[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constitute
Target surface form: constitute
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably <t>constitute</t> a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: *constitute*
    *   Target surface form: *constitute*
    *   Context sentence: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
    *   Broader context: Researchers are looking for a specific piece of DNA on chromosome 17. They believe this piece *is* or *makes up* the gene they are looking for. The relationship is one of identity or composition. A specific piece of DNA *is* the gene (or forms the gene).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: form or compose
        *   Synonyms: represent, make up, comprise, be
        *   Examples: "This money is my only income"; "The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance"
        *   Analysis: This sense deals with the concept of X makes up Y or X is Y. The examples show equating a part with a whole or an object with a role. "This money is my only income" -> Money = Income. "Stone wall = backdrop". In the context, "piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene" -> Piece of DNA = Gene (or makes up the gene). This seems very relevant. The synonym "comprise" or "make up" fits the relationship between a DNA sequence and a gene.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: create and charge with a task or function
        *   Synonyms: appoint, name, nominate
        *   Examples: "nominate a committee"
        *   Analysis: This is an administrative/legal sense (constituting a board, a committee). The context is biological/scientific. This does not fit.

    *   **Sense 3:**
        *   Definition: to compose or represent
        *   Synonyms: form, make
        *   Examples: "This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"
        *   Analysis: This is very similar to Sense 1. Let's look closely at the distinction. Sense 1 often implies "comprise" or "be". Sense 3 implies "form" or "make". The examples for Sense 1 emphasize identity/equivalence (Money *is* Income). The examples for Sense 3 emphasize composition or arrangement (Wall forms background, branches make a roof).
        *   Let's look at the context again: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
        *   Does the DNA piece *form* the gene (construct it)? Or does the DNA piece *make up* (be) the gene?
        *   In biology, a gene *is* a sequence of DNA. The piece of DNA *constitutes* the gene in the sense that it *is* the gene or makes it up.
        *   Let's look at WordNet (or similar dictionaries) structure for these senses.
        *   Sense 1 (`constitute%2:42:00::`): Synonyms: represent, make up, comprise, be. Examples emphasize identity ("This money is my only income").
        *   Sense 3 (`constitute%2:42:03::`): Synonyms: form, make. Examples emphasize forming a whole from parts or functioning as ("This wall forms the background").
        *   The distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 3 is subtle. Sense 1 often leans towards "comprise" or "be". Sense 3 leans towards "form".
        *   Context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
        *   The DNA piece *is* the gene. It makes up the gene.
        *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3 examples:
            *   Sense 1: "This money is my only income." (A = B)
            *   Sense 3: "The branches made a roof." (Parts A combine to form B).
            *   In the target sentence, is a "piece of DNA" a part that makes a gene, or is the "piece of DNA" the gene itself?
            *   A gene is defined as a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome. So a "piece of DNA" *is* the gene.
            *   "This piece of DNA is the gene." This aligns with Sense 1's "This money is my only income."
            *   Sense 3 examples ("branches made a roof") suggest taking components and making a structure. A "piece of DNA" is usually a singular entity (a sequence) that *is* the gene, rather than pieces coming together to *form* a gene in the way branches make a roof (though genes are made of nucleotides, the sentence says "A piece of DNA constitutes a gene"). The "piece of DNA" is the collective unit.
            *   Therefore, the meaning "make up" or "be" (Sense 1) fits slightly better than "form" (Sense 3) if we view the DNA piece as the entity itself.
            *   Let's check the synonym "comprise". A gene comprises a sequence of DNA? No, a piece of DNA constitutes a gene. The piece *makes up* the gene.
            *   Let's check the synonym "be". "Such a piece of DNA would probably *be* a gene." This is the most natural substitution.
            *   Sense 1 includes "be". Sense 3 does not include "be" (it has "form, make").
            *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit because it encompasses the "be" relation (Identity/Composition).

    *   **Sense 4:**
        *   Definition: set up or lay the groundwork for
        *   Synonyms: establish, found, plant, institute
        *   Examples: "establish a new department"
        *   Analysis: This is about founding an institution or organization. Not applicable to DNA.

