[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago <t>cancer</t> was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A text discussing the scientific discovery of genes related to disease, specifically how "cancer develops," "cancer treatment," "colon cancer," and "malignant growth."
    *   Task: Choose the single best indexed sense from the provided list.
    *   Output Format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "discovery of these genes... painting a new and startling picture of how **cancer** develops." -> This refers to a biological disease process.
    *   "future **cancer** treatment and prevention." -> Again, a medical condition.
    *   "predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get **cancer**." -> Getting a disease.
    *   "triggering of colon **cancer**." -> A specific type of disease.
    *   "accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a **cancer**..." -> Biological process of tumor formation.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cancer%1:26:00::` -> Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease".
        *   *Fit:* This fits perfectly. It's the medical definition of cancer as a disease/tumor.
    *   **Sense 2:** `cancer%1:18:00::` -> Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer". Synonyms: "Crab".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. The text is not about a person's zodiac sign personality.
    *   **Sense 3:** `cancer%1:17:00::` -> Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere...".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Not about astronomy/stars.
    *   **Sense 4:** `cancer%1:15:00::` -> Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac...".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Not about astrology.
    *   **Sense 5:** `cancer%1:05:00::` -> Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae". Synonyms: "genus Cancer".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. This refers to a genus of crustaceans (crabs). While interesting, it's not the medical context here.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is clearly the correct sense. The text discusses genes, molecular levels, tumors (implied by "malignant growth" in the definition), treatment, and prevention of the disease.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants the output as `{"sense_index": 1}`.
    *   Constraint check: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." (Check). "Return only a JSON object..." (Check).

provider: Together


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** know
    *   **Target surface form:** knew
    *   **Context snippet:** "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   **Specific usage:** "...we <t>knew</t> nothing..."

2.  **Analyze the candidates:**
    *   *Sense 1:* be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. Examples: "I know that the President lied..."
    *   *Sense 2:* know how to do or perform something. Examples: "She knows how to knit..."
    *   *Sense 3:* be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. Examples: "Galileo knew that the earth moves..."
    *   *Sense 4:* be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. Examples: "Do you know my sister?"
    *   *Sense 5:* have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. Examples: "have you ever known hunger?"
    *   *Sense 6:* accept (someone) to be what is claimed... (acknowledge).
    *   *Sense 7:* have fixed in the mind (memorized). Examples: "I know Latin."
    *   *Sense 8:* have sexual intercourse with.
    *   *Sense 9:* know the nature or character of.
    *   *Sense 10:* be able to distinguish...
    *   *Sense 11:* perceive as familiar.

3.  **Evaluate the fit:**
    *   The sentence is "cancer was a black box about which we **knew** nothing at the molecular level."
    *   This implies a lack of information, facts, or understanding about the subject (cancer at the molecular level).
    *   Let's check Sense 1 ("be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"). The phrase "knew nothing" fits perfectly with the negation of possessing knowledge or information. It aligns with being aware (or unaware in this case) of facts.
    *   Let's check Sense 3 ("be aware of the truth of something... regard as true"). While related, Sense 3 often implies a strong conviction or belief about a specific proposition (e.g., "I know that I left the key"). The context here is about the general possession of information/facts regarding a scientific subject, not necessarily a specific truth claim or conviction in the face of doubt. Sense 1 covers the general possession of information.
    *   Let's check Sense 4 ("be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object"). While "familiar with" might seem close, the object is "cancer" (a disease/process), and the specific phrasing "knew nothing at the molecular level" refers to informational knowledge (facts, mechanisms), not just familiarity. Sense 1 is the broader, standard definition for possessing knowledge/information about a topic.
    *   Sense 5 is about experiencing sensations.
    *   Sense 7 is about rote memorization.

    *   *Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 3:*
        *   Sense 1 definition: "possess knowledge or information about".
        *   Sense 3 definition: "be aware of the truth of something".
        *   The sentence says "knew nothing". This is the absence of knowledge/information. The focus is on the state of having (or lacking) information about the subject matter. Sense 1 is the standard "cognitive/informational" sense.
        *   Example for Sense 1: "I know that the President lied..." (Propositional knowledge).
        *   Example for Sense 3: "Galileo knew that the earth moves..." (Conviction of truth).
        *   In the text: "we knew nothing". This negates the possession of knowledge. It fits best under the general concept of being cognizant/possessing information (Sense 1).

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The target word indicates the state of having knowledge or information.
    *   The phrase "knew nothing" refers to the lack of factual understanding/information.
    *   Sense 1 ("be cognizant or aware of a fact... possess knowledge or information about") is the best fit.

    Let's double check Sense 3.
    WordNet 3.0 distinctions:
    *   know%2:31:01:: (Sense 1) is about awareness of a fact/piece of info.
    *   know%2:31:02:: (Sense 3 in list, actually sense 2 in WN usually, but here mapped to 3) is "be aware of the truth of something... regard as true beyond any doubt".
    *   The context is about scientific understanding (facts/information). "Cancer was a black box" = we didn't have the facts/info. This aligns strongly with Sense 1.

    Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Index to return: 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: molecular
Target surface form: molecular
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the <t>molecular</t> level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=molecular%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules | examples=molecular structure; molecular oxygen
2. sense_key=molecular%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to simple or elementary organization; --G.A. Miller | examples=proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target word: "molecular"
    *   Sentence: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the **molecular** level."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses genes, cancer development, biological mechanisms, "altered genes," and scientific discovery regarding biological structures/processes.
    *   Phrase: "molecular level". In biology/science, this refers to the level of molecules (DNA, proteins, etc.).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules"
        *   Examples: "molecular structure", "molecular oxygen"
        *   Fit: This is the standard scientific definition. "Molecular level" refers to the level of molecules (chemical compounds). The text discusses genes (DNA molecules) and biological mechanisms.
    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "relating to simple or elementary organization; --G.A. Miller"
        *   Examples: "proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception"
        *   Fit: This is a figurative or metaphorical sense often associated with psychology or abstract analysis (breaking things down to the smallest "element"). While cancer research is detailed, "molecular level" here is literal science, not a metaphor for "elementary organization" in a general cognitive sense. The context is explicitly about genetics and biology, not abstract analysis of perception.

