[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disco
Target surface form: discos
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their <t>discos</t> and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disco%1:10:00:: | definition=popular dance music (especially in the late 1970s); melodic with a regular bass beat; intended mainly for dancing at discotheques | synonyms=disco music
2. sense_key=disco%1:06:00:: | definition=a public dance hall for dancing to recorded popular music | synonyms=discotheque

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Target lemma: disco
    *   Target surface form: discos
    *   Context: The sentence is "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away."
    *   Speaker: Derek Hammond, a 64-year-old bell ringer.
    *   Subject: The difficulty of keeping young people interested in bell ringing.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "popular dance music..." (Mass noun/abstract concept of the genre).
    *   Sense 2: "a public dance hall for dancing to recorded popular music" (Count noun/physical place/event).

3.  **Analyze the Contextual Clues:**
    *   Phrase: "they have their discos and their dances".
    *   Syntactic structure: "their discos" (possessive pronoun + plural noun).
    *   Semantic parallelism: "discos and their dances". "Dances" refers to events or social gatherings where people dance. The parallelism suggests "discos" refers to similar entities.
    *   Semantic field: Youth culture, social activities, things that compete with bell ringing for the attention of young people.
    *   Interpretation: Young people go to *places* or *events* (discotheques/disco nights). While "disco music" is the genre, saying "they have their popular dance music" doesn't fit the semantic role of an activity/event that competes with the *activity* of bell ringing as well as referring to a physical destination or social event does.
    *   However, let's look closer at the definition of Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1 is music.
        *   Sense 2 is a hall/place (discotheque).
    *   Usage of "discos": "They have their discos". Do they possess the music? Or do they have/attend the events?
    *   In British English (context is East Anglia, Britain), "a disco" often refers to an event (a dance held in a hall) or the place itself. Even if the music is played, the activity the youth is doing is *going to* a disco.
    *   Comparison: "They have their rock and roll" vs "They have their concerts". The context implies activities/events.
    *   "Dances" are events. "Discos" here functions as a synonym or type of dance event.
    *   If Sense 1 were intended, the sentence would likely refer to listening to music. But "they have their discos" implies ownership or participation in the event/location.
    *   WordNet definition for Sense 2: "a public dance hall...". This fits the count noun usage (plural "discos") and the context of a social gathering competing with church bell ringing.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 1 (Music):**
    *   Definition: "popular dance music...".
    *   Fit: "They have their [popular dance music] and their dances." This sounds slightly awkward. One doesn't usually "have" a genre of music in a list of activities alongside "dances" in this specific narrative structure. One attends a disco. One listens to disco music. The parallel with "dances" (events) strongly favors the interpretation of an event/venue.

5.  **Evaluate Sense 2 (Place/Event):**
    *   Definition: "a public dance hall...".
    *   Fit: "They have their [public dance halls/dance events] and their dances." This fits perfectly. Young people have their own social events.

6.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The target word "discos" refers to the events or venues (discotheques) where young people go, which distracts them from bell ringing. This aligns with Sense 2.

7.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: British English.
    *   Usage: "School discos", "youth club discos".
    *   WordNet Sense 2 ("discotheque") covers the venue, which by extension covers the event held there.
    *   Sense 1 is strictly the genre of music.
    *   The parallelism "discos and dances" implies two types of events. Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    *   Sense Index: The instructions ask for the "indexed sense".
    *   Candidate list:
        1. sense_key=disco%1:10:00:: (Music)
        2. sense_key=disco%1:06:00:: (Place)
    *   Selection: 2.

provider: Parasail


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dance
Target surface form: dances
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their <t>dances</t>, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dance%1:10:00:: | definition=an artistic form of nonverbal communication
2. sense_key=dance%1:14:00:: | definition=a party of people assembled for dancing
3. sense_key=dance%1:04:00:: | definition=taking a series of rhythmical steps (and movements) in time to music | synonyms=dancing, terpsichore, saltation
4. sense_key=dance%1:11:00:: | definition=a party for social dancing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `dance`
    *   Target surface form: `dances`
    *   Context snippet: "...they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away."
    *   The context describes young people having other interests (social events) that compete with bell-ringing. They are mentioned alongside "discos".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `dance%1:10:00::` - "an artistic form of nonverbal communication". This refers to the art form itself (like ballet, interpretive dance). "They have their artistic forms of nonverbal communication" doesn't fit the casual social context well.
    *   Sense 2: `dance%1:14:00::` - "a party of people assembled for dancing". This refers to a social gathering or event.
    *   Sense 3: `dance%1:04:00::` - "taking a series of rhythmical steps (and movements) in time to music". This refers to the activity/action of dancing. "They have their activities of taking rhythmical steps" is plausible but usually one says "they go dancing". When plural "dances" is used, it often refers to events.
    *   Sense 4: `dance%1:11:00::` - "a party for social dancing". Similar to sense 2, refers to a social event.

3.  **Disambiguate between Activity (Sense 3) and Event (Senses 2/4):**
    *   The phrase is "their discos and their dances".
    *   "Discos" refers to a type of party or social gathering (or the venue for it).
    *   Parallel structure suggests "dances" refers to a similar kind of entity.
    *   If it meant the activity, the phrasing might be "their dancing".
    *   "Dances" (plural noun) in this context usually refers to social events where dancing occurs (e.g., school dances, formal dances).
    *   Sense 3 (activity) is usually an uncountable noun ("dancing") or refers to specific types of movements ("the dances of the bees"). Here, "they have their dances" implies possession or attendance of events.
    *   Now, distinguishing between Sense 2 ("a party of people assembled for dancing") and Sense 4 ("a party for social dancing"). In WordNet, these are very close. Sense 2 is usually defined as "a party of people assembled for dancing" (hypernym: *party*). Sense 4 is defined as "a party for social dancing" (hypernym: *party*).
    *   Often, WordNet senses can be finely split. Sense 2 (1:14:00) is often used for the general concept of a dance event. Sense 4 (1:11:00) specifically emphasizes "social dancing".
    *   However, looking at standard WordNet 3.0 or 3.1 structures:
        *   Sense 1: art form.
        *   Sense 2: specific steps/movements (e.g. "he did a dance"). Wait, let me check the provided definition text again carefully.
        *   Provided Sense 3 definition: "taking a series of rhythmical steps...". This is the activity (gerund/substantive).
        *   Provided Sense 1 definition: "an artistic form of nonverbal communication".
        *   Provided Sense 2 definition: "a party of people assembled for dancing".
        *   Provided Sense 4 definition: "a party for social dancing".

    *   Let's look at the mapping of indices to definitions provided in the prompt.
        *   Index 1: Art form.
        *   Index 2: Party of people assembled...
        *   Index 3: Activity (taking steps...).
        *   Index 4: Party for social dancing.

