[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "type" and the surface form is "types" (plural). It appears in the phrase "some types of colon cancer".

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "...finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses genetics, cancer research, and different variations or categories of cancer (lung, kidney, brain, skin, colon).
    *   Specific usage: "types of colon cancer". This refers to different forms, variations, or sub-categories of a specific disease (colon cancer).

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `type%1:09:00::` | definition: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing" | examples: "what type of sculpture do you prefer?"
        *   Analysis: "Types of colon cancer" fits perfectly here. Colon cancer is the "kind of thing," and there are subdivisions (different genetic causes, different manifestations). This is the standard usage for categories of things.
    *   **Sense 2:** `type%1:18:00::` | definition: "a person of a specified kind..." | synonyms: character, eccentric...
        *   Analysis: This refers to people/personality types. The context is biological disease, not people.
    *   **Sense 3:** `type%1:14:01::` | definition: "(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon"
        *   Analysis: This is a specific technical definition in taxonomy (nomenclature). While the text is biological, "types of colon cancer" is not referring to a taxonomic type specimen or a group defining a higher taxon. It refers to varieties or forms of the disease.
    *   **Sense 4:** `type%1:10:01::` | definition: "printed characters" | examples: "small type is hard to read"
        *   Analysis: Refers to typography/printing. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 5:** `type%1:10:00::` | definition: "all of the tokens of the same symbol" | examples: "the word `element' contains five different types of character"
        *   Analysis: Refers to linguistic tokens/symbols. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 6:** `type%1:06:00::` | definition: "a small metal block bearing a raised character..." | examples: "he dropped a case of type..."
        *   Analysis: Refers to physical printing blocks. Irrelevant.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only definition that fits the meaning of "categories" or "varieties" of a disease. "Types of colon cancer" implies there are different forms or subdivisions of the disease. The definition "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing" maps directly to this usage.

5.  **Format the output:** The user requested a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 3}`.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

    *   Wait, let me double-check the indexing.
    *   1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: -> index 1.
    *   2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: -> index 2.
    *   3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: -> index 3.
    *   4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: -> index 4.
    *   5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: -> index 5.
    *   6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: -> index 6.

    The best match is the first one listed.
    Definition: a subdivision of a particular kind of thing.
    Context match: "some types of colon cancer" -> subdivisions of colon cancer.

    Therefore, the sense index is 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: believe
    *   Target surface form: believes
    *   Context sentence: "Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses scientific research into cancer genetics (lung, kidney, brain, skin, colon). Dr. Minna is a researcher at the National Cancer Institute. He is putting forward a hypothesis or conclusion based on his research.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `believe%2:31:00::` | Definition: "accept as true; take to be true" | Examples: "I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense generally refers to accepting a statement or report as factual. Dr. Minna is stating a scientific opinion/hypothesis. Does he "accept as true" that people who inherit the gene are prone? Yes, in a way. He holds this view. However, this sense often implies accepting external information (like a report) rather than holding an internal conviction based on analysis, though the boundary is fuzzy. Let's look at other senses.

    *   **Sense 2:** `believe%2:31:04::` | Definition: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" | Synonyms: think, consider, conceive | Examples: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense focuses on holding an opinion, judgment, or view about a state of affairs. The structure "Dr. Minna believes [clause]" is very similar to "I believe [clause]" where "believe" functions similarly to "think" or "consider". Dr. Minna is expressing a scientific judgment or opinion based on his findings. He is regarding/judging that a specific genetic condition leads to cancer. This fits the mental state of a researcher forming a conclusion.
        *   *Comparison:* Is he "accepting as true" (Sense 1) or "judging/considering" (Sense 2)?
            *   Sense 1 often involves accepting someone else's word (believing a report).
            *   Sense 2 involves holding an opinion or view about a subject (believing X to be Y, or believing that X is Y). The example "I believe her to be very smart" aligns well with "Dr. Minna believes people... are... prone". It expresses an opinion or conviction derived from reasoning/observation.

    *   **Sense 3:** `believe%2:31:03::` | Definition: "be confident about something" | Synonyms: trust | Examples: "I believe that he will come back from the war".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense implies trust or confidence in a future outcome or a person. While Dr. Minna has confidence in his theory, this sense usually carries a nuance of trust (like "I believe in you") or hoping/counting on a future event. This is not the primary meaning here; it's about scientific causation, not trust or future hope in that specific sense.

