facial tissue, wrapping tissue).
4.  **Match context to senses**:
    *   The phrase "lung cancer tissue" refers to biological matter made of cells. The text explicitly mentions "cells taken from lung cancer tissue".
    *   This clearly matches Sense 1 (biological tissue).
    *   Sense 2 (paper) does not fit the medical context.
5.  **Formulate the output**: The user requested a JSON object with the index of the chosen sense. The index for the biological definition is 1.

Step-by-step deduction:
- Context mentions "cells taken from lung cancer tissue".
- Sense 1 defines tissue as an aggregate of cells.
- Sense 2 defines tissue as paper.
- Sense 1 is the correct fit.
- Output format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tested
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they <t>tested</t> are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%2:41:00:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=prove, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
2. sense_key=test%2:41:01:: | definition=test or examine for the presence of disease or infection | synonyms=screen | examples=screen the blood for the HIV virus
3. sense_key=test%2:32:00:: | definition=examine someone's knowledge of something | synonyms=quiz | examples=The teacher tests us every week; We got quizzed on French irregular verbs
4. sense_key=test%2:42:00:: | definition=show a certain characteristic when tested | examples=He tested positive for HIV
5. sense_key=test%2:33:00:: | definition=achieve a certain score or rating on a test | examples=She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools
6. sense_key=test%2:32:08:: | definition=determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
7. sense_key=test%2:31:06:: | definition=undergo a test | examples=She doesn't test well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `test`
    *   Target surface form: `tested`
    *   Context snippet: "...about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they <t>tested</t> are missing this gene."

2.  **Analyze the specific usage in context:**
    *   The subject is "they" (referring to researchers/scientists: John Minna and colleagues).
    *   The object is "cells taken from lung cancer tissue".
    *   The purpose: To see if the p53 gene was missing.
    *   The action: Performing scientific analysis/examination on biological samples to determine their properties (specifically genetic makeup).

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `test%2:41:00::` | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a very general sense. While researchers are testing the cells, the "experimental use" or "quality testing" aspect isn't the primary focus. It's more about analyzing the composition. However, this sense is often a fallback for general testing. Let's look for something more specific.

    *   **Sense 2:** `test%2:41:01::` | definition=test or examine for the presence of disease or infection.
        *   *Analysis:* They are testing cancer cells. While cancer is a disease, the definition mentions "examine for the presence of disease or infection". Here, the tissue *is* from the disease (cancer tissue). They are testing the tissue to find the gene status. Is this testing *for* disease? No, the disease is already present. They are testing the *properties* of the cells. But sometimes "medical testing" falls here. However, Sense 6 looks more promising for "properties of a substance".

    *   **Sense 3:** `test%2:32:00::` | definition=examine someone's knowledge of something.
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant. No knowledge examination here.

    *   **Sense 4:** `test%2:42:00::` | definition=show a certain characteristic when tested.
        *   *Analysis:* This is intransitive (e.g., "He tested positive"). The context uses "tested" transitively: "they tested [the cells]". So this is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `test%2:33:00::` | definition=achieve a certain score or rating on a test.
        *   *Analysis:* Intransitive usage regarding scores. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** `test%2:32:08::` | definition=determine the presence or properties of (a substance).
        *   *Analysis:* This fits perfectly. The researchers are testing cells (substance/sample) to determine the presence or properties of a specific gene. They want to see if the gene is missing or present. The action is determining properties of a substance (cells/tissue). This is scientific analysis.

    *   **Sense 7:** `test%2:31:06::` | definition=undergo a test.
        *   *Analysis:* Intransitive ("She doesn't test well"). The context is transitive. Incorrect.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 6:**
    *   Sense 1 is "put to the test... give experimental use to". Examples: "Test this recipe". This implies trying something out to see if it works.
    *   Sense 6 is "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)". This is exactly what scientific lab work on tissue samples entails—analyzing the sample to see what is there (the gene).
    *   The context is scientific research ("National Cancer Institute", "cells", "gene"). The action is determining if a gene is missing. This aligns strongly with "determine the presence or properties of".

    *   *Check Sense 2 again:* "test or examine for the presence of disease". The tissue is already cancerous. They aren't diagnosing the patient (diagnosing cancer); they are analyzing the genetic structure of the tumor cells. Sense 6 is the specific scientific/chemical sense for determining properties/presence of a component within a substance. Sense 6 is the most precise fit for laboratory analysis of tissue composition.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 6.