    *   The context "discos and their dances" clearly refers to social events. Young people go to discos and they go to dances.
    *   So it's between Sense 2 and Sense 4.
    *   Sense 2: "a party of people assembled for dancing".
    *   Sense 4: "a party for social dancing".
    *   These are extremely similar. Let's check the WordNet sense keys/hierarchy typically associated.
    *   Usually, the "social dance" sense is more specific.
    *   However, WordNet often lists "dance" (noun) senses in this order:
        1.  Art form.
        2.  Activity (moving to music).
        3.  Musical composition.
        4.  Party/Social gathering.
    *   The provided definitions in the prompt seem to be custom-indexed for this specific task or derived from a specific version.
    *   Let's look closely at the provided definitions.
        *   Sense 2: "a party of people assembled for dancing".
        *   Sense 4: "a party for social dancing".
    *   Standard WordNet 3.0 Noun senses for 'dance':
        1.  an artistic form of nonverbal communication... (Matches prompt index 1)
        2.  taking a series of rhythmical steps... (Matches prompt index 3)
        3.  a party of people assembled for dancing... (Matches prompt index 2)
        4.  a party for social dancing (Matches prompt index 4)

    *   Wait, I need to verify the standard WordNet ordering vs the prompt's indices.
    *   Standard WN 3.0:
        *   1: artistic form
        *   2: taking steps (activity) -> Prompt calls this Index 3?
        *   3: party of people -> Prompt calls this Index 2?
        *   4: party for social dancing -> Prompt calls this Index 4?
    *   Let's re-read the prompt's mapping.
        *   Prompt Sense 1: artistic form.
        *   Prompt Sense 2: party of people.
        *   Prompt Sense 3: taking steps.
        *   Prompt Sense 4: party for social dancing.
    *   This order is slightly jumbled compared to standard WN downloads (where activity is usually sense 2). But I must follow the prompt's indices.

    *   Is "dances" here the "party" sense? Yes.
    *   Is it the "art form"? No.
    *   Is it the "activity"? "They have their dances" usually means events, not the action. "They have their dancing" would be the action. "They know their dances" would be the specific moves. "They have their discos and their dances" -> events.

    *   Now, distinguishing Index 2 vs Index 4.
    *   Index 2: "a party of people assembled for dancing".
    *   Index 4: "a party for social dancing".
    *   These are practically synonyms in this context. In WordNet, `dance%1:14:00::` (Sense 2 in prompt) is usually the main sense for the social event. `dance%1:11:00::` (Sense 4 in prompt) is often considered a specific type of social event or synonymous.
    *   Let's check the WordNet sense keys provided.
        *   Sense 2: `dance%1:14:00::`. In WN 3.0, `dance%1:14:00::` corresponds to "a party of people assembled for dancing".
        *   Sense 4: `dance%1:11:00::`. In WN 3.0, `dance%1:11:00::` corresponds to "a party for social dancing".
    *   Which is the better fit?
    *   "Dances" here refers to organized social events for youth (like school dances). This aligns perfectly with the definition "a party of people assembled for dancing".
    *   Is there a nuance? "Social dancing" implies a specific category. But "party of people assembled" is the general definition of a dance event.
    *   Often, Sense 2 (1:14:00) is the primary "social event" sense in WordNet hierarchies.
    *   Sense 4 (1:11:00) seems redundant in the prompt but usually `dance%1:11:00` maps to "a party for social dancing".
    *   Let's look at the synonyms or examples implied.
    *   Usually, the higher frequency sense is preferred.
    *   In standard WordNet distributions:
        *   `dance%1:04:00` (taking steps) is high frequency (prompt calls this 3).
        *   `dance%1:14:00` (party) is high frequency (prompt calls this 2).
        *   `dance%1:10:00` (art form) (prompt calls this 1).
        *   `dance%1:11:00` (social party) (prompt calls this 4).
    *   The sense `dance%1:14:00` (Index 2) is the standard sense for "a social gathering with dancing".
    *   Therefore, Index 2 is the intended answer.

    *   Let's double check if "dances" could mean specific moves (Sense 3).
    *   Context: "they have their discos and their dances".
    *   Discos are venues/events.
    *   Therefore dances are events.
    *   It's not Sense 3.
    *   It's not Sense 1 (Art form).
    *   Choice is between Sense 2 and Sense 4.
    *   Sense 2 (`dance%1:14:00`) definition: "a party of people assembled for dancing".
    *   Sense 4 (`dance%1:11:00`) definition: "a party for social dancing".
    *   These are semantically identical in this context, but `dance%1:14:00` is generally the more generic and common listing for the event sense in WordNet 3.0/3.1. Sense 4 looks like a narrower specific that WordNet sometimes splits out.
    *   However, checking the sense keys:
        *   `dance%1:14:00::` is indeed the "party" sense.
        *   `dance%1:11:00::` is "a party for social dancing".
    *   Let's look at the synset structure.
    *   In some versions, `dance%1:11:00` (noun.act) or `dance%1:14:00` (noun.group)?
    *   Actually, WordNet 3.1:
        *   `dance%1:04:00::` -> noun.act (activity).
        *   `dance%1:10:00::` -> noun.communication (art form).
        *   `dance%1:14:00::` -> noun.group (a party of people...). Wait, `1:14` implies `noun.group`?
        *   `dance%1:11:00::` -> ?
    *   Let's analyze the Sense Keys provided.
        *   `dance%1:14:00::`. `1` = noun. `14` = the specific lexname/file (often `noun.group` or `noun.act`). In WN, `14` corresponds to `noun.group`.
        *   `dance%1:11:00::`. `1` = noun. `11` = specific lexname (often `noun.event` or similar). In WN, `11` corresponds to `noun.event`.
    *   Actually, let's check WordNet lexnames:
        *   09 = noun.communication
        *   04 = noun.act
        *   11 = noun.event
        *   14 = noun.group
        *   19 = noun.artifact
    *   Okay, the indices in the sense key (e.g., `1:14`) often map to the lexname (POS file).
    *   `dance%1:14:00::` -> noun.group ("a party of people..."). This focuses on the *people* assembled.
    *   `dance%1:11:00::` -> noun.event ("a party for social dancing"). This focuses on the *event*.
    *   The text says "they have their discos and their dances".
    *   "Discos" refers to the venue/event.
    *   "Dances" refers to the event.
    *   While a dance consists of people, the parallel with "disco" (an event/venue) and the usage "have... dances" (experience/attend events) leans slightly towards the event classification.
    *   However, Sense 2 ("a party of people assembled for dancing") is the standard WordNet definition for "dance" as a social gathering in the `noun.group` file.
    *   Sense 4 ("a party for social dancing") is in `noun.event`.
    *   Common usage: "We are going to a dance."
    *   Is a dance a group of people or an event? It's both.
    *   In WordNet 3.0/3.1, the definition "a party of people assembled for dancing" is the definition for the synset {dance, dancing} sometimes? No, "dancing" is usually the activity.
    *   Let's look at the frequency and standard WSD practice. The "party" sense is almost always the `noun.group` sense (1:14).
    *   Let's check if `dance%1:11:00` actually exists in standard WN. In standard WN 3.0, the synsets are:
        1.  art form (noun.communication)
        2.  activity (noun.act)
        3.  party (noun.group) -> definition: "a party of people assembled for dancing". This matches the prompt's Sense 2.
        4.  music?
    *   Wait, looking at standard WordNet:
        *   Synset 01731231-n: "a party of people assembled for dancing". Lexname: noun.group.
        *   Is there a synset for "a party for social dancing"?
        *   There is a synset 01008449-n "ball" -> "a large formal gathering for social dancing". Not "dance".
    *   Perhaps Sense 4 in the prompt is the specific "social dance" event synset?
    *   Actually, often the `noun.event` lexname contains synsets like "dance" defined as "a party for social dancing" in extended ontologies or earlier versions, or maybe it's a split sense.
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
    *   Sense 2: "a party of people assembled for dancing".
    *   Sense 4: "a party for social dancing".
    *   In the context of "their discos and their dances", "dances" refers to social gatherings.
    *   Sense 2 is the standard definition of the "dance party" sense.
    *   Sense 4 seems redundant or a specific subtype.
    *   Let's verify the sense_key `dance%1:11:00::`.
    *   If `1:11` maps to `noun.event`.
    *   If `1:14` maps to `noun.group`.
    *   In English, "I'm going to a dance" treats it as an event. "The dance was large" treats it as a group? No.
    *   However, in WordNet, the synset {dance} with the definition "a party of people assembled for dancing" is the primary "social gathering" sense.
    *   The other sense (Sense 4) might be less relevant or a duplicate that shouldn't be chosen over the primary social gathering sense.
    *   Usually, when WordNet lists "a party of people assembled for dancing", it is the intended sense for social dances.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    *   Let's verify Sense 3 just in case.
    *   Sense 3: "taking a series of rhythmical steps...".
    *   Definition text: "taking a series of rhythmical steps (and movements) in time to music". Synonyms: dancing, terpsichore, saltation.
    *   Context: "they have their... dances".
    *   Could it be "they have their [specific moves]"?
    *   "They have their discos and their moves/dancing styles."
    *   "Discos" is an event/venue. "Dances" is paired with it. It creates a list of social outlets.
    *   If it were "they have their dances" alone, it might be ambiguous. But "discos" anchors the interpretation to social events.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 (Activity) is incorrect.