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   WordNet 3.1 or similar versions often distinguish these.
    *   Sense 1: `constitute%2:42:00::` "form or compose". Synonyms: `represent, make_up, comprise, be`. Example: "This money is my only income".
    *   Sense 3: `constitute%2:42:03::` "to compose or represent". Synonyms: `form, make`. Example: "This wall forms the background...".
    *   There is a high degree of overlap. However, the inclusion of "be" in the synonym list for Sense 1 is the deciding factor.
    *   Target: "Such a piece of DNA would probably [be] a gene."
    *   "The stone wall was the backdrop" (Sense 1 example) vs "This wall forms the background" (Sense 3 example).
    *   Sense 1 implies the subject *is* the object (or makes up the entirety of the object). The piece of DNA *is* the gene.
    *   Sense 3 implies the subject acts to *form* the object. "Branches made a roof".
    *   While DNA forms a gene in a process sense, the sentence structure "A piece of DNA constitutes a gene" is a statement of definition/identity/composition.
    *   Sense 1 is the standard "make up" or "comprise" sense used for classification.
    *   Checking other sources/usage: In "X constitutes Y", if X is the material/content and Y is the functional unit, Sense 1 is usually preferred (e.g., "Women constitute 50% of the population"). Here, "A piece of DNA constitutes a gene" functions similarly to "This money constitutes my income".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final Check:**
    *   Sense 1: "form or compose". Matches "Such a piece of DNA would probably [make up] a gene." or "would probably [be] a gene."
    *   Sense 2: Administrative. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: "form/make". Close, but Sense 1 is more inclusive of "be/comprise" which fits the scientific definition statement better than the constructive action of Sense 3 examples.
    *   Sense 4: Founding. Incorrect.

    Result: Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 4}

finish_reason: stop

content: sense_index": 4}

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

Let me analyze the context:
- Researchers were searching for a gene on chromosome 17
- They were "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material"
- They were actively searching for something specific (a gene)
- When they "found it" - this refers to successfully locating/discovering what they were searching for

Let me look at the senses:

1. "come upon, as if by accident" - This doesn't fit because they were actively searching, not finding by accident.

2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This could work - they discovered the gene's existence/presence.

3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - This involves searching and finding something lost. The gene wasn't "lost" in the traditional sense - it was unknown/unidentified.

4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This fits well. They did extensive investigation ("For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17"). The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is very similar to this context - scientists finding something through investigation.

5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion" - No, this is about beliefs/opinions.

6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - No, doesn't fit.

7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - No.

8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This could work. Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - similar to scientists finding a gene.

9. "make a discovery" - Similar to 8, but examples are different: "She found that he had lied to her" - more about discovering facts/information.

Let me compare senses 4 and 8 more carefully:

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain
- Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: discover
- Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

Both examples are very similar! Both involve scientific discovery.

The key difference seems to be:
- Sense 4 emphasizes establishing/determining through investigation
- Sense 8 emphasizes making a new scientific discovery

In this context, the researchers were searching for a specific gene location. They "found" it through investigation (experimentally crawling down chromosome 17). This is more about establishing/determining the location through study, which aligns with sense 4.

However, sense 8 also fits well since they made a scientific discovery (found a gene).

Looking at the definitions more carefully:
- Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - The context mentions "experimentally crawled down" and "For months" - this was a systematic investigation/experiment.
- Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This is about discovering something new.

The example in sense 4 ("The physicist who found the elusive particle") is nearly identical to the context - scientists finding something specific they were searching for through investigation.

I think sense 4 is the best fit because:
1. The context explicitly mentions experimental/investigative process
2. The example in sense 4 closely parallels the scientific discovery context
3. The researchers were trying to "establish" the location/identity of the gene

Let me reconsider sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost"
- Examples: "Did you find your glasses?" - about recovering lost personal items
- This doesn't fit because the gene wasn't "lost" - it was unidentified/unknown

So I'll go with sense 4.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Amazon Bedrock

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 4}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 16. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "found" in the provided context.
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context: A paragraph describing scientific research into cancer genes. Specifically, researchers were searching for a specific gene on chromosome 17. The sentence is: "When they <t>found</t> it last winter..."

Candidate senses:
1. come upon, as if by accident (happen, chance)
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe)
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something missed or lost (regain)
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain)
5. come to believe on the basis of emotion...
6. perceive or be contemporaneous with...
7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose...
8. make a discovery, make a new finding (discover) - "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
9. make a discovery (discover) - "She found that he had lied..."
10. obtain through effort or management...
11. decide on and make a declaration about...
12. receive a specified treatment...
13. perceive oneself to be in a certain condition...
14. get or find back; recover...
15. succeed in reaching...
16. accept and make use of one's personality...

Analysis of the context:
- The researchers were *looking* for a gene ("looking for the smallest common bit...").
- They were using scientific methods ("gene probes", "experimentally crawled").
- They located/identified the gene after a period of searching ("For months... When they found it...").
- The discovery was the result of an investigation/experiment.

Evaluating the candidates:
- Sense 1: "Accident" doesn't fit; they were actively searching.
- Sense 2: "Discover or determine the existence..." (detect, observe). This fits well. They detected the gene. Example: "We found traces of lead..."
- Sense 3: "Something that was missed or lost". The gene wasn't "lost" in the sense of misplaced keys. It was an unknown entity they were trying to locate. However, the gloss "find the location of something" is relevant.
- Sense 4: "Establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". This is very strong because the context explicitly mentions experiments and a research study. "The physicist who found the elusive particle" is a very similar example to finding an elusive gene.
- Sense 8: "Make a discovery, make a new finding". This is also very relevant. "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". Finding a new gene is a discovery.