3.  **Compare senses against context:**
    *   The context talks about genes (which are molecules), cancer, and biological mechanisms.
    *   "Molecular level" in biology refers to the scale of molecules.
    *   Sense 1 is the literal scientific meaning.
    *   Sense 2 is a specific, slightly metaphorical meaning usually found in contexts of analysis or perception, not biology.

4.  **Determine the best fit:**
    *   Sense 1 is clearly the correct choice. It fits the scientific context perfectly. The "molecular level" of cancer refers to the biochemical and molecular biological processes (genes, proteins).

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The correct index is 1.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   Does "relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules" fit "molecular level"? Yes, the level where molecules exist.
    *   Does "relating to simple or elementary organization" fit? No, that's a specific lexicalized metaphor not intended here.

    Result: Sense 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular <t>level</t>. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "level" in the phrase "molecular level". Let me analyze the context:

"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

The phrase "molecular level" refers to the scale or depth of understanding - specifically, understanding at the molecular scale/layer of biology. This is about a conceptual, abstract layer or depth of analysis.

Let me look at the senses:

1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
- This is about intensity, amount, or quality. Not quite right for "molecular level."

2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
- This is about value in a graded group. Not right.

3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
- This is about position in a continuum or process. Could work, but not the best fit.

4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
- This is about physical height. Not right.

5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
- This is a tool. Not right.

6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
- This is about a flat surface. Not right.

7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
- This is about an abstract place with depth/layer. This fits "molecular level" - it's referring to a layer or stratum of analysis/understanding. The example "a good actor communicates on several levels" is similar to "at the molecular level" in that both refer to different abstract layers or depths.

8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?
- This is about floors of a building. Not right.

Sense 7 is clearly the best fit. "Molecular level" refers to a layer or stratum of understanding/analysis - an abstract place conceived as having depth. The synonyms "layer, stratum" and the example about communicating on different levels match this usage perfectly.

The answer is sense_index 7.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: Today
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. <t>Today</t>, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:** The target is "today" (lemma) and "Today" (surface form).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses scientific progress in understanding cancer genes.
    *   It contrasts the past ("Only a decade ago cancer was a black box...") with the current situation.
    *   The target sentence is: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   The usage here is temporal, referring to the current era or period of time relative to the past mentioned (a decade ago). It contrasts the state of knowledge "today" vs. "a decade ago".
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `today%1:28:00::` | definition="the present time or age" | examples="the world of today; today we have computers".
        *   This sense refers to the current era, age, or general present time. The example "today we have computers" fits well with "today, we know that...". It emphasizes the state of the world in the present era compared to the past.
    *   **Sense 2:** `today%1:28:01::` | definition="the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow)" | examples="Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?".
        *   This sense refers specifically to the specific calendar day (24-hour period). While "Today" starts the sentence, the context talks about scientific progress over a decade ("Only a decade ago"). The discovery wasn't made just on this specific day; it represents the current state of scientific knowledge in this era. The contrast is between the past decade and the present age, not yesterday and today.
4.  **Compare context with senses:**
    *   The sentence says "Today, we know...". Does "Today" mean the specific calendar date? No. Does it mean the current era/present time? Yes.
    *   The contrast is "Only a decade ago... Today...". This is a contrast of eras/ages, not specific days.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 ("the present time or age") is the correct fit.
5.  **Formulate output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the index of the chosen sense.
    *   Chosen sense: Sense 1.
    *   Output: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "know" in a specific context.
Context sentence: "Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

Let's analyze the usage of "know" here.
The subject is "we" (scientists/humanity).
The object is a clause introduced by "that": "that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
This structure ("know that...") implies holding a piece of information or understanding a fact.

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1.  **sense_key=know%2:31:01::** | Definition: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" | Examples: "I know that the President lied...", "I want to know who is winning..."
    *   Analysis: The context says "we know *that*..." followed by a scientific fact/process. This fits "possess knowledge or information about [a fact]". This looks like a very strong candidate.