    *   Comparison of Sense 2 and Sense 4 again.
    *   Sense 2 (`noun.group`): "a party of people assembled for dancing".
    *   Sense 4 (`noun.event`): "a party for social dancing".
    *   In almost every WSD dataset (like SemCor), the "party" sense maps to the `noun.group` synset (Sense 2).
    *   Sense 4 is likely a lower frequency or derived sense.
    *   Sense 2 is the standard match for "social dance event".

    *   Final decision: Sense 2.

    *   Wait, let me double check the provided indices vs my internal mapping.
    *   Prompt:
        *   1: art form (1:10)
        *   2: party of people (1:14)
        *   3: steps (1:04)
        *   4: party for social dancing (1:11)
    *   Target: "dances" in "they have their discos and their dances".
    *   Part of speech: Noun (Plural).
    *   Meaning: Social events.
    *   Sense 2 fits.

    *   JSON format required: {"sense_index": 2}.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they <t>just</t> drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about young ringers who "just drift away." The sentence is: "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away."

Let me analyze the meaning of "just" here:

1. "and nothing more" (merely, simply, only, but) - This would mean something like "they merely drift away" or "they only drift away." This could work - it's emphasizing that this is the simple, straightforward thing that happens.

2. "indicating exactness or preciseness" (precisely, exactly) - This doesn't fit. "They precisely drift away" doesn't make sense.

3. "only a moment ago" (just now) - This doesn't fit. It's not about time recency.

4. "absolutely" (simply) - This is similar to sense 1. "I simply can't take it anymore" - this is more about emphasis of degree or intensity. In "they just drift away," there's an element of simply/merely - it's emphasizing that this is what happens, nothing more complicated.

5. "only a very short time before" (barely, hardly) - This doesn't fit. Not about barely doing something.

6. "exactly at this moment" - This doesn't fit either.

Between senses 1 and 4:

Sense 1: "and nothing more" with synonyms "merely, simply, only, but" and examples like "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time"

Sense 4: "absolutely" with synonym "simply" and examples like "I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo"

The phrase "they just drift away" is similar to "it is simply a matter of time" - it's saying this is what happens, nothing more. The drift away is the simple result. It's not about being "absolutely" anything.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Just drift away" here seems to be saying that they simply/merely drift away - it's straightforward, uncomplicated. Like "they just do it" or "they simply drift away." This matches sense 1 better.

Sense 4 is more like "I just love it!" or "he was just grand" - emphasizing the degree/intensity.

In "they just drift away," it's more about "this is what they do, that's all" - which aligns with sense 1's "and nothing more" definition.

So I believe sense 1 is correct.

Let me double-check by looking at the examples:
- "I was merely asking" - simple, nothing more
- "it is simply a matter of time" - straightforward, nothing more complex

"They just drift away" - they simply drift away, that's what happens. This fits sense 1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: drift
Target surface form: drift
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just <t>drift</t> away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drift%2:38:02:: | definition=be in motion due to some air or water current | synonyms=float, be adrift, blow | examples=The leaves were blowing in the wind; the boat drifted on the lake
2. sense_key=drift%2:38:04:: | definition=wander from a direct course or at random | synonyms=stray, err | examples=The child strayed from the path and her parents lost sight of her; don't drift from the set course
3. sense_key=drift%2:38:01:: | definition=move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment | synonyms=roll, wander, swan, stray, tramp, roam | examples=The gypsies roamed the woods; roving vagabonds
4. sense_key=drift%2:42:03:: | definition=vary or move from a fixed point or course | examples=stock prices are drifting higher
5. sense_key=drift%2:42:00:: | definition=live unhurriedly, irresponsibly, or freely | synonyms=freewheel | examples=My son drifted around for years in California before going to law school
6. sense_key=drift%2:38:05:: | definition=move in an unhurried fashion | examples=The unknown young man drifted among the invited guests
7. sense_key=drift%2:38:06:: | definition=cause to be carried by a current | examples=drift the boats downstream
8. sense_key=drift%2:35:03:: | definition=drive slowly and far afield for grazing | examples=drift the cattle herds westwards
9. sense_key=drift%2:30:10:: | definition=be subject to fluctuation | examples=The stock market drifted upward
10. sense_key=drift%2:30:00:: | definition=be piled up in banks or heaps by the force of wind or a current | examples=snow drifting several feet high; sand drifting like snow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Andrift"
    *   Sentence: "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage is about bell ringers at a church. There's a shortage of ringers. They try to train young people, but the young people have other interests (discos, dances) and eventually stop coming/participating. They "drift away" from the activity of bell ringing.
    *   Meaning in context: The young people are gradually losing interest, moving away from the commitment, or leaving the group without a sudden break. They are deviating from the path of being a bell ringer.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (drift%2:38:02::):** "be in motion due to some air or water current" (float, be adrift, blow). *Examples: leaves blowing, boat drifting.*
        *   *Evaluation:* Physical motion. The context is abstract/metaphorical about people leaving a group. Not physical floating.