Distinguishing between Sense 2, 4, and 8:
- Sense 2 focuses on determining existence/presence/fact (detect).
- Sense 4 focuses on establishing a result after a process (investigation, experiment).
- Sense 8 focuses on the act of discovery itself (make a new finding).

The context emphasizes the *process* of the investigation ("For months... experimentally crawled... looking for..."). The result ("found it") is the culmination of that experimental study.
Sense 4's definition "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" aligns perfectly with the scientific context. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is semantically very close to researchers finding a gene.
Sense 8 ("make a discovery") is also strong, but Sense 4 seems to capture the investigative aspect better given the "establish after... experiment" phrasing.
However, let's look at Sense 2 again. "discover or determine the existence...". Examples: "She detected high levels of lead".
Let's look at Sense 3. "find the location of something". They were looking for the "location" on chromosome 17. But "lost" is the key constraint in the gloss which doesn't fit well (the gene wasn't "lost", it was unknown).

Comparison of Sense 4 and Sense 8:
Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment..."
Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"

The text says: "When they found it last winter...". This implies they located the specific genetic material they were looking for.
Is it a "new finding" (Sense 8)? Yes, it's a gene involved in cancer.
Is it "establish after... experiment" (Sense 4)? Yes.

Let's check the examples for Sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle...".
This is practically identical to the context scenario (researchers finding a specific scientific entity).
Let's check Sense 8 examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays". This is usually about the *discovery* event itself often associated with the noun "discovery". The sentence "When they found it..." refers to the successful conclusion of the search.

Actually, looking closely at Sense 4 vs Sense 2:
Sense 2 is often used for "finding" facts or substances (traces of lead).
Sense 4 is used for scientific determination.
Sense 8 is used for scientific discoveries (new findings).

The specific sentence: "When they found it last winter..."
"It" refers to "the smallest common bit of genetic material".
This feels most like Sense 4 or Sense 8.
Sense 4 implies a level of establishment or determination.
Sense 8 implies making a discovery.

Often, WordNet senses can overlap.
Sense 2:39:02 is "discover or determine the existence...".
Sense 2:32:00 (Sense 4) is "establish after a calculation...".

Let's look at the previous response. I output `sense_index": 4}`. There was a missing opening brace `{`. That's why it was invalid. The user explicitly asked for valid JSON. I must correct the format.

Now, re-evaluating the best sense index.
The context involves a scientific search ("For months the Johns Hopkins researchers... experimentally crawled... looking for...").
This fits the definition of Sense 4 ("establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study") extremely well. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle" is a near-perfect match for "researchers found the gene".
Sense 8 ("make a discovery") is also close, but Sense 4 highlights the *investigative process* leading to the result, which matches the narrative ("For months...").
Sense 3 ("find the location of something that was missed or lost") is slightly off because "lost" usually implies it was possessed and then lost, whereas here it's about scientific discovery. Though they were "looking for" it.

I will stick with Sense 4 because "establish after... experiment" captures the scientific methodology described in the context.

JSON format required: `{"sense_index": 4}`

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
    *   Target word: "last" modifying "winter".
    *   Meaning in context: The researchers found the gene in the winter immediately preceding the current time of speaking/writing. It refers to the specific winter that just happened recently relative to the narrative time.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "immediately past" (examples: *last Thursday*, *the last chapter we read*).
        *   Analysis: This fits perfectly. "Last winter" refers to the winter that just passed. It is a specific point in time relative to the present or narrative present.
    *   **Sense 2:** "coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining" (examples: *the last time I saw Paris*, *the last day of the month*).
        *   Analysis: This usually implies the final item in a series (the last day of the month) or the most recent occurrence up to now (the last time I saw Paris - though sense 1 often covers specific time units like days/seasons). However, "last winter" here doesn't mean the final winter of a series, nor does it emphasize "remaining". It emphasizes the *immediately past* instance of that season. While Sense 2 can sometimes overlap with recency (e.g., "last week"), Sense 1 is more specific to the *immediately past* time unit usage often found with days, months, seasons. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 definitions. Sense 1 is "immediately past". Sense 2 is "coming after all others...". "Last winter" is the winter immediately past. If I say "last winter", it is indeed the most recent one. Is it Sense 1 or Sense 2?
        *   WordNet hierarchy: "last%5:00:00:past:00" is often the specific sense for "last [time unit]". "last Thursday" maps here. "last winter" is analogous to "last Thursday".
        *   Sense 2 examples: "the last day of the month" (final in sequence), "the last time I saw Paris" (most recent up to now). "Last winter" fits the "immediately past" definition of Sense 1 better than the "final in series" aspect of Sense 2. "Last winter" isn't the final winter of the world; it's the previous one.
    *   **Sense 3:** "occurring at or forming an end or termination" (synonyms: concluding, final).
        *   Analysis: Incorrect. "Last winter" is not the concluding winter.
    *   **Sense 4:** "most unlikely or unsuitable".
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 5:** "occurring at the time of death".
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 6:** "conclusive in a process or progression".
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 7:** "highest in extent or degree".
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 8:** "not to be altered or undone".
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 9:** "lowest in rank or importance".
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The choice is between Sense 1 ("immediately past") and Sense 2 ("coming after all others...").
    *   Context: "When they found it last winter..."
    *   Sense 1 examples: "last Thursday". This is the standard usage for "last [Time Period]".
    *   Sense 2 examples: "the last time I saw Paris" (could be recency), "the last day of the month" (sequence).
    *   Distinguishing factor: Sense 1 specifically defines "immediately past". "Last winter" refers to the winter immediately past. Sense 2 is broader but often implies finality or the end of a sequence/scope. "Last winter" is purely temporal, referring to the instance immediately preceding the current time.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the precise fine-grained sense for temporal units like "last winter", "last Thursday", etc.