2.  **sense_key=know%2:31:03::** | Definition: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" | Examples: "I know that I left the key...", "Galileo knew that the earth moves..."
    *   Analysis: This is similar to sense 1 but often implies a stronger certainty or conviction about a truth, often distinguished from mere belief. The example "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" is very similar to the scientific context here. "We know that the accumulation... can initiate". Is this distinct from sense 1?
    *   Sense 1 is "be cognizant or aware of a fact".
    *   Sense 3 (indexed 3 here) is "be aware of the truth of something; regard as true beyond any doubt".
    *   In WordNet 3.x, these are often subtle.
    *   Sense 1 (know%2:31:01) is the general cognitive state of having information.
    *   Sense 3 (know%2:31:02 in some versions, here labeled 03) often contrasts with "believe".
    *   Let's look at the examples provided in the prompt for Sense 3: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun". This is a propositional knowledge. The context is "Today, we *know* that the accumulation...".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 examples: "I know that the President lied...".
    *   Both fit the "know that X" structure.
    *   Usually, Sense 1 covers "knowing a fact". Sense 3 covers "knowing a truth" (epistemic certainty).
    *   Let's check the distinction.
        *   Sense 1: "possess knowledge or information about".
        *   Sense 3: "regard as true beyond any doubt".
    *   The context contrasts the past ("knew nothing") with the present ("Today, we know"). It emphasizes the acquisition of this specific scientific knowledge. It's stating a fact about the mechanism of cancer. "We know that X causes Y."
    *   Does it emphasize the *truth* aspect (sense 3) or the *possession of information* aspect (sense 1)?
    *   Example "Galileo knew that..." fits sense 3.
    *   Example "I know that the President lied..." fits sense 1.
    *   Scientific discovery often aligns with sense 1 (acquiring the information) or sense 3 (establishing the truth). The sentence says "we knew nothing... Today we know...". This implies we now have the information.
    *   However, let's look at Sense 1 again. "be cognizant or aware of a fact". This seems to cover the general propositional knowledge. Sense 3 adds the layer of "truth" or "faith".
    *   Let's check the synonyms. Sense 1 has "cognize, cognise". Sense 3 has no specific synonyms listed here (though WordNet often lists 'understand' or similar).
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 vs Sense 3 carefully.
        *   Sense 1: "I know that the President lied". (Fact/Information).
        *   Sense 3: "I know that I left the key...". (Certainty about an event/truth).
    *   In the text: "Today, we know that the accumulation..." refers to a scientific mechanism. This is factual knowledge. Is it Sense 1 or 3?
    *   Let's look at the mapping.
    *   Sense 1 is generally the 'catch-all' for propositional knowledge ("know-that").
    *   Sense 3 is often "be aware of the truth of something".
    *   WordNet 3.0:
        *   00057023 (know-v): be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about; "I know that the President lied to the people"; "I want to know who is winning the game!"; "I know it's time" (sense 1 in this list).
        *   00058160 (know-v): be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt; "I know that I left the key on the table"; "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" (sense 3 in this list).
    *   The context "Today, we know that the accumulation..." is very similar to the Galileo example. It asserts a scientific truth previously unknown or uncertain. It's not just "having information" like "who is winning the game", it's asserting the validity of a hypothesis (truth). The text contrasts "knowing" with "knowing nothing" (black box).
    *   However, Sense 1 is also defined as "possess knowledge or information about". "Knowing that genes cause cancer" is possessing information.
    *   Let's look at the provided list again.
        *   Sense 1: "possess knowledge or information about". Examples: "President lied", "who is winning".
        *   Sense 3: "regard as true beyond any doubt". Examples: "Galileo knew...".
    *   The scientific fact "accumulation of genes... can initiate cancer" parallels the Galileo example more than the "who is winning" example. The "who is winning" example is about dynamic information. The "President lied" example is a specific event. The Galileo example is a universal truth/scientific fact.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 (indexed as 3 in the list: sense_key=know%2:31:03::) seems slightly more appropriate because it deals with the "truth of something" and "regard as true", which fits a scientific discovery context where a theory is confirmed. The text says "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box... Today, we know...". This implies moving from ignorance to establishing the truth of the mechanism.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1. It says "be cognizant or aware of a fact". "Genes cause cancer" is a fact. Is there a significant difference intended here between Sense 1 and 3?
    *   Sense 1 covers general propositional knowledge.
    *   Sense 3 emphasizes the "truth" or "certainty" aspect.
    *   Often, if the context highlights that something is *true* and not just *believed*, Sense 3 is better. The text contrasts the past state (black box, mystery) with the current state (we *know*). This emphasizes the establishment of truth.
    *   Also, the Galileo example for Sense 3 is structurally identical to the target sentence: "Galileo knew that [scientific fact]". "We know that [scientific fact]".
    *   Sense 1 examples: "I know that the President lied" (historical event). "I want to know who is winning" (state of affairs).
    *   Sense 3 examples: "Galileo knew that the earth moves..." (scientific fact). "I know that I left the key..." (past event, but emphasis on certainty/memory).
    *   Given the parallel with the Galileo example (scientific fact), Sense 3 is the best fit.

Let's check other senses just in case.
*   Sense 2 (know how): No, not "know how".
*   Sense 4 (acquainted with): No, not a person.
*   Sense 5 (experience): No.
*   Sense 7 (fixed in mind/memorized): No.
*   Sense 10 (distinguish): No.

So it's between Sense 1 and Sense 3.
The Galileo example under Sense 3 is the clincher. It deals with a scientific reality that is now regarded as true. The sentence "Today, we know that the accumulation... can initiate a cancer" asserts a scientific truth. This aligns perfectly with Sense 3.

The index for Sense 3 in the provided list is 2 (it's the second item in the list of candidate senses provided by the prompt, but labeled `sense_key=know%2:31:03::`).
Wait, let me count the indices in the JSON output.
The prompt asks for `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the index in the provided list (1-based usually? Or 0-based? The prompt examples usually imply 1-based or the index of the sense in the list).
Let's look at the list provided:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: ...
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: ... (This is the Galileo one)
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: ...
...
The prompt asks to "Choose the single best indexed sense." and "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." usually implying the index in the list provided.

Let's verify the mapping of sense keys to definitions.
In the provided list:
Item 1: know%2:31:01:: (Fact/Information)
Item 2: know%2:31:03:: (Truth/Certainty - Galileo example)
Item 3: know%2:31:02:: (Know how)

Wait, standard WordNet order (lexicographer file order) is usually:
1. know%2:31:01:: (Fact/Info)
2. know%2:31:02:: (Know how) - *Note: The prompt list has this as item 3?*
Let's re-read the list provided in the prompt carefully.

Candidate senses provided in prompt:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | Fact/Info
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | Truth/Certainty
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | Know how
...
The prompt order is mixed up compared to standard lexical order, or at least specific to this prompt.
I must choose based on the index in the provided list.

My reasoning leads to "sense_key=know%2:31:03::".
In the list provided:
Item 1 is know%2:31:01.
Item 2 is know%2:31:03.
Item 3 is know%2:31:02.

Wait, look at the indices in the prompt list again.
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01::
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03::
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02::
...

So, if I choose the sense "be aware of the truth of something... regard as true beyond any doubt" (the Galileo one), that is **Item 2** in the provided list.

However, let's reconsider Sense 1 (Item 1).
Definition: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
Example: "I know that the President lied to the people".
In the context: "Today, we know that the accumulation... can initiate a cancer".
Is this knowing a "fact" (Sense 1) or knowing the "truth" (Sense 3)?
WordNet distinctions can be tricky.
Sense 1 is the most general "propositional knowledge" sense.
Sense 3 emphasizes the distinction between belief and truth ("regard as true beyond any doubt").
The context says "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box... Today, we know...". This suggests a transition from not knowing (ignorance/uncertainty) to knowing (truth). This highlights the "truth" aspect.
Also, the content is a scientific mechanism, similar to "Galileo knew that the earth moves".
Sense 1 example "I know that the President lied" is a specific historical fact.
Sense 3 example "Galileo knew..." is a general scientific truth.
The target sentence "we know that the accumulation... can initiate" is a general scientific truth.
This points to Sense 3.

Let's check if Sense 1 is preferred in WSD tasks for "know that".
Often, Sense 1 captures most "know that [clause]" instances.
However, the specific nuance of "scientific truth" vs "fact" might tip it to Sense 3.
Let's look at the provided example for Sense 1 again: "I know that the President lied".
Let's look at the provided example for Sense 3: "Galileo knew that the earth moves".
The target is "we know that the accumulation... can initiate". This is a scientific mechanism. It mirrors the Galileo example.
Sense 3 seems the "fine-grained" choice here, distinguishing it from mere possession of a piece of trivia/information (Sense 1). It's about establishing the reality of the mechanism.

