[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: philosophy
Target surface form: philosophy
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political <t>philosophy</t> leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
2. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:00:: | definition=the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
3. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:02:: | definition=any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation | examples=self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "philosophy"
    *   Context sentence: "To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses a theory about why Republicans do better in Senate races than House races. It suggests Republicans are less willing to engage in "local benefit-seeking" (pork barrel politics) compared to Democrats. The evidence cited involves GOP senators returning more staff budget (less spending on local staff/benefit-seeking). The text argues this behavior is due to "political philosophy."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `philosophy%1:09:01::`
        *   Definition: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school"
        *   Synonyms: doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism.
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to an established, often formalized system of thought adhered to by a group (like a political party). "Political philosophy" in this context refers to the set of beliefs held by Republicans (presumably fiscal conservatism, limited government) that guides their actions.

    *   **Sense 2:** `philosophy%1:09:00::`
        *   Definition: "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics"
        *   Analysis: This is the academic discipline of philosophy (metaphysics, epistemology, ethics). While "political philosophy" can be an academic subject, the context here describes a motivating factor for legislative behavior, not an academic field of study. It's the *belief system* driving the action, not the *study* of the beliefs.

    *   **Sense 3:** `philosophy%1:09:02::`
        *   Definition: "any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation"
        *   Examples: "self-indulgence was his only philosophy"; "my father's philosophy of child-rearing..."
        *   Analysis: This sense usually applies to an individual's personal rule of thumb or outlook on life (e.g., "My philosophy is live and let live"). While a politician has a personal philosophy, the text refers to "political philosophy" in the context of a collective group (Republicans vs. Democrats). It implies a shared ideological stance rather than just a personal idiosyncrasy. However, it's close to Sense 1 but distinct in scope (individual vs. group/system).

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The phrase is "political philosophy". The text contrasts Republicans and Democrats. It attributes a specific behavior (refusing local benefits) to this "political philosophy". This suggests an ideology or doctrine shared by the group.
    *   Sense 1 fits "doctrine" or "school of thought". Republican political philosophy is a system of beliefs accepted by the Republican party.
    *   Sense 2 is the academic field. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 is a personal belief/rule of thumb. While politicians have personal beliefs, the text is generalizing about a party's behavior based on their collective ideology. Sense 1 captures the "doctrine" or "ism" aspect better than Sense 3. "Political philosophy" here is synonymous with "political ideology" or "political doctrine".

    Let's check the specific definition of Sense 1 again: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school".
    Republicans act differently because of their belief system (fiscal conservatism, etc.).
    Sense 3 is "any personal belief about how to live". While not impossible, Sense 1 is much stronger for "political philosophy" regarding a political party's stance. Political philosophy, in the context of "congressional Republicans," is a system of beliefs (doctrine/ideology).

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. It refers to the doctrine/ideology of the Republicans.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "...political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns."
    *   Does Sense 1 fit? Yes. The doctrine (conservatism) leads them to act this way.
    *   Does Sense 2 fit? No. They aren't doing academic research.
    *   Does Sense 3 fit? Weakly. It's not just a personal rule; it's a shared political ideology/doctrine.

    Decision: Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lead
Target surface form: leads
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy <t>leads</t> congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lead%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=take, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
2. sense_key=lead%2:42:04:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, result | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=lead%2:42:12:: | definition=tend to or result in | examples=This remark lead to further arguments among the guests
4. sense_key=lead%2:38:00:: | definition=travel in front of; go in advance of others | synonyms=head | examples=The procession was headed by John
5. sense_key=lead%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to undertake a certain action | examples=Her greed led her to forge the checks
6. sense_key=lead%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=lead%2:41:00:: | definition=be in charge of | synonyms=head | examples=Who is heading this project?
8. sense_key=lead%2:42:01:: | definition=be ahead of others; be the first | synonyms=top | examples=she topped her class every year
9. sense_key=lead%2:41:12:: | definition=be conducive to | synonyms=contribute, conduce | examples=The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing
10. sense_key=lead%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=conduct, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
11. sense_key=lead%2:42:03:: | definition=lead, extend, or afford access | synonyms=go | examples=This door goes to the basement; The road runs South
12. sense_key=lead%2:38:02:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=precede
13. sense_key=lead%2:42:02:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=run | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
14. sense_key=lead%2:32:01:: | definition=preside over | synonyms=moderate, chair | examples=John moderated the discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "leads" in this sentence.

The context sentence is:
"political philosophy <t>leads</t> congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns."

The key phrase here is: "political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to..."

This is describing a causal relationship - the political philosophy causes or results in Republicans paying less attention to constituent concerns.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=lead%2:38:01:: - "take somebody somewhere" - This is about physical guidance/direction, not causation. Not appropriate.

2. sense_key=lead%2:42:04:: - "have as a result or residue" - This is about physical results (stains, marks). Not quite right for this context.

3. sense_key=lead%2:42:12:: - "tend to or result in" - This captures causation. Example: "This remark lead to further arguments among the guests" shows causal relationship. This could work.

4. sense_key=lead%2:38:00:: - "travel in front of; go in advance of others" - Physical movement. Not appropriate.

5. sense_key=lead%2:32:00:: - "cause to undertake a certain action" - Example: "Her greed led her to forge the checks" - This shows causation leading to action. This seems very relevant! Political philosophy leads/causes Republicans to pay less attention.

