[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 12. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "shown" in a specific context.

**Context:**
"What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
"The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

**Target lemma:** show
**Target surface form:** shown

**Analysis of the context:**
The sentence is "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
The meaning here is about demonstrating or providing evidence of a beneficial effect through the studies. The studies established the validity of the benefit.

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1.  **sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience**
    *   Examples: She shows her dogs frequently.
    *   Fit: No. This is about a physical exhibition or display, like a demo or a dog show. Not fitting for a medical study result.

2.  **sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment**
    *   Synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew
    *   Examples: The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture.
    *   Fit: This looks very promising. The context discusses "studies" and "results" that demonstrate effectiveness. The question asks "What benefit has Cerenia shown...". It implies "What benefit has been established/demonstrated". The sentence "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..." aligns perfectly with the synonym "demonstrated".

3.  **sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for**
    *   Synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence
    *   Examples: The blood test showed that he was the father.
    *   Fit: This is also close. It's about providing evidence. However, sense 2 ("establish the validity of") feels slightly more specific to the scientific context of a study establishing efficacy/benefit. Often, WordNet senses for "show" involving evidence (sense 3) and establishing validity (sense 2) are close. Let's look at the specific examples. Sense 2 examples are about experiments and mathematical validity. Sense 3 examples are about blood tests proving paternity or behavior testifying to incompetence. The context here is "What benefit has Cerenia shown...". It's asking for the result of the study. "Cerenia has shown benefit" means "Cerenia has demonstrated/provided evidence of benefit".
    *   Let's compare 2 and 3.
        *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of". Example: "The experiment demonstrated..." matches "The results of the studies showed...".
        *   Sense 3: "provide evidence for". Example: "The blood test showed...".
        *   In the context "What benefit has Cerenia shown", the focus is on the result demonstrating efficacy. "Demonstrate" is a synonym for sense 2. "Evidence" is a synonym for sense 3.
        *   Usually, "show results" or "show benefit" in a scientific context aligns with demonstrating/establishing a fact.
        *   Let's look at the second sentence in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..." This is an act of establishing validity through experiment.
        *   Sense 2 is defined as "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or **experiment**". The context mentions "studies" (experiments).
        *   Sense 3 is defined as "provide evidence for". While true, the specific framing of establishing validity via experiment points stronger to sense 2. However, the phrase "shown benefit" is often just "provided evidence of benefit".
        *   Let's look closer at the example for sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound". This is structurally identical to "The studies showed the effectiveness...".
        *   Let's look closer at the example for sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father". This is also structurally similar (a test showing a fact).
        *   However, sense 2 includes "experiment" in the definition. The text explicitly mentions "studies" (experiments).
        *   Sense 2's definition "establish the validity of" fits the context of a drug study determining if a drug works (validating efficacy).

4.  **sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable**
    *   Fit: Too literal. Not about physical visibility here.

5.  **sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture**
    *   Fit: No, metaphorical or artistic depiction.

6.  **sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to**
    *   Fit: No, about emotions usually.

7.  **sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing**
    *   Fit: No, pointing/directing.

8.  **sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable**
    *   Fit: Intransitive. "His good upbringing really shows". Here "shown" is transitive (What benefit has Cerenia shown?).

9.  **sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments**
    *   Fit: No, specific to instruments.

10. **sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records**
    *   Fit: "The diary shows his distress". This is about records/archives. The context is scientific studies.

11. **sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats**
    *   Fit: No.

12. **sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race**
    *   Fit: No.

**Decision between Sense 2 and Sense 3:**

*   Sense 2: establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or **experiment**. Synonyms: **prove, demonstrate**.
*   Sense 3: provide evidence for. Synonyms: **testify, bear witness, prove, evidence**.

The context is about a clinical trial/study ("studies were carried out", "results of the studies").
The phrase is "What benefit has Cerenia shown".
This means "What benefit has Cerenia demonstrated/proven?"
"The results... showed that Cerenia was more effective".

Sense 2's gloss explicitly mentions "experiment". The examples for sense 2 are "The experiment demonstrated...".
The examples for sense 3 are "The blood test showed..." and "Her behavior testified...".

While a blood test is a medical test, the context of a drug trial ("Cerenia") is about establishing the validity of the drug's efficacy.
Sense 2 is the standard sense for "show" in the context of scientific demonstration and establishing facts through experiments. "Demonstrate" is listed as a synonym for Sense 2. "Show" in "show a benefit" or "show results" is usually mapped to this 'establish validity/demonstrate' sense (Sense 2).

The distinction is subtle, but Sense 2 is stronger for "scientific studies establishing validity".

Let's check Sense 2 index in the provided list.
The list starts:
1. show%2:39:02:: (demo)
2. show%2:31:00:: (establish validity)
3. show%2:32:00:: (provide evidence for)

Wait, let me re-read the provided list carefully.