So I will select the sense corresponding to **know%2:31:03::**.
In the provided list, this is item **2**.

Let's double check the indexing.
1. know%2:31:01:: (Fact/Info)
2. know%2:31:03:: (Truth/Certainty) <- My choice.
3. know%2:31:02:: (Know how)

Let me think if there is any reason to prefer Sense 1.
If Sense 1 is "possess knowledge", does that cover everything?
If I say "I know the answer", that's Sense 1.
If I say "I know that he is lying", that's Sense 1.
If I say "I know that water boils at 100C", is that Sense 1 or Sense 3?
WordNet says for Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something... regard as true beyond any doubt".
Scientific facts are often categorized under "knowing the truth".
The Galileo example is the strongest indicator.
Context: "Today, we **know** that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
This is a discovery of how nature works. A truth.
Therefore, Sense 3.

Wait, looking closer at the prompt's list order vs standard WordNet.
Standard WN 3.0 order:
1. 00057023 (know%2:31:01) - Fact/Info
2. 00058160 (know%2:31:03) - Truth/Certainty (Wait, usually the keys map to the definitions)
Let's check Sense Keys.
know%2:31:01 -> "be cognizant or aware of a fact..." (Sense 1)
know%2:31:03 -> "be aware of the truth of something..." (Sense 3)
know%2:31:02 -> "know how to do..." (Sense 2)
(Note: The sense_key numbering doesn't always match the order in the database, but here the prompt provides the keys).

The prompt list:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: (Fact/Info)
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: (Truth/Certainty)  <-- Matches Galileo example.
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: (Know how)

So the index is 2.

Let's try to argue for Sense 1 (Index 1).
"We know that X".
Definition: "possess knowledge or information about".
Is the accumulation of genes a "fact"? Yes.
Is it "information"? Yes.
Is Sense 3 restricted to "I know I left the key" (certainty about a specific past event) vs "Galileo knew" (scientific fact)? Sense 3 covers both.
Why distinguish Sense 1 and Sense 3?
Sense 1: I know X (I have the info). I know that the game is on.
Sense 3: I know X (It is true). I know that he is the killer (certainty).
The distinction is subtle. "Cognizant of a fact" vs "Regard as true".
In scientific contexts, "know" often opposes "hypothesize" or "believe". The text contrasts the current state ("Today, we know") with the past ("black box", "knew nothing").
This contrast emphasizes the establishment of truth (Sense 3) rather than just acquiring data (Sense 1, though they overlap).
The presence of the Galileo example (scientific fact) under Sense 3 in the prompt's definitions is the deciding factor for fine-grained WSD.
Target: "we know that [scientific mechanism]".
Match: "Galileo knew that [scientific mechanism]".
Conclusion: Sense 3 (Item 2).

Let me check if there are other candidates.
Sense 4: Acquainted with. No.
Sense 5: Experience. No.
Sense 7: Fixed in mind (memorized). No.

So it's between Index 1 and Index 2.
The Galileo example is:
Sense 3: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"
Context: "Today, we know that the accumulation... can initiate a cancer"
These are structurally and semantically identical (scientific fact).
Sense 1 example: "I know that the President lied". (Event).
While "President lied" is a fact, the scientific proposition in the target is a universal truth/mechanism, which aligns better with the definition "regard as true beyond any doubt" often found in scientific verification contexts.
I will go with Index 2.

Wait, let me check if there's any ambiguity about the indices in the prompt instructions. "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
The user instruction example `{"sense_index": 3}` implies the integer corresponds to the position in the list (starting from 1?).
List:
1. know%2:31:01:: ...
2. know%2:31:03:: ...
3. know%2:31:02:: ...
...
If I choose sense_key=know%2:31:03, that is item 2.
The JSON example uses 3, likely as a placeholder. I will use 2.

Let's verify the "Sense 3" in the list is actually index 2.
List provided:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: ...
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: ...
Yes. Item 2.

Final check:
Target: "Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
Sense 2 (Index 2): "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" | Examples: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"
This fits perfectly.

One counter-argument:
Is "know that X" always Sense 3?
"I know that the game is on." -> Sense 1.
"I know that he is coming." -> Sense 1.
"I know that the earth is round." -> Sense 3.
The target is a scientific discovery ("Today we know..."). It implies "We have established this as a truth".
Sense 1 might be interpreted as "We have the information".
But the "Galileo" example in Sense 3 acts as a strong prototype for scientific propositional knowledge in WordNet glosses.
Thus, Index 2 is the best fine-grained choice.

Final check of sense keys:
know%2:31:01 is Sense 1 in WN. (Fact)
know%2:31:03 is Sense 3 in WN. (Truth)
know%2:31:02 is Sense 2 in WN. (How)
The prompt lists them as:
1. 01
2. 03
3. 02
...
I am selecting Item2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accumulation
Target surface form: accumulation
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the <t>accumulation</t> of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accumulation%1:22:00:: | definition=an increase by natural growth or addition | synonyms=accretion
2. sense_key=accumulation%1:14:00:: | definition=several things grouped together or considered as a whole | synonyms=collection, aggregation, assemblage
3. sense_key=accumulation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of accumulating | synonyms=accrual, accruement
4. sense_key=accumulation%1:21:00:: | definition=(finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends but are added to the capital base of the corporation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: "accumulation".
    *   Context snippet: "...Today, we know that the <t>accumulation</t> of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   Key phrase: "accumulation of several of these altered genes".
    *   Meaning in context: The sentence talks about the process of altered genes adding up or gathering in the body over time, leading to cancer. It implies the gradual gathering or buildup of mutations. It refers to the collection of specific genetic alterations that happen over time.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "an increase by natural growth or addition" | synonyms=accretion.
        *   Analysis: This refers to growth or addition. While genes "add up", this definition often applies to physical growth (like a accretion disk, or growth of tissue) or financial/mathematical increases. The accumulation here is a collection of specific items (altered genes), not just an abstract "increase". However, looking at the specific wording "accumulation of... altered genes", it suggests the gathering of distinct entities.