6. sense_key=lead%2:42:00:: - "stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope" - Not relevant.

7. sense_key=lead%2:41:00:: - "be in charge of" - Not relevant.

8. sense_key=lead%2:42:01:: - "be ahead of others; be the first" - Not relevant.

9. sense_key=lead%2:41:12:: - "be conducive to" - Example: "The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing" - This shows causation but is about contributing factors.

10. sense_key=lead%2:36:00:: - "lead, as in the performance of a composition" - Not relevant.

11. sense_key=lead%2:42:03:: - "lead, extend, or afford access" - Not relevant.

12. sense_key=lead%2:38:02:: - "move ahead (of others) in time or space" - Not relevant.

13. sense_key=lead%2:42:02:: - "cause something to pass or lead somewhere" - Not relevant.

14. sense_key=lead%2:32:01:: - "preside over" - Not relevant.

The main contenders are:
- Sense 3: "tend to or result in" - causal/resultative
- Sense 5: "cause to undertake a certain action" - causal leading to action
- Sense 9: "be conducive to" - contributing to a result

The sentence says "political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns."

This is clearly about causation - the political philosophy causes/causes Republicans to undertake a certain action (paying less attention).

Sense 5 "cause to undertake a certain action" with example "Her greed led her to forge the checks" matches the structure here perfectly:
- "Her greed led her to forge the checks"
- "political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention..."

Both show something (greed/political philosophy) causing someone to undertake an action.

Sense 3 "tend to or result in" would be more appropriate for things like "This remark led to further arguments" where the result is an event or outcome, not necessarily an action by an agent.

Sense 9 "be conducive to" with "The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing" is about contributing factors to outcomes.

Sense 5 is the best fit because:
1. The structure matches: X leads Y to [action]
2. It's about causation leading to an action
3. The example sentence has the same syntactic pattern

Therefore, sense index 5 is the correct answer.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional <t>Republicans</t> to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about "Republicans" in the context of Senate races, House campaigns, Democratic counterparts, GOP senators, and congressional Republicans. This clearly refers to a member of the Republican Party.
Sense 1: a member of the Republican Party
Sense 2: an advocate of a republic
Sense 3: a tributary of the Kansas River

The best sense is sense 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: narrow
Target surface form: narrow
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to <t>narrow</t> constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=narrow%3:00:00:: | definition=not wide | examples=a narrow bridge; a narrow line across the page
2. sense_key=narrow%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | examples=the narrow sense of a word
3. sense_key=narrow%3:00:06:: | definition=lacking tolerance or flexibility or breadth of view | synonyms=narrow-minded | examples=a brilliant but narrow-minded judge; narrow opinions
4. sense_key=narrow%3:00:02:: | definition=very limited in degree | examples=won by a narrow margin; a narrow escape
5. sense_key=narrow%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=characterized by painstaking care and detailed examination | synonyms=minute | examples=a minute inspection of the grounds; a narrow scrutiny

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "narrow" in the context: "To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns."

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses Republicans paying less attention to "narrow constituent concerns" compared to Democrats
- The "narrow constituent concerns" refers to local benefit-seeking activities - specific, local issues rather than national policy making
- The contrast is between local/narrow interests vs national/broader policy interests

Let me examine each sense:

1. "not wide" - physical spatial dimension (a narrow bridge) - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about physical width.

2. "limited in size or scope" - This seems to fit well. The "narrow constituent concerns" are limited in scope - they're local concerns rather than national ones. The concerns are circumscribed to a particular locality or district, not broad national issues.

3. "lacking tolerance or flexibility or breadth of view" (narrow-minded) - This is about intolerance or prejudice. The passage isn't saying constituent concerns are intolerant or narrow-minded. It's about the scope of the concerns being local/limited rather than national.

4. "very limited in degree" - This is about margins and degrees (won by a narrow margin, narrow escape). This doesn't fit the context.

5. "characterized by painstaking care and detailed examination" (minute) - This is about careful scrutiny. This doesn't fit either.

The best fit is sense 2 - "limited in size or scope." The "narrow constituent concerns" are concerns that are limited in scope to a particular local area, as opposed to broader national policy concerns. This is exactly what the passage is contrasting - local/benefit-seeking (narrow scope) vs national policy making (broader scope).

The answer is sense index 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constituent
Target surface form: constituent
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow <t>constituent</t> concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constituent%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system | synonyms=component, element | examples=spare components for cars; a component or constituent element of a system
2. sense_key=constituent%1:18:00:: | definition=a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes | examples=needs continued support by constituents to be re-elected
3. sense_key=constituent%1:24:00:: | definition=something determined in relation to something that includes it | synonyms=part, portion, component part, component | examples=he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself; I read a portion of the manuscript
4. sense_key=constituent%1:10:00:: | definition=(grammar) a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction | synonyms=grammatical constituent
5. sense_key=constituent%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, element, factor, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form:**
    *   Lemma: constituent
    *   Surface Form: constituent
    *   Context snippet: "...leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow **constituent** concerns."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses political theory regarding Republicans vs. Democrats in the Senate vs. the House.
    *   It talks about "local benefit-seeking", "legislators", "senators", "congressional Republicans".
    *   The specific phrase is "narrow constituent concerns".
    *   Legislators represent people in their districts/states. These people are the voters/citizens they serve.
    *   "Constituent concerns" refers to the issues and requests of the people the legislator represents.
    *   Staff budgets are mentioned in the context of helping these people (local benefit-seeking).