    *   **Sense 4:** `believe%2:31:01::` | Definition: "follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer" | Examples: "When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too".
        *   *Analysis:* Religious faith context. Totally irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** `believe%2:31:02::` | Definition: "credit with veracity" | Examples: "You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?".
        *   *Analysis:* This is about trusting the truthfulness of a source (a person or publication). Dr. Minna is not deciding whether to trust a source; he is asserting a scientific proposition.

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**

    *   Context: "Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer."
    *   Sense 1: "accept as true". While one accepts a proposition as true, Sense 1 examples ("believed his report") often have a direct object referring to the source or the report, or a that-clause following received information.
    *   Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge". Synonyms: "think, consider". The example "I believe her to be very smart" is key.
    *   Let's look at the syntactic structure. "Dr. Minna believes [that] people... are..."
    *   In WordNet (and standard WSD), the distinction often boils down to:
        *   Sense 1: Accepting the truth of a proposition (often communicated by others).
        *   Sense 2: Holding an opinion or view (synonymous with 'think').
    *   In scientific contexts, "Dr. Minna believes" is almost interchangeable with "Dr. Minna thinks" or "Dr. Minna considers it likely". It represents his professional judgment/hypothesis.
    *   Sense 2 explicitly lists "think" and "consider" as synonyms. The definition "judge or regard" fits the scientific formation of a hypothesis better than "accept as true" (which sounds passive, like listening to news). Dr. Minna isn't just accepting someone else's report (he might be, but the sentence frames it as his view).
    *   Let's check the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "I believed his report." (Object is the report).
        *   Sense 2: "I think he is very smart." (Complement clause).
    *   The target sentence has a complement clause: "people... are especially prone..."
    *   Is it just accepting truth? Or is it an opinion? Scientific "beliefs" are judgments. "I believe it will rain" is a judgment/opinion. "I believe you" is accepting truth/trusting (Sense 5 or Sense 1).
    *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy.
        *   Sense 1 (accept as true) -> hypernym: accept.
        *   Sense 2 (judge or regard) -> hypernym: evaluate, judge.
    *   Dr. Minna is evaluating the data and judging/positing a correlation. This aligns strongly with Sense 2.
    *   Let's check Sense 2 example again: "I believe her to be very smart." This is a judgment.
    *   Target sentence: "Dr. Minna believes [that] people... are especially prone..."
    *   This is a statement of opinion/judgment.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit. It captures the "opinion/hypothesis" aspect of "belief" in an academic/scientific context, synonymous with "thinks".

    *   *Counter-argument for Sense 1:* One could argue he "accepts as true" the proposition that "people are prone...". However, Sense 1 often lacks the agentive "judgment" quality of scientific reasoning. Sense 1 is more generic. But Sense 2's synonyms "think, consider" are the standard paraphrases for "believe" in this context. "Dr. Minna *thinks* people who inherit..." works perfectly. "Dr. Minna *accepts as true* that people who inherit..." is clunky and implies he was previously skeptical or received this info externally to verify.
    *   The context says "Dr. Minna believes..." in the context of a report *he* wrote ("John Minna and colleagues... say that..."). This implies the belief is his conclusion/judgment derived from his work. Therefore, Sense 2 (judge/regard/think) is superior to Sense 1 (accept as true).

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with synonyms "think, consider, conceive".
    *   Fits the scientific hypothesis context perfectly.
    *   Matches the syntax (believe + that-clause expressing an opinion/judgment).

    *   Let's double check the sense indexing provided in the prompt.
        *   1. accept as true
        *   2. judge or regard; look upon; judge
        *   3. be confident about something
        *   4. follow a credo
        *   5. credit with veracity

    *   The best match is Sense 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "people" in the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Let me analyze the senses:

1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: - "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - examples: "old people", "there were at least 200 people in the audience"

2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: - "the body of citizens of a state or country" - synonyms: citizenry - examples: "the Spanish people"

3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: - "members of a family line" - examples: "his people have been farmers for generations", "are your people still alive?"

4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: - "the common people generally" - synonyms: multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed - examples: "separate the warriors from the mass", "power to the people"

In the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene..."