1. show%2:39:02
2. show%2:31:00 (definition: establish the validity of...)
3. show%2:32:00 (definition: provide evidence for...)

Yes.
Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment". Example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability..."
Sense 3: "provide evidence for". Example: "The blood test showed..."

In WordNet (Princeton), `show%2:31:00` is often associated with proving/demonstrating. `show%2:32:00` is often "provide evidence for".
The distinction in WordNet is sometimes:
- 2:31:00: The focus is on the *act* of proving or making clear the truth of something (concluding).
- 2:32:00: The focus is on providing the evidence that *leads* to the conclusion (testifying).

However, "The results showed that..." usually maps to the 'demonstrate/prove' sense (Sense 2 in this list).
"What benefit has Cerenia shown?" -> "What benefit has Cerenia demonstrated/proven?"
The synonym "demonstrate" appears in Sense 2.
The synonym "evidence" appears in Sense 3.

"Shown benefit" is a standard collocation in medical texts meaning "demonstrated benefit".
Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's double check the index.
The user asks for the index.
The list provided:
1. show%2:39:02
2. show%2:31:00
3. show%2:32:00
...

So Sense 2 is index 2.
Wait, the prompt says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
I must provide the number.

Let's verify if Sense 2 corresponds to "establish validity".
Gloss: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"
Synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish, shew
Examples: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound"

Context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."
This matches the example of Sense 2 perfectly. "The experiment demonstrated..." matches "The results... showed...".

Therefore, the correct sense is the one with index 2.

One minor check: Could it be Sense 3?
Sense 3: "provide evidence for"
Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father"
The sentence "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective" is very similar to "The blood test showed that he was the father".
However, Sense 2's definition includes "experiment" explicitly. Clinical studies are experiments. The intent of a clinical study is to establish the validity of the treatment.
WordNet sense 2:31:00 (in standard WN numbering, often 00486517-v) is "show, demo, present, demonstrate, shew" -> "give an exhibition of...". No, wait.
Let's look at the provided sense keys in the prompt to be sure.
Sense 1 key: `show%2:39:02::` -> `demo` -> give an exhibition. (WN 2:39:02 is usually "give an exhibition").
Sense 2 key: `show%2:31:00::` -> `prove, demonstrate, establish`. Gloss: "establish the validity...". (WN 2:31:00 is usually "prove/demonstrate").
Sense 3 key: `show%2:32:00::` -> `testify, bear witness`. Gloss: "provide evidence for". (WN 2:32:00 is usually "provide evidence").

In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "show" in scientific contexts is annotated as the 'establish/prove' sense.
"What benefit has Cerenia shown" implies "What benefit has been established/demonstrated".
The usage "shown benefit" is synonymous with "demonstrated benefit".
Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

Final check of the output format.
"Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
"Do not hedge."
"Choose the single best indexed sense."

Index 2.

provider: StreamLake


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The target word is "studies" (plural noun). The context describes "Cerenia", a medication for dogs. The specific sentence is: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..." The context explicitly mentions "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients...". These are scientific investigations, clinical trials, or experiments designed to assess the efficacy and safety of the drug.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `study%1:04:00::` | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey.
        *   *Evaluation:* This fits well. Scientific studies are detailed critical inspections/surveys. "Clinical studies" or "drug studies" fall under this category.

    *   **Sense 2:** `study%1:09:03::` | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to the act of studying (e.g., studying for a test). Not appropriate here.

    *   **Sense 3:** `study%1:10:00::` | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to the *written report* itself (the paper), not necessarily the process or the investigation as a whole. While the context mentions "results of the studies," the primary meaning here is the investigation/trial itself ("carried out... studies"), not just the document. However, sometimes "study" can refer to the paper. But Sense 1 is broader and focuses on the "inspection" or investigation, which matches "carried out... studies".

    *   **Sense 4:** `study%1:09:04::` | definition=a state of deep mental absorption.
        *   *Evaluation:* Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** `study%1:06:00::` | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying.
        *   *Evaluation:* Not relevant (physical location).

    *   **Sense 6:** `study%1:09:02::` | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject.
        *   *Evaluation:* Not relevant (e.g., "the study of history").

    *   **Sense 7:** `study%1:06:01::` | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration.
        *   *Evaluation:* Not relevant (art context).

    *   **Sense 8:** `study%1:09:01::` | definition=attentive consideration and meditation.
        *   *Evaluation:* Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 9:** `study%1:18:00::` | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily.
        *   *Evaluation:* Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 10:** `study%1:10:01::` | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique.
        *   *Evaluation:* Not relevant (music context).

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection". This captures the act of conducting the clinical trial ("studies... were carried out"). The context asks about the benefit shown *during* the studies. You conduct a study (Sense 1) to get results.
    *   Sense 3: "a written document describing the findings". While the results are reported, the focus in this medical context ("clinical studies", "laboratory dogs") is on the investigation process. When one says "A large number of studies... were carried out", one refers to the experiments, not the documents. You carry out an investigation/inspection (Sense 1), you don't "carry out" a document (Sense 3) in the same way (you write a document). Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit for the action/process of research denoted by "studies were carried out".