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (constituent%1:06:00::):** "an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up..."
        *   Synonyms: component, element.
        *   Example: "spare components for cars".
        *   Fit: Does "narrow component concerns" make sense? No. This refers to mechanical or structural parts, not people.

    *   **Sense 2 (constituent%1:18:00::):** "a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes"
        *   Synonyms: (none listed in the prompt, but implied by definition).
        *   Example: "needs continued support by constituents to be re-elected".
        *   Fit: The context is about legislators (congressional Republicans) and their duties. The legislators represent voters in their districts. These voters are the legislators' constituents. "Narrow constituent concerns" means the specific concerns of the voters represented by the official. This fits perfectly.

    *   **Sense 3 (constituent%1:24:00::):** "something determined in relation to something that includes it"
        *   Synonyms: part, portion, component part.
        *   Example: "feel a part of something bigger".
        *   Fit: Similar to Sense 1. Refers to a part of a whole, usually a spatial or abstract portion. Not a person represented by a politician.

    *   **Sense 4 (constituent%1:10:00::):** "(grammar) a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction"
        *   Synonyms: grammatical constituent.
        *   Fit: This is a linguistic context. The text is political science, not grammar.

    *   **Sense 5 (constituent%1:09:00::):** "an abstract part of something"
        *   Synonyms: component, element, factor, ingredient.
        *   Example: "jealousy was a component of his character".
        *   Fit: Refers to abstract ingredients. Not people represented by a congressman.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 2 is the clear winner. The context is political representation. The target word modifies "concerns", where the concerns originate from the people the politician represents. These people are "constituents" (Sense 2).

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The instructions ask for a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 2 is the second option in the list.

    List order:
    1. constituent%1:06:00::
    2. constituent%1:18:00::
    3. constituent%1:24:00::
    4. constituent%1:10:00::
    5. constituent%1:09:00::

    Target index: 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concern
Target surface form: concerns
Context:
Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent <t>concerns</t>. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concern%1:09:00:: | definition=something that interests you because it is important or affects you | examples=the safety of the ship is the captain's concern
2. sense_key=concern%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=care, fear | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=concern%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of sympathy for someone or something | examples=She felt strong concern for those less fortunate
4. sense_key=concern%1:09:01:: | definition=something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness | synonyms=worry, headache, vexation | examples=New York traffic is a constant concern; it's a major worry
5. sense_key=concern%1:14:00:: | definition=a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it | synonyms=business, business concern, business organization, business organisation | examples=he bought his brother's business; a small mom-and-pop business

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent <t>concerns</t>."
    *   Key phrases: "local benefit-seeking", "constituent concerns", "pay less attention to".
    *   The context is discussing legislators (Republicans vs. Democrats) and their focus on "local benefit-seeking".
    *   "Constituent concerns" refers to what the constituents (voters/people in the district) care about or need. These are matters of interest or importance to them.
    *   The phrase "narrow constituent concerns" contrasts with "national policy making" mentioned earlier.
    *   Legislators pay attention to the interests/issues of their voters.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `concern%1:09:00::` | definition: "something that interests you because it is important or affects you" | examples: "the safety of the ship is the captain's concern".
        *   *Fit:* This fits well. "Constituent concerns" are the issues, interests, and matters that affect the constituents (voters). They are things the constituents care about because they are important to them. The legislators pay attention to these specific interests (like local benefits). The use of "narrow" suggests specific local interests/issues.

    *   **Sense 2:** `concern%1:12:01::` | definition: "an anxious feeling" | synonyms: care, fear | examples: "care had aged him".
        *   *Fit:* This refers to an emotion (anxiety). "Constituent concerns" in this context refers to issues or topics (matters of interest), not the feeling of anxiety itself. While constituents might feel anxiety, the object of the legislators' attention is the *issue* (the thing causing the feeling or the interest), not the feeling itself. It doesn't fit the collocation "pay attention to... concerns" as well as sense 1 (where concerns = matters/issues).

    *   **Sense 3:** `concern%1:12:00::` | definition: "a feeling of sympathy for someone or something" | examples: "She felt strong concern for those less fortunate".
        *   *Fit:* This refers to an emotion (sympathy). Again, legislators are paying attention to the needs/issues of constituents, not paying attention to the constituents' feeling of sympathy. This is not the right meaning.

    *   **Sense 4:** `concern%1:09:01::` | definition: "something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness" | synonyms: worry, headache, vexation | examples: "New York traffic is a constant concern".
        *   *Fit:* This implies a negative problem or a source of worry. While constituent issues can be problems, the context highlights "benefit-seeking" and "interests" rather than just "headaches" or "worries". "Narrow constituent concerns" refers to specific local interests/pet projects. Sense 1 ("something that interests you because it is important") is broader and covers the "interest" aspect of "benefit-seeking" better than "source of unhappiness". However, Sense 1 and Sense 4 are often close. Let's distinguish. Sense 1 focuses on "interest" and "importance". Sense 4 focuses on "anxiety" and "unhappiness". In political science contexts, "constituent concerns" usually means "matters of interest to constituents" (Sense 1), not necessarily just their problems/worries (Sense 4). The contrast is between national policy and local interests (benefits). Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit.