4.  **Final Formatting:**
    *   Return JSON `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma:** The target word is "dubious" (adjective).
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Dr. Vogelstein found a piece of DNA.
    *   Sentence: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over."
    *   Explanation follows: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." (He had a reason to be skeptical/unconvinced because of previous research by Arnold Levine).
    *   The subject (Dr. Vogelstein) holds an attitude toward the proposition "that the search was over." He wasn't sure it was true; he was skeptical.
3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" (Synonyms: doubtful). Examples: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold", "it was doubtful whether she would be admitted".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense usually applies to a situation or an object (the cord, the admission) being uncertain. "The search was dubious" doesn't fit well here. The context describes the *person* (Dr. Vogelstein) being dubious, not the situation being dubious in itself (though the outcome is uncertain). Wait, the example says "they were doubtful". Let's look closer. "Dubious" usually implies an internal state of the subject when applied to a person. "I am dubious about that." Does Sense 1 cover the internal state? "fraught with uncertainty" sounds more like the state of affairs. However, the example "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" suggests a subject state.
    *   **Sense 2:** "open to doubt or suspicion". Examples: "the candidate's doubtful past", "he has a dubious record indeed".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is about the quality of something (a past, a record) being suspicious or shady. This clearly doesn't fit Dr. Vogelstein's reaction to the scientific discovery.
    *   **Sense 3:** "not convinced". Examples: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense explicitly describes the mental state of a person who is skeptical or unconvinced about a proposition. The context says Dr. Vogelstein "was dubious that the search was over." He wasn't convinced it was actually over because of conflicting prior data (the p53 gene research). The follow-up sentence "His doubts stemmed from..." confirms he was unconvinced.
4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 ("fraught with uncertainty") often applies to the *prospect* or the *event*. E.g., "The outcome is dubious." However, the example "they were doubtful that..." (linked to Sense 1 in the prompt's list) complicates things. Let's look at the definitions strictly.
    *   Sense 3 definition is "not convinced".
    *   In the text: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
    *   He holds an opinion/attitude. He is the experiencer.
    *   The following sentence explicitly mentions "His doubts".
    *   Sense 3's example "remained dubious" aligns perfectly with "was dubious". It describes a lack of conviction in a finding or argument.
    *   Sense 1 is often used for the probability of an event ("it was doubtful whether she would be admitted").
    *   Sense 3 is specific to the attitude of a person being skeptical/unconvinced.
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy (mental check).
        *   `dubious` (adj) -> `doubtful` (adj) often conflates these.
        *   Sense 3 in this specific list: "not convinced". This fits the scientist's reaction perfectly. He found the DNA, but he wasn't convinced (dubious) it was the end of the road because of Levine's work.
5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 3 captures the "skepticism" or "lack of conviction" of a person regarding a proposition. Sense 1 is more about the inherent uncertainty of a situation. Sense 2 is about suspicious character. Sense 3 is the best fit.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context**: The text describes researchers (Vogelstein et al.) looking for a specific gene on chromosome 17 involved in colon cancer. They spent months "crawling down the length of chromosome 17" and looking for a specific bit of genetic material. The sentence in question is: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
    *   *Target*: "search"
    *   *Meaning*: The act of looking for the gene/answer/evidence.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:
    *   *Sense 1*: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone" (Synonyms: hunt, hunting). This is the most general sense of "search". It fits the idea of looking for a physical object or entity.
    *   *Sense 2*: "an investigation seeking answers" (Examples: "search of the ledgers", "outcome justified the search"). This implies a more abstract, investigative process aimed at finding a solution or answer, not just a physical object.
    *   *Sense 3*: "an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property" (Synonyms: lookup). This is a computer science/technical definition (table lookup). Not applicable here.
    *   *Sense 4*: "the examination of alternative hypotheses" (Example: chess move search). This is specific to decision-making processes or problem-solving spaces, often algorithmic or game-theoretic. While scientific research involves hypotheses, the context here is locating a physical entity (a gene) on a chromosome, though the result is knowledge. However, the "search" described is physical/corporeal (crawling down the chromosome), not just weighing hypotheses.
    *   *Sense 5*: "boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas". Clearly irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   *Sense 1* emphasizes "looking thoroughly... to find something". The researchers are looking for a *gene* (a thing). The physical act of using gene probes to "crawl down" a chromosome fits the description of a thorough hunt for an object/entity.
    *   *Sense 2* emphasizes "investigation seeking answers". While finding the gene provides an answer (to the question "what causes this cancer?"), the primary action described as the "search" is the hunt for the specific genetic material (the "bit of genetic material"). The text contrasts "found it" with "the search was over". "Found it" refers to the piece of DNA/gene.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "search of the ledgers". This is often used for investigations into financial records or abstract truths.
    *   Let's look at the gloss for Sense 1: "activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something".
    *   The context describes a scientific hunt. Is it an "investigation seeking answers" or a "hunt for something"?
    *   Vogelstein found "it" (the DNA piece). He doubted the "search" was over. If he found the DNA piece, the search for the *object* might be over, but perhaps the investigation continues. However, the sentence structure equates "found it" with the potential end of the "search". Therefore, the search is the activity of looking for "it" (the gene).
    *   Sense 1 (hunt/hunting) captures the nature of the activity described ("crawled down", "looking for"). Scientific research is often described as a "search" in the sense of a hunt (Sense 1).
    *   Sense 2 is often used for inquiries (police search, investigation).
    *   Let's check the granularity. WordNet distinguishes between the general act of looking (Sense 1) and an investigation for answers (Sense 2).
    *   In scientific contexts, "the search for the gene" is a classic example of Sense 1 (hunting for an entity). If the text said "the search for the cause", Sense 2 might be stronger. But it says "the search" referring to the hunt for the "bit of genetic material". The object is a "thing" (gene/DNA). Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit. The activity was looking for a specific *thing*.