This is talking about "people who inherit a defective gene" - referring to human beings/individuals who may have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer. This is a general reference to human beings, not specifically citizens of a country (sense 2), not family line (sense 3), and not "the masses" or common people in a sociopolitical sense (sense 4).

This is the most basic/generic sense of "people" - referring to any group of human beings. The phrase "people who inherit a defective gene" is referring to individuals/human beings who have this genetic characteristic.

This matches sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - the general plural sense of "people" referring to humans in general.

The answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "inherit" and the surface form is "inherit".
2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The text discusses genetics, cancer research, and genes (p53, chromosome 18, chromosome 5, chromosome 3).
    *   The specific sentence is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
    *   Key phrases: "defective gene", "chromosome 3", "prone to lung cancer".
    *   The action involves people receiving a gene from their parents (predecessors/ancestors) which makes them susceptible to a disease.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: "obtain from someone after their death" (e.g., inheriting a castle). This relates to property and legal inheritance after death. It does not fit the biological context of genes and chromosomes.
    *   **Sense 2**: "receive from a predecessor" (e.g., new chairman inheriting problems). This is metaphorical or abstract inheritance of a situation or role. While genes come from predecessors, this sense usually refers to non-biological traits or situations (like problems, policies, etc.).
    *   **Sense 3**: "receive by genetic transmission" (e.g., inherited good eyesight). This specifically mentions "genetic transmission". The context explicitly talks about genes, chromosomes, and biological traits (prone to cancer).
4.  **Match context to sense**:
    *   The context talks about a "defective gene" being passed down.
    *   Sense 3's definition "receive by genetic transmission" matches perfectly with the biological context of inheriting genes and chromosomes.
    *   Sense 1 is incorrect (not property).
    *   Sense 2 is too broad and usually implies a role/situation rather than biological material, though it shares the "predecessor" aspect. Sense 3 is the specific biological instantiation of inheritance.
5.  **Determine the best index**:
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.
    *   Sense 3 corresponds to index 3.
    *   The correct sense is Sense 3.
6.  **Format the output**: Return JSON `{"sense_index": 3}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target lemma is "copy" and the surface form is "copies" (plural noun).
2.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."
    *   The context is biological/genetic.
    *   It talks about "two copies of chromosome 3".
    *   Humans (and many organisms) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes – one from each parent. Therefore, they have two "copies" of each chromosome.
    *   The meaning here is not a physical paper copy, nor a journalistic text, nor a legal transcript. It refers to one of the specific biological instances of the chromosome present in the cell.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (copy%1:10:00::):** Definition: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)". Synonyms: "transcript".
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to documents. Not applicable to chromosomes.
    *   **Sense 2 (copy%1:06:00::):** Definition: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor".
        *   *Evaluation:* This is a general sense of a duplicate or replica. In biology, the two chromosomes in a pair are (mostly) identical copies of each other (one paternal, one maternal). While "replica" or "clone" might be strong words, the underlying concept is that there are two things that are similar/identical (the pair of chromosomes). This sense captures the idea of "a thing similar or identical to another thing". In the context of genetics, "two copies of chromosome 3" refers to the two distinct but homologous physical structures. This fits the definition of "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (in a broad sense of biological replication/inheritance).
    *   **Sense 3 (copy%1:10:01::):** Definition: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials". Synonyms: "written matter".
        *   *Evaluation:* Printing/publishing context. Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 4 (copy%1:10:02::):** Definition: "material suitable for a journalistic account".
        *   *Evaluation:* Journalism context. Not applicable.

4.  **Refine the Decision:**
    *   Senses 1, 3, and 4 are clearly wrong because they relate to documents, printing, or journalism.
    *   Sense 2 is the only remaining viable candidate. The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" covers the biological usage where an organism possesses two instances (copies) of a specific chromosome. Even though WordNet's examples ("designer dress", "clone") are everyday or sci-fi, the core definition matches the biological context of having two similar/identical structures (homologous chromosomes).
    *   Is there a specific biological sense missing? WordNet (3.0 or 3.1) doesn't have a specific "genetic copy" sense separate from the general "duplicate/replica" sense. Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct mapping within the provided options.