    *   **Sense 2:** "several things grouped together or considered as a whole" | synonyms=collection, aggregation, assemblage.
        *   Analysis: The context is "accumulation of several of these altered genes". It refers to the group of genes itself. "Accumulation" here acts as a noun denoting the resulting collection or aggregate of altered genes that causes the cancer. The sentence says "the accumulation... can initiate". It is the *set* of altered genes (the collection) that causes the cancer. This fits well with the idea of a "collection" or "aggregation" of specific genetic errors.

    *   **Sense 3:** "the act of accumulating" | synonyms=accrual, accruement.
        *   Analysis: This refers to the process/action. "The accumulation... can initiate". Can an action/process initiate cancer? Or is it the presence of the collection that initiates it? Usually, in medical/biological contexts regarding carcinogenesis (like Vogelstein's work on colon cancer), it describes the multi-step process where the *collection* of mutations (the accumulation) drives the progression. However, "the accumulation of genes" can be viewed as the process of gathering or the result of that gathering.
        *   Let's look closer. Is it the *act* of accumulating (Sense 3) or the *collection* (Sense 2)?
        *   If I say "The accumulation of snow blocked the door", I usually mean the pile (the collection/mass). If I say "The accumulation of snow took all night", I mean the process.
        *   Here: "The accumulation... can initiate a cancer."
        *   Can the *process* initiate cancer? Yes, the process of accumulating mutations leads to cancer.
        *   Can the *collection* initiate cancer? Yes, the presence of the collection of altered genes causes the cell to become cancerous.
        *   Let's look at the synonyms. "Collection", "aggregation", "assemblage" (Sense 2) vs "accrual" (Sense 3).
        *   In cancer biology (Knudson hypothesis, Vogelstein model), it is the *accumulation* of mutations. This is often described as a process over time, but the result is the critical mass of alterations.
        *   Let's check WordNet definitions more carefully.
            *   Sense 1: "increase by natural growth" - often used for dust, money, snow.
            *   Sense 2: "several things grouped together" - "accumulation of altered genes". Are the genes "several things grouped together"? Yes. "several of these altered genes". This fits the "collection" aspect.
            *   Sense 3: "the act of accumulating". This is the action.

    *   **Sense 4:** Financial definition. Irrelevant.

3.  **Disambiguation between Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Context: "the accumulation of several of these altered genes".
    *   Compare:
        *   "The collection of altered genes can initiate cancer." (Makes sense).
        *   "The act of collecting altered genes can initiate cancer." (A bit awkward, though "the process of accumulation" is a common phrase).
    *   Standard usage in this specific domain (Cancer Genetics): "Cancer results from an accumulation of genetic alterations." This usually refers to the *resultant aggregate* or the *buildup*.
    *   WordNet Sense 1 ("increase by natural growth or addition") is often used for things like "accumulation of toxins" or "accumulation of wealth".
    *   WordNet Sense 2 ("several things grouped together") uses examples like "a accumulation of knowledge" or just the aggregate.
    *   Let's look at the specific phrase: "accumulation of several ... genes".
    *   "Several of these altered genes" are the constituents.
    *   If the text meant the process, it might say "the accumulation process". But saying "the accumulation ... can initiate" usually refers to the *presence* of the accumulated items. The *accumulation* (the pile/collection) is the subject that initiates.
    *   However, often Sense 1 ("increase by natural growth or addition") is the default for abstract accumulations (toxins, genes). Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1: "increase by natural growth or addition". The definition emphasizes the *increase* aspect.
    *   Sense 2: "several things grouped together". The definition emphasizes the *group* aspect.
    *   The sentence says "accumulation of several... genes". It highlights the quantity ("several"). It is the fact that they are grouped together (aggregated) in one cell/lineage that causes the cancer.
    *   Is "accumulation" here the *increase* (Sense 1) or the *collection* (Sense 2)?
    *   Synonyms for Sense 2: collection, aggregation, assemblage.
    *   Synonyms for Sense 1: accretion.
    *   In genetics, "accumulation of mutations" is a standard collocate. It usually denotes the state of having many mutations. This feels closer to "collection" or "aggregation".
    *   Let's test Sense 1: "An increase by natural growth... of altered genes". This sounds slightly off. Genes don't "grow" in number naturally in the sense of accretion; they mutate and the population of altered cells or altered genes grows.
    *   Let's test Sense 2: "Several things (altered genes) grouped together...". This fits perfectly. The accumulation is the set of altered genes.

    *   Wait, let's look at the definitions again in the context of "accumulation" as a noun of nounc (nominalization).
    *   The verb is "accumulate".
    *   The noun often refers to the result of the verb (the accumulation = the pile) OR the action of the verb (the accumulation = the process).
    *   If it is the result, is it a "mass" (Sense 1) or a "collection" (Sense 2)?
    *   "Altered genes" are countable entities. "Several of these altered genes".
    *   When you accumulate countable entities, the result is a **collection** (Sense 2).
    *   When you accumulate uncountable entities (snow, wealth, dust), the result is often viewed as an **increase** or mass (Sense 1).
    *   Since "altered genes" are distinct, countable biological units (entities), Sense 2 ("several things grouped together") is the most precise fit. The accumulation *is* the group of genes.

    *   Let's double check Sense 3. "The act of accumulating". While true that the *act* of accumulating is involved, the sentence says "the accumulation ... can initiate". If I say "The collection of stamps is expensive", I mean the hobby (act) or the set (collection). If I say "The accumulation of errors led to the crash", I usually mean the *mass* or *collection* of errors found in the system, not the process of adding them.
    *   In Vogelstein's multi-step carcinogenesis theory, the "accumulation of mutations" is the key concept. It is the burden of mutations (the collection of them) that drives the phenotype.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 (collection/aggregation) seems stronger than Sense 3 (act) and Sense 1 (natural growth).

    *   Let's re-read Sense 1 definition: "an increase by natural growth or addition".
    *   Synonym: accretion.
    *   This is often used for things like "accumulation of fluid", "accumulation of wealth". Even wealth is money (countable) but treated as a mass in this context.
    *   "Accumulation of altered genes": Are they treated as a mass or a collection? "Several of these altered genes". "Several" implies countability.
    *   The grouping of "several things" matches Sense 2's definition ("several things grouped together").
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the intended sense.

    *   Let's consider if there is any nuance regarding "Sense 1". Sometimes WordNet mappings for "accumulation of mutations" go to Sense 1 because it's seen as "addition". But Sense 2 explicitly mentions "several things grouped together". The context explicitly mentions "several of these altered genes". This explicit "several things" points strongly to Sense 2.