4.  **Confirming**:
    *   Context: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material... When they found it... the search was over."
    *   Sense 1: "activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something".
    *   Sense 2: "investigation seeking answers".
    *   While the *purpose* was to answer a scientific question, the *search itself* was a hunt for a specific genetic locus. Sense 1 is the foundational sense. "Hunt" is a synonym often used in this context ("the hunt for the gene"). Sense 2's examples ("search of the ledgers") feel slightly more administrative/investigative in a police/legal sense, whereas this is a biological hunt.

    Let's double-check Sense 4. "examination of alternative hypotheses". No, this isn't a chess game or a multi-variable optimization search in the abstract sense. It's a spatial search along a chromosome.

    Between 1 and 2:
    Sense 1 is "looking for something".
    Sense 2 is "seeking answers".
    The object of the search is "it" (the gene/DNA). This is "something".
    Therefore, Sense 1 is the most direct fit.

5.  **Conclusion**: Sense 1 represents the general activity of looking for something or someone. The researchers were looking for a gene (something). Sense 1 is appropriate.

    Let's re-read Sense 2 examples: "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing".
    Here, "search" is the act of going through the records.
    The text: "crawled down the length of chromosome 17".
    This is very physical/locational.
    Sense 1 synonyms: hunt, hunting. "The hunt for the gene" is a very common collocation.
    Sense 2 definition mentions "seeking answers".
    Although science seeks answers, the "search" being over implies the *hunt* for the specific target (the gene) concluded.
    I will stick with Sense 1. It is the broad, general sense of the noun "search" involving the physical/concrete act of looking for an object.

    Let's look at the definitions again.
    1: activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone.
    2: an investigation seeking answers.

    Is "searching for a gene" an investigation seeking answers? Or is it looking for something? It is looking for a physical segment of DNA.
    Often, WordNet distinctions are subtle. Sense 1 includes "hunt". Sense 2 includes "investigation".
    The text describes "crawling down... chromosome 17". This is a hunt.
    Therefore, Sense 1.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses carefully.

Context Analysis:
- The passage discusses Dr. Vogelstein's research on identifying genes related to cancer
- His "doubts" stemmed from the fact that another researcher had previously found something similar
- He was skeptical that his search was over because of prior research that seemed to overlap with his findings

Target word: "doubts" (plural noun)

Let me compare the two senses:

Sense 1:
- Definition: "the state of being unsure of something"
- Synonyms: uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
- This is more about a general state of uncertainty or lack of confidence

Sense 2:
- Definition: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something"
- Synonyms: dubiousness, doubtfulness, question
- Examples: "the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise"
- This is more specifically about questioning the truth or validity of something

Looking at the context:
- Dr. Vogelstein was "dubious that the search was over"
- His "doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found..."
- He was questioning whether his finding was really the end of the search
- He had reason to doubt the completeness/finality of his discovery because p53 had already been found at the same location

The context suggests that Dr. Vogelstein was questioning whether the gene he found was truly the complete answer - he was uncertain about the truth/factuality of the conclusion that "the search was over." He had a specific reason to question this (the prior finding about p53), which fits better with Sense 2's definition of "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something."