4.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 is the standard WordNet sense for scientific studies/experiments (detailed critical inspection). The synonym "survey" is a bit weak compared to "experiment", but the definition "detailed critical inspection" fits the semantic space of clinical trials/research projects.

    Let's double-check the sense index mapping.
    Sense 1 is index 1.
    Sense 1 definition: "a detailed critical inspection".
    Context match: "A large number of studies... were carried out". "Studies" here means the research projects/investigations.

    Is there any ambiguity?
    Could it be Sense 3? "The results of the studies showed..." usually implies the results of the investigations. If it said "The studies showed...", it might be closer to the document sense (the paper showed...). However, "during the studies" implies a duration in time, which fits the *process* of investigation (Sense 1) better than a static document (Sense 3). Also "studies... were carried out" strongly favors the "inspection/investigation" sense.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Index: 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target**: The target word is "results" (plural noun). The lemma is "result".
2.  **Analyze the Context**: The sentence is "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."
    *   Context: Scientific studies (veterinary medicine).
    *   Action: Studies were carried out.
    *   Outcome: The "results" showed that the drug was effective (less vomiting).
    *   This refers to the data or findings obtained from an experiment or investigation.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1 (result%1:19:00::)**:
        *   Definition: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon".
        *   Synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot.
        *   Examples: "the magnetic effect...", "his decision had depressing consequences".
        *   Analysis: This sense emphasizes a causal chain where one event naturally follows another (cause -> effect). While study results are caused by the study, the definition focuses on the "phenomenon" aspect (like a magnetic effect or a business consequence). It feels slightly too physical/causal in a general sense, rather than the specific "findings" of an inquiry. However, it is often used for general outcomes.

    *   **Sense 2 (result%1:10:00::)**:
        *   Definition: "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem".
        *   Synonyms: solution, answer, resolution, solvent.
        *   Examples: "find a peaceful solution", "answers were in the back of the book".
        *   Analysis: This clearly refers to an "answer" or "solution". The context is about scientific findings/data, not solving a math problem or a conflict resolution. This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3 (result%1:11:00::)**:
        *   Definition: "something that results".
        *   Synonyms: resultant, final result, outcome, termination.
        *   Examples: "he listened for the results on the radio".
        *   Analysis: The example "listened for the results on the radio" strongly implies scores or election outcomes, which is very similar to the context of "study results" (findings/outcomes). This sense is often categorized under "communication" or "information" in some ontologies, but strictly looking at WordNet 3.0 or 3.1, this sense often captures the specific outcome of a process or event where the result is the *end product* or the *score/findings*.
        *   Let's look closely at Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
            *   Sense 1: "phenomenon that follows and is caused by..." (Cause/Effect relation). Synonyms: consequence, effect.
            *   Sense 3: "something that results". Synonyms: final result, outcome, termination.
            *   In the context of scientific studies, the "results" are the findings or the outcome of the experiment. "The results showed X." This aligns better with Sense 3's synonyms (outcome, final result) and the example (listening to results on the radio—often election results or sports scores, which are specific outcomes).
            *   Sense 1 is more about a physical effect (magnetic effect) or a consequence of an action (decision -> consequences).
            *   Sense 3 captures the "outcome of a process" (like a study or an election) better than Sense 1.

    *   **Sense 4 (result%1:10:01::)**:
        *   Definition: "the semantic role of the noun phrase...".
        *   Analysis: This is a linguistic sense (semantic role), not the lexical meaning of the word in the sentence. Incorrect.

4.  **Refine Sense Choice (1 vs 3)**:
    *   Context: "The results of the studies showed..."
    *   Is it a "phenomenon that follows" (Sense 1) or an "outcome/something that results" (Sense 3)?
    *   WordNet hierarchy:
        *   Sense 1 (`result%1:19:00::`) is a hyponym of "phenomenon". It leans towards *effect* (e.g., "the result of the collision").
        *   Sense 3 (`result%1:11:00::`) is a hyponym of "ending/conclusion" (in some versions) or just "entity" but defined as "something that results".
    *   Actually, looking at WordNet 3.1 structure:
        *   Sense 1: `result` (phenomenon) -> "consequence, effect". Usage: The decision had depressing consequences.
        *   Sense 3: `result` (entity/abstraction) -> "final result, outcome". Usage: "he listened for the results on the radio".
    *   "Study results" are "findings". Are findings "consequences" or "outcomes"?
    *   Findings are the *outcome* of the study. The study concludes, and the result is the output.
    *   Sense 3 is widely accepted as the sense for "test results", "election results", "experimental results".
    *   Sense 1 is widely accepted for "cause and result/effect" relationships.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit for "results of the studies".