    *   Let's verify Sense 3 again. "The act of accumulating".
    *   Sentence: "Today, we know that the [act of accumulating] of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   This is a plausible reading. The process of accumulating them is what initiates it.
    *   However, "The accumulation ... can initiate a cancer ... and propel it".
    *   Usually, it's the *state* (the presence of the collection) that initiates. The *process* is the history. The *result* (the accumulation) is the danger.
    *   Furthermore, compare: "A collection of books was found." vs "The collection of books is a hobby."
    *   Here: "The accumulation... can initiate". The subject is the biological factor. The biological factor present in the cell is the *set of genes* (the collection), not the abstract action of accumulating them. The *collection* of genes initiates the cancer.
    *   Therefore, the result noun (Sense 2) is better than the action noun (Sense 3).

    *   Comparison Sense 1 vs Sense 2:
    *   Sense 1: "increase by natural growth or addition".
    *   Sense 2: "several things grouped together".
    *   The text specifies "accumulation of several... genes".
    *   This matches the wording of Sense 2 ("several things grouped together") almost verbatim.
    *   Sense 1 is more about the *growth* aspect (the rate or the fact it is growing). While cancer involves growth, the "accumulation of genes" refers to the inventory of mutations.
    *   Thus, Sense 2 is the best fit.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   Target: "accumulation" in "accumulation of several of these altered genes".
    *   Matches "several things grouped together" (Sense 2).
    *   Synonyms: collection, aggregation, assemblage.
    *   Context: Genes are things. They are grouped in the cell. This group (accumulation) initiates cancer.

    Index 2.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: altered
Target surface form: altered
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these <t>altered</t> genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=altered%3:00:00:: | definition=changed in form or character without becoming something else; ; ; - Charles Dickens | examples=the altered policy promised success; following an altered course we soon found ourselves back in civilization
2. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:castrated:00 | definition=having testicles or ovaries removed | synonyms=neutered
3. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:modified:00 | definition=changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose | synonyms=adapted | examples=seeds precisely adapted to the area; instructions altered to suit the children's different ages

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** `altered`
    *   **Target Surface Form:** `altered`
    *   **Context Sentence:** "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   **Meaning in Context:** The text discusses genes that have undergone changes (mutations) which lead to cancer. These genes are described as "altered" because their structure or sequence has changed from the normal/wild-type state. This change is not necessarily "improving" them (in fact, it causes cancer), nor is it about castration. It's about a change in character or form (DNA sequence/function) where the entity remains a gene (it doesn't become a protein or a cell, it's still a gene, just a changed version).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "changed in form or character without becoming something else"
        *   Examples: "the altered policy...", "altered course..."
        *   Fit: This definition fits perfectly. Genes are mutated (changed in form/sequence/character) but they are still genes. The text implies a change in the molecular structure of the genes compared to the normal state. This sense captures the neutral or general idea of change.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "having testicles or ovaries removed"
        *   Synonyms: neutered
        *   Fit: This is a biological term specific to sterilization. It has nothing to do with genetics in the context of cancer research.

    *   **Sense 3:**
        *   Definition: "changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose"
        *   Synonyms: adapted
        *   Examples: "seeds precisely adapted...", "instructions altered to suit..."
        *   Fit: This sense implies a teleological change (improvement/suitability). In the context of cancer, the alteration of genes (mutations) is generally detrimental, leading to disease ("deadly state"), not an improvement or fitness for a desirable purpose. While evolution might view cancer as "adaptation" gone wrong, the standard reading of "improved or made more fit" usually implies a positive outcome or intentional design, which doesn't fit the "initiate a cancer" context well. Sense 1 is broader and neutral regarding the value of the change.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 3 ("improved or made more fit") vs Sense 1 ("changed in form or character").
    *   The text says these genes "initiate a cancer and... propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Does "altered" here mean "improved"? No. Does it mean "changed in character"? Yes.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the fundamental change in the nature of the genes (mutations) without imposing the "improvement" constraint of Sense 3.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

5.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: initiate
Target surface form: initiate
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can <t>initiate</t> a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=initiate%2:36:01:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, start | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
2. sense_key=initiate%2:36:00:: | definition=take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of | synonyms=pioneer | examples=This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants
3. sense_key=initiate%2:41:01:: | definition=accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite | synonyms=induct | examples=African men are initiated when they reach puberty
4. sense_key=initiate%2:32:00:: | definition=bring up a topic for discussion | synonyms=broach
5. sense_key=initiate%2:30:00:: | definition=set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for | synonyms=lead up | examples=Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The target lemma is "initiate". The sentence is: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Subject: "accumulation of several of these altered genes".
    *   Object: "a cancer".
    *   Meaning: The genes start the process of cancer. They cause the cancer to begin existing or developing.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `initiate%2:36:01::`
        *   Definition: "bring into being"
        *   Synonyms: originate, start
        *   Examples: "He initiated a new program"; "Start a foundation"
        *   Fit: This sense is about creating something new or starting a process (like a program or foundation). In the context, altered genes "bring into being" a cancer (start the cancer process). This seems very plausible.

    *   **Sense 2:** `initiate%2:36:00::`
        *   Definition: "take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of"
        *   Synonyms: pioneer
        *   Examples: "This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants"
        *   Fit: This is about human agency, innovation, and leadership (pioneering). Genes cannot "pioneer" cancer in this sense. It implies a level of intentional or leading action usually reserved for people.

    *   **Sense 3:** `initiate%2:41:01::`
        *   Definition: "accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite"
        *   Synonyms: induct
        *   Examples: "African men are initiated when they reach puberty"
        *   Fit: This is about rituals and induction into groups. Totally irrelevant to biological processes like cancer.

    *   **Sense 4:** `initiate%2:32:00::`
        *   Definition: "bring up a topic for discussion"
        *   Synonyms: broach
        *   Fit: This is about conversation topics. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** `initiate%2:30:00::`
        *   Definition: "set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for"
        *   Synonyms: lead up
        *   Examples: "Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II"
        *   Fit: This involves setting an event in motion. The example "led up to" implies a causal chain or a precipitating event. While close to Sense 1, Sense 5 often implies a sequence of events leading to a climax or a specific historical event being triggered. However, Sense 1 ("bring into being", "originate", "start") is the core meaning of causing something (cancer) to begin. Let's look closer at the distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 5.