    *   **Sense 2 (drift%2:38:04::):** "wander from a direct course or at random" (stray, err). *Examples: child strayed from the path; don't drift from the set course.*
        *   *Evaluation:* This fits the metaphorical aspect well. The "set course" was being a bell ringer. They are wandering away from that course. The phrase "drift away" usually:38:01::):** "move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment" (roll, wander, swan, stray, tramp, roam). *Examples: gypsies roamed the woods.*
        *   *Evaluation:* This implies physical wandering or vagrancy. The youngsters aren't becoming homeless or wandering the woods; they are just leaving the bell-ringing group to do other things. Not a good fit.

    *   **Sense 4 (drift%2:42:03::):** "vary or move from a fixed point or course". *Examples: stock prices are drifting higher.*
        *   *Evaluation:* Usually used for values or quantitative changes. Not typically used for people leaving a group, though "drifting away" could metaphorically fit "move from a fixed point." However, Sense 2 is more specific to behavior/actions (wandering from a course).

    *   **Sense 5 (drift%2:42:00::):** "live leaving the specific, though there is overlap. It's less precise than Sense 2 regarding the "course" (bell ringing).

    *   **Sense 6 (drift%2:38:06::):** "move in an unhurried fashion". *Examples: drifted among thecribes manner of movement in a space. They aren't physically walking slowly away; they are metaphorically leaving the activity.

    *   **Sense 7 (drift%2:38:05::):** "cause to be carried by a current".
        *   *Evaluation:* Transitive usage. Context is intransitive.

    *   **Sense 8 (drift%2:35:03::):** "drive slowly and far afield for grazing".
        *   *Evaluation:* Specific to cattle/herding. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 9 (drift%2:30:10::):** "be subject to fluctuation".
        *   *Evaluation:* Financial/abstract fluctuation.

    *   **Sense 10 (drift%2:30:00::):** "be piled up in banks or heaps".
        *   *Evaluation:* Physical accumulation of snow/sand. Incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 4: "don't drift from the set course". This captures the idea of deviating from the expected path (becoming a bell ringer). The young people are deviating from the training.
    *   Sense 4 definition: "vary or move from a fixed point or course". Example: "stock prices". This is more technical/quantitative.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "be in motion due to some air or water current". While metaphorical, usually WordNet WSD looks for the specific verb sense that maps to the metaphorical usage. "Drift away" as a phrasal verb often maps to the idea of straying or wandering from a path (Sense 2) rather than physical floating (Sense 1) when applied to people's commitment. However, checking the nuances:
        *   Sense  This aligns with the idea of going off track.
        *   Sense 1 synonyms: "float", "blow".
    *   Let's look at the semantics of "drift away" in the text. The youngsters have other interests, so they wander away from the bell ringing path. Sense 2 ("wander from a direct course") is the closest semantic match for the metaphorical action of leaving a path of training or commitment. The example "don't drift from the set course" in Sense 2 is very close to the context here (drifting away from the training/course of being a ringer).

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The context describes young people failing to stick to the course of training and leaving the group.
    *   Sense 2 ("wander from a direct course or at random") with examples like "don't drift from the set course" fits the metaphorical action of deviating from similar to Sense 't drift from the set course" is behavioral. Sense 4's example "stock prices are drifting higher" is numerical/value-based. The context is behavioral (people leaving a group). Sense 2 is the behavioral definition.

    Index mapping:
    1 -> drift%2:38:02::
    2 -> drift%2:38:04::
    3 -> drift%2:38:01::
    4 -> drift%2:42:03::
    5 -> drift%2:42:00::
    ...

    The best sense is Sense 2.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: away
Target surface form: away
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift <t>away</t>. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=away%4:02:00:: | definition=from a particular thing or place or position (`forth' is obsolete) | synonyms=off, forth | examples=ran away from the lion; wanted to get away from there
2. sense_key=away%4:02:01:: | definition=from one's possession | synonyms=out | examples=he gave out money to the poor; gave away the tickets
3. sense_key=away%4:02:03:: | definition=out of the way (especially away from one's thoughts) | synonyms=aside | examples=brush the objections aside; pushed all doubts away
4. sense_key=away%4:02:04:: | definition=out of existence; ; - H.E.Scudder | examples=the music faded away; tried to explain away the affair of the letter
5. sense_key=away%4:02:08:: | definition=at a distance in space or time | synonyms=off | examples=the boat was 5 miles off (or away); the party is still 2 weeks off (or away)
6. sense_key=away%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating continuing action; continuously or steadily | examples=he worked away at the project for more than a year; the child kept hammering away as if his life depended on it
7. sense_key=away%4:02:09:: | definition=so as to be removed or gotten rid of | examples=cleared the mess away; the rotted wood had to be cut away
8. sense_key=away%4:02:10:: | definition=freely or at will | examples=fire away!
9. sense_key=away%4:02:07:: | definition=in or into a proper place (especially for storage or safekeeping) | examples=put the toys away; her jewels are locked away in a safe
10. sense_key=away%4:02:06:: | definition=in a different direction | synonyms=aside | examples=turn aside; turn away one's face
11. sense_key=away%4:02:02:: | definition=in reserve; not for immediate use | synonyms=aside, by | examples=started setting aside money to buy a car; put something by for her old age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form:**
    *   Lemma: `away`
    *   Form: `away`
    *   Context: "...but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is discussing young people learning to ring bells.
    *   It says they "have their discos and their dances" (distractions/other interests).
    *   They "just drift away."
    *   The meaning here is that they stop coming, they leave the activity, they move away from the commitment or the physical location of the bell-ringing practice.
    *   The verb "drift" suggests a gradual movement.
    *   "Drift away" is a common phrase meaning to leave gradually, lose interest, or move physically away from a place or group.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: from a particular thing or place or position (`forth' is obsolete)*
        *   Synonyms: off, forth
        *   Examples: ran away from the lion, wanted to get away from there
        *   Analysis: This fits the general notion of leaving a place or position. "Drifting away" means moving from the place (the bell tower) or the activity (ringing). The physical or metaphorical separation is key here.

    *   *Sense 2: from one's possession*
        *   Examples: gave away the tickets
        *   Analysis: Not about possession. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 3: out of the way (especially away from one's thoughts)*
        *   Synonyms: aside
        *   Analysis: Not about thoughts here, but about the people leaving the group. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 4: out of existence*
        *   Examples: the music faded away, explain away
        *   Analysis: This is close. Sometimes "drift away" can mean disappear. However, the context is about the *ranks* of the group diminishing. They are leaving the group, not vanishing into thin air. Sense 1 captures the movement *from* a place/position better than Sense 4 (which implies total disappearance/termination). The text says "flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks". The youth are moving *from* the group.

    *   *Sense 5: at a distance in space or time*
        *   Examples: the boat was 5 miles off
        *   Analysis: This describes a state of being distant, not the motion of leaving. "Drift away" is an action of separation. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 6: indicating continuing action; continuously or steadily*
        *   Examples: worked away at the project
        *   Analysis: Not an aspectual marker here. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 7: so as to be removed or gotten rid of*
        *   Examples: cleared the mess away
        *   Analysis: The youth aren't being "cleared away" like trash. They are moving themselves. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 8: freely or at will*
        *   Examples: fire away!
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 9: in or into a proper place (especially for storage)*
        *   Examples: put the toys away
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 10: in a different direction*
        *   Synonyms: aside
        *   Examples: turn away one's face
        *   Analysis: This implies changing direction, but "drift away" specifically implies separation/leaving. Sense 1 is stronger for "leaving a place/group".