5.  **Final Check**:
    *   Sense 1: "consequence, effect". (Cause -> Effect). E.g. "The result of the blow was a bruise."
    *   Sense 3: "outcome, final result". (Process -> Output). E.g. "The result of the exam was an A." / "The results of the study."
    *   The context describes the output of a scientific process. Sense 3 fits.

6.  **Construct JSON**: `{"sense_index": 3}`.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word**: The lemma is "study", and the surface form is "studies" (plural noun).
2.  **Analyze the Context**: The context describes "Cerenia", a veterinary medicine.
    *   "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..."
    *   "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"
    *   "The results of the studies showed that..."
    *   The context refers to scientific research, clinical trials, or investigations involving dogs and veterinary practices to determine efficacy.
3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:
    *   *Sense 1 (study%1:04:00::)*: "a detailed critical inspection". Synonyms: survey.
        *   Context fit: A clinical study is a detailed critical inspection/investigation. The context mentions "results of the studies", which implies a process of investigation or research.
    *   *Sense 2 (study%1:09:03::)*: "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject...".
        *   Context fit: This refers to the act of studying (learning). The context refers to plural "studies" as entities that have results. This is not the act of a student learning.
    *   *Sense 3 (study%1:10:00::)*: "a written document describing the findings...".
        *   Context fit: "The results of the studies showed..." often implies the published report. However, "carried out... studies" usually refers to the *activity* or *process* of investigation first, though the result is often a document. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 3. Sense 1 is the "inspection/investigation" itself. Sense 3 is the "written document".
        *   In the phrase "carried out... studies", it refers to the research activities (Sense 1).
        *   In the phrase "results of the studies", it could arguably be the documents, but usually, results come from the *investigation* itself.
        *   WordNet distinction: Sense 1 is the act/process. Sense 3 is the artifact/document.
        *   "A large number of studies... were carried out". You carry out an investigation (Sense 1). You don't usually "carry out a written document". You write the document afterwards. Therefore, Sense 1 fits the action/process aspect better.
    *   *Sense 4*: "a state of deep mental absorption". Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 5*: "a room used for reading...". Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 6*: "a branch of knowledge". Incorrect. These are specific instances of research, not a field like Biology.
    *   *Sense 7*: "preliminary drawing". Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 8*: "attentive consideration and meditation". Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 9*: "someone who memorizes quickly". Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 10*: "a composition... for a performer". Incorrect.

4.  **Refine between Sense 1 and Sense 3**:
    *   Context: "A large number of studies... were carried out".
    *   Action: "Carried out" collocates strongly with the *process* or *investigation* sense (Sense 1). You execute a study (investigation).
    *   Context: "results of the studies".
    *   Results belong to the investigation.
    *   While scientific studies eventually become documents (Sense 3), the primary meaning in the context of clinical trials ("carried out") is the research process/investigation.
    *   Let's check the definition of Sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection". This matches "clinical trial" or "scientific investigation".
    *   Let's check the definition of Sense 3: "a written document". While true that they produce documents, the word here refers to the research effort.
    *   Let's look at WordNet hierarchy/usage for "study".
        *   Sense 1 (investigation) is hypernym of Sense 3 (report)? No, usually distinct in WN.
        *   However, the phrase "carry out a study" maps to the activity.
        *   Synonyms for Sense 1: "survey". (Often used for research studies).
        *   Synonyms for Sense 3: "report", "written report".
    *   Decision: Sense 1 is the best fit for "studies" in the context of clinical trials or research projects being performed ("carried out"). The focus is on the activity of investigation.

    *Self-Correction/Double Check*: Does "results of the studies" push it towards Sense 3 (report)?
    *   "The results of the report" vs "The results of the study".
    *   If I say "The study showed X", it usually means the investigation demonstrated X. The report is just the medium.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 (investigation) is the core meaning.

5.  **Final Selection**: Sense 1.
    *   Definition: a detailed critical inspection.
    *   Context: Clinical studies/trials (investigations) carried out on dogs.

6.  **Format Output**: JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence is "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..." The subject is "The results of the studies". The object clause is "that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo". The verb is "showed". The meaning here is about providing evidence or proof regarding the effectiveness of a medicine based on scientific studies.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (Exhibition):* "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" (synonyms: demo, exhibit). This is about physical display (showing dogs, software). Not fitting for "results showed that...".
    *   *Sense 2 (Establish validity/Prove):* "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (synonyms: prove, demonstrate, establish). Example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound." This fits very well. Scientific studies establish the validity of a hypothesis. "The results showed that X" is equivalent to "The results proved/demonstrated that X".
    *   *Sense 3 (Provide evidence for):* "provide evidence for" (synonyms: testify, bear witness, prove, evidence). Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father." This is also very close. "The results showed that..." implies providing evidence.
    *   *Sense 4 (Make visible):* "make visible or noticeable". Example: "Show me your etchings." Physical visibility. Not applicable to abstract results proving a point.
    *   *Sense 5 (Depict):* "show in, or as in, a picture". Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 6 (Give expression to):* "give expression to" (emotions). Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 7 (Indicate direction):* "indicate a place, direction". Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 8 (Become visible):* "be or become visible". Intransitive. The target is transitive.
    *   *Sense 9 (Gauges/Instruments):* "indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments". Example: "The thermometer showed...". Not about study results.
    *   *Sense 10 (Give evidence of records):* "give evidence of, as of records". Example: "The diary shows his distress". This is about records indicating a state of mind/history. Close, but usually inanimate objects "showing" a fact via their content.
    *   *Sense 11 (Usher):* "take someone to their seats". Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 12 (Race):* "finish third or better". Not applicable.