    *   **Comparison of Sense 1 vs Sense 5:**
        *   Sense 1 ("bring into being") usually focuses on the creation or starting of an entity/process (program, foundation, or in this case, a disease state). The object is the thing being created/started. "Initiate a cancer" means causing the cancer to exist/start.
        *   Sense 5 ("set in motion, start an event... prepare the way for") with the synonym "lead up" usually has a nuance of being the precipitating cause of a larger outcome (e.g., attack -> war). "Lead up to" suggests a sequence.
        *   The context says "initiate a cancer". The direct object is "a cancer".
        *   Sense 1 examples: "initiate a new program". This fits the structure "initiate [process/entity]".
        *   Sense 5 examples: "led up to World War II". This is a phrasal replacement. "The attack initiated the war" could work, but the definition "prepare the way for" suggests a slightly different nuance.
        *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy if possible (mentally). Sense 1 (36:01) is "originate/start". Sense 5 (30:00) is "set in motion".
        *   In the text: "...can initiate a cancer..."
        *   "Originate a cancer" or "start a cancer" makes perfect sense (Sense 1).
        *   "Set in motion a cancer" is awkward phrasing.
        *   Sense 1 is defined as "bring into being". Cancer is brought into being by these genes. This matches "originate".
        *   Sense 1 examples involve programs and foundations (abstract entities/processes created). Cancer is a disease process.
        *   Sense 5 examples involve historical causation (attack leading to war).
        *   The specific phrasing "initiate a cancer" is a standard biological usage meaning "to start the development of". "Bring into being" (Sense 1) captures the ontological aspect of the cancer coming into existence better than "set in motion" (Sense 5), which feels more kinetic/event-based. Although cancer is a process, "initiate" here means "cause it to begin". Sense 1 is the most general and appropriate for "starting a process/entity".

    *   Let's double check the numbering.
        *   1: initiate%2:36:01:: (bring into being)
        *   2: initiate%2:36:00:: (pioneer)
        *   3: initiate%2:41:01:: (induct)
        *   4: initiate%2:32:00:: (broach)
        *   5: initiate%2:30:00:: (set in motion/lead up)

    *   Decision: Sense 1 is the best fit. "Start a cancer" or "Originate a cancer" aligns with "bring into being". The context talks about the accumulation of genes causing the cancer to start.

3.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "...altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   Sense 1 definition: "bring into being".
    *   Synonym: "start".
    *   Does it fit? Yes. The genes start the cancer.

    *   Sense 5 definition: "set in motion...".
    *   Synonym: "lead up".
    *   Does it fit? "Lead up a cancer" doesn't make sense. "Set in motion a cancer" is slightly off. Sense 5 is usually used where the event is a consequence, e.g., "initiate proceedings" or "initiate a chain reaction". However, Sense 1 covers "initiate a program/project". Cancer acts as the "project" or entity started here. Sense 1 is the standard sense for "begin/start/originate" when the object is a process or state.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is thecorrect choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t> and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to disambiguate the word "cancer" in the provided context.
Context snippet: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t> and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

Let's analyze the candidate senses:
1. **Sense 1**: `cancer%1:26:00::` - Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." Synonyms: `malignant neoplastic disease`. This refers to the medical disease/pathology.
2. **Sense 2**: `cancer%1:18:00::` - Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer". Synonyms: `Crab`. This is a person.
3. **Sense 3**: `cancer%1:17:00::` - Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation...". This is an astronomical object.
4. **Sense 4**: `cancer%1:15:00::` - Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac...". This is an astrological sign.
5. **Sense 5**: `cancer%1:05:00::` - Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae". This is a biological genus (crabs).

Context analysis:
- The text discusses genes, treatment, prevention, healthy individuals, colon cancer, malignant growth, tumor-suppressors.
- The specific sentence is: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t>..."
- "Initiate a cancer" refers to starting a disease process.
- "Deadly state" reinforces that this is a disease.
- "Colon cancer" is mentioned earlier.
- "Tumor-suppressors" are mentioned.

Sense 1 is clearly the medical definition of the disease.
Senses 2, 3, and 4 relate to astrology/astronomy.
Sense 5 relates to the genus of crabs.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct match.

The user wants a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, <t>then</t>, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma**: The target is "then", used as an adverb.
2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   Sentence: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, <t>then</t>, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Structure: The sentence describes a sequence of events/processes regarding cancer progression.
    *   Clause 1: "...initiate a cancer..."
    *   Clause 2: "...propel it into a deadly state."
    *   The connector "and, then," links these two actions.
    *   Meaning: First, the genes initiate cancer. *After that*, they propel it into a deadly state. There is a temporal sequence involved in the progression of the disease.
3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `definition="subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)"`. Examples: "then he left", "go left first, then right".
        *   Fit: This sense denotes temporal sequence or consequence in a chain of events. "Initiate... and then... propel". The propelling happens after the initiation. This fits perfectly with "subsequently".
    *   **Sense 2**: `definition="in that case or as a consequence"`. Examples: "if he didn't take it, then who did?", "keep it then if you want to".
        *   Fit: This is a conditional/inferential use (logical consequence). "If X, then Y". The context is not a conditional logic statement; it is a description of a biological process over time.
    *   **Sense 3**: `definition="at that time"`. Examples: "I was young then", "prices were lower back then".
        *   Fit: This refers to a specific point in past or future time relative to the speaker ("back then"). The context here describes a general scientific fact/process, not a specific temporal reference point like "at that time".
4.  **Compare Senses**:
    *   Sense 3 refers to a specific time frame (past/future relative to "now"). The sentence says "Today...", but the "then" is not contrasting "today" with "then". It's describing the *process*.
    *   Sense 1 describes the order of events within that process. Event A happens, *subsequently* Event B happens. This is the standard usage for sequencing steps.
    *   The sentence structure "...initiate a cancer and, then, propel it..." maps directly to the example "go left first, then right" or "then he left" (sequencing).
5.  **Select Best Sense**: Sense 1 is the correct choice for temporal sequencing within a narrative or process description.
6.  **Format Output**: JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propel
Target surface form: propel
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, <t>propel</t> it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propel%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move forward with force | synonyms=impel | examples=Steam propels this ship
2. sense_key=propel%2:36:00:: | definition=give an incentive for action | synonyms=motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite | examples=This moved me to sacrifice my career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "propel" used in the context: "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

Sense 1: cause to move forward with force (synonyms: impel, examples: Steam propels this ship)
Sense 2: give an incentive for action (synonyms: motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite, examples: This moved me to sacrifice my career)

In the context, the altered genes "propel" cancer "into a deadly state". This means the genes cause the cancer to progress or move forward into a deadlier state.
Sense 1 is about causing something to move forward with force. Figuratively, propelling cancer into a deadly state means moving it forward, advancing it.
Sense 2 is about giving an incentive for action (motivating someone). This does not fit "propel cancer into a deadly state" because cancer is not a person being given an incentive.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit, as it refers to driving or moving something forward (in this case, the progression of the disease).