5.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   Selected Sense: 2.
    *   Format: JSON object {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "especially" in the context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Let me analyze this:

The sentence is saying that people with this defective gene are MORE prone to lung cancer than the general population or than others. This is comparing the degree to which they are prone to lung cancer.

Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" - This fits well. The context is about being MORE prone, to a greater degree than is common.

Sense 2: "in a special manner" - This doesn't fit as well. "In a special manner" suggests something done specially or in a particular way, like "a specially arranged dinner." But here, "especially" is modifying "prone" - it's about the degree to which they are prone, not about the manner in which they are prone.

The key here is that "especially prone" means "particularly prone" or "to a greater degree than is common" - these people have a heightened susceptibility compared to others.

This matches Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common"

The examples for Sense 1 are "he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack" - these show degree/intensity.

The examples for Sense 2 are "a specially arranged dinner" - this shows something done in a special manner.

"Especially prone" fits with Sense 1 - it's about the degree of proneness being greater.

So the answer should be sense_index: 1

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: report
    *   Target surface form: reported
    *   Context sentence: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses scientific discoveries regarding cancer genes (p53, tumor-suppressor genes, retinoblastoma suppressor gene). Dr. Minna and others are the agents.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "give an account or representation of in words". Synonyms: describe, account. Example: "Discreet Italian police described it..."
        *   *Fit:* This is a general sense of "reporting". While true that they are giving an account, the context implies a formal announcement of findings, specific to scientific research.

    *   **Sense 2:** "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding". Examples: "Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily..."; "The team reported significant advances in their research".
        *   *Fit:* This fits perfectly. Dr. Minna and others have "experience or finding[s]" (scientific research on lung cancer genes). They are announcing the results. The example "The team reported significant advances in their research" is structurally and semantically very close to "he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved...". It involves disseminating research results.

    *   **Sense 3:** "announce one's presence". Example: "I report to work every day..."
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect context. No one is checking in for duty.

    *   **Sense 4:** "make known to the authorities". Example: "One student reported the other to the principal".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. They aren't snitching on someone. They are publishing/announcing scientific data.

    *   **Sense 5:** "be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism". Synonyms: cover. Example: "Snow reported on China..."
        *   *Fit:* This refers to journalistic reporting (covering a beat). While the text reads like a news article, the agents (Dr. Minna and others) are the scientists reporting their findings, not journalists covering a story. The act is the announcement of findings (Sense 2), not the journalistic act of covering an event (Sense 5).

    *   **Sense 6:** "complain about; make a charge against". Example: "I reported her to the supervisor."
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect context. No complaint is being made.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is a hypernym/generic sense ("describe").
    *   Sense 2 is more specific: "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding".
    *   In scientific contexts, when researchers "report" findings, they are making the results of their investigation known. Sense 2 captures the "finding/result" aspect which is central to the sentence ("reported that the... gene may also be involved"). The example "The team reported significant advances in their research" under Sense 2 mirrors the context sentence almost exactly.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the most precise fit.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object with the format `{"sense_index": number}`.
    *   The chosen sense is index 2.

    *   Double check the indices.
        *   1 -> report%2:32:00:: (describe)
        *   2 -> report%2:32:04:: (announce findings)
        *   3 -> report%2:32:03:: (announce presence)
        *   4 -> report%2:32:01:: (make known to authorities)
        *   5 -> report%2:32:13:: (journalism)
        *   6 -> report%2:32:02:: (complain)

    *   The correct index is 2.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target is "involved" (adjective/participle).
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."
    *   Subject: "retinoblastoma suppressor gene".
    *   Prepositional phrase: "in some lung cancers".
    *   Meaning: The gene plays a role or part in the development or presence of lung cancers.
3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `involved%3:00:00::` | Definition: "connected by participation or association or use". Examples: "people involved", "problems involved". This fits the idea of being part of a process or phenomenon. A gene being "involved" in cancer means it participates or plays a role in the cancer process.
    *   **Sense 2**: `involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00` | Definition: "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire". Examples: "difficulties in which the question is involved". This implies a negative, hindering entanglement, often metaphorical. A gene isn't hindered or mired in cancer in this sense; it participates in the mechanism.
    *   **Sense 3**: `involved%5:00:00:attached:01` | Definition: "emotionally involved". This applies to human relationships/emotions. Not applicable to a gene.
    *   **Sense 4**: `involved%5:00:00:complex:00` | Definition: "highly complex or intricate...". Examples: "Byzantine tax structure". This refers to complexity of a system or argument. While biology is complex, "involved in cancer" here refers to participation/association, not the complexity of the gene itself.
    *   **Sense 5**: `involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00` | Definition: "enveloped". Examples: "castle involved in mist". This refers to physical surrounding. Not applicable.