    *   **Sense 5:** `concern%1:14:00::` | definition: "a commercial or industrial enterprise..." | synonyms: business...
        *   *Fit:* This refers to a company. Constituents are people, not businesses (in this collective sense). Incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Context: "pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns".
    *   Sense 1: Something that interests you.
    *   Sense 4: A source of anxiety/unhappiness.
    *   The text discusses "local benefit-seeking" (pork barrel politics). These are requests for funding or projects. These are "interests". While they might be "problems" needing fixing, the term "benefit-seeking" aligns strongly with "interests" (Sense 1). The "narrow" modifier implies specific interests rather than broad policy.
    *   WordNet Sense 1 (concern%1:09:00::) is defined as "something that interests you because it is important or affects you". This captures the political usage of "concerns" as "issues/matters of interest".
    *   WordNet Sense 4 (concern%1:09:01::) is defined as "something or someone that causes anxiety...". While related, political scientists usually treat "constituent concerns" as synonymous with "constituent interests" or "constituent issues". Sense 1 is the standard definition for this usage.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    The word "concerns" here refers to the matters, issues, or interests of the constituents. Legislators pay attention to these matters. This matches Sense 1.

    Index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: assumption
Target surface form: assumption
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key <t>assumption</t> is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=assumption%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn | synonyms=premise, premiss | examples=on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play
2. sense_key=assumption%1:09:00:: | definition=a hypothesis that is taken for granted | synonyms=supposition, supposal | examples=any society is built upon certain assumptions
3. sense_key=assumption%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of taking possession of or power over something | synonyms=laying claim | examples=his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba; the Nazi assumption of power in 1934
4. sense_key=assumption%1:28:00:: | definition=celebration in the Roman Catholic Church of the Virgin Mary's being taken up into heaven when her earthly life ended; corresponds to the Dormition in the Eastern Orthodox Church | synonyms=Assumption of Mary, August 15
5. sense_key=assumption%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christianity) the taking up of the body and soul of the Virgin Mary when her earthly life had ended
6. sense_key=assumption%1:07:00:: | definition=audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to | synonyms=presumption, presumptuousness, effrontery | examples=he despised them for their presumptuousness
7. sense_key=assumption%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of assuming or taking for granted | examples=your assumption that I would agree was unwarranted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "assumption" in the given context.

The context is discussing a theory about political behavior - specifically about Democratic legislators being more willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Republican colleagues. The phrase "key assumption" refers to this theory/hypothesis that is being tested.

Let me look at each sense:

1. **sense_key=assumption%1:10:00::** - "a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn" (synonyms: premise, premiss)
   - This fits because the "key assumption" is a statement (that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit-seeking) from which conclusions/predictions are drawn and tested.

2. **sense_key=assumption%1:09:00::** - "a hypothesis that is taken for granted" (synonyms: supposition, supposal)
   - This could also fit - it's a hypothesis being taken for granted as a starting point for investigation.

3. **sense_key=assumption%1:04:00::** - "the act of taking possession of or power over something"
   - This doesn't fit at all - it's about physical taking of power/possession.

4. **sense_key=assumption%1:28:00::** - religious celebration
   - Doesn't fit the context.

5. **sense_key=assumption%1:11:00::** - religious concept about Virgin Mary
   - Doesn't fit the context.

6. **sense_key=assumption%1:07:00::** - audacious/arrogant behavior
   - Doesn't fit the context.

7. **sense_key=assumption%1:04:01::** - "the act of assuming or taking for granted"
   - This is about the act/process of assuming, not the content of the assumption itself.

The choice is between sense 1 and sense 2.

Sense 1: "a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn"
Sense 2: "a hypothesis that is taken for granted"

The key distinction:
- Sense 1 emphasizes that it's a premise from which conclusions are drawn
- Sense 2 emphasizes that it's a hypothesis taken for granted

In the context, the "key assumption" is "that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Republican colleagues." This is indeed being used as a premise from which predictions are drawn (e.g., "if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes").

The context shows:
1. The assumption is a statement/proposition
2. It's being used to draw conclusions and make predictions
3. It's being empirically tested (corroborated)

This aligns better with sense 1, which explicitly mentions "from which a conclusion can be drawn." The example "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play" also matches this usage pattern - using an assumption to draw a conclusion/inference.

Sense 2's example "any society is built upon certain assumptions" is more about foundational beliefs taken for granted, which is slightly different from the analytical use here.

The answer should be sense 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: valid
Target surface form: valid
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is <t>valid</t>, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=valid%3:00:00:: | definition=well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force | examples=a valid inference; a valid argument
2. sense_key=valid%5:00:00:unexpired:00 | definition=still legally acceptable | examples=the license is still valid