3.  **Distinguish between Sense 2 and Sense 3:**

    *   *Sense 2:* "establish the validity of something... experiment". The example "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" is structurally identical to "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective". Both involve scientific inquiry establishing a fact/truth.
    *   *Sense 3:* "provide evidence for". Example: "The blood test showed that he was the father". This is also very similar. However, Sense 2 specifically mentions "establish the validity... by an experiment". The context explicitly talks about "studies" (experiments) establishing the efficacy ("validity") of Cerenia.
    *   Let's look at the nuance. Sense 2 focuses on *establishing validity* (proving). Sense 3 focuses on *providing evidence*. In scientific contexts, results don't just provide evidence; they establish the conclusion. The phrase "The results showed that..." is standard academic/scientific language for demonstrating a conclusion (Sense 2).
    *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy/definitions again.
        *   Sense 2 (prove, demonstrate, establish) fits the "The experiment demonstrated..." pattern perfectly.
        *   Sense 3 (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence) fits "The blood test showed...".
    *   "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo" is the validity of the treatment being established.
    *   Sense 2 seems the stronger fit because it links "experiment/studies" with "establishing validity". Sense 3 is often used for things that act as testimony or legal evidence (blood test/paternity). While close, the "experiment/study" aspect of the context points strongly to Sense 2. The definition "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" explicitly mentions the method (experiment/study) and the outcome (validity).

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records". "The results of the studies" are records. But Sense 10 usually implies a static record revealing something incidental ("diary shows distress"). Sense 2 implies an active process of the experiment/study proving a hypothesis.

    *   Comparison of examples:
        *   Target: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..."
        *   Sense 2 example: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
        *   Sense 3 example: "The blood test showed that he was the father."

    *   Both Sense 2 and 3 work. However, Sense 2's definition "establish the validity of something" is exactly what scientific study results are intended to do regarding a drug's efficacy. Sense 3 is "provide evidence for". While results provide evidence, the sentence structure "X showed that Y" where X is an experiment/study usually maps to the "prove/demonstrate" meaning (Sense 2). The distinction in WordNet between 2 and 3 is subtle, but 2 is generally the "proof/demonstration" sense used in scientific/argumentative contexts, whereas 3 is often "be evidence of".
    *   Let's check the synonyms for Sense 2: "prove, demonstrate, establish". These are the verbs used to describe what study results do.
    *   Let's check synonyms for Sense 3: "testify, bear witness". These are less fitting for "study results". You wouldn't usually say "The results testified that Cerenia was effective." You would say "The results demonstrated/proved that Cerenia was effective."
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "The results of the studies showed that..."
    *   Definition Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    *   Synonyms: prove, demonstrate.
    *   Match: Excellent. The context is a scientific study establishing the validity of a drug's effect.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "more"
    *   Target surface form: "more"
    *   Context snippet: "...Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo..."
    *   Context sentence: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1:
        *   Sense key: `more%4:02:00::`
        *   Definition: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs
        *   Synonyms: to a greater extent
        *   Examples: more interesting; more beautiful
    *   Sense 2:
        *   Sense key: `more%4:02:01::`
        *   Definition: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent
        *   Examples: he works more now; they eat more than they should

3.  **Disambiguate:**
    *   In the sentence "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo", the word "more" is functioning as a modifier of the adjective "effective".
    *   "Effective" is an adjective (two-syllable, ending in -ive). We form the comparative of "effective" using "more" + "effective" (periphrastic comparison), not "effectiver".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1: Definition says "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs". Examples include "more interesting" and "more beautiful". This matches the syntactic structure of "more effective".
    *   Let's look at Sense 2: Definition says "comparative of much". Examples show "more" used as an adverb modifying a verb ("he works more") or a noun phrase ("they eat more"). In this sense, "more" stands alone as a quantifier or adverb, it doesn't modify an adjective directly to form a comparative construction in the same syntactic way.
    *   In the context, "more" is specifically the particle used to create the comparative form of the adjective "effective". It is part of the phrase "more effective".

4.  **Compare:**
    *   Sense 1 is for "more" + [adjective/adverb] (e.g., more beautiful).
    *   Sense 2 is for "more" as an independent adverb/quantifier (e.g., works more, more money).
    *   The context "more effective" fits Sense 1 perfectly.