    *   *Sense 11: in reserve; not for immediate use*
        *   Examples: setting aside money
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.

4.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 1: "from a particular thing or place or position". The context involves the ringers leaving the specific location (the church/tower) or their position in the band. The phrase "drift away" describes the motion of separation. The examples for Sense 1 include "ran away from the lion" (fleeing/leaving).
    *   Sense 4: "out of existence". The example "the music faded away" is similar to "drift away". However, the young people aren't ceasing to exist. They are ceasing to *participate*. They are moving away from the activity.
    *   Usually, "drift away" in the context of relationships or group membership is treated as moving *from* the group (Sense 1) or losing interest/connection. Sense 1 covers "from a particular thing or place". The "thing" here is the bell-ringing band/activity.
    *   Let's look at standard WSD mappings or definitions for "drift away". It usually maps to "leave" or "move away". Sense 1 is the core spatial/relational sense of separation.
    *   Is there a sense for "lose interest"? Not explicitly listed, but Sense 1 ("from a particular thing...") encompasses metaphorical separation from an activity.

    Let's re-read Sense 1 carefully: "from a particular thing or place or position".
    The youth are moving *from* the position of being a ringer.
    Sense 4 ("out of existence") is usually for things like sounds fading or problems being explained away. The ringers aren't fading out of existence; they are just leaving the group.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. It captures the movement of separation from the location or activity.

5.  **Final check:**
    Context: "...they just drift away."
    Meaning: They leave, they stop coming.
    Sense 1 definition: "from a particular thing or place or position".
    Matches: Moving from the place (church) or thing (the band).

    Let's double check Sense 4. "The music faded away." The music stops being heard. If the youth "drift away", do they stop being ringers? Yes. Do they stop being present? Yes. But Sense 4 often implies total negation or elimination. "Explain away", "die away". "Drift away" implies a trajectory of leaving. Sense 1 fits the trajectory "from a place". The physical motion (metaphorical in this case) is best described by Sense 1.

    Sense 1 examples: "ran away from the lion", "wanted to get away from there".
    The context: "drift away [from the band/church]".
    This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worry
Target surface form: worries
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond <t>worries</t> that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worry%2:37:00:: | definition=be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy | examples=I worry about my job
2. sense_key=worry%2:37:12:: | definition=be concerned with | synonyms=care | examples=I worry about my grades
3. sense_key=worry%2:37:01:: | definition=disturb the peace of mind of; afflict with mental agitation or distress | synonyms=vex | examples=I cannot sleep--my daughter's health is worrying me
4. sense_key=worry%2:42:00:: | definition=be on the mind of | synonyms=concern, interest, occupy | examples=I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift
5. sense_key=worry%2:35:00:: | definition=lacerate by biting | examples=the dog worried his bone
6. sense_key=worry%2:35:01:: | definition=touch or rub constantly | examples=The old man worried his beads

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: worry
    *   Target surface form: worries
    *   Context sentence: "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."
    *   Subject: Mr. Hammond (a 64-year-old bell ringer).
    *   Object clause: "that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks..."
    *   Semantic prosody: Mr. Hammond is expressing a negative emotion/concern about a potential future outcome regarding the survival of his bell-ringing group. He is anxious or troubled by the possibility.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `worry%2:37:00::` | definition="be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy" | examples="I worry about my job"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense describes a state of being anxious or troubled. The example "I worry about my job" fits the structure "X worries about Y" or "X worries that [clause]". In the text, Mr. Hammond is anxious/troubled about the future of the group. This seems like a strong candidate. It captures the internal state of anxiety about a specific issue.

    *   **Sense 2:** `worry%2:37:12::` | definition="be concerned with" | synonyms="care" | examples="I worry about my grades"
        *   *Analysis:* "Be concerned with" or "care" often implies a more neutral or positive engagement (like taking care of or being interested in), though "concerned" can mean worried. However, the example "I worry about my grades" is very similar to Sense 1. Usually, fine-grained distinctions separate "being anxious" (negative emotion) from "having an interest/concern" (mental focus). In this context, Hammond isn't just "concerned" in the sense of occupying himself with it; he is specifically troubled by the potential negative outcome. Sense 1 is more specific to the anxiety/trouble aspect. Sense 2 often overlaps, but Sense 1's definition explicitly lists "anxious, troubled". Let's compare the two. Sense 1 is the general intransitive sense of feeling worry. Sense 2 seems to lean slightly towards "care" (as the synonym suggests). In this text, Hammond is *anxious*.

    *   **Sense 3:** `worry%2:37:01::` | definition="disturb the peace of mind of; afflict with mental agitation or distress" | synonyms="vex" | examples="I cannot sleep--my daughter's health is worrying me"
        *   *Analysis:* This is the transitive causative sense (Subject causes Object to feel worry). Example: "It worries me." In the text, the structure is "Mr. Hammond worries that...". Mr. Hammond is the experiencer, not the cause. The situation causes the worry, but the sentence structure is intransitive/subject-experiencer. Mr. Hammond is the one doing the worrying, not the one being worried by something else in the syntax (though the situation worries him). Therefore, this sense is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `worry%2:42:00::` | definition="be on the mind of" | synonyms="concern, interest, occupy" | examples="I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense usually implies an intellectual preoccupation or something occupying one's thoughts, often without the strong negative emotional connotation of anxiety/fear. The example "I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift" suggests a scholarly or abstract concern. Mr. Hammond's worry is emotional anxiety about a specific decline, not just a topic occupying his mind.

    *   **Sense 5:** `worry%2:35:00::` | definition="lacerate by biting" | examples="the dog worried his bone"
        *   *Analysis:* Physical action. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 6:** `worry%2:35:01::` | definition="touch or rub constantly" | examples="The old man worried his beads"
        *   *Analysis:* Physical action (fidgeting). Incorrect.

3.  **Differentiating Sense 1 and Sense 2 (the main contenders):**
    *   Sense 1: "be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy". This fits the context of an aging man fearing the loss of a tradition. He is uneasy and troubled.
    *   Sense 2: "be concerned with" / synonym "care". While "concerned" is a synonym for "worry", the definition "be concerned with" often leans towards "deal with" or "be about" (like "the book concerns itself with..."). However, the example "I worry about my grades" suggests it is used similarly to Sense 1.
    *   Let's look at the nuance. In standard WordNet (from which these are derived), `worry%2:37:00` is the general intransitive verb for feeling anxiety. `worry%2:37:12` (often mapped to similar definitions) often implies a slightly lighter touch or "caring about". However, most standard WordNet hierarchies treat the intransitive "feel anxiety" as the primary sense.
    *   Context clues: "Mr. Hammond worries that...". He is projecting a negative outcome. This is classic anxiety/fear/trepidation.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "anxious, troubled, or uneasy". This matches perfectly. He is troubled about the ranks diminishing.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "be concerned with". Usually, if someone says "I worry about my grades," they are anxious, but sometimes it just means they care. However, Sense 1's explicit mention of "anxious, troubled" makes it the better fit for a context involving "old age" and "diminishing ranks" which are negative stressors.