    *   Target: "...cells... they tested..."
    *   Meaning: They analyzed the cells to determine the properties (presence/absence of p53 gene).
    *   Match: Sense 6: "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)".

6.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 6}`.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: miss
Target surface form: missing
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are <t>missing</t> this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=miss%2:39:00:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=lose | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
2. sense_key=miss%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or suffer from the lack of | examples=He misses his mother
3. sense_key=miss%2:42:01:: | definition=fail to attend an event or activity | examples=I missed the concert; He missed school for a week
4. sense_key=miss%2:31:00:: | definition=leave undone or leave out | synonyms=neglect, pretermit, omit, drop, leave out, overlook | examples=How could I miss that typo?; The workers on the conveyor belt miss one out of ten
5. sense_key=miss%2:38:00:: | definition=fail to reach or get to | examples=She missed her train
6. sense_key=miss%2:42:00:: | definition=be without | synonyms=lack | examples=This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box!
7. sense_key=miss%2:35:00:: | definition=fail to reach | examples=The arrow missed the target
8. sense_key=miss%2:42:02:: | definition=be absent | examples=The child had been missing for a week
9. sense_key=miss%2:32:00:: | definition=fail to experience | synonyms=escape | examples=Fortunately, I missed the hurricane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "miss" and the surface form is "missing". The context is: "...about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports ... of missing p53 genes in tissue..."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence says: "half the cells ... are missing this gene."
    *   Meaning: The cells do not have the gene. The gene is absent from the cells. It is not there.
    *   Grammar: "are missing" acts as a stative predicate here. The cells exist in a state of lacking the gene.

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (fail to perceive):** "fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind". Example: "I missed that remark." -> Does not fit. The cells aren't trying to perceive the gene.
    *   **Sense 2 (suffer lack of):** "feel or suffer from the lack of". Example: "He misses his mother." -> This implies an emotional longing. Cells do not have emotions.
    *   **Sense 3 (fail to attend):** "fail to attend an event or activity". -> Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 4 (leave undone/omit):** "leave undone or leave out". Example: "How could I miss that typo?" -> This implies an action (or lack thereof) by an agent. The cells aren't performing an action of omission; they simply don't possess the gene.
    *   **Sense 5 (fail to reach):** "fail to reach or get to". Example: "She missed her train." -> Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 6 (be without):** "be without". Synonyms: "lack". Examples: "This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box!" -> This fits perfectly. "The cells are without this gene." "The cells lack this gene." The form "missing" corresponds to the stative aspect often used with this sense (like the jewelry box example).
    *   **Sense 7 (fail to reach - physical):** "fail to reach" (physical trajectory). Example: "The arrow missed the target." -> Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 8 (be absent):** "be absent". Example: "The child had been missing for a week." -> This sense usually refers to a person or entity that has gone away or disappeared from a known location. While close, Sense 6 ("be without/lack") is more precise for an object (cells) lacking a component (gene). Sense 8 implies a state of non-presence of the subject (the child is missing), whereas the sentence says the cells are present, but are *missing* a specific gene (object). The construction "X is missing Y" (where X is the subject and Y is the object) maps to Sense 6 (X lacks Y). Sense 8 maps to "X is missing" (X is absent/lost).
    *   **Sense 9 (fail to experience):** "fail to experience". Example: "I missed the hurricane." -> Not applicable.

4.  **Distinguish Sense 6 vs Sense 8:**
    *   Sense 6: Subject (container/possessor) is missing Object (component). "The soup is missing salt." -> "The cells are missing this gene."
    *   Sense 8: Subject (person/thing) is missing (absent). "The child is missing."
    *   The text says "cells ... are missing this gene". The gene is the object of the verb "missing".
    *   Therefore, Sense 6 is the correct choice. The synonym "lack" is very strong here.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Target: "missing"
    *   Context: "cells ... are missing this gene"
    *   Sense 6: "be without". Synonym "lack".
    *   Example matches: "There is something missing in my jewelry box" vs "cells are missing this gene".
    *   The fit is excellent.

6.  **Construct JSON output:**
    *   Sense 6 corresponds to index 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reports
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are <t>reports</t> from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Target word: "reports" (plural noun).
    *   Sentence: "There also are <t>reports</t> from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."
    *   Clues:
        *   "from several labs": Origin is research institutions.
        *   "as yet unpublished": This implies they are currently informal or awaiting formal publication, but they are pieces of information/findings being communicated.
        *   "of missing p53 genes": The content of the report is scientific findings.
        *   Previous sentences mention "a report out last week" (referring to a published study by John Minna).
        *   The context is scientific research and news about cancer genetics.