4.  **Select the best sense**: Sense 1 captures the meaning of participation or association ("connected by participation"). The gene is associated with or plays a role in the cancer. This matches the context "involved in [a disease/process]".

5.  **Format output**: The request asks for a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. Sense 1 is the correct one.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target lemma is "other" (adjective). The context sentence is: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too."

2.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence discusses cancers. It mentions "some lung cancers" and then adds "as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers". The function of "other" here is to distinguish the previously mentioned "lung cancers" from distinct, different cancers (which happen to be more common). It means "different," "additional," or "distinct from the ones just named."

3.  **Evaluate the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `other%3:00:00::` | Definition: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" | Examples: "today isn't any other day", "the construction of highways and other public works".
        *   *Analysis:* This definition fits perfectly. The text mentions "some lung cancers" and then introduces "other... cancers". These are different cancers, not the same ones already mentioned. The example "highways and other public works" parallels "lung cancers and other... cancers". This is the standard, default adjectival sense of "other" used to introduce items of a similar class distinct from the previously mentioned items.

    *   **Sense 2:** `other%5:00:00:past:00` | Definition: "recently past" | Examples: "the other evening".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a temporal usage (e.g., "I saw him the other day"). The context is about types of cancer, not time. This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `other%5:00:02:past:00` | Definition: "belonging to the distant past" | Synonyms: "early", "former" | Examples: "the early inhabitants of Europe".
        *   *Analysis:* Again, a temporal usage referring to the past. The context refers to types of diseases, not historical time periods. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `other%5:00:00:strange:00` | Definition: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" | Examples: "a strange, other dimension".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense implies a mystical, strange, or alien quality. While the cancers are "more common," the word "other" here simply distinguishes them from lung cancers; it doesn't imply they are "strange" or "mystical." Incorrect.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the semantic relationship of distinctness or addition relative to a previously mentioned set.

5.  **Format Output:** Return JSON `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request**:
    *   Target lemma: "more"
    *   Target surface form: "more"
    *   Context: A paragraph discussing scientific research on cancer genes (p53, tumor-suppressor genes, retinoblastoma, etc.).
    *   Specific sentence: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other **more** common cancers, too."
    *   Candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1: Comparative marker for adjectives/adverbs (synonyms: to a greater extent; examples: more interesting, more beautiful).
        *   Sense 2: Comparative of much/many (synonyms: [implicit in definition]; examples: he works more now, they eat more).

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   The target phrase is "several other **more** common cancers".
    *   Let's look at the syntactic structure: [determiner: several] [adjective: other] [adverb/quantifier: more] [adjective: common] [noun: cancers].
    *   Is "more" modifying "common"?
        *   "Common" is an adjective.
        *   "More common" is the comparative form of the adjective "common".
        *   If "more" were used in the sense of "more cancers" (quantity), the sentence would likely read "several other common cancers" (referring to a set of cancers) or "more common cancers" (a larger quantity of common cancers).
        *   However, the phrase "several other more common cancers" implies that among "other cancers", these specific ones are *more common* (higher frequency/prevalence) compared to others (perhaps lung cancer, which was mentioned right before).
        *   The construction is "more [adjective]". This indicates the formation of the comparative degree of the adjective "common".

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs".
        *   Does it fit? Yes. "Common" is an adjective. "More common" is the comparative form.
        *   The sentence is saying these cancers are "more common" (comparative adjective phrase) than others or just generally of higher frequency compared to the less common ones implied.
    *   Sense 2: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent".
        *   Does it fit? This sense usually functions as a determiner or adverb modifying a verb or a mass noun (e.g., "more water", "eat more", "more importantly").
        *   In "more common cancers", if "more" belonged to sense 2, it would act as a quantifier for "cancers". The phrase would mean "a greater number of common cancers".
        *   Context: "several other more common cancers".
        *   "Several" is already a quantifier. It feels redundant or clunky to have "several [quantifier: more] [adjective: common] [noun: cancers]".
        *   The standard reading is: "several" (quantifier) + "other" (adj) + "more common" (comparative adj) + "cancers" (noun).
        *   The comparison is between the frequency of cancers. Lung cancer is mentioned. Then "several other more common cancers" are mentioned. This implies there are other cancers that are *more common than lung cancer* (or more common than some standard).
        *   Therefore, "more" is modifying the adjective "common".