5.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   The best sense index is 1.
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effective
Target surface form: effective
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more <t>effective</t> than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods
2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat
4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done
6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "effective" in the context: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

Let me analyze the context:
- Cerenia is a medicine being studied
- It's being compared to a placebo
- The effectiveness is measured by whether less vomiting occurred in dogs that received the medicine
- This is about a medicinal drug working as intended (preventing/treating vomiting)

Now let me examine each sense:

1. "producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect" - This is a general sense about producing intended results. Could apply, but seems more general.

2. "able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively" - This seems to be about people or systems being competent/efficient, not specifically about medicines.

3. "works well as a means or remedy" - This is specifically about medicines/remedies working well. The example "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" is very similar to our context about a medicine being effective.

4. "exerting force or influence" - This is about laws, warranties, etc. being in effect/force. Not applicable.

5. "existing in fact; not theoretical; real" - This is about actual/real vs theoretical. Not applicable.

6. "ready for service" - This is about soldiers being ready for service. Not applicable.

The context is clearly about a medicinal drug (Cerenia) and whether it works as a remedy for preventing/treating vomiting in dogs. Sense 3 is specifically about remedies working well, with an example about a lotion being effective. This matches perfectly with our context about medicine effectiveness.

Sense 1 is too general and doesn't specifically address the medicinal/remedial aspect that sense 3 captures.

So the answer is sense 3.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the <t>placebo</t>: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is about a clinical study comparing the drug Cerenia to a placebo in dogs. The placebo here is clearly an inert medication given to a control group in an experiment to test the efficacy of a drug.

Sense 1: "an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug" - This perfectly matches the context.
Sense 2: "(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead" - This is unrelated.

The correct sense is sense 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: <t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance; less time to spend with the family
2. sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
3. sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00 | definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "less" in the provided context.

**Target Word:** "less" (adjective/quantifier)
**Context:** "...<t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs..."
**Sentence:** "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."

**Candidate Senses:**

1.  **sense_key=less%3:00:00::**
    *   **Definition:** (comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree.
    *   **Examples:** "of less importance", "less time to spend with the family".
    *   **Analysis:** "Vomiting" can be considered a mass noun/concept here (an activity or phenomenon), or an uncountable noun (the act of vomiting). The sentence says "less vomiting was seen". This fits the "amount or degree" definition. It means the *amount* of vomiting was lower.

2.  **sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02**
    *   **Definition:** (usually preceded by `no') lower in quality.
    *   **Examples:** "no less than perfect".
    *   **Analysis:** This doesn't fit. The context is about quantity/frequency of vomiting, not the quality of vomiting. Also, "less" here isn't preceded by "no".

3.  **sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00**
    *   **Definition:** (nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer.
    *   **Examples:** "less than three weeks", "no less than 50 people attended".
    *   **Analysis:** This sense is often used for countable nouns (e.g., "50 people", "three weeks"). While "vomiting" involves events (countable episodes), the phrasing "less vomiting" treats it as a mass activity (amount of sickness) rather than counting discrete units ("fewer vomiting episodes"). The usage "less vomiting" is standard for a mass noun or abstract concept. Sense 3 specifically notes "nonstandard in some uses" usually referring to countable nouns (like "less people"). "Vomiting" is generally treated as uncountable in this context (mass noun). Therefore, Sense 1 is the standard usage for mass nouns/amounts.

**Comparison:**
*   "Vomiting" acts as a mass noun here (the phenomenon/activity).
*   Sense 1 is for mass nouns/amounts ("less time", "less importance").
*   Sense 3 is for "fewer" (countable), often marked as nonstandard or idiomatic with measures.
*   Since "vomiting" is functioning as a mass noun (amount/degree), Sense 1 is the correct standard usage.

**Decision:** Sense 1 corresponds to the standard usage of "less" with mass nouns to indicate a smaller amount or degree. "Less vomiting" means a smaller amount of the act of vomiting.

**Output format:** JSON object {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "seen" in this passage.

The sentence is: "less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

In this context, "seen" is used to describe an observation or finding from a study - specifically, that less vomiting was observed/noticed/found in dogs that received the medicine.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: - "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight" - This is about physically seeing something with eyes. This doesn't quite fit because we're talking about observing results/outcomes in a study context.

2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: - "perceive (an idea or situation) mentally" - synonyms: understand, realize, realise. This is about mental comprehension, not quite right.

3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: - "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - synonyms: witness, find. Examples include "We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school". This seems closer - "witness" and "find" are relevant. The idea of observing/finding a result in a study.

4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: - "imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind" - synonyms: visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure. Not right.

5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: - "deem to be" - synonyms: consider, reckon, view, regard. Not quite right.

6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: - "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - synonyms: learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out. Not quite right.

7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: - "see or watch" - synonyms: watch, view, catch, take in. Not quite right.