2.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1: report%1:10:03::** | Definition: a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | Synonyms: study, written report.
        *   *Pros:* "Findings of some individual or group" fits scientific labs. The previous sentence mentions "a report out last week" which fits this definition perfectly (a specific document/study).
        *   *Cons:* The current sentence says the reports are "as yet unpublished". While they are likely documents or communications of findings, the fact that they are unpublished makes them slightly less formal than a finished "written document" available to the public, but they are still the *findings* communicated by the labs. However, WordNet's definition "written document describing the findings" is very close to what a lab produces. Even if unpublished, they are reports in the scientific sense.

    *   **Sense 2: report%1:10:01::** | Definition: the act of informing by verbal report | Synonyms: account.
        *   *Pros:* "as yet unpublished" *might* suggest verbal communication or rumors.
        *   *Cons:* The context is scientific discourse. "Reports from several labs" usually implies data or findings, not just the act of speaking. The "report out last week" (Sense 1) sets a precedent for the kind of object "report" refers to here. Unpublished scientific reports are usually circulating drafts or presentations, not just the "act" of reporting.

    *   **Sense 3: report%1:10:00::** | Definition: a short account of the news | Synonyms: news report, story, account, write up.
        *   *Pros:* It is news about science.
        *   *Cons:* This sense usually refers to journalism (news report, story on the 11 o'clock news). "Reports from several labs" implies the source is the labs themselves, not the media covering them. It refers to the scientific findings communicated by the labs, which aligns more with Sense 1 (findings of a group) than Sense 3 (journalistic account). The example "the story was on the 11 o'clock news" suggests a media context, whereas the source text is a scientific/technical article discussing lab findings.

    *   **Sense 4: report%1:11:00::** | Definition: a sharp explosive sound.
        *   *Cons:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5: report%1:10:04::** | Definition: a written evaluation of a student's scholarship.
        *   *Cons:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 6: report%1:10:02::** | Definition: an essay (especially one written as an assignment).
        *   *Cons:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 7: report%1:09:00::** | Definition: the general estimation that the public has for a person (reputation).
        *   *Cons:* Irrelevant.

3.  **Refine Decision (Sense 1 vs Sense 3):**
    *   Sense 3 is "news report/story". The context here is specific scientific findings from labs. While the text is from a news article (likely a science news piece), the word "reports" refers to the findings/documents coming *from the labs*, not the news story itself.
    *   Sense 1 is "written document describing findings". The previous sentence mentions a specific "report out last week" which matches Sense 1 perfectly. The target sentence says "There also are reports... as yet unpublished". Even though unpublished, they are effectively the same category of entity as the published report: a description of findings. The difference is the publication status.
    *   Is it Sense 2 (verbal report)? "Reports from several labs" implies multiple distinct accounts or pieces of data. In scientific contexts, a "report" is a standard unit of output (findings). Even if they are unpublished, they are usually circulated documents or presentations.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "study". "Reports from several labs... of missing p53 genes" could easily be paraphrased as "studies from several labs... of missing p53 genes". This fits the scientific context best.
    *   Sense 3 examples ("story was on the 11 o'clock news") are journalistic. The labs aren't writing "news stories" about themselves; they are generating scientific reports/studies.

    *   *Self-Correction/Nuance Check:* Sometimes "reports" in "there are reports of X" is treated as general rumors or news. However, the explicit mention of "labs" and "missing p53 genes" (scientific content) pushes it toward the "findings/study" definition (Sense 1). The specific detail that they are "unpublished" suggests they are documents/studies in progress, distinguishing them from public "news reports" (Sense 3).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. It captures the "findings" aspect. The WordNet definition "written document" might be slightly rigid regarding "unpublished", but "describing the findings of some individual or group" is the core semantic match for "reports from labs" in a scientific text.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 1 definition: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3 definition: "a short account of the news".
    *   In this context, the "reports" are the *source* of the information, coming from the labs. They are scientific reports (Sense 1). They are not necessarily "news reports" (journalism). Even if the sentence implies that these reports constitute news, the entity itself is the lab's report/study.
    *   Furthermore, the previous sentence mentions "In a report out last week...". That is definitely Sense 1. The usage in the target sentence is parallel to that usage. "There are also [similar things] from other labs".

    *   Conclusion: Sense 1.

4.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   Target: Sense 1.
    *   Format: JSON.

provider: Baidu