The fact that the text explicitly mentions he was "dubious that the search was over" and his doubts "stemmed from the fact" that another researcher had found something suggests this is about questioning the validity or completeness of his conclusion, which aligns with Sense 2.

Sense 2 seems to be the better fit because:
1. It specifically addresses uncertainty about truth/factuality - Dr. Vogelstein was questioning whether his finding truly represented the complete answer
2. The example about "dubiousness of his claim" parallels the situation where the validity of his conclusion was in question
3. The synonym "question" fits - Dr. Vogelstein had a question about whether his search was truly over

Therefore, I believe Sense 2 is the correct choice.

{"sense_index":2}

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "stemmed" in this sentence:

"His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

In this context, "stemmed from" means that his doubts originated from, arose from, or had their source in the fact that a previous researcher had found something related to what Dr. Vogelstein was studying.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Sense 1 (grow out of, have roots in, originate in) is clearly the correct meaning in this context. The example given ("The increase in the national debt stems from the last war") shows a similar usage to our sentence ("His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."). Both use the construction "X stems from Y" to indicate that X originated from or has its source in Y.

Sense 2 (cause to point inward) refers to skiing technique, which is not applicable here.

Sense 3 (stop the flow of a liquid) is about stopping or blocking flow, which doesn't fit the context.

Sense 4 (remove the stem from) is about removing stems from plants or words, which also doesn't fit.

So the correct answer is sense index 1.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "fact" in this passage.

Context analysis:
"His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

In this context, "fact" refers to a specific piece of information - that Arnold Levine had found that p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. This is a verified scientific finding, a piece of information about something that happened in the past (an experiment with results).

Now let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case

2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts

3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell

4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Sense 1 focuses on "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred." This seems like a good fit because the fact in question is a piece of information about an event that occurred (Levine's finding).

Sense 2 focuses on "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened." This could also apply, as Levine's finding is verified information.

Sense 3 focuses on "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed." This seems to refer more to the event itself rather than information about the event, which doesn't quite fit the context.

Sense 4 focuses on "a concept whose truth can be proved," which doesn't seem to fit as well in this context.

Looking at the context more closely, the "fact" here is specifically referring to a piece of information (Levine's finding) that explains why Dr. Vogelstein was dubious. It's a piece of information about an event that happened (Levine's experiment and findings), which best matches sense 1.

Between sense 1 and sense 2, sense 1 seems slightly more appropriate because it emphasizes the "piece of information" aspect, which fits with how "fact" is being used here as a reason or cause for Dr. Vogelstein's doubts.

So the best indexed sense for the target word "fact" in this context appears to be sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "several"
    *   Target surface form: "several"
    *   Context sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice..."
    *   Surrounding context: Dr. Vogelstein found a gene deletion. He was dubious because *several years earlier*, another researcher found something related in the same spot.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many`. Examples: "several letters", "several people". This corresponds to the quantifier use meaning "some, a few".
    *   **Sense 2:** `considered individually`. Synonyms: respective, various. Examples: "the respective club members", "specialists in their several fields". This is an archaic or legal/formal usage where "several" means "separate" or "respective".
    *   **Sense 3:** `distinct and individual`. Examples: "three several times". This is similar to Sense 2, emphasizing separateness/distinctness, often archaic or legal.

3.  **Evaluate the context against the senses:**
    *   The phrase is "several years earlier".
    *   Is "years" a count noun? Yes.
    *   Does the text mean "an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many years earlier"? Yes. It means a few years ago.
    *   Does the text mean "respective years earlier"? No, that doesn't make sense grammatically or semantically here.
    *   Does the text mean "distinct and individual years earlier"? No, it's a quantifier indicating an approximate number of years.

4.  **Comparison:**
    *   Sense 1 fits the standard quantifier usage: "several [plural noun]". Here the noun is "years". The meaning is "some/a few years".
    *   Senses 2 and 3 refer to meanings related to "separate" or "respective" (e.g., "joint and several liability", "their several ways"). These do not fit the temporal quantifier context "several years earlier".

5.  **Conclusion:** The correct sense is Sense 1.

6.  **Formatting:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "year", surface form "years".
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several **years** earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice..."
    *   Meaning: The phrase "several years earlier" refers to a duration of time or a point in time relative to the past. It refers to calendar years (time units) passing.
    *   It's not referring to a specific school year (sense 2).
    *   It's not referring to a planetary revolution in an astronomical sense (sense 3).
    *   It's not referring to a graduating class (sense 4).
    *   It refers to the standard unit of time (365 days) used to measure how long ago something happened.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days". Synonyms: twelvemonth, yr. Examples: "she is 4 years old", "in the year 1920". This fits the usage "several years earlier". It refers to the passage of time units.
    *   **Sense 2:** "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity". Example: "a school year". This doesn't fit "several years earlier".
    *   **Sense 3:** "the period of time that it takes for a planet... to make a complete revolution around the sun". Example: "a Martian year". This is the astronomical definition. While technically true for Earth, Sense 1 is the general time unit definition used in everyday language (as seen in the example "she is 4 years old"). The context is a research history timeline, not astronomy.
    *   **Sense 4:** "a body of students who graduate together". Synonym: class. Example: "she was in my year". This is clearly incorrect.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 3 is often the specific definition for the astronomical cycle.
    *   Sense 1 is the general calendar year unit.
    *   The phrase "several years earlier" uses "years" as a measure of time duration/general unit. This aligns with Sense 1's examples ("she is 4 years old" - duration/age). The context is historical/biographical narrative, not planetary science. Therefore, Sense 1 is the appropriate choice.

5.  **Formulate the output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Best sense: Sense 1.
    *   Index: 1.

6.  **Final Check:** Does "several years earlier" fit "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days"? Yes. "Several" quantifies the number of these periods.

    Result: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earlier
Target surface form: earlier
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target is "earlier", functioning as an adverb in the phrase "several years earlier".
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice..." This describes an event (Levine's discovery) that happened prior to the current narrative time (Vogelstein's search and discovery). The phrase "several years earlier" establishes a temporal relationship, specifically that something happened in the past relative to a reference point.
3.  **Evaluate Sense 1**: "earlier in time; previously". Synonyms: "before". Examples: "I had known her before". This fits perfectly. The event (Levine's finding) happened previously or before the current event (Vogelstein's discovery). "Several years before" or "several years previously" makes sense in the context.
4.  **Evaluate Sense 2**: "comparatives of `soon' or `early'". Synonyms: "sooner". Examples: "Come a little sooner, if you can", "came earlier than I expected". This sense refers to the degree of earliness (comparative adjective/adverb) relative to an expected time. The context here is not about something happening "sooner than expected" or "earlier than scheduled". It is about a fixed point in the past relative to another point. "Several years sooner" does not fit the context as naturally as "several years before".
5.  **Evaluate Sense 3**: "before now". Synonyms: "in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally". Examples: "why didn't you tell me in the first place?". This sense usually implies "originally" or "initially" in a discourse or sequence of events starting from the beginning. "Several years originally" doesn't make sense. The phrase "several years earlier" refers to a specific time offset, not the concept of "originally" or "to begin with".
6.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   Sense 1 (Time relationship/Past): "several years before". Correct.
    *   Sense 2 (Comparative degree): "several years sooner". Incorrect usage in this context. "Earlier" here acts as a temporal marker relative to the past perfect tense ("had found").
7.  **Conclusion**: The target word indicates that an event occurred at a time in the past relative to the main narrative timeline. This aligns with Sense 1's definition "earlier in time; previously" and the synonym "before".

**Selection**: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "found" in this passage.

Context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The target word is "found" used in the context of scientific research where Arnold Levine discovered through experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Let me go through each sense:

1. find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident; meet with
   - This doesn't fit because the discovery was through deliberate experiments, not accidental.

2. find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of
   - This could work. Levine discovered/determined the fact that p53 could transform cells.

3. find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost
   - This doesn't fit; it's not about finding something lost.

4. find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study
   - This is very relevant! The context explicitly mentions "in experiments with mice" that he "found that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." This is about establishing a fact through scientific experimentation.

5. find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds
   - This doesn't fit; it's based on experiments, not emotion or intuition.

6. find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with
   - This doesn't fit the context.

7. find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose
   - This doesn't fit the context.

8. find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding
   - This could work - Levine made a new scientific finding about p53.

9. find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery
   - Similar to 8, this could work for a scientific discovery.

10. find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management
    - This doesn't fit well.

11. find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about
    - This doesn't fit the scientific context.

12. find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment (abstract)
    - This doesn't fit.

13. find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place
    - This doesn't fit.

14. find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of
    - This doesn't fit.

15. find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at
    - This doesn't fit.

16. find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation
    - This doesn't fit.

Now I need to distinguish between senses 2, 4, 8, and 9:

Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with examples like "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint" - this is about detecting/discovering facts.

Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" with examples like "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" - this specifically mentions experiments and scientific discovery.

Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" with examples like "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" - this is about making new scientific discoveries.

Sense 9: "make a discovery" with examples like "She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover" - this seems more about everyday discoveries rather than scientific ones.

The key aspect here is that Levine "found...in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." This is a scientific finding established through experimentation.

Sense 4 specifically mentions "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" which perfectly matches the context of experimental research. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is particularly relevant as it involves scientific research.

While sense 8 also deals with scientific discovery ("make a discovery, make a new finding"), sense 4 is more specific to the experimental context explicitly mentioned in the passage.

Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit.

{"sense_index": 4}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiments
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and form**: The word is "experiments" (plural noun), lemma "experiment".
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Subject: Arnold Levine (a researcher).
    *   Action: found in experiments with mice.
    *   Goal: finding that a gene could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.
    *   Setting: Laboratory/Scientific research context.
    *   Specifics: Using mice to test a scientific hypothesis about genes and cancer.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `experiment%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" | Synonyms: experimentation. This implies a formal, scientific procedure to test a hypothesis. This fits the context of a researcher using mice to find out about genes.
    *   **Sense 2**: `experiment%1:09:00::` | Definition: "the testing of an idea" | Synonyms: experimentation | Examples: "it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories". This sense is broader and often refers to social experiments, lifestyle choices ("experiment in living"), or abstract testing of ideas outside a rigid scientific protocol. While scientific research *does* test ideas, Sense 1 is more specific to "controlled test or investigation" which characterizes lab work with mice.
    *   **Sense 3**: `experiment%1:04:01::` | Definition: "a venture at something new or different" | Examples: "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard". This refers to trying something out, often personal or casual, rather than a structured scientific investigation.

4.  **Compare senses to context**:
    *   The context involves a Princeton University researcher, mice, genes, and cancer. This is clearly a scientific investigation.
    *   Sense 1 ("the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation") perfectly matches the scientific method context. Lab work with mice is a controlled test/investigation.
    *   Sense 2 is possible because it's "testing an idea", but the examples ("experiment in living") suggest a less formal or non-laboratory focus. Sense 1 is the standard scientific definition. WordNet usually distinguishes the scientific procedure (Sense 1) from the broader "testing of an idea" (Sense 2).
    *   Sense 3 is definitely wrong (it's about trying something new/different like growing a beard).

5.  **Disambiguation**: The phrase "experiments with mice" refers to controlled scientific tests. Sense 1 is the specific definition for scientific experiments. Sense 2 examples explicitly contrast with "laboratories" ("not all experimentation is done in laboratories"), implying Sense 2 covers the non-laboratory testing of ideas, or general testing. Since this *is* done in a laboratory context ("Princeton University researcher"), Sense 1 is the better fit for the specific scientific activity.

    Let's double-check the WordNet hierarchy/part of speech.
    *   Experiment (noun)
    *   Sense 1: act -> action -> activity ... -> experimentation. Synset: {experiment, experimentation}.
    *   Sense 2: act -> action -> activity ... -> experimentation. Synset: {experiment, experimentation}.
    *   Wait, looking at standard WordNet 3.1 or 3.0 structures.
        *   1: a controlled test or investigation. (Scientific)
        *   2: the testing of an idea. (General/Abstract) Examples: "it was an experiment in living".
    *   The context "found in experiments with mice" describes the *act* of conducting the controlled test. The researcher performed the act of investigation.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

6.  **Formulate output**: The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Selected sense: Sense 1.
    *   JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mouse
Target surface form: mice
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye
3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad | synonyms=computer mouse | examples=a mouse takes much more room than a trackball

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:**
    *   Target lemma: `mouse`
    *   Target surface form: `mice` (plural of mouse).
    *   Context snippet: "...experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence discusses scientific experiments (Johns Hopkins researchers, Princeton University researcher).
    *   It involves biological concepts: genes, chromosomes, tumor cells, colon cells, cancer.
    *   Arnold Levine (a researcher) found in experiments with "mice" that a gene (p53) transforms normal cells into cancerous ones.
    *   "Mice" here refers to biological organisms used as test subjects (animal models) in a laboratory setting.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `mouse%1:05:00::` | definition="any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the animal (rodent). The context explicitly mentions experiments using these creatures as biological models. This fits perfectly.

    *   **Sense 2:** `mouse%1:26:00::` | definition="a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye" | synonyms=shiner, black eye.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a metaphorical or slang usage of "mouse" referring to an injury. The context is about scientific experiments on genetics. A "black eye" makes no sense here. You don't experiment with black eyes to find genes.

    *   **Sense 3:** `mouse%1:18:00::` | definition="person who is quiet or timid".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a metaphorical usage referring to a human personality trait. The context refers to experimental subjects used to test genes. While metaphorically one could call a timid person a mouse, the phrase "experiments with mice" strongly implies laboratory animals, not timid people.

    *   **Sense 4:** `mouse%1:06:00::` | definition="a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor..." | synonyms=computer mouse.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the computer hardware. You cannot experiment with computer mice to determine if a gene transforms cells into cancerous ones.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The context describes biological research involving animals.
    *   Sense 1 is the literal definition of the animal.
    *   Sense 1 is the only sense that fits the biological/experimental context.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Index corresponding to the rodent sense is 1.

    *   Double check indexing.
        *   1: Rodent.
        *   2: Black eye.
        *   3: Timid person.
        *   4: Computer device.

    *   Selected index: 1.