    *   Let's check the syntax.
        *   "Mr. Hammond worries that..." (Complement clause).
        *   Sense 1 allows this.
        *   Sense 4 ("be on the mind of") allows this but implies "preoccupy". Example "I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift" -> this is an intellectual interest. Hammond's worry is emotional.
        *   Sense 3 is transitive (The situation worries him). The text says *he* worries. So Sense 3 is out.

    *   Comparison of Sense 1 and 2 again.
        *   Sense 1 seems to be the core emotional state.
        *   Sense 2 is often defined as "be concerned with" which can be interpreted as "have an interest in" (synonym "care").
        *   Hammond is not just "having an interest in" the situation; he is negatively affected by the prospect.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   The target describes an internal state of anxiety regarding a future event.
    *   Sense 1: "be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy".
    *   This aligns with "Mr. Hammond worries that...".

    Let's double check Sense 3 just in case. "disturb the peace of mind of". If the sentence was "The flightiness of youth worries Mr. Hammond," that would be Sense 3. But it is "Mr. Hammond worries". So it is Sense 1.

    Let's double check Sense 4 just in case. "be on the mind of". This is usually used when the subject is the *topic* that worries the object, OR the subject is the person thinking. Actually, `worry%2:42:00` in WordNet (often mapped to "concern, interest, occupy") usually has the structure "It worries me" or "I worry about X" in the sense of "X occupies my mind". But the example "I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift" suggests an academic interest. Hammond's worry is existential anxiety about a tradition dying out. "Anxious, troubled" (Sense 1) captures this better than "be on the mind of" or "be concerned with" (Sense 2/4).

    Between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
    Sense 1 emphasizes the negative emotion (anxious, troubled, uneasy).
    Sense 2 emphasizes the engagement (concerned with, care).
    Context: "worries that... old age... will diminish the ranks". This is a negative emotional burden. He is troubled. Thus, Sense 1.

    Wait, let's re-read the definitions provided in the prompt carefully.
    Sense 1: definition=be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy
    Sense 2: definition=be concerned with | synonyms=care

    The definition of Sense 1 includes the word "concerned" but lists it alongside anxious/troubled. Sense 2 defines it as "be concerned with" and lists "care" as a synonym. "Care" implies a responsibility or interest. Hammond is definitely worried/anxious. Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Index 1 corresponds to the first sense listed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: youth
Target surface form: youth
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of <t>youth</t> will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=youth%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person (especially a young man or boy) | synonyms=young person, younker, spring chicken
2. sense_key=youth%1:14:00:: | definition=young people collectively | synonyms=young | examples=rock music appeals to the young; youth everywhere rises in revolt
3. sense_key=youth%1:28:00:: | definition=the time of life between childhood and maturity
4. sense_key=youth%1:26:00:: | definition=early maturity; the state of being young or immature or inexperienced
5. sense_key=youth%1:28:01:: | definition=an early period of development | synonyms=early days | examples=during the youth of the project
6. sense_key=youth%1:07:00:: | definition=the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person | synonyms=youthfulness, juvenility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine the correct sense of "youth" in this passage.

The context is about church bell ringers in East Anglia, and specifically about the challenge of recruiting and retaining young people to continue this tradition. The target sentence is:

"Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of <t>youth</t> will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=youth%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person (especially a young man or boy)
This sense refers to an individual young person. The context is talking about "youth" in a more general sense, not referring to a specific person.

2. sense_key=youth%1:14:00:: | definition=young people collectively
This sense refers to young people as a collective group. In the context, "the flightiness of youth" refers to a characteristic of young people as a group - their tendency to be flighty or fickle, which causes them to "drift away" from the church bell ringing tradition.

3. sense_key=youth%1:28:00:: | definition=the time of life between childhood and maturity
This sense refers to the period of life. While "youth" could refer to this period, the context is specifically about the characteristic behavior of young people (flightiness), not the time period itself.

4. sense_key=youth%1:26:00:: | definition=early maturity; the state of being young or immature or inexperienced
This sense focuses on the state or condition of being young/inexperienced. While related, the context seems more focused on young people as a demographic group and their behaviors.

5. sense_key=youth%1:28:01:: | definition=an early period of development
This sense refers to an early developmental period, typically used for projects or abstract concepts, not people.

6. sense_key=youth%1:07:00:: | definition=the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person
This sense refers to a quality (freshness/vitality), not to young people themselves.

In this context, "the flightiness of youth" is referring to a characteristic (flightiness) that is attributed to young people as a collective group. The sentence is saying that young people, as a group, tend to be flighty or fickle, which is why they "drift away" from the bell-ringing tradition. This most closely aligns with sense 2, which defines youth as "young people collectively."

The passage also mentions "youngsters" earlier, which reinforces that the reference is to young people as a group, not an individual or a time period.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is sense_index:2.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rank
Target surface form: ranks
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the <t>ranks</t> of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rank%1:14:00:: | definition=a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another | examples=the entrance was guarded by ranks of policemen
2. sense_key=rank%1:26:00:: | definition=relative status | examples=his salary was determined by his rank and seniority
3. sense_key=rank%1:14:01:: | definition=the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army) | synonyms=rank and file | examples=the strike was supported by the union rank and file; he rose from the ranks to become a colonel
4. sense_key=rank%1:26:01:: | definition=position in a social hierarchy | synonyms=social station, social status, social rank | examples=the British are more aware of social status than Americans are
5. sense_key=rank%1:14:02:: | definition=the body of members of an organization or group | synonyms=membership | examples=they polled their membership; they found dissension in their own ranks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `rank` (noun).
    *   Target surface form: `ranks`.
    *   Context: The text discusses a group of bell ringers in East Anglia. Derek Hammond is worried that "old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the **ranks** of the East Anglian group..."
    *   Key phrases: "diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group", "group of 15 ringers", "train the youngsters", "drift away".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (rank%1:14:00::):** Definition: "a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another".
        *   Context match? No. The text talks about the number of people in a group decreasing, not a physical line of people standing side-by-side (like a phalanx of policemen).

    *   **Sense 2 (rank%1:26:00::):** Definition: "relative status".
        *   Context match? No. "Diminish the relative status" doesn't make sense in this context. The context is about people leaving the group, reducing the number of members.

    *   **Sense 3 (rank%1:14:01::):** Definition: "the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army)".
        *   Synonyms: "rank and file".
        *   Context match? While often used for unions or armies, "ranks" here refers to the collection of members. However, is it specifically the "ordinary members" distinct from leaders? The text mentions Derek Hammond and "the others", suggesting the whole group. But "ranks" is often used metaphorically to mean the body of members. Let's look at Sense 5.

    *   **Sense 4 (rank%1:26:01::):** Definition: "position in a social hierarchy".
        *   Synonyms: "social station", "social status".
        *   Context match? No. Again, this is about status, not the collective body of people.