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1. ") that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than Republicans. It tests this assumption using evidence (staff budgets, roll-call votes). The sentence in question is: "Second, if the key assumption is <t>valid</t>, Democrats should have lower attendance rates..."
    *   **Candidate Senses:**
        1.  `valid%3:00:00::`: well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force (examples: valid inference, valid argument).
        2.  `valid%5:00:00:unexpired:00`: still legally acceptable (examples: the license is still valid).
    *   **Instructions:** Choose the single best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Return only JSON.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The word "valid" is used in the phrase "if the key assumption is valid".
    *   The "key assumption" refers to a theoretical proposition: "Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues."
    *   The text is testing a theory/hypothesis.
    *   The logical structure is: "If [proposition] is true/correct, then [prediction The meaning here is about the logical soundness, truth, or correctness of an assumption or theory.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force".
        *   Examples: "valid inference", "valid argument".
        *   Fit: An "assumption" or "theory" being "valid" fits perfectly with being "well grounded in logic or truth". It means the assumption holds water, is correct, or is logically sound. This aligns with the academic/scientific context of testing a hypothesis.
    *   **Sense 2:** "still legally acceptable".
        *   Examples: "the license is still valid".
        *   Fit: This sense refers to documents, licenses, contracts, or periods of time that haven't expired. An "assumption" or "theory" cannot be "valid" in the sense of "unexpired" or "legally binding document". This is clearly incorrect for this context.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice. The author is discussing the logical validity or truth value of an assumption, not the expiration date of a document.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 3}`. Since I chose Sense 1, the index is 1.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, <t>Democrats</t> should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 1}

content: sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
1.  lemma and surface form:**
    *   Lemma: democrat
    *   Surface form: Democrats (plural, capitalized).

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses political parties in the United States Congress (specifically the "lower chamber of Congress" i.e., the House of Representatives, and the Senate).
    *   It explicitly contrasts "Republicans" with "Democratic counterparts" and "Democrats".
    *   Mentions "GOP senators" vs "Democrats".
    *   The context is about partisan political behavior: "local benefit-seeking," "national policy making," "constituent concerns," "roll-call votes."

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `democrat%1:18:01::` | definition: "a member of the Democratic Party".
        *   This refers specifically to the US political party (or a party named "Democratic Party" in other contexts, but the capitalization in the text matches this proper noun usage). The text uses "Democratic counterparts" and "Democrats" in opposition to "Republicans" and "GOP". This fits the political party affiliation perfectly.
    *   **Sense 2:** `democrat%1:18:00::` | definition: "an advocate of democratic principles" | synonyms=populist.
        *   This refers to a person who supports democracy as a system of government (small 'd' democrat usually, though WordNet might not distinguish capitalization strictly). In this context, the text is contrasting specific political parties (Republicans vs. Democrats). It is not discussing whether these individuals advocate for democratic principles vs. monarchy or authoritarianism. The text is about partisan difference in legislative behavior, not ideology regarding the form of government.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The text explicitly contrasts Democrats with Republicans (GOP).
    *   The text refers to the "Democratic Party" implicitly via "Democratic counterparts" and "Democratic legislators".
    *   Therefore, the sense referring to the member of the specific political party is the correct one.

5.  **Map to the index:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

6.  **Final Output Formulation:**
    *   The correct choice is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, <t>Democrats</t> should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
I need to disambiguate the word "Democrats" in the given context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses "Democrats" in the context of U.S. politics, specifically referring to "Democratic legislators," "Democratic counterparts," and contrasting them with "Republicans" and "GOP senators." This is clearly about political party affiliation in the United States Congress.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Analysis:
- The context is about the Democratic Party in U.S. politics
- The text contrasts Democrats with Republicans, which are political parties
- Phrases like "Democratic legislators," "Democratic counterparts," and references to "GOP senators" clearly indicate this is about party membership, not general advocacy for democratic principles
- The discussion involves voting behavior, constituent concerns, and political philosophy in the context of the U.S. Congress

Sense 1 (a member of the Democratic Party) is clearly the correct choice here. The text is discussing members of the Democratic Party as a political organization, not people who advocate for democratic principles in general.

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: have
Target surface form: have
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should <t>have</t> lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=have%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have got, hold | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
2. sense_key=have%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a feature | synonyms=feature | examples=This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France
3. sense_key=have%2:39:06:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, get | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
4. sense_key=have%2:40:04:: | definition=have ownership or possession of | synonyms=own, possess | examples=He owns three houses in Florida; How many cars does she have?
5. sense_key=have%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=get, let | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
6. sense_key=have%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, take | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
7. sense_key=have%2:41:00:: | definition=have a personal or business relationship with someone | examples=have a postdoc; have an assistant
8. sense_key=have%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
9. sense_key=have%2:40:01:: | definition=have left | examples=I have two years left; I don't have any money left
10. sense_key=have%2:42:12:: | definition=be confronted with | examples=What do we have here?; Now we have a fine mess
11. sense_key=have%2:30:01:: | definition=undergo | synonyms=experience | examples=The stocks had a fast run-up
12. sense_key=have%2:29:02:: | definition=suffer from; be ill with | examples=She has arthritis
13. sense_key=have%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
14. sense_key=have%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, take | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
15. sense_key=have%2:40:03:: | definition=get something; come into possession of | synonyms=receive | examples=receive payment; receive a gift
16. sense_key=have%2:29:05:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
17. sense_key=have%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=get, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
18. sense_key=have%2:29:00:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, bear, birth | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
19. sense_key=have%2:35:00:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=take | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "have" in the context: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do..."