8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: - "come together" - synonyms: meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across. Not right.

9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: - "find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort" - synonyms: determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn. This is about actively finding something out.

10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: - "be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something" - Not right.

11-16. These are about visiting people or places, dating, etc. Not right.

17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: - "see and understand, have a good eye" - Not right.

18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: - "deliberate or decide" - Not right.

19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: - "observe as if with an eye" - Example: "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it". Not quite right.

20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: - "observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect" - synonyms: examine. Not quite right.

21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: - "go or live through" - synonyms: experience, go through. Example: "he saw action in Viet Nam". Not quite right for this context.

22-24. These don't fit.

Now let me reconsider sense 3 more carefully:
sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school

This sense seems to be about observing or witnessing something happening, or finding/observing something in a particular context. The examples "We found Republicans winning the offices" and "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school" are about observing outcomes or phenomena.

In the context "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine", "seen" means that the researchers/observers witnessed or found (observed) less vomiting in the treated dogs. This matches sense 3 well - it's about being an observer or witness to an outcome.

The key synonyms "witness" and "find" align well with how "seen" is used here. The study found/witnessed/observed less vomiting in one group.

I believe sense 3 is the best fit.

Actually, let me also consider sense 1 again:
sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?

This is about literally seeing something with one's eyes. In the study context, researchers would literally see/observe the dogs vomiting or not vomiting. However, "less vomiting was seen" feels more like an abstract finding rather than literally seeing with eyes.

Let me compare:
- Sense 1 is about physical visual perception
- Sense 3 is about witnessing or finding, which can be more abstract - observing phenomena, outcomes, results

In scientific/study contexts, "seen" often means "observed" or "found" rather than literally "saw with eyes." The construction "X was seen in Y" (passive voice) is common in academic writing to describe findings.

Sense 3 with synonyms "witness, find" and examples like "We found Republicans winning the offices" captures this academic/research use of "seen" to report observations/findings.

Therefore, I'll go with sense 3.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in <t>dogs</t> that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   **Source:** The context describes a medication called "Cerenia" used to treat/prevent vomiting.
    *   **Subjects:** "laboratory dogs", "animal patients at veterinary practises", "vomiting was seen in <t>dogs</t>", "vomiting dog", "vomiting animals".
    *   **Action:** They are receiving medicine, being studied, vomiting, etc.
    *   **Semantic Role:** The target word "dogs" refers to living creatures, specifically animal patients.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1:* "domestic dog, Canis familiaris". Definition: a member of the genus Canis... domesticated... occurs in many breeds. Example: "the dog barked all night". This fits perfectly. The text talks about veterinary medicine, vomiting, and animal patients.
    *   *Sense 2:* "frump". Definition: a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman. Context talks about animal patients. No fit.
    *   *Sense 3:* "informal term for a man". Context talks about animal patients. No fit.
    *   *Sense 4:* "cad, bounder...". Definition: someone who is morally reprehensible. Context talks about animal patients. No fit.
    *   *Sense 5:* "frank, hotdog". Definition: sausage. Context talks about vomiting animals. No fit.
    *   *Sense 6:* "pawl, detent". Definition: mechanical part (hinged catch). No fit.
    *   *Sense 7:* "andiron, firedog". Definition: metal supports for logs. No fit.

3.  **Compare Context and Senses:**
    *   The context clearly refers to the animal (Canis familiaris).
    *   Sense 1 is the definition for the animal.

4.  **Select Index:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to the intended meaning.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the <t>medicine</t> than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "medicine" in a specific context.

**Context Analysis:**
- The text is about "Cerenia".
- It describes Cerenia as something that blocks a receptor.
- It mentions studies in dogs (laboratory and animal patients).
- The key sentence: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the **medicine** than in dogs that received a placebo..."
- It discusses the treatment of vomiting, mentioning injections and tablets.

The target word "medicine" refers to a substance (Cerenia) given to dogs to treat or prevent vomiting. It is a tangible substance administered to a patient.

**Candidate Sense Analysis:**

*   **Sense 1:** "the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques" (synonyms: medical specialty).
    *   *Does it fit?* No. The text talks about a substance given to dogs, not a field of study like radiology or pathology.

*   **Sense 2:** "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease" (synonyms: medication, medicinal drug).
    *   *Does it fit?* Yes. Cerenia is a drug/medication used to prevent/treat vomiting. The context explicitly talks about tablets and injections. "Less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the [drug]..." fits perfectly.

*   **Sense 3:** "the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training..." (synonyms: practice of medicine).
    *   *Does it fit?* No. This refers to the profession of being a doctor (e.g., "he studied medicine"). The context is about a specific pharmaceutical product.

*   **Sense 4:** "punishment for one's actions" (synonyms: music).
    *   *Does it fit?* No. This is an idiomatic use ("take your medicine"), not relevant here.