    *   **Sense 5 (rank%1:14:02::):** Definition: "the body of members of an organization or group".
        *   Synonyms: "membership".
        *   Examples: "they polled their membership"; "they found dissension in their own ranks".
        *   Context match? Yes. The text says "diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group". This equates to reducing the membership/body of members. The members are "drifting away", causing the group to shrink. This fits perfectly with "the body of members of an organization or group".

3.  **Compare Sense 3 and Sense 5:**
    *   Sense 3 emphasizes "ordinary members" vs. "leaders/officers" (the rank and file concept).
    *   Sense 5 emphasizes "the body of members" generally (synonym: membership).
    *   In the context of the bell ringers, there isn't a strong distinction made between officers and enlisted men (Sense 3). It refers to the group as a whole shrinking. "Diminish the ranks" is a standard idiom meaning to reduce the number of people in a group. Sense 5 captures the "membership" aspect more accurately than Sense 3, which carries military/union connotations of hierarchy (officers vs. rank-and-file). Although Sense 3 allows "he rose from the ranks", Sense 5 explicitly defines it as "the body of members".
    *   Let's check WordNet 3.1/3.0 hierarchy.
        *   WN 3.0:
            *   rank n 1: a row or line...
            *   rank n 2: relative status...
            *   rank n 3: the ordinary members of an organization... (rank and file)
            *   rank n 4: position in a social hierarchy...
            *   rank n 5: the body of members of an organization or group... (membership)
    *   Context: "diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group".
    *   Substitution: "diminish the **membership** of the East Anglian group". This works.
    *   Substitution: "diminish the **ordinary members** of the East Anglian group". This is okay, but the text doesn't distinguish them from leaders, it just talks about the group shrinking.
    *   Sense 5 is the intended sense here. It refers to the collection of individuals constituting the group.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 5.

5.  **Format Output:** JSON object {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian <t>group</t> that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 1}

content: sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
1. :**
    *   **Task:** Fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   **Target Lemma:** `group`.
    *   **Target Surface Form:** `group`.
    *   **Context:** A passage about church bell ringers in East Anglia. Specifically, "the East Anglian <t>group</t> that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."
    *   **Candidate Senses:**
        *   Sense 1: `any number of entities (members) considered as a unit` (General.
        *   Do not hedge.
        *   Do not return a WordNet.
        *   Return *only* a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian <t>group</t> that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."
    *   Preceding context mentions: "They belong to a group of 15 ringers...".
    *   The referent is a collection of people (ringers) organized around a common activity (bell ringing).
    *   This is a social group or a collection of individuals viewed as a unit.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses against Context:**
    *   *Sense 1 (General grouping):* Definition: "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit". Synonyms: "grouping".
        *   Fit: Perfect. The ringers are people (entities) considered as a unit (the team of ringers).
    *   *Sense 2 (Chemistry):* Definition: "two or more atoms bound together...".
        *   Fit: Incorrect. This refers to people, not atoms or molecules.
    *   *Sense 3 (Mathematics):* Definition: "a set that is closed, associative...".
        *   Fit: Incorrect. This is not an abstract algebraic structure; it's a social organization.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice. It matches the general usage of "group" to refer to a collection of people.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user requested *only* a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian <t>group</t> that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target lemma is "group", and the surface form is "group". The context describes a collection of people (bell ringers) who work together.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text mentions "They belong to a group of 15 ringers". This refers to a collection of individuals (people) forming a unit to perform a task (ringing bells).
    *   Later, the text mentions "diminish the ranks of the East Anglian <t>group</t>". Here, "group" refers to the organization or collection of people (the ringers of East Anglia).
    *   The key semantic features are: a plurality of entities (people), treated as a unit, organized for a purpose.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1:* `group%1:03:00::` | definition="any number of entities (members) considered as a unit". Synonyms: "grouping".
        *   *Match:* This definition fits perfectly. The entities are the ringers. They are considered a unit (the East Anglian group). This is the general definition for a group of people or things.
    *   *Sense 2:* `group%1:27:00::` | definition="(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule". Synonyms: "radical, chemical group".
        *   *Match:* No. The context is about people (ringers), not chemistry or atoms.
    *   *Sense 3:* `group%1:09:00::` | definition="a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse". Synonyms: "mathematical group".
        *   *Match:* No. The context is not mathematical.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:** Sense 1 is the correct definition for a collection of people.

5.  **Format the Output:** The user requested a specific JSON format `{"sense_index": 1}`. My previous response had malformed JSON (`sense_index": 1}`). I need to ensure valid JSON.

    *   Correct choice: Index 1.

    *   JSON construction: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: keep
Target surface form: keeps
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that <t>keeps</t> the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night
3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married
4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep
5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises
6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone
8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record
9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders
10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer
11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause
12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time
13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper
15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you
16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees
17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | synonyms=keep open, hold open, save | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please
18. sense_key=keep%2:40:13:: | definition=store or keep customarily | examples=Where do you keep your gardening tools?
19. sense_key=keep%2:40:12:: | definition=have as a supply | examples=I always keep batteries in the freezer; keep food for a week in the pantry
20. sense_key=keep%2:40:10:: | definition=maintain for use and service | synonyms=maintain | examples=I keep a car in the countryside; She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips
21. sense_key=keep%2:35:10:: | definition=hold and prevent from leaving | examples=The student was kept after school
22. sense_key=keep%2:30:10:: | definition=prevent (food) from rotting | synonyms=preserve | examples=preserved meats; keep potatoes fresh

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context, I need to identify the sense of "keeps" in "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."

The sentence describes how the group maintains the activity of bell-ringing - they cause the bells to continue pealing. The construction "keeps [object] [present participle]" indicates they are maintaining the bells in an active state of pealing.

Let me analyze the key candidates:

- Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - This fits the pattern of causing the bells to remain in a continuous activity state. The example "keep clean" shows maintaining a state, and this definition explicitly mentions "activity."

- Sense 2: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" - This is more about continuing one's own actions ("Keep on working!"), not about maintaining an object in a particular state.

- Sense 4: "stop (someone or something) from doing something" - Not applicable; they're enabling the activity, not preventing it.

The phrase "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" clearly indicates maintaining the bells in an active state of pealing (ringing). This matches sense 1's definition of keeping something in a certain state or activity.

{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "keep" is being used.

Context:
"Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side."

The target is "keeps" in the phrase "the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."

In this context, "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" means that the group maintains the activity of bell-ringing or causes the bells to continue pealing. The group is responsible for the bells continuing to ring/peal.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. keep%2:42:00:: | keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., keep clean; hold in place
   - This could work. The group is keeping the bells in a state of pealing.

2. keep%2:42:07:: | continue a certain state, condition, or activity
   - This is also relevant. The group continues the activity of bell-ringing.

3. keep%2:40:00:: | retain possession of
   - Not applicable here; they don't own the bells.

4. keep%2:41:01:: | stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state
   - Not applicable; they're not stopping the bells.

5. keep%2:41:03:: | conform one's action or practice to
   - Not applicable.

6. keep%2:31:00:: | stick to correctly or closely
   - Not applicable.

7. keep%2:40:01:: | look after; be the keeper of; have charge of
   - Could be somewhat relevant if the group is responsible for the bells, but that's not the main focus here.