Let me analyze this context:
- "Democrats should have lower attendance rates..."
- This is talking about attendance rates as a characteristic or feature that Democrats possess/exhibit
- The attendance rate is being compared between Democrats and Republicans

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. have%2:40:00:: - have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense
2. have%2:42:00:: - have as a feature
3. have%2:39:06:: - go through (mental or physical states or experiences)
4. have%2:40:04:: - have ownership or possession of
5. have%2:30:00:: - cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition
6. have%2:34:00:: - serve oneself to, or consume regularly
7. have%2:41:00:: - have a personal or business relationship with someone
8. have%2:36:00:: - organize or be responsible for
9. have%2:40:01:: - have left
10. have%2:42:12:: - be confronted with
11. have%2:30:01:: - undergo
12. have%2:29:02:: - suffer from; be ill with
13. have%2:30:00:: - cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner
14. have%2:40:05:: - receive willingly something given or offered
15. have%2:40:03:: - get something; come into possession of
16. have%2:29:05:: - undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)
17. have%2:40:02:: - achieve a point or goal
18. have%2:29:00:: - cause to be born
19. have%2:35:00:: - have sex with; archaic use

The sentence is: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do..."

Here, "have" is used to indicate possession of an abstract quality - the attendance rate. Democrats "have" a certain attendance rate as a characteristic or feature.

This seems closest to sense 2: "have as a feature" - where Democrats exhibit/feature a certain attendance rate.

However, sense 1: "have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense" could also work because:
- The example shows "She has $1,000 in the bank" (concrete possession)
- This is about having an attendance rate (abstract possession)

Sense 4: "have ownership or possession of" is more about physical ownership.

The key distinction between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1 is more general possession (concrete or abstract)
- Sense 2 is specifically about having as a feature/characteristic

An attendance rate is a characteristic or feature that a group exhibits. The phrase "have lower attendance rates" is saying that Democrats exhibit this characteristic of having lower rates.

Looking at the example for sense 2: "This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France" - this is about having something as a feature.

When we say "Democrats have lower attendance rates," we're saying that this is a characteristic/feature of Democrats.

I think sense 2 (have as a feature) is the best fit because "attendance rate" is a characteristic or measurable feature that the group possesses or exhibits.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Attendance rate" is more of a measurable quantity that one possesses, similar to how one might have a score, a rate, a percentage, etc. It's not quite the same as a feature in the sense of "This restaurant features famous chefs."

Looking more carefully:
- "have lower attendance rates" - this is about possessing/exhibiting a particular rate value
- It's an abstract possession - they possess a certain rate

I think sense 1 ("have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense") is actually better. The example "She has $1,000 in the bank" shows possession of an amount, and here Democrats "have" (possess) a certain attendance rate.

But wait, let me think about sense 2 again. The synonym is "feature" and the example is "This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France." This is about having something as a notable feature or characteristic. When we say "Democrats have lower attendance rates," we're saying it's a characteristic of Democrats - they feature this trait.

Actually, I think sense 1 is more appropriate. The examples for sense 1 include "She has $1,000 in the bank" which is about possessing a quantity. "Having a lower attendance rate" is similarly about possessing/exhibiting a quantitative measure.

Sense 2 with "feature" as synonym seems more about showcasing something prominently, like a restaurant featuring famous chefs. That's not quite what's happening here - Democrats aren't "featuring" lower attendance rates as a highlighted characteristic; rather, they simply possess/exhibit lower rates as a factual matter.

Let me finalize: sense 1 ("have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense") is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower <t>attendance</t> rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form**: The target word is "attendance" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The text discusses political behavior in the US Congress (House and Senate).
    *   It contrasts Republicans and Democrats regarding "local benefit-seeking" vs. "national policy making".
    *   The specific sentence containing the target is: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower **attendance** rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do..."
    *   Key phrases: "attendance rates on roll-call votes", "participating in such votes".
    *   The context refers to the presence of a specific person (the legislator) at a specific event (the roll-call vote).
    *   It talks about "lower attendance rates". This suggests a measure of frequency or habit regarding presence, rather than a count of people in a room.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1 (attendance%1:04:00::)**: Definition: "the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)". Synonyms: attending. This focuses on the action/event of being there.
    *   **Sense 2 (attendance%1:28:00::)**: Definition: "the frequency with which a person is present". Example: "a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade". This focuses on the rate or frequency of presence over time.
    *   **Sense 3 (attendance%1:14:00::)**: Definition: "the number of people that are present". Example: "attendance was up by 50 per cent". This refers to an aggregate count of a crowd/audience.
4.  **Evaluate the fit**:
    *   Does Sense 3 fit? No. The text isn't talking about how many people showed up to a rally or a game (e.g., 5000 people). It's talking about individual legislators showing up to vote.
    *   Does Sense 1 fit? It could loosely fit ("the act of being present"). One might say "attendance on roll-call votes" refers to the act of being there. However, the text specifically mentions "attendance *rates*". "Rates" implies a measure of frequency over a series of events.
    *   Does Sense 2 fit? The definition is "the frequency with which a person is present". The text says "attendance rates". This aligns perfectly. Just like a student's attendance grade measures how often they come to class, a legislator's attendance rate measures how often they come to votes. The context explicitly contrasts participation in votes with time spent elsewhere, making the *frequency* of presence the crucial metric.
5.  **Refine the decision**:
    *   Context: "lower attendance rates".
    *   Sense 2 Example: "a student's attendance".
    *   The text discusses a pattern of behavior (willingness to engage in local vs national acts). The "attendance rate" is a metric of that behavioral pattern.
    *   Sense 1 is the general act. Sense 2 is the frequency/rate. Since "rates" is explicitly mentioned, Sense 2 is the more precise disambiguation. If the text said "Their attendance was poor," it might be ambiguous between 1 and 2, but "attendance rates" points strongly to the frequency aspect.
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy/hyponyms if possible mentally. Sense 1 is often a hypernym or related concept. Sense 2 specifically quantifies presence.
    *   Is "attendance rates" a compound noun, or "attendance" modified by "rates"? It's "attendance" (noun) + "rates".
    *   If I say "attendance was low", does it mean few people (Sense 3) or I didn't go often (Sense 2)? "Attendance rates" disambiguates this towards Sense 2.
    *   The phrase "attendance rates on roll-call votes" means "the frequency with which [legislators] are present [for votes]".
    *   This matches Sense 2 definition ("the frequency with which a person is present") almost word-for-word.

    *   Comparison:
        *   Sense 1: The act. (e.g., "Attendance is mandatory.") -> Possible, but "rates" pushes it to frequency.
        *   Sense 2: The frequency. (e.g., "Her attendance improved.") -> Best fit for "attendance rates".
        *   Sense 3: The headcount. (e.g., "Attendance was 20,000.") -> Incorrect.

6.  **Final Selection**: Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rates
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance <t>rates</t> on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *rate*
    *   Target surface form: *rates*
    *   Context snippet: "...Democrats should have lower attendance **rates** on roll-call votes than Republicans do..."
    *   Meaning in context: The sentence discusses "attendance rates on roll-call votes". This refers to the proportion or percentage of votes a legislator attends. If a legislator attends 90 out of 100 votes, the attendance rate is 90%. It's a ratio or proportion of the total possible attendance relative to the actual attendance.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `rate%1:28:00::` | definition="a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit" | examples="they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected"
        *   *Analysis:* This usually refers to speed (distance/time) or frequency over time (birth rate, etc.). While attendance *could* be measured over time, here it's usually measured as a proportion of opportunities (votes called), not primarily as a time-series frequency (though there is a temporal aspect). However, "attendance rate" is usually a percentage. Let's look at other senses.

    *   **Sense 2:** `rate%1:21:00::` | definition="amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis" | synonyms="charge per unit" | examples="a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5"
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to pricing, taxes, fees. Clearly not applicable to "attendance on roll-call votes".

    *   **Sense 3:** `rate%1:07:00::` | definition="the relative speed of progress or change" | synonyms="pace" | examples="he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate"
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the tempo or speed of activity. While one could say "he works at a great rate", "attendance rates" refers to the *amount* or *proportion* of attendance, not the speed at which they attend.

    *   **Sense 4:** `rate%1:24:00::` | definition="a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure" | examples="the literacy rate; the retention rate"
        *   *Analysis:* This definition fits "attendance rate" perfectly. "Literacy rate" is the percentage of people who are literate. "Retention rate" is the percentage of employees/students retained. "Attendance rate" is the percentage of votes attended. It's a quantity (number of attendances) considered as a proportion of another quantity (total number of roll-call votes).

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on time units (speed/frequency). While attendance is tracked over a session, the specific phrase "attendance rate" refers to the ratio of votes attended to votes held. It is synonymous with "percentage".
    *   Sense 4 focuses on proportions (quantity A relative to quantity B). The examples "literacy rate" and "retention rate" are structurally identical to "attendance rate". Literacy rate = literate people / total people. Attendance rate = votes attended / total votes.
    *   Sense 4 is the strongest fit.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X corresponds to the index in the list (starting from 1).
    *   Sense 4 is the correct choice.

    Index mapping:
    1 -> rate%1:28:00::
    2 -> rate%1:21:00::
    3 -> rate%1:07:00::
    4 -> rate%1:24:00::

    Result: 4.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call <t>votes</t> than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target**: The target word is "votes" (plural noun), functioning as the object of the preposition "on" in the phrase "roll-call votes". The context discusses legislative behavior in the US Congress (House and Senate).

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   Sentence: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do..."
    *   Meaning: The text discusses "roll-call votes". This refers to specific instances where legislators cast their ballots or record their choices on legislation.
    *   Key phrase: "attendance rates on roll-call votes". You attend an event or an instance of voting. You don't attend a "legal right" or a "body of voters". You attend a specific occasion where votes are cast.
    *   Comparison: Democrats vs. Republicans participation rates.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:
    *   **Sense 1 (vote%1:04:00::)**: Definition: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative". Synonyms: ballot, voting, balloting. Examples: "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion".
        *   *Evaluation*: This refers to the act or instance of voting, or the result (the count). "Roll-call votes" refers to specific instances of legislative voting. This fits the idea of a scheduled event where choices are made.
    *   **Sense 2 (vote%1:04:01::)**: Definition: "the opinion of a group as determined by voting". Example: "they put the question to a vote".
        *   *Evaluation*: This refers to the collective outcome or opinion. While related, "attendance rates on roll-call votes" refers to the events themselves, not the opinion of the group per se. However, Sense 1 captures the counting aspect. Let's look closer. "Roll-call votes" are discrete events. In WordNet, Sense 1 often covers the "ballot" aspect—the actual casting or the specific instance.
    *   **Sense 3 (vote%1:07:00::)**: Definition: "a legal right... suffrage".
        *   *Evaluation*: Incorrect. Legislators aren't attending a "legal right".
    *   **Sense 4 (vote%1:14:00::)**: Definition: "a body of voters who have the same interests".
        *   *Evaluation*: Incorrect. This refers to a demographic (e.g., "the Black vote"). "Roll-call votes" are not a body of voters.
    *   **Sense 5 (vote%1:09:00::)**: Definition: "the total number of voters who participated". Synonym: voter turnout.
        *   *Evaluation*: Incorrect. This refers to the aggregate number of people, not the specific legislative events.