**Conclusion:**
The target word "medicine" refers to the substance/drug used for treatment. This matches Sense 2 perfectly.

**Format:**
The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the index number.

Index 2 corresponds to the correctsense.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in <t>dogs</t> that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target lemma "dog" (surface form: "dogs") in a specific context.
I need to select the best sense index from the provided list of 7 candidates.

Context Analysis:
- The text discusses "Cerenia," a medicine.
- It mentions "veterinary practises."
- It talks about "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine."
- The sentence containing the target is: "...less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in <t>dogs</t> that received a placebo..."
- The context clearly refers to animals, specifically patients in a veterinary setting, laboratory animals, or domestic pets. The text refers to them as "dogs" and "vomiting animals."

Candidate Sense Analysis:
1. Sense 1: "a member of the genus Canis ... domesticated ... occurs in many breeds" | synonyms: domestic dog, Canis familiaris. This matches perfectly. The text refers to animals being treated for vomiting.
2. Sense 2: "a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman" | synonyms: frump. This is a derogatory term for a woman. Context is clearly about animals/medicine.
3. Sense 3: "informal term for a man" | examples: "you lucky dog". Context is not about a man.
4. Sense 4: "someone who is morally reprehensible" | synonyms: cad, etc. Context is not about moral character of a human.
5. Sense 5: "a smooth-textured sausage..." | synonyms: hotdog, etc. Context is not about food.
6. Sense 6: "a hinged catch..." | synonyms: pawl. Mechanical part. Irrelevant.
7. Sense 7: "metal supports for logs..." | synonyms: andiron. Irrelevant.

Conclusion:
The context is about animals (veterinary medicine). Sense 1 is the definition of the animal "dog".

Format Requirement:
Return only a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a <t>placebo</t>, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target**: The target word is "placebo" (noun, singular).
2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   The text discusses a medication called "Cerenia" for dogs.
    *   It describes a clinical trial/study design: "large number of studies... carried out... in laboratory dogs or in animal patients".
    *   It compares the efficacy of Cerenia against a "placebo": "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo".
    *   The context is clearly medical/scientific, specifically regarding controlled experiments/drug trials.
3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `placebo%1:06:00::` | definition="an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug".
        *   This matches the context perfectly. The text describes a control group comparison where one group gets the medicine and the other gets the placebo to measure efficacy.
    *   **Sense 2**: `placebo%1:04:00::` | definition="(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead".
        *   This is a religious/liturgical term. It has nothing to do with veterinary medicine or clinical trials.
4.  **Select the Best Sense**: Sense 1 is the correct meaning. Sense 2 is completely unrelated to the context.
5.  **Format the Output**: The user requested a JSON object like `{"sense_index": X}` where X corresponds to the numbered list provided (1 or 2). Since Sense 1 is the correct one, the index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the <t>treatment</t> or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `treatment`
    *   Context sentence: "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the **treatment** or in the prevention of vomiting."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses a medicine called Cerenia, used for dogs. It compares the medicine to a placebo. It talks about "treatment or prevention of vomiting". Later, it says "The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection...".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `treatment%1:04:00::`
        *   Definition: "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)"
        *   Synonyms: intervention
        *   Fit: This fits perfectly. The context is about giving medicine to a sick (vomiting) dog to relieve illness. It talks about "receiving the medicine" vs placebo. This is a medical context.

    *   **Sense 2:** `treatment%1:04:01::`
        *   Definition: "the management of someone or something"
        *   Synonyms: handling
        *   Examples: handling of prisoners; treatment of water sewage.
        *   Fit: This is too broad or administrative. While one could say "treatment of a patient" implies management, sense 1 is specifically about medical care to relieve illness, which is the core of this context. "Treatment of vomiting" is a medical intervention, not just general management.

    *   **Sense 3:** `treatment%1:07:00::`
        *   Definition: "a manner of dealing with something artistically"
        *   Examples: his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture.
        *   Fit: Incorrect. This is an art context.

    *   **Sense 4:** `treatment%1:10:00::`
        *   Definition: "an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic"
        *   Synonyms: discussion, discourse
        *   Examples: discussion of modal logic.
        *   Fit: Incorrect. This refers to a speech or writing.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 (the only plausible ones):**
    *   The phrase is "treatment ... of vomiting".
    *   Is this the management of vomiting (Sense 2)? Or medical care to relieve illness (Sense 1)?
    *   The text explicitly mentions "medical procedures" (tablets, injections), "relieve illness" (stop vomiting), and "medicine".
    *   Sense 1's definition "medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury" maps directly to the context of administering Cerenia to stop vomiting.
    *   Sense 2 ("handling") is often used for "treatment of water" or "treatment of prisoners". While a doctor "handles" a patient, the specific term "treatment" in a clinical setting maps to Sense 1.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The context describes medical intervention (administering a drug) to cure or manage a medical condition (vomiting).
    *   This aligns exactly with Sense 1.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.