Wait, let's double check. "Propel it into a deadly state" means drive it forward into that state.
Sense 1 index is 1.

Let's review the senses:
1. cause to move forward with force
2. give an incentive for action

"propel it into a deadly state" -> cause it to move forward into a deadly state.
This clearly aligns with sense 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text is about cancer research, specifically genes.
    *   The sentence is: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state."
    *   The word "deadly" modifies "state" (referring to the state of the cancer).
    *   The cancer starts and then becomes "deadly". This implies it becomes capable of causing death or fatal to the patient.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00` | Definition: "causing or capable of causing death" | Synonyms: `deathly, mortal` | Examples: `a fatal accident; a deadly enemy`.
        *   *Fit:* This definition is very general and fits the context well. Cancer that is in a "deadly state" is a state capable of causing death. The example "fatal accident" shows the link to causing death. "Mortal" is a synonym. This seems like a strong candidate for a general description of a fatal condition.

    *   **Sense 2:** `deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00` | Definition: "of an instrument of certain death" | Synonyms: `lethal` | Examples: `deadly poisons; lethal weapon`.
        *   *Fit:* This focuses on *instruments* or specific agents (like poisons or weapons). While cancer can be viewed as an agent, the phrase "deadly state" refers to the *nature* of the condition, not an instrument. This sense is too specific to tools/agents.

    *   **Sense 3:** `deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00` | Definition: "extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom" | Synonyms: `venomous, virulent` | Examples: `venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite`.
        *   *Fit:* This is specific to biological toxicity/venom. Cancer isn't a snake or a bite, and while it is harmful, "venomous" is the wrong semantic field.

    *   **Sense 4:** `deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00` | Definition: "involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death" | Synonyms: `mortal` | Examples: `the seven deadly sins`.
        *   *Fit:* Religious context. Irrelevant here.

    *   **Sense 5:** `deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00` | Definition: "exceedingly harmful" | Synonyms: `baneful, pernicious, pestilent`.
        *   *Fit:* "Exceedingly harmful" fits the idea of a dangerous cancer. However, Sense 1 is more direct about "causing death". "Pernicious" implies subtle, spreading harm, whereas "deadly state" implies the ultimate consequence (death). Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 5. Sense 1 focuses on the result (death). Sense 5 focuses on the quality of harm (baneful/pernicious). In the context of a disease state, "causing or capable of causing death" is the primary meaning.

    *   **Sense 6:** `deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00` | Definition: "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect".
        *   *Fit:* This sense specifically mentions "(of a disease)". The text is talking about cancer (a disease). The context says "propel it into a deadly state". Does this mean a rapid/violent state? Or does it simply mean a state that causes death?
        *   Let's look at the previous clause: "initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state." This implies a progression from non-lethal (or initiation) to lethal.
        *   Sense 1 ("capable of causing death") captures the essence of a "deadly state" perfectly.
        *   Sense 6 ("having a rapid course and violent effect") adds specific medical characteristics (rapid/violent) which aren't explicitly the focus here; the focus is on the *lethality* (the contrast with "initiate" suggests the move towards a fatal outcome).
        *   However, usually, WordNet distinguishes the medical sense (rapid/violent) from the general fatal sense. But Sense 1's definition "causing or capable of causing death" is the most standard definition of "deadly". The text says "propel it into a deadly state" -> a state that causes death. It doesn't necessarily imply speed (rapid course) specifically, though cancer progression is implied. But "deadly" in general parlance means fatal.
        *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy mapping usually found in WSD tasks.
        *   Sense 1 (fatal): causing or capable of causing death.
        *   Sense 6 (virulent): (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect.
        *   If the cancer becomes "deadly", it kills the patient. Sense 1 covers this. Sense 6 implies a specific *type* of disease progression (rapid/violent). While cancer is a disease, "deadly" here is used in the "fatal/lethal" sense. If a cancer is deadly, it kills you. Sense 1 is the core meaning.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 6.
        *   Context: "...propel it into a deadly state."
        *   Sense 1 Synonyms: `deathly, mortal`. Examples: `fatal accident`.
        *   Sense 6 Definition: `(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect`.
        *   Often, WSD systems lean towards the domain-specific sense if available. However, "deadly" is often used generally. If I say "cancer is a deadly disease", I usually mean it causes death (Sense 1), not necessarily that it has a "rapid course" (Sense 6), as some cancers are slow. The context says "initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state". This suggests the cancer transitions from being present (initiated) to being fatal.
        *   "Rapid course" (Sense 6) might not fit "cancer" in general, as cancers are often slow. "Deadly" (Sense 1 - capable of causing death) fits all cancers that kill, regardless of speed.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit conceptually.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 2 is "of an instrument of certain death". "State" is not an instrument. So Sense 2 is out.

    *   Let's check Sense 5 ("exceedingly harmful").
        *   "Deadly" usually means lethal. "Pernicious" (Sense 5) is a synonym for "deadly" in some contexts, but usually implies insidious harm. In the context of cancer "propelling into a deadly state", the implication is that it becomes life-ending. Sense 1 is the direct link to "death".

    *   Conclusion: The word "deadly" describes the state of the cancer as being capable of causing death. This aligns with Sense 1.

    *   Let's double check Sense 6. Is there a nuance of "virulent"?
        *   Virulent usually refers to the severity of the infection/agent. While cancer can be virulent, the phrase "deadly state" is most commonly interpreted as a state that leads to death. The definition of Sense 1 "causing or capable of causing death" is the literal definition required here.

    *   Selection: Sense 1.