4.  **Refine the Choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   Context: "attendance rates on roll-call votes".
    *   "Roll-call" is a method of voting.
    *   "Votes" here refers to the instances of voting. "There were three votes today."
    *   Sense 1 Definition: "a choice that is made by counting...". Examples: "17 votes in favor". This sense tends to focus on the *result* (the numbers) or the specific instance of casting a ballot.
    *   Sense 2 Definition: "the opinion of a group". Example: "put the question to a vote".
    *   Usually, in legislative contexts (like "roll-call votes"), "votes" refers to the specific ballots or the occasions of voting. Sense 1 is the standard noun for the act/instance or the result of a specific ballot. "Roll-call vote" is a standard compound in political science, referring to the event where the roll is called and members vote. This aligns best with Sense 1 (a choice made by counting / the ballot itself).
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 1 again: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative".
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "the opinion of a group as determined by voting".
    *   In the phrase "roll-call votes", we are talking about the *events* of voting. WordNet sense 1 is the most generic and applicable sense for "a vote" as an event/object (like a ballot). The example "they allowed just one vote per person" fits the mechanism. The example "there were only 17 votes in favor" fits the count.
    *   In the context of "attendance rates on roll-call votes", the word "votes" stands for the specific instances where a legislative decision is made. Sense 1 covers the "ballot" or "voting" aspect as a countable noun. Sense 2 is abstract (opinion). Sense 1 is countable (17 votes, roll-call votes). Sense 2 is usually mass/abstract or singular ("the vote").
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct fit for the plural countable noun "votes" denoting specific instances of voting/ballots.

5.  **Final Check**:
    *   Sense 1: "a choice... ballot, voting". Matches "roll-call votes" (specific ballots).
    *   Sense 2: "opinion of a group". Doesn't fit "attendance on..." well.
    *   Sense 3: Suffrage. No.
    *   Sense 4: Body of voters. No.
    *   Sense 5: Voter turnout. No.

    Result: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than <t>Republicans</t> do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: "republican"
    *   Target surface form: "Republicans"
    *   Context: A political science text discussing US politics, specifically Congress (House and Senate), Democrats vs. Republicans, and legislative behavior (benefit-seeking, roll-call votes).
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `republican%1:18:01::` - "a member of the Republican Party"
        2.  `republican%1:18:00::` - "an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)"
        3.  `republican%1:17:00::` - "a tributary of the Kansas River..." (Republican River)
    *   Constraints: Choose the single best indexed sense. No hedging. Return only a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text mentions "lower chamber of Congress", "Democratic counterparts", "GOP senators" (GOP = Grand Old Party, a nickname for the Republican Party), "House", "legislators", "roll-call votes".
    *   It explicitly contrasts "Republicans" with "Democrats" and refers to the US political party system.
    *   It mentions "GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more... than Democrats do."
    *   It refers to "Republican colleagues".

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a member of the Republican Party". This fits perfectly. The text is about the US political party. The target word "Republicans" refers to members of that party in Congress. The context mentions "GOP" and contrasts them with "Democrats".
    *   **Sense 2:** "an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)". This is a generic political theory term. While US Republicans advocate for a republic, the specific context contrasts them with "Democrats" in the US Congress context, and uses "GOP". This sense refers to the historical or philosophical stance (anti-monarchist), not the specific US political party entity which is the primary usage here. Sense 1 is the specific US Party member definition.
    *   **Sense 3:** "a tributary of the Kansas River...". This is a geographical location (Republican River). The context is about people (legislators, senators) and voting behavior, not a river.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct definition for members of the US Republican Party mentioned in the text.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object.
    *   `{"sense_index": 1}`.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   Target: Republicans.
    *   Context: US Congress, Democrats vs Republicans, GOP.
    *   Sense 1: Member of Republican Party. Matches.
    *   Sense 2: Advocate of republic vs monarchy. Incorrect context.
    *   Sense 3: River. Incorrect context.
    *   Result: Sense1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extent
Target surface form: extent
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the <t>extent</t> that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law
2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "extent" in the sentence: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making..."

The phrase is "to the extent that" - this is a common idiomatic expression meaning "in proportion as" or "to the degree that."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law

2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent

In this context, "to the extent that" is being used to indicate a degree or proportion. It's saying: "to the degree that such votes reflect national policy making" or "in proportion as such votes reflect national policy making."

Sense 1 talks about "the point or degree to which something extends" which fits this usage. The examples "the extent of the damage" and "the full extent of the law" also show abstract/figurative uses of extent dealing with degree, which aligns with "to the extent that."

Sense 2 is more physical/spatial - dealing with distance, area, or volume. The examples "the vast extent of the desert" and "an orchard of considerable extent" are clearly spatial/physical measurements.

The usage here is clearly about degree/proportion, not physical distance or area. It's an abstract, figurative use.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: Venice