8. keep%2:32:00:: | maintain by writing regular records
   - Not applicable.

9. keep%2:42:01:: | supply with room and board
   - Not applicable.

10. keep%2:41:02:: | allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature
    - Somewhat relevant but not the best fit.

11. keep%2:34:00:: | supply with necessities and support
    - Not applicable.

12. keep%2:42:03:: | fail to spoil or rot
    - Not applicable.

13. keep%2:41:05:: | behave as expected during of holidays or rites
    - Not applicable.

14. keep%2:41:00:: | keep under control; keep in check
    - Not applicable.

15. keep%2:42:02:: | maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger
    - Not applicable.

16. keep%2:42:12:: | raise
    - Not applicable.

17. keep%2:40:09:: | retain rights to
    - Not applicable.

18. keep%2:40:13:: | store or keep customarily
    - Not applicable.

19. keep%2:40:12:: | have as a supply
    - Not applicable.

20. keep%2:40:10:: | maintain for use and service
    - Could be somewhat relevant if the bells are being maintained for use, but the focus is on the activity of ringing.

21. keep%2:35:10:: | hold and prevent from leaving
    - Not applicable.

22. keep%2:30:10:: | prevent (food) from rotting
    - Not applicable.

Now let me reconsider the top candidates:

1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., keep clean; hold in place
   - "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" - The group maintains the bells in the state/position/activity of pealing. This makes sense.

2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | continue a certain state, condition, or activity
   - "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" - The group continues the activity of making the bells peal. This also makes sense.

Comparing these two, I think sense 1 fits better. In sense 1, the focus is on keeping something in a certain state, position, or activity. Here, the group is keeping the bells in a state of pealing (maintaining the ringing activity). The construction "keep [object] [present participle]" aligns with this sense.

Sense 2 is more about continuing a state or activity in general, like "Keep on working!" It doesn't involve maintaining an object in a particular state.

So, I believe sense 1 is the best match: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity."

Actually, let me reconsider. The sense 1 examples are "keep clean; hold in place" which are about keeping something in a certain state, but not necessarily maintaining an activity.

The construction "keep [object] [present participle]" seems to mean "cause to continue doing something" or "cause to remain in a state of doing something". Looking at the definitions again:

Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., keep clean; hold in place"
Sense 2: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity"

The phrase "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" means that the group causes the bells to continue pealing (or maintains the pealing of the bells). The bells are in an active state of pealing, and the group keeps them that way.

Sense 1 seems closest to this meaning. It mentions keeping something in a certain activity, which aligns with keeping the bells pealing (an activity). The examples given are about keeping in a state ("keep clean") or position ("hold in place"), but the definition itself mentions "activity" as well.

Actually, let me look more closely at sense 1 vs sense 2:

Sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - This seems to be about causing an object to remain in a certain state or position, or to continue an activity.
Sense 2: "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" - This seems to be about continuation in general, without an object.

In "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing", there's an object (the bells) that is being kept in a state/activity (pealing). This structure fits better with sense 1, which has an object.

Also, the synonym "maintain" for sense 1 aligns well with the idea of maintaining the bells' pealing.

So I think sense 1 is the best match: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity."

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton <t>bells</t> pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."
    *   Key phrases: "local ringer", "ring for even one service", "belfries", "church to church", "keeps the ... bells pealing", "Aslacton bells".
    *   The context describes change ringing (campanology) in church towers.
    *   The word "bells" refers to physical objects hanging in a belfry that are struck or swung to make sound.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (`bell%1:06:00::`):** "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".
        *   This is the generic, primary physical definition of a bell.
        *   It fits perfectly. Church bells are hollow metal devices that make ringing sounds. The context mentions "belfries" and "pealing".

    *   **Sense 2 (`bell%1:06:02::`):** "a push button at an outer door..." (doorbell).
        *   Incorrect. This is about church bells in a tower, not a doorbell.

    *   **Sense 3 (`bell%1:11:00::`):** "the sound of a bell being struck".
        *   Incorrect. While the sentence mentions "sounding" and "pealing", the referent "Aslacton bells" refers to the physical instruments being rung by the ringers, not the abstract sound itself. One "keeps a device pealing" (active operation of the object). Also, the sentence structure "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" treats 'bells' as the physical object undergoing the action of pealing.

    *   **Sense 4 (`bell%1:28:00::`):** Nautical time unit.
        *   Incorrect. No nautical context.

    *   **Sense 5 (`bell%1:25:00::`):** The shape of a bell.
        *   Incorrect. It refers to the actual objects in the tower, not their geometric shape abstractly (though they have that shape, the sense is specific to the shape itself, not the instrument).

    *   **Sense 6, 7, 8:** Proper nouns (people).
        *   Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 9 (`bell%1:06:04::`):** Orchestral instrument (chime/gong).
        *   Incorrect. These are church bells, not orchestral chimes.

    *   **Sense 10 (`bell%1:06:03::`):** Flared opening of a tubular device.
        *   Incorrect.

3.  **Select the best match:** Sense 1 is the standard definition for church bells. The gloss "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" accurately describes the physical church bells located in the belfries of East Anglia that the ringers are operating.

4.  **Formulate the output:** The user wants a JSON object with the sense index.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: history
Target surface form: History
Context:
The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. <t>History</t>, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=history%1:28:00:: | definition=the aggregate of past events | examples=a critical time in the school's history
2. sense_key=history%1:10:00:: | definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=account, chronicle, story | examples=a history of France; he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president
3. sense_key=history%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings | examples=he teaches Medieval history; history takes the long view
4. sense_key=history%1:28:02:: | definition=the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future | examples=all of human history
5. sense_key=history%1:09:01:: | definition=all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge | examples=the dawn of recorded history; from the beginning of history

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine the best sense for "History" in this passage.

The context is about church bell ringers in East Anglia, and an older man (Mr. Hammond) who is worried about the declining number of bell ringers. The key sentence is:

"History, after all, is not on his side."

This is followed by statistics about how many church bells are no longer rung due to lack of ringers.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "the aggregate of past events" - This refers to all past events as a whole. This could potentially fit, as history shows a trend of declining bell ringers.

2. "a record or narrative description of past events" - This is more about written or told history. The phrase "history is not on his side" doesn't seem to be referring to a record or narrative.

3. "the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings" - This refers to history as an academic discipline. The phrase doesn't seem to be referring to the study of history.

4. "the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future" - This sense emphasizes the flow of events through time, showing a direction or trend. The phrase "history is not on his side" suggests that the historical trend is against Mr. Hammond's hopes - the trend of fewer bell ringers is likely to continue.

5. "all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge" - This refers to recorded knowledge of the past. The phrase doesn't seem to be referring to written records.

The phrase "History is not on his side" is suggesting that the historical trend or progression of events is working against Mr. Hammond's desire to maintain the tradition of church bell ringing. This most closely aligns with sense 4, which emphasizes the continuum of events and the progression from past to future.

The fact that the passage goes on to cite statistics about declining bell ringers supports this interpretation - it's showing the historical trend that is "not on his side."

Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit.