attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: art
Target surface form: art
Context:
The <t>art</t> of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=art%1:06:00:: | definition=the products of human creativity; works of art collectively | synonyms=fine art | examples=an art exhibition; a fine collection of art
2. sense_key=art%1:04:00:: | definition=the creation of beautiful or significant things | synonyms=artistic creation, artistic production | examples=art does not need to be innovative to be good; I was never any good at art
3. sense_key=art%1:09:00:: | definition=a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation | synonyms=artistry, prowess | examples=the art of conversation; it's quite an art
4. sense_key=art%1:10:00:: | definition=photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication | synonyms=artwork, graphics, nontextual matter | examples=the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English..." The phrase "the art of change-ringing" refers to a specific activity or skill (change-ringing). Change-ringing is a method of ringing church bells according to mathematical patterns. It requires practice, skill, and study. It is not a physical object (like a painting), nor is it just "creation" in the abstract sense of producing artifacts. It is a systematic practice or knack.

2.  **Analyze Sense 1**:
    *   Definition: "the products of human creativity; works of art collectively"
    *   Synonyms: "fine art"
    *   Examples: "an art exhibition", "a fine collection of art"
    *   Match: Does "the art of change-ringing" refer to a collection of paintings or sculptures? No. It refers to the practice itself.

3.  **Analyze Sense 2**:
    *   Definition: "the creation of beautiful or significant things"
    *   Synonyms: "artistic creation, artistic production"
    *   Examples: "art does not need to be innovative...", "I was never any good at art"
    *   Match: While change-ringing creates sound, the phrase "the art of..." usually implies a method or skill rather than the general abstract concept of creation. However, this sense often leans towards the domain of fine arts (painting, sculpture, etc.) as a subject or activity. "I was never any good at art" implies taking a class or doing the activity of making art objects.

4.  **Analyze Sense 3**:
    *   Definition: "a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation"
    *   Synonyms: "artistry, prowess"
    *   Examples: "the art of conversation", "it's quite an art"
    *   Match: "The art of change-ringing" fits this definition perfectly. Change-ringing is a skill that requires practice and study. The phrase "the art of [X]" is a classic idiom for a specific skill or knack (like "the art of war", "the art of the deal"). The example "the art of conversation" is structurally identical to "the art of change-ringing".

5.  **Analyze Sense 4**:
    *   Definition: "photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication"
    *   Synonyms: "artwork, graphics"
    *   Match: The context is a text about a practice (bell ringing), not a picture in a book.

6.  **Conclusion**: Sense 3 is the correct choice. The context describes a specialized skill or craft ("change-ringing") that one learns and practices. The construction "the art of X" strongly signals this specific sense.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Chutes

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: peculiar
Target surface form: peculiar
Context:
The art of change-ringing is <t>peculiar</t> to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=beyond or deviating from the usual or expected | synonyms=curious, funny, odd, queer, rum, rummy | examples=a curious hybrid accent; her speech has a funny twang
2. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:specific:00 | definition=unique or specific to a person or thing or category | synonyms=particular, special | examples=the particular demands of the job; has a particular preference for Chinese art
3. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:unusual:00 | definition=markedly different from the usual; ; -Virginia Woolf | examples=a peculiar hobby of stuffing and mounting bats; a man...feels it a peculiar insult to be taunted with cowardice by a woman
4. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:characteristic:00 | definition=characteristic of one only; distinctive or special; - R.B.Taney | examples=the peculiar character of the Government of the U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to disambiguate the word "peculiar" in a specific sentence context.

Context Sentence:
"The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

Target Word: peculiar

Candidate Senses:
1. `peculiar%5:00:00:strange:00`: "beyond or deviating from the usual or expected". Synonyms: curious, funny, odd. Examples: hybrid accent, funny twang.
2. `peculiar%5:00:00:specific:00`: "unique or specific to a person or thing or category". Synonyms: particular, special. Examples: demands of the job, preference for Chinese art.
3. `peculiar%5:00:00:unusual:00`: "markedly different from the usual". Examples: peculiar hobby, peculiar insult.
4. `sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:characteristic:00`: "characteristic of one only; distinctive or special". Examples: peculiar character of the Government of the U.S.

Analysis:
The phrase "peculiar to the English" is key here. The structure "peculiar to [group/person]" usually denotes exclusivity or distinctiveness belonging specifically to that entity.
Let's look at sense 2 and sense 4 closely.
Sense 2 says "unique or specific to a person or thing or category". This fits the structure "peculiar to the English". It means the art of change-ringing belongs specifically to the English.
Sense 4 says "characteristic of one only; distinctive or special". This is very similar to sense 2.

Let's differentiate Sense 2 and Sense 4 based on WordNet hierarchy or typical usage definitions.
Sense 2 is often associated with the phrase "peculiar to" meaning specific to or the special property of. The example "the particular demands of the job" aligns with this.
Sense 4 seems to focus more on the nature of being distinctive. The example "peculiar character of the Government" is a bit abstract.

Let's look at the synonyms provided.
Sense 2 synonyms: "particular", "special".
Sense 4 synonyms: (none listed in the prompt, but the definition mentions "distinctive or special").

Let's look at the other senses to rule them out.
Sense 1 (strange/odd) and Sense 3 (unusual) are about being weird or odd. While the text mentions "like most English peculiarities", the *first* instance of "peculiar" is in the phrase "peculiar to the English". This usage specifically means "belonging exclusively to". While English habits might be considered "odd" by outsiders (which is what the second usage, "English peculiarities", might imply, or at least the double meaning plays on this), the primary definition for the phrase "peculiar to" is the exclusivity/specificity sense.

Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 4.
WordNet 3.0/3.1 structure usually groups these slightly differently.
Sense 2: "unique or specific to a person or thing or category". This is the definition for the adjective when used in the construction "peculiar to".
Sense 4: "characteristic of one only; distinctive or special". This is often a distinct sense.

In WordNet 3.1 (which is standard for these tasks usually):
Sense 1: strange, odd.
Sense 2: specific, particular.
Sense 3: (often merged or specific nuances).

Let's check the definitions provided in the prompt again.
Sense 2: definition="unique or specific to a person or thing or category". examples="the particular demands of the job; has a particular preference for Chinese art".
Sense 4: definition="characteristic of one only; distinctive or special". examples="the peculiar character of the Government of the U.S."

The phrase "peculiar to" strongly aligns with the meaning "specific to".
If something is "peculiar to the English", it is a practice specific to them.
Sense 2 seems the most direct fit for the phrase "peculiar to [Group]".
Sense 4 talks about "characteristic of one only". The example "peculiar character of the Government" suggests an intrinsic quality rather than just the scope of applicability "to the English".

However, looking at standard WordNet entries (e.g., Princeton WordNet):
The first sense is usually "beyond or deviating from the usual or expected" (odd).
The second sense is usually "unique or specific to a person or thing or category" (specific/particular).

Let's assume the indexing follows the order provided in the prompt.
Sense 2 fits the context "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English". It means it is specific to them. The synonyms "particular, special" fit well here.

Let's double check Sense 4. "Characteristic of one only". This is very close to Sense 2.
Is there a distinction in the provided keys?
Sense 2 key: `peculiar%5:00:00:specific:00` -> Clearly relates to "specific".
Sense 4 key: `peculiar%5:00:00:characteristic:00` -> Relates to "characteristic".

"Specific to" vs "Characteristic of".
The sentence uses "peculiar **to**".
"Specific to" is the standard gloss for this usage.
Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

Let's check the second instance "English peculiarities". This noun usage often refers to oddities or distinctive traits. However, the target is the adjective in "is peculiar to".
Definition of "peculiar to": belonging exclusively to.
Sense 2: unique or specific to a person or thing.
Sense 4: characteristic of one only.

Both 2 and 4 are very close. However, Sense 2 is the standard WordNet sense for the prepositional usage "peculiar to". The synonyms "particular, special" support the "specific" meaning. Sense 4 seems to describe the distinctive nature itself (characteristic), whereas Sense 2 describes the restriction/scope (specific to). The sentence says it is "peculiar to the English", defining the scope/group to which it belongs. Thus "specific to" (Sense 2) is the best match.

Confirming indices:
1. strange
2. specific (peculiar to)
3. unusual
4. characteristic (distinctive)

The context "peculiar to the English" maps to "unique or specific to a person or thing or category".
The definition of Sense 2 is the best match.

Therefore, the sense index is 2.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the <t>English</t>, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target word is "English" (adjective/noun). The context is: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   "peculiar to the English" -> Something is peculiar *to* a group of people.
    *   "unintelligible to the rest of the world" -> This contrasts "the English" with "the rest of the world".
    *   "like most English peculiarities" -> Here, "English" acts as an adjective modifying peculiarities. But the target lemma is the noun usage in "peculiar to the English".
    *   Grammatically, "the English" acts as a plural noun referring to a collective group of people (the people of England). One would not say "peculiar to the English language" in this specific phrasing without specifying "language". One *could* say "peculiar to English culture", but "the English" usually refers to the people.

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "an Indo-European language..." (The English language). Does the sentence say change-ringing is peculiar to the language? No, it's a cultural practice peculiar to the people.
    *   Sense 2: "the people of England". Does the sentence say change-ringing is peculiar to the people of England? Yes. "Peculiar to the English" = Peculiar to the people of England.
    *   Sense 3: "the discipline that studies the English language and literature" (Academic field). No.
    *   Sense 4: "(sports) the spin given to a ball...". No.

4.  **Confirm selection**: The phrase "the English" functions as a collective noun referring to the nationals or inhabitants of England. This matches Sense 2 perfectly.

5.  **Format output**: The user requests a JSON object like `{"sense_index": X}`. The selected sense corresponds to index 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like <t>most</t> English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%3:00:02:: | definition=(superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number | examples=who has the most apples?; most people like eggs
2. sense_key=most%3:00:01:: | definition=the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree | examples=made the most money he could; what attracts the most attention?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target word is "most", functioning as a superlative adjective/determiner.
2.  **Analyze the Context:** "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like *most* English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."
    *   The noun phrase is "most English peculiarities".
    *   "Peculiarities" is a plural count noun.
    *   The meaning here is "the majority of" or "nearly all". It refers to the number of peculiarities, not the degree or amount of a mass noun.
3.  **Analyze Sense 1:**
    *   Sense Key: `most%3:00:02::`
    *   Definition: (superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number.
    *   Examples: "who has the most apples?"; "most people like eggs".
    *   Note: The examples match the usage. "Apples" and "people" are count nouns. "Peculiarities" is a count noun. The definition mentions "greatest in number". This fits perfectly.
4.  **Analyze Sense 2:**
    *   Sense Key: `most%3:00:01::`
    *   Definition: the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree.
    *   Examples: "made the most money he could"; "what attracts the most attention?".
    *   Note: "Money" and "attention" are treated as mass nouns or abstract concepts here. This sense focuses on degree or amount (mass), not number (count).
5.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Context: "most [plural count noun]".
    *   Sense 1: count nouns, greatest in number.
    *   Sense 2: mass nouns, greatest in amount/degree.
    *   The context uses "peculiarities" (countable things). Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *Self-Correction/Refinement:* The gloss for Sense 1 says "often preceded by `the`", but the example "most people like eggs" shows it isn't always. In the target sentence, it is *not* preceded by "the" ("like most English peculiarities"). However, the semantic core of Sense 1 is "quantifier meaning the greatest in number" used with count nouns. Sense 2 is explicitly for mass nouns/degree. "Peculiarities" are countable. Thus, Sense 1 is the intended sense.

6.  **Formatting:** The user requested a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 3}`. I need to map the choice to the index provided in the prompt.
    *   Index 1 = `most%3:00:02::`
    *   Index 2 = `most%3:00:01::`

    I chose Sense 1 (count nouns/greatest in number). So the index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most <t>English</t> peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "English" used as an adjective in the phrase "English peculiarities".
Context: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."
Sense 1: of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people (examples: English history; the English landed aristocracy)
Sense 2: of or relating to the English language

The phrase "English peculiarities" refers to peculiarities of the English people/culture, not the English language. Change-ringing is a cultural practice in England. Thus, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: peculiarity
Target surface form: peculiarities
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English <t>peculiarities</t>, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=peculiarity%1:09:00:: | definition=an odd or unusual characteristic | synonyms=distinctive feature, distinguishing characteristic
2. sense_key=peculiarity%1:07:02:: | definition=a distinguishing trait | synonyms=specialness, specialty, speciality, distinctiveness
3. sense_key=peculiarity%1:06:00:: | definition=something unusual -- perhaps worthy of collecting | synonyms=curio, curiosity, oddity, oddment, rarity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *peculiarity*
    *   Target surface form: *peculiarities*
    *   Context: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English **peculiarities**, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence discusses "change-ringing" (church bell ringing) as a specific cultural practice.
    *   It says it is "peculiar to the English," meaning it belongs exclusively to them or is distinctive of them.
    *   It compares this art to "most English *peculiarities*," suggesting these are characteristics, habits, or customs that define the English people.
    *   The word is used in the plural ("peculiarities").
    *   The tone isn't necessarily negative (like "oddities" or "weirdness"), but rather refers to distinctive national traits or characteristics.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `peculiarity%1:09:00::`
        *   Definition: "an odd or unusual characteristic"
        *   Synonyms: distinctive feature, distinguishing characteristic
        *   Analysis: This sense emphasizes the characteristic nature of something. It implies it distinguishes the subject. The phrase "odd or unusual" fits well with the context of something being "unintelligible to the rest of the world." However, the core meaning of "distinguishing characteristic" is very strong here.

    *   **Sense 2:** `peculiarity%1:07:02::`
        *   Definition: "a distinguishing trait"
        *   Synonyms: specialness, specialty, speciality, distinctiveness
        *   Analysis: This sense focuses on the quality of being special or distinctive (the abstract quality). "Like most English specialnesses" doesn't sound quite right grammatically. "Peculiarities" here refers to countable instances of traits (habits, customs), not the abstract quality of being distinct. This sense often functions closer to the uncountable noun (e.g., "the peculiarity of the situation").

    *   **Sense 3:** `peculiarity%1:06:00::`
        *   Definition: "something unusual -- perhaps worthy of collecting"
        *   Synonyms: curio, curiosity, oddity, oddment, rarity
        *   Analysis: This refers to an object or a curiosity. "Like most English curiosities" might fit in some contexts, but change-ringing is an art/practice, and the other "peculiarities" referred to are likely other customs or traits, not physical objects collected. While "oddity" is close, the context suggests a cultural trait rather than a "curio".

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 is "an odd or unusual characteristic".
    *   Sense 3 is "something unusual [object/curio]".
    *   The context refers to cultural practices ("The art of change-ringing"). Change-ringing is a custom/characteristic. Therefore, it is a characteristic (Sense 1), not a physical curio (Sense 3).
    *   The phrase "peculiar to the English" reinforces the idea of a "distinguishing characteristic".
    *   The comparison "like most English peculiarities" refers to other such traits (e.g., driving on the left, specific sports, food habits). These are characteristics.

5.  **Refining the choice:**
    *   Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1: "odd or unusual characteristic". Synonyms: distinctive feature.
    *   Sense 2: "distinguishing trait". Synonyms: specialness, distinctiveness.
    *   The plural form "peculiarities" usually refers to specific instances of Sense 1 (habits, quirks). Sense 2 seems to lean towards the state/quality (distinctiveness).
    *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy relations if possible (simulated).
        *   Sense 1 usually maps to a noun denoting an attribute or a communication/behavior.
        *   Sense 3 usually maps to an artifact or object.
    *   The context emphasizes that the English are distinctive ("peculiar to the English") and the rest of the world finds it "unintelligible" (odd/unusual).
    *   Sense 1 explicitly includes "odd or unusual characteristic". This captures both the distinctiveness and the slightly weird nature implied by "unintelligible to the rest of the world."
    *   Sense 2 synonyms (specialness, distinctiveness) are abstract nouns. You can't really say "like most English distinctivenesses."
    *   Sense 3 synonyms (curio, oddment) are physical objects.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct count-noun interpretation of specific traits/features.

6.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Text: "The art of change-ringing... like most English peculiarities..."
    *   Interpretation: Like most English unusual characteristics/traits.
    *   Match: Sense 1 definition "an odd or unusual characteristic".

7.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   Choose Sense 1.
    *   Return JSON: {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unintelligible
Target surface form: unintelligible
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, <t>unintelligible</t> to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unintelligible%3:00:00:: | definition=poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise | examples=unintelligible speech
2. sense_key=unintelligible%5:00:00:incomprehensible:00 | definition=not clearly understood or expressed | synonyms=opaque

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."
    *   Subject: "The art of change-ringing" (a practice/tradition).
    *   Predicate adjective: "unintelligible".
    *   Object of preposition: "to the rest of the world".
    *   Meaning: People outside of England cannot understand this art form/practice. It is confusing or makes no sense to them conceptually.

2.  **Analyze Sense 1:**
    *   Definition: "poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise".
    *   Examples: "unintelligible speech".
    *   Fit: Does this fit "change-ringing"? Is change-ringing "poorly articulated speech"? No. Is it a sound drowned by noise? No. It refers to a cultural practice being impossible to understand conceptually, not a specific acoustic event of speech being mumbled or noisy.

3.  **Analyze Sense 2:**
    *   Definition: "not clearly understood or expressed".
    *   Synonyms: "opaque", "incomprehensible".
    *   Fit: Is change-ringing "incomprehensible" or "not clearly understood" by the rest of the world? Yes. The text says it is a "peculiarity" that is "unintelligible to the rest of the world," meaning outsiders don't get the logic or point of it. This aligns with the meaning of being conceptually difficult or impossible to understand.

4.  **Compare:**
    *   Sense 1 is about auditory clarity (mumbling, static).
    *   Sense 2 is about conceptual clarity (understanding meaning).
    *   The context refers to a cultural "art" or "peculiarity" being understood by people. It is a metaphorical or conceptual use of intelligibility.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.
    *   I selected Sense 2.

6.  **Final Output Generation:** `{"sense_index": 2}`

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rest
Target surface form: rest
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the <t>rest</t> of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rest%1:24:00:: | definition=something left after other parts have been taken away | synonyms=remainder, balance, residual, residue, residuum | examples=there was no remainder; he threw away the rest
2. sense_key=rest%1:04:00:: | definition=freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility) | synonyms=ease, repose, relaxation | examples=took his repose by the swimming pool
3. sense_key=rest%1:28:00:: | definition=a pause for relaxation | synonyms=respite, relief, rest period | examples=people actually accomplish more when they take time for short rests
4. sense_key=rest%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of inaction | examples=a body will continue in a state of rest until acted upon
5. sense_key=rest%1:26:01:: | definition=euphemisms for death (based on an analogy between lying in a bed and in a tomb) | synonyms=eternal rest, sleep, eternal sleep, quietus | examples=she was laid to rest beside her husband; they had to put their family pet to sleep
6. sense_key=rest%1:06:00:: | definition=a support on which things can be put | examples=the gun was steadied on a special rest
7. sense_key=rest%1:10:00:: | definition=a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the <t>rest</t> of the world."
    *   Key phrase: "the rest of the world".
    *   Meaning: The world consists of the English (specifically mentioned) and everyone else. The "rest" refers to the remaining part of the group (the world) after the subset (the English) has been identified/excluded.
    *   Part of speech: Noun (specifically, a mass noun or singular noun depending on analysis, but definitely functioning as a noun phrase "the rest of...").

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `rest%1:24:00::` | definition="something left after other parts have been taken away" | synonyms=remainder, balance, residual... | examples="there was no remainder; he threw away the rest".
        *   *Fit:* This matches the context perfectly. The "English" are taken away from the "world", leaving the "rest" (the remainder). The phrase "the rest of the world" is a classic collocation for this sense.
    *   **Sense 2:** `rest%1:04:00::` | definition="freedom from activity..." | synonyms=ease, repose...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. The context is about people groups, not relaxation.
    *   **Sense 3:** `rest%1:28:00::` | definition="a pause for relaxation" | synonyms=respite...
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Similar to sense 2, refers to taking a break.
    *   **Sense 4:** `rest%1:26:00::` | definition="a state of inaction" | examples="a body will continue in a state of rest..."
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Physics definition or state of motion.
    *   **Sense 5:** `rest%1:26:01::` | definition="euphemisms for death..."
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 6:** `rest%1:06:00::` | definition="a support on which things can be put"
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Physical object support.
    *   **Sense 7:** `rest%1:10:00::` | definition="a musical notation..."
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Musical context.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only one that fits the meaning "the remainder" or "the others".

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instructions ask for a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The target sense is index 1.

    *Self-Correction/Verification:*
    Does "something left after other parts have been taken away" cover "the rest of the world"? Yes. The English are one part, the rest are what is left. The synonym "remainder" fits perfectly.

    Result: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the <t>world</t>. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target: "world"
    *   Context: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the <t>world</t>."
    *   Meaning derivation: The sentence contrasts "the English" with "the rest of the world". "The English" refers to a specific group of people. "The rest of the world" refers to everyone else (people) not in that specific group. It implies the global population of humans, distinct from the specific subset mentioned.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (world%1:17:01::):* "everything that exists anywhere" (universe, cosmos).
        *   Fit? No. Change-ringing is unintelligible to people, not to the physical universe or galaxies.

    *   *Sense 2 (world%1:14:01::):* "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" (domain). Example: "the Western world".
        *   Fit? This sense talks about a distinctive group (like "the Western world"). The context here contrasts the English with "the rest of the world". While "the rest of the world" is a group, the definition here focuses on a specific domain/interest group. This definition feels slightly off for the phrase "the rest of the world".

    *   *Sense 3 (world%1:09:00::):* "all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you" (reality). Example: "his world was shattered".
        *   Fit? No. This is about subjective experience.

    *   *Sense 4 (world%1:17:00::):* "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on" (Earth, globe).
        *   Fit? Sometimes "world" means the planet. However, can a planet find something "unintelligible"? No, people find things unintelligible. While the physical planet is the container, the predicative "unintelligible" strongly implies a sentient subject (humanity).

    *   *Sense 5 (world%1:14:02::):* "people in general considered as a whole" (populace, public).
        *   Fit? Yes. "The rest of the world" means the rest of the people/population. The synonym "public" fits well with the idea of a general population versus a specific nationality.

    *   *Sense 6 (world%1:17:02::):* "a part of the earth that can be considered separately". Examples: "the outdoor world", "the world of insects".
        *   Fit? No. This usually implies a realm or sphere of existence/interest, often metaphorical or specific (like the insect world).

    *   *Sense 7 (world%1:09:01::):* "the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife".
        *   Fit? No. This is a spiritual/secular distinction.

    *   *Sense 8 (world%1:05:00::):* "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth" (human race, humanity, mankind).
        *   Fit? Yes. This is very similar to Sense 5. Let's compare Sense 5 and Sense 8.
            *   Sense 5: "people in general considered as a whole". Synonyms: populace, public.
            *   Sense 8: "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth". Synonyms: human race, humanity, mankind.
            *   Context: "unintelligible to the rest of the world".
            *   If I say "the whole world knows it", it usually maps to Sense 8 (humanity/mankind).
            *   If I say "the world turned against him", it maps to Sense 8 (people).
            *   Sense 5's examples: "he is a hero in the eyes of the public".
            *   Sense 8's examples: "all the world loves a lover".

    *   *Distinguishing Sense 5 vs Sense 8:*
        *   Sense 5 is defined as "people in general considered as a whole" (synonyms: populace, public).
        *   Sense 8 is defined as "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth" (synonyms: human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind).
        *   The phrase "the rest of the world" acts as a collective noun for the population excluding the English.
        *   Sense 8 is the standard "humanity" sense. Sense 5 is often used for "the public" or "society".
        *   "The rest of the world" acts as a geopolitical or demographic entity here.
        *   WordNet 3.0 (which these senses usually correspond to) often has a distinction between the "public/populace" sense and the "human race" sense.
        *   "The rest of the world" refers to the rest of the human population. This aligns perfectly with Sense 8 ("all of the living human inhabitants of the earth").
        *   Let's check Sense 2 again: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest". The example "the Western world" fits this. "The rest of the world" is a distinctive group (the non-English). However, Sense 2 has the specific nuance of a shared interest/domain.
        *   Let's look at the hierarchy. Sense 8 (noun.act? No, noun.group) refers to the collection of humans. Sense 5 (noun.group) refers to "people in general".
        *   Often, "the world" in the sense of "everyone else" maps to Sense 8 in WordNet annotations. For example, "he told the world" -> Sense 8. "the whole world" -> Sense 8.
        *   Sense 5 example: "he is a hero in the eyes of the public".
        *   Sense 8 example: "all the world loves a lover".
        *   The context "unintelligible to the rest of the world" parallels "she is a hero to the world".
        *   Sense 8 seems the most precise definition for "the human population" or "humanity".

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 5 vs Sense 8.
        *   Sense 5 synonyms: populace, public.
        *   Sense 8 synonyms: human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind.
        *   "The rest of the world" is synonymous with "the rest of humanity" or "the rest of mankind".
        *   It fits Sense 8 best. Sense 5 usually implies a specific sociological construct ("the public") often contrasted with specific authorities or experts, whereas Sense 8 is the biological/demographic totality of humans.

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 2.
        *   Definition: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest".
        *   Synonyms: domain.
        *   This definition is a bit confusing. "The Western world" is a geopolitical/cultural group. "The rest of the world" is a group defined by exclusion.
        *   However, Sense 8 covers "humanity" which is the broadest "people in general".
        *   Sense 2 seems to capture "cultural spheres".
        *   But Sense 8 is the core "humans" sense.
        *   In "The rest of the world", we are talking about the people who are not English. This is the set of all humans minus the English. This maps to "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth" (minus a subset).

    *   Let's check Sense 1 (Universe).
        *   Sometimes used metonymically? No, that's a stretch. "Unintelligible to the cosmos" doesn't fit.

    *   Let's check Sense 4 (Planet).
        *   "Unintelligible to the planet". No, the planet isn't a sentient observer.

    *   **Decision:** It is between Sense 5 and Sense 8.
    *   Sense 5: "people in general considered as a whole" (populace, public).
    *   Sense 8: "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth" (human race, humanity).
    *   In standard WSD tasks (like SemCor), "world" meaning "everyone" usually maps to the sense with synonyms like "human race" or "humanity".
    *   Example from Sense 8: "all the world loves a lover".
    *   Example from Sense 5: "he is a hero in the eyes of the public".
    *   "The rest of the world" is closer to "all the world (minus X)".
    *   Therefore, Sense 8 is the best fit.

    Wait, let me double check the WordNet lexicographer files or standard mappings if possible.
    *   WN 3.0:
        *   00017487-n: people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest -> "world" (Sense 2 in this list).
        *   00017319-n: people in general considered as a whole -> "world", "populace", "public" (Sense 5 in this list).
        *   00017229-n: all of the living human inhabitants of the earth -> "world", "human race", "humanity"... (Sense 8 in this list).
    *   The phrase "the rest of the world" means "everyone else".
    *   If I substitute: "unintelligible to the rest of [humanity]". Fits.
    *   If I substitute: "unintelligible to the rest of [the public]". Fits less well.
    *   If I substitute: "unintelligible to the rest of [people in general]". Fits.
    *   Sense 8 specifies "living human inhabitants". This is the most literal and accurate definition of the set being referred to.
    *   Sense 5 is slightly more abstract (populace).
    *   Sense 8 is the default sense for "humanity".
    *   I will select Sense 8.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 5.
    Definition: "people in general considered as a whole".
    Is "the world" in this sentence "the public"?
    "Change-ringing is unintelligible to the rest of the public"? No.
    "Change-ringing is unintelligible to the rest of humanity"? Yes.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2.
    "People in general; especially a distinctive group..."
    "The rest of the world" is a distinctive group (non-English).
    But Sense 2 synonym is "domain". "The rest of the domain"? No.
    Sense 2 examples: "the Western world". This refers to a cultural sphere.
    While "the rest of the world" is a group, it is defined by the population exclusion, not necessarily a shared interest (other than not being English). Sense 8 is the superordinate category of "humans".

    Let's look at Sense 1 (Universe/Everything).
    Sometimes "world" is used to mean "the universe" (e.g. "He thought the world of her").
    But here, the context is about intelligibility of a cultural practice. Only humans care about/practice change-ringing. It's a human-centric context.

    Final check between Sense 5 and Sense 8.
    Sense 5 definition: "people in general considered as a whole".
    Sense 8 definition: "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth".
    Context: "the rest of the world".
    This implies the set of people on earth excluding the English.
    This fits Sense 8 perfectly ("all of the living human inhabitants...").
    Sense 5 is also very close ("people in general").
    However, Sense 8 lists "human race, humanity, humankind...".
    Sense 5 lists "populace, public".
    "The rest of the world" is a standard idiom for "everyone else on the planet". It carries the semantic weight of the global population (Sense 8) rather than just "the public" (Sense 5). "The public" usually implies the common people vs the elite, or the body of spectators. "The rest of the world" implies the non-English population.
    Thus, Sense 8 is the correct choice.

    Indexing:
    1 -> world%1:17:01::
    2 -> world%1:14:01::
    3 -> world%1:09:00::
    4 -> world%1:17:00::
    5 -> world%1:14:02::
    6 -> world%1:17:02::
    7 -> world%1:09:01::
    8 -> world%1:05:00::

    The correct index is 8.

    Let's check if there's any ambiguity with Sense 4 (Planet).
    "Travel the world" -> Sense 4 (Globe).
    "The world is watching" -> Sense 8 (Humanity).
    Here: "unintelligible to...". Inanimate objects (Sense 4) cannot find things intelligible or unintelligible. Therefore, the noun must refer to an animate entity. Sense 8 refers to "inhabitants" (people).

    Conclusion: Sense 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scene
Target surface form: scenes
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all <t>scenes</t> that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scene%1:15:00:: | definition=the place where some action occurs | examples=the police returned to the scene of the crime
2. sense_key=scene%1:11:00:: | definition=an incident (real or imaginary) | examples=their parting was a sad scene
3. sense_key=scene%1:09:00:: | definition=the visual percept of a region | synonyms=view, aspect, prospect, vista, panorama | examples=the most desirable feature of the park are the beautiful views
4. sense_key=scene%1:10:01:: | definition=a consecutive series of pictures that constitutes a unit of action in a film | synonyms=shot
5. sense_key=scene%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=picture | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
6. sense_key=scene%1:10:00:: | definition=a subdivision of an act of a play | examples=the first act has three scenes
7. sense_key=scene%1:26:01:: | definition=a display of bad temper | synonyms=fit, tantrum, conniption | examples=he had a fit; she threw a tantrum
8. sense_key=scene%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of the graphic or photographic representation of a visual percept | synonyms=view | examples=he painted scenes from everyday life; figure 2 shows photographic and schematic views of the equipment
9. sense_key=scene%1:15:01:: | definition=the context and environment in which something is set | synonyms=setting | examples=the perfect setting for a ghost story
10. sense_key=scene%1:06:00:: | definition=the painted structures of a stage set that are intended to suggest a particular locale | synonyms=scenery | examples=they worked all night painting the scenery

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and each sense to determine the best fit.

Context: "Of all <t>scenes</t> that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

The word "scenes" here refers to visual landscapes or views of rural England. The passage describes a picturesque scene of an ancient stone church amid fields, with bell sounds. This is describing what is visually perceptible in a region - a landscape view.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=scene%1:15:00:: - "the place where some action occurs" with example "the police returned to the scene of the crime" - This doesn't quite fit. The context isn't about a location where a specific action/event occurred (like a crime scene). It's more about the visual appearance of a landscape.

2. sense_key=scene%1:11:00:: - "an incident (real or imaginary)" with example "their parting was a sad scene" - This doesn't fit at all. The context isn't about an incident or event.

3. sense_key=scene%1:09:00:: - "the visual percept of a region" with synonyms "view, aspect, prospect, vista, panorama" and example "the most desirable feature of the park are the beautiful views" - This fits well! The context is describing scenes that evoke rural England - the visual appearance of a region/landscape. The synonyms (view, vista, panorama) align with the usage in the text.

4. sense_key=scene%1:10:01:: - "a consecutive series of pictures that constitutes a unit of action in a film" - This is about film scenes, which doesn't apply here.

5. sense_key=scene%1:26:00:: - "a situation treated as an observable object" with synonyms "picture" and example "the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century" - This is more abstract, referring to situations or states of affairs (like "the political scene" or "the music scene"). Not a fit for this context.

6. sense_key=scene%1:10:00:: - "a subdivision of an act of a play" - This is about theatrical plays, not applicable here.

7. sense_key=scene%1:26:01:: - "a display of bad temper" - Clearly not applicable.

8. sense_key=scene%1:06:01:: - "graphic art consisting of the graphic or photographic representation of a visual percept" with example "he painted scenes from everyday life" - This is about artistic representations (paintings, photographs) of scenes. The context is about actual scenes in real life, not artistic depictions of them.

9. sense_key=scene%15:01:: - "the context and environment in which something is set" with synonyms "setting" - This is more about the setting/backdrop for a story or event. Not the best fit here.

10. sense_key=scene%1:06:00:: - "the painted structures of a stage set" - This is about theatrical scenery, not applicable.

The best fit is clearly sense 3: "the visual percept of a region" with synonyms "view, aspect, prospect, vista, panorama." The context describes scenes (visual landscapes) of rural England, and this sense captures that meaning perfectly.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evoke
Target surface form: evoke
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that <t>evoke</t> rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evoke%2:37:00:: | definition=call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) | synonyms=arouse, elicit, enkindle, kindle, fire, raise | examples=arouse pity; raise a smile
2. sense_key=evoke%2:36:00:: | definition=evoke or provoke to appear or occur | synonyms=provoke, call forth, kick up | examples=Her behavior provoked a quarrel between the couple
3. sense_key=evoke%2:36:01:: | definition=deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning) | synonyms=educe, elicit, extract, draw out | examples=We drew out some interesting linguistic data from the native informant
4. sense_key=evoke%2:36:02:: | definition=summon into action or bring into existence, often as if by magic | synonyms=raise, conjure, conjure up, invoke, stir, call down | examples=raise the specter of unemployment; he conjured wild birds in the air
5. sense_key=evoke%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=suggest, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "evoke" in the context: "Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest..."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is describing scenes that bring to mind or call to mind the image/idea of rural England
- It's about scenes that make people think of or remember what rural England is like

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=evoke%2:37:00:: | definition=call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) | synonyms=arouse, elicit, enkindle, kindle, fire, raise | examples=arouse pity; raise a smile
- This is about evoking emotions or feelings. The context isn't primarily about emotions.

2. sense_key=evoke%2:36:00:: | definition=evoke or provoke to appear or occur | synonyms=provoke, call forth, kick up | examples=Her behavior provoked a quarrel between the couple
- This is about provoking something to happen/occur. Not quite right for calling to mind.

3. sense_key=evoke%2:36:01:: | definition=deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning) | synonyms=educe, elicit, extract, draw out | examples=We drew out some interesting linguistic data from the native informant
- This is about deducing or extracting information. Not the right sense here.

4. sense_key=evoke%2:36:02:: | definition=summon into action or bring into existence, often as if by magic | synonyms=raise, conjure, conjure up, invoke, stir, call down | examples=raise the specter of unemployment; he conjured wild birds in the air
- This is about summoning something into existence, often magically. Not the right sense.

5. sense_key=evoke%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=suggest, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness
- This is about calling something to mind, making someone think of or remember something.

The context "scenes that evoke rural England" means scenes that call to mind or bring to mind the image of rural England. This matches sense 5 perfectly - "call to mind."

So the answer is sense_index: 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lovely
Target surface form: loveliest
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the <t>loveliest</t>: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lovely%5:00:00:beautiful:00 | definition=appealing to the emotions as well as the eye
2. sense_key=lovely%5:00:00:lovable:00 | definition=lovable especially in a childlike or naive way | synonyms=adorable, endearing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Target lemma: `lovely`
    *   Target surface form: `loveliest` (superlative)
    *   Context: A description of a rural English scene: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields...". The scene is described as one of the "loveliest".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `lovely%5:00:00:beautiful:00`
        *   Definition: "appealing to the emotions as well as the eye"
        *   This generally corresponds to physical beauty but with an emotional resonance.
    *   **Sense 2:** `lovely%5:00:00:lovable:00`
        *   Definition: "lovable especially in a childlike or naive way"
        *   Synonyms: adorable, endearing.
        *   This sense usually applies to people (especially children) or animals, or sometimes behavior. It implies an emotional fondness or sweetness rather than aesthetic grandeur.

3.  **Evaluate Context fit:**
    *   The context describes a *scene*: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower...". This is a landscape or setting description.
    *   Is the scene "lovable in a childlike or naive way" (Sense 2)? No. While one might love the scene, "adorable" or "endearing" aren't the primary adjectives used for a majestic rural landscape or an ancient church.
    *   Is the scene "appealing to the emotions as well as the eye" (Sense 1)? Yes. The description emphasizes the visual beauty (ancient stone church, fields) and the atmospheric/emotional impact (sound of bells, evensong, evoking rural England). This aligns with the standard usage of "lovely" to describe beautiful scenery.

4.  **Compare with synonyms/definitions:**
    *   "Loveliness" of a landscape is almost exclusively covered by the "beautiful" sense (Sense 1).
    *   "Loveliness" as "adorable/endearing" (Sense 2) is typically reserved for animate beings or small things that provoke a protective or affectionate feeling (e.g., "a lovely child," "what a lovely gesture").

5.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit for a landscape/scenery description. Sense 2 is for character/endearment.

6.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   Select Sense 1.
    *   Format as JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ancient
Target surface form: ancient
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An <t>ancient</t> stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire | examples=ancient history; ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians
2. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:old:02 | definition=very old | examples=an ancient mariner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**: The text describes a stone church in rural England (Aslacton). The sentence is "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields..."
2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire". Examples: "ancient history", "Etruscans and Sumerians". This sense refers to antiquity (thousands of years ago, classical antiquity).
    *   Sense 2: "very old". Examples: "an ancient mariner". This sense is a more general term for something aged or having existed for a long time.
3.  **Evaluate the fit**:
    *   The church is in England. English parish churches can be old (medieval, Saxon, Norman, etc.), but they are not "ancient" in the specific sense of "before the fall of the Western Roman Empire" (roughly before 476 AD, though in Britain, perhaps before the early Middle Ages).
    *   While a church might be "very old" (e.g., 12th century), it is highly unlikely to be "ancient" in the technical sense of "Ancient History" (Roman or pre-Roman).
    *   The phrase "ancient stone church" is used here to convey age, antiquity, and perhaps a sense of permanence or history, but not the specific archaeological era of Ancient Egypt or Rome. It implies the building has stood there for a very long time.
    *   Sense 1 is too specific and historically inaccurate for most English parish churches (which are usually medieval or later). The "ancient world" usually implies the period ending around the 5th century AD. A standing church in England is almost certainly post-Roman (Anglo-Saxon or later).
    *   Therefore, the usage falls under the general definition of "very old" (Sense 2).
4.  **Select the sense**: Sense 2 fits best. It captures the quality of being very old without incorrectly pigeonholing the church into the Classical Antiquity period.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stone
Target surface form: stone
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient <t>stone</t> church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stone%1:17:00:: | definition=a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter | synonyms=rock | examples=he threw a rock at me
2. sense_key=stone%1:06:00:: | definition=building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose | examples=he wanted a special stone to mark the site
3. sense_key=stone%1:27:00:: | definition=material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust | synonyms=rock | examples=that mountain is solid rock; stone is abundant in New England and there are many quarries
4. sense_key=stone%1:27:01:: | definition=a crystalline rock that can be cut and polished for jewelry | synonyms=gem, gemstone | examples=he had the gem set in a ring for his wife; she had jewels made of all the rarest stones
5. sense_key=stone%1:23:00:: | definition=an avoirdupois unit used to measure the weight of a human body; equal to 14 pounds | examples=a heavy chap who must have weighed more than twenty stone
6. sense_key=stone%1:20:00:: | definition=the hard inner (usually woody) layer of the pericarp of some fruits (as peaches or plums or cherries or olives) that contains the seed | synonyms=pit, endocarp | examples=you should remove the stones from prunes before cooking
7. sense_key=stone%1:18:05:: | definition=United States jurist who was named chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt (1872-1946) | synonyms=Harlan Stone, Harlan F. Stone, Harlan Fisk Stone
8. sense_key=stone%1:18:04:: | definition=United States filmmaker (born in 1946) | synonyms=Oliver Stone
9. sense_key=stone%1:18:03:: | definition=United States feminist and suffragist (1818-1893) | synonyms=Lucy Stone
10. sense_key=stone%1:18:02:: | definition=United States journalist who advocated liberal causes (1907-1989) | synonyms=I. F. Stone, Isidor Feinstein Stone
11. sense_key=stone%1:18:01:: | definition=United States jurist who served on the United States Supreme Court as chief justice (1872-1946) | synonyms=Harlan Fiske Stone
12. sense_key=stone%1:18:00:: | definition=United States architect (1902-1978) | synonyms=Edward Durell Stone
13. sense_key=stone%1:07:00:: | definition=a lack of feeling or expression or movement | examples=he must have a heart of stone; her face was as hard as stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "stone" and the surface form is "stone". The context sentence is: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields..."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The word "stone" is used as an adjective modifying "church".
    *   "An ancient stone church" implies the church is built *of* stone. It describes the material the church is made from.
    *   It refers to the general substance/material, not a specific individual rock or pebble found on the ground.

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (stone%1:17:00::):* "a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter". Example: "he threw a rock at me".
        *   Analysis: This refers to a specific individual object (a rock). While a church is made of these, the phrase "stone church" refers to the material substance, not a single lump. If the text said "a stone hit the roof," this would be the sense.

    *   *Sense 2 (stone%1:06:00::):* "building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose". Example: "he wanted a special stone to mark the site".
        *   Analysis: This refers to shaped building materials (like blocks or lintels). While a stone church is made of these, the usage "stone church" usually describes the material composition more broadly (the "stuff" it's made of). However, sometimes "stone" as a mass noun for building falls under material. Let's look at Sense 3.

    *   *Sense 3 (stone%1:27:00::):* "material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust". Synonyms: rock. Examples: "that mountain is solid rock; stone is abundant in New England and there are many quarries".
        *   Analysis: This is the material sense. When we say a "stone wall" or a "stone church", we are referring to the material (substance). The example "stone is abundant in New England" treats it as a mass noun or a material type. "Stone church" = church made of stone (the material). This fits perfectly with describing a building's composition.

    *   *Sense 4 (stone%1:27:01::):* "a crystalline rock that can be cut and polished for jewelry".
        *   Analysis: Incorrect. Not about a church.

    *   *Sense 5 (stone%1:23:00::):* "an avoirdupois unit used to measure weight".
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 6 (stone%1:20:00::):* "the hard inner layer of the pericarp of some fruits".
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.

    *   *Senses 7-12:* Proper nouns (people).
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 13 (stone%1:07:00::):* "a lack of feeling or expression or movement".
        *   Analysis: Incorrect.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 vs. Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 2 focuses on a specific piece (count noun usually, or hewn units). The definition is "building material consisting of a *piece* of rock...".
    *   Sense 3 focuses on the material itself (mass noun/substance). The definition is "material consisting of the aggregate of minerals...".
    *   In the phrase "stone church", "stone" is acting as a noun adjunct (or adjective) describing the material. Just as "brick house" uses the material "brick" (sense: building material made of baked clay), "stone church" uses the material sense. It refers to the general substance, not a specific hewn block (Sense 2).
    *   Let's check WordNet hyponym/hypernym structure if possible (mental check).
        *   Sense 3 is usually the "material" sense (substance).
        *   Sense 1 is the "object" sense (individual stone).
        *   Sense 2 is often "building stone" (a block).
    *   Context: "An ancient stone church". The church is made of the material stone. The phrase parallels "wooden church" or "brick church".
    *   Example for Sense 3: "stone is abundant in New England and there are many quarries". This confirms the material usage.
    *   Example for Sense 2: "he wanted a special stone to mark the site". This implies a singular, specific object (like a gravestone or marker).
    *   Therefore, the description of the church as "stone" (adjectival use) selects the material sense.

5.  **Final Decision:** Sense 3 corresponds to the material substance.

    Wait, let me double-check WordNet 3.1/3.0 mappings for specific indices provided.
    1. `stone%1:17:00::` -> Object/Unit (a rock).
    2. `stone%1:06:00::` -> Artifact/Unit (building stone/block).
    3. `stone%1:27:00::` -> Substance/Material (rock/stone material).

    "Stone church" -> Church made of the material stone.
    This fits Sense 3 best. It characterizes the substance of the building.

    *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Some definitions might treat the building material as Sense 2. Let's look at the definition of Sense 2 again: "building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose".
    Sense 3 definition: "material consisting of the aggregate of minerals...".
    If I say "This house is stone", I am referring to the substance.
    If I say "The mason laid a stone", I might be referring to a block (Sense 2) or a rock (Sense 1).
    However, usually, in "stone wall", "stone church", "stone fence", it refers to the material category. WordNet Sense 3 examples ("stone is abundant in New England") support the material usage.
    Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice for the adjective/noun adjunct usage describing the building's substance.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone <t>church</t> stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   Target word: "church" in the sentence: "An ancient stone <t>church</t> stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."
    *   Additional context: "The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door..."
    *   Key descriptive elements:
        *   "ancient stone church"
        *   "stands amid the fields"
        *   "sound of bells cascading from its tower"
        *   "church door"
    *   These elements describe a physical structure, a building made of stone, with a tower and a door, situated in a specific location (fields).

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1 (church%1:14:00::)**: Definition: "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship". Synonyms: "Christian church". This refers to a denomination (e.g., the Catholic Church, the Anglican Church). The context refers to a specific building standing in a field, not a denomination.
    *   **Sense 2 (church%1:06:00::)**: Definition: "a place for public (especially Christian) worship". Synonyms: "church building". Examples: "the church was empty". This refers to the physical building. The context explicitly mentions an "ancient stone church" that "stands amid the fields" and has a "tower". This fits perfectly.
    *   **Sense 3 (church%1:04:00::)**: Definition: "a service conducted in a house of worship". Synonyms: "church service". Examples: "don't be late for church". This refers to an event or activity. The context describes the physical object ("ancient stone... stands... from its tower").
    *   **Sense 4 (church%1:14:01::)**: Definition: "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church". Examples: "our church is hosting a picnic". This refers to the congregation. While the text later mentions "parishioners," the specific target instance is described as an object made of stone standing in a field.

3.  **Compare and Select**:
    *   The target phrase is "An ancient stone **church** stands amid the fields".
    *   You can touch a stone building. It has a tower. It stands in fields.
    *   This is clearly a physical building.
    *   Sense 2 is the only sense that defines the physical building ("place for public worship", "church building").

4.  **Final Verification**:
    *   Does "ancient stone [denomination]" make sense? No.
    *   Does "ancient stone [service]" make sense? No.
    *   Does "ancient stone [congregation]" make sense? No.
    *   Does "ancient stone [building]" make sense? Yes.

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stand
Target surface form: stands
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church <t>stands</t> amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stand%2:35:00:: | definition=be standing; be upright | synonyms=stand up | examples=We had to stand for the entire performance!
2. sense_key=stand%2:42:04:: | definition=be in some specified state or condition | examples=I stand corrected
3. sense_key=stand%2:42:03:: | definition=occupy a place or location, also metaphorically | examples=We stand on common ground
4. sense_key=stand%2:42:00:: | definition=hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright | synonyms=remain firm | examples=I am standing my ground and won't give in!
5. sense_key=stand%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
6. sense_key=stand%2:31:01:: | definition=have or maintain a position or stand on an issue | examples=Where do you stand on the War?
7. sense_key=stand%2:42:06:: | definition=remain inactive or immobile | examples=standing water
8. sense_key=stand%2:42:02:: | definition=be in effect; be or remain in force | examples=The law stands!
9. sense_key=stand%2:42:01:: | definition=be tall; have a height of; copula | examples=She stands 6 feet tall
10. sense_key=stand%2:35:01:: | definition=put into an upright position | synonyms=stand up, place upright | examples=Can you stand the bookshelf up?
11. sense_key=stand%2:33:00:: | definition=withstand the force of something | synonyms=resist, fend | examples=The trees resisted her; stand the test of time
12. sense_key=stand%2:35:10:: | definition=be available for stud services | examples=male domestic animals such as stallions serve selected females

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `stand`
    *   Target surface form: `stands`
    *   Context sentence: "An ancient stone church **stands** amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."
    *   Subject: An ancient stone church.
    *   Action: Stands.
    *   Location: Amid the fields.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `stand%2:35:00::` | definition=be standing; be upright | synonyms=stand up | examples=We had to stand for the entire performance!
        *   *Analysis:* This usually refers to animate beings standing on legs, or objects placed in an upright position. While a church is upright, the focus here is on its *location* relative to the fields (being situated there), not its vertical posture relative to sitting or lying down. However, static objects "standing" is a borderline case between being upright (1) and occupying a location (3).

    *   **Sense 2:** `stand%2:42:04::` | definition=be in some specified state or condition | examples=I stand corrected
        *   *Analysis:* This is a copular usage (stand corrected, stand accused). The church is not in a specified state like "corrected". It is a physical location.

    *   **Sense 3:** `stand%2:42:03::` | definition=occupy a place or location, also metaphorically | synonyms= | examples=We stand on common ground
        *   *Analysis:* Definition: "occupy a place or location". Context: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields". This fits perfectly. The church occupies a specific location (amid the fields). The example "We stand on common ground" shows metaphorical usage, but the definition explicitly says "occupy a place or location". In English descriptions of landscape or buildings, "stand" is the standard verb to denote a building's position/location (e.g., "The house stands on the hill").

    *   **Sense 4:** `stand%2:42:00::` | definition=hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright | synonyms=remain firm | examples=I am standing my ground and won't give in!
        *   *Analysis:* Metaphorical or resistance-based. Not applicable to a church's physical location.

    *   **Sense 5:** `stand%2:31:00::` | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure... | examples=I cannot bear...
        *   *Analysis:* Meaning "tolerate". Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6:** `stand%2:31:01::` | definition=have or maintain a position or stand on an issue | examples=Where do you stand on the War?
        *   *Analysis:* Opinion-based. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 7:** `stand%2:42:06::` | definition=remain inactive or immobile | examples=standing water
        *   *Analysis:* Refers to fluid dynamics (standing water) or inaction. A church is immobile, but usually, this sense implies lack of flow or stagnation, whereas the context describes a landscape scene.

    *   **Sense 8:** `stand%2:42:02::` | definition=be in effect; be or remain in force | examples=The law stands!
        *   *Analysis:* Legal/abstract validity. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 9:** `stand%2:42:01::` | definition=be tall; have a height of; copula | examples=She stands 6 feet tall
        *   *Analysis:* Measurement. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 10:** `stand%2:35:01::` | definition=put into an upright position | synonyms=stand up, place upright | examples=Can you stand the bookshelf up?
        *   *Analysis:* Causative (to make something stand). The church isn't being moved; it exists there.

    *   **Sense 11:** `stand%2:33:00::` | definition=withstand the force of something | synonyms=resist, fend | examples=stand the test of time
        *   *Analysis:* Resistance. Not the primary meaning here.

    *   **Sense 12:** `stand%2:35:10::` | definition=be available for stud services | examples=male domestic animals...
        *   *Analysis:* Biological. Not applicable.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 ("be standing; be upright") focuses on posture. The example "We had to stand for the entire performance" contrasts standing with sitting.
    *   Sense 3 ("occupy a place or location") focuses on where something is situated.
    *   In the context of buildings ("The church stands amid the fields"), the verb is used to describe its location/existence in the landscape. One wouldn't say "The church sits amid the fields" to contrast it with "The church lies down". One says it to say "The church is located there".
    *   Linguistic convention: When describing buildings, trees, or large objects in a landscape, "stand" maps to the sense of occupying a position/location.
    *   Example: "The house stands on a hill." = The house is located on a hill.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the better fit than Sense 1 because Sense 1 implies a posture typically associated with animate beings or a specific upright state contrasting with a non-upright state. Sense 3 captures the spatial/location aspect ("amid the fields") which is the crux of the sentence.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   Sense 3: `stand%2:42:03::` | definition=occupy a place or location, also metaphorically.
    *   Index: 3.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: field
Target surface form: fields
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the <t>fields</t>, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=field%1:15:00:: | definition=a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed | examples=he planted a field of wheat
2. sense_key=field%1:15:04:: | definition=a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought | synonyms=battlefield, battleground, field of battle, field of honor | examples=they made a tour of Civil War battlefields
3. sense_key=field%1:15:01:: | definition=somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected | examples=anthropologists do much of their work in the field
4. sense_key=field%1:09:00:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field of study, study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
5. sense_key=field%1:19:00:: | definition=the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it | synonyms=field of force, force field
6. sense_key=field%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular kind of commercial enterprise | synonyms=field of operation, line of business | examples=they are outstanding in their field
7. sense_key=field%1:26:00:: | definition=a particular environment or walk of life | synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena | examples=his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment
8. sense_key=field%1:15:02:: | definition=a piece of land prepared for playing a game | synonyms=playing field, athletic field, playing area | examples=the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field
9. sense_key=field%1:17:00:: | definition=extensive tract of level open land | synonyms=plain, champaign | examples=they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth
10. sense_key=field%1:14:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1 | examples=the set of all rational numbers is a field
11. sense_key=field%1:15:03:: | definition=a region in which active military operations are in progress | synonyms=field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations | examples=the army was in the field awaiting action; he served in the Vietnam theater for three years
12. sense_key=field%1:14:01:: | definition=all of the horses in a particular horse race
13. sense_key=field%1:14:02:: | definition=all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
14. sense_key=field%1:15:05:: | definition=a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found | examples=the diamond fields of South Africa
15. sense_key=field%1:14:03:: | definition=(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
16. sense_key=field%1:09:01:: | definition=the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) | synonyms=field of view
17. sense_key=field%1:06:00:: | definition=a place where planes take off and land | synonyms=airfield, landing field, flying field

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower...". The context describes a "rural England" scene. The church is standing "amid the fields". This implies physical land, open space, likely agricultural or pastoral land surrounding the church.

2.  **Analyze the target word**: "fields" (plural of "field").

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: "a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed". Example: "he planted a field of wheat". This refers to agricultural land, often distinct patches. In rural England, churches are often surrounded by agricultural or grassy fields.
    *   **Sense 2**: "a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought". Context doesn't support a battle.
    *   **Sense 3**: "somewhere... where practical work is done...". Context is about a physical landscape, not a research site in this abstract sense.
    *   **Sense 4**: "a branch of knowledge". Abstract meaning. Doesn't fit "amid the fields".
    *   **Sense 5**: "electromagnetic oscillations". Physics meaning. Doesn't fit.
    *   **Sense 6**: "commercial enterprise". Doesn't fit.
    *   **Sense 7**: "environment or walk of life". Abstract. Doesn't fit.
    *   **Sense 8**: "land prepared for playing a game". No mention of sports.
    *   **Sense 9**: "extensive tract of level open land". Synonyms: plain, champaign. Example: "he longed for the fields of his youth". This is a strong contender. "Amid the fields" suggests the landscape generally. However, Sense 1 usually implies enclosed or specific plots, often agricultural. Sense 9 implies a vast open plain.
    *   **Sense 10**: "mathematics set". No.
    *   **Sense 11**: "military operations". No.
    *   **Sense 12**: "horses in a race". No.
    *   **Sense 13**: "competitors". No.
    *   **Sense 14**: "diamond fields". Specific resource context. No.
    *   **Sense 15**: "computer science". No.
    *   **Sense 16**: "field of view". No.
    *   **Sense 17**: "airfield". No.

    *   **Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 9**:
        *   Sense 1: "a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed". Gloss focuses on agricultural usage or enclosed plots. The example is "planting wheat". The context "rural England" strongly suggests agricultural fields or pasture land. "Amid the fields" implies the church is surrounded by these specific plots of land.
        *   Sense 9: "extensive tract of level open land". Synonyms "plain, champaign". Example "vast open plain". While rural England has fields, "plain" suggests a geographical feature like a prairie or a very large flat area. The plural "fields" in the text often refers to individual agricultural plots (Sense 1) rather than a single "plain" (Sense 9). The phrase "amid the fields" suggests multiple discrete areas (plots), which aligns better with Sense 1 ("a piece of land..."). Sense 9 is more about a singular geographical feature (a plain).

    *   Let's check the usage. "The church stands amid the fields." In a rural English context, this usually means cultivated land or meadows. Sense 1 captures the agricultural/rural aspect best. Sense 9 (plain) is less likely for the plural "fields" in this specific context of a church surrounded by specific plots of land in a "rural England" scene, which is typically patchworks of hedgerows and fields (Sense 1). Sense 1 is the standard definition for agricultural fields.

    *   Let's double check Sense 1 vs Sense 9 in WordNet hierarchies often used in WSD.
        *   Sense 1 is the primary, most common physical sense of field (agricultural land).
        *   Sense 9 is often defined as "champaign" or "plain".
        *   The text speaks of "rural England". The landscape of rural England is famously characterized by "fields" in the sense of enclosed agricultural plots (hedgerows, pastures). Therefore, Sense 1 fits perfectly.

4.  **Decision**: Sense 1 is the correct choice. It describes the physical, agricultural or pastoral land characteristic of the rural setting.

    *   Target: fields
    *   Context: rural England, church stands amid them.
    *   Sense 1: piece of land cleared/enclosed (agricultural/pastoral).
    *   Sense 9: plain/champaign (geological feature).

    "Fields" (plural) usually refers to Sense 1 in this context (multiple plots). "A field" could be Sense 9 if it meant a wide open space, but "amid the fields" implies the collection of plots making up the countryside.

    Final check:
    Sense 1: a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed. (Matches rural England landscape of enclosed fields).
    Sense 9: extensive tract of level open land (plain). (Less likely for "fields" plural in this specific context, though related).

    I will select Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the <t>sound</t> of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%1:07:00:: | definition=the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause | examples=the sound of rain on the roof; the beautiful sound of music
2. sense_key=sound%1:09:00:: | definition=the subjective sensation of hearing something | synonyms=auditory sensation | examples=he strained to hear the faint sounds
3. sense_key=sound%1:19:00:: | definition=mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium | examples=falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them
4. sense_key=sound%1:11:00:: | definition=the sudden occurrence of an audible event | examples=the sound awakened them
5. sense_key=sound%1:10:00:: | definition=the audible part of a transmitted signal | synonyms=audio | examples=they always raise the audio for commercials
6. sense_key=sound%1:10:01:: | definition=(phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language | synonyms=phone, speech sound
7. sense_key=sound%1:17:01:: | definition=a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water | synonyms=strait
8. sense_key=sound%1:17:00:: | definition=a large ocean inlet or deep bay | examples=the main body of the sound ran parallel to the coast

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "sound" in the context: "the sound of bells cascading from its tower"
Sense 1: "the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause" with examples "the sound of rain on the roof; the beautiful sound of music". This perfectly matches "the sound of bells".
Sense 2: "the subjective sensation of hearing something" - Not a subjective sensation.
Sense 3: "mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium" - Physical sound waves, but "sound of bells" refers to the auditory effect.
Sense 4: "the sudden occurrence of an audible event" - Not sudden occurrence.
Sense 5: "the audible part of a transmitted signal" - Audio.
Sense 6: "an individual sound unit of speech" - Phone.
Sense 7: "a narrow channel of the sea" - Geography.
Sense 8: "a large ocean inlet" - Geography.

"the sound of bells" aligns perfectly with sense 1 ("the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause", "the sound of rain on the roof").