4.  **Verify with Examples**:
    *   Sense 1 examples: "more interesting", "more beautiful".
        *   Structure: "more" + [adjective]. Matches "more" + "common".
    *   Sense 2 examples: "he works more now", "they eat more than they should".
        *   Structure: "more" as adverb (works more) or pronoun/determiner (eat more).
        *   Does it match "more common"? No. "Common" is clearly an adjective here.

5.  **Conclusion**:
    *   The word "more" is being used to form the comparative of the adjective "common".
    *   This corresponds to Sense 1.

6.  **Final Output Generation**:
    *   JSON format: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word "common" appears in the phrase "several other more common cancers" in the context. Let me analyze the meaning in context.

The sentence is: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

Here, "common" is describing types of cancers. The meaning is that these cancers are more frequently encountered or more widespread. They're not rare or unusual - they're cancers that occur more often.

Let me evaluate each candidate sense:

1. "belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about public ownership or community participation in cancers.

2. "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual" - This could work. "Common cancers" would mean cancers that are widely encountered, ordinary in the sense of not rare.

3. "common to or shared by two or more parties" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about cancers shared between parties.

4. "commonly encountered" - This fits well. "Common cancers" means cancers that are commonly encountered, frequently occurring.

5. "being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language" - This is about language, not cancers.

6. "of or associated with the great masses of people" - This is about social class, not frequency.

7. "of low or inferior quality or value" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about inferior cancers.

8. "lacking refinement or cultivation or taste" - This is about manners/behavior, not frequency.

9. "to be expected; standard" - This could somewhat fit, but it's more about what's standard/expected in terms of behavior or norms.

The best fits are senses 2 and 4. Let me compare them:

Sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"
Sense 4: "commonly encountered"

Sense 4 is more specific and directly captures the meaning - "common cancers" means cancers that are commonly encountered/frequently occurring.

Sense 2 has a slightly different flavor - it's more about being ordinary, average, without special distinction. While this could apply, the context is more specifically about frequency of occurrence.

Sense 4 seems like the best match because:
- The synonym "usual" fits
- The example "a common (or familiar) complaint" parallels "common cancers" - both describe things that are frequently encountered
- The definition "commonly encountered" directly captures what's meant - cancers that occur frequently

Actually, let me reconsider sense 2 vs sense 4 more carefully:

Sense 2 examples: "the common man", "a common sailor"
Sense 4 examples: "a common (or familiar) complaint", "the usual greeting"

In the medical/statistical context of "common cancers," the meaning is about frequency of occurrence, not about being ordinary or undistinguished. Sense 4's definition "commonly encountered" and its example about a "common complaint" (which is medical terminology) matches well with "common cancers."

So I'll go with sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "cancer" and the surface form is "cancers". The context describes "malignant growth or tumor", "tumor-suppressor genes", "colon cancer", "lung cancer", etc.

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   "missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers" -> Medical context.
    *   "malignant growth or tumor" -> This definition matches the context perfectly.
    *   "tumor-suppressor genes" -> Biological mechanisms related to uncontrolled cell division.
    *   "colon cancer", "lung cancer", "retinoblastoma suppressor gene" -> All refer to the disease characterized by malignant tumors.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." (Synonyms: malignant neoplastic disease). This is the medical definition of the disease.
    *   Sense 2: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "a small zodiacal constellation...". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "the fourth sign of the zodiac...". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "type genus of the family Cancridae". This is a biological classification for crabs. While the text mentions "genes" and biological research, the context is clearly about the medical condition, not crustaceans.

4.  **Select the best match:**
    *   The context discusses genes, tissues, tumors, and diseases like lung and colon cancer.
    *   Sense 1 defines the disease.
    *   The plural form "cancers" fits the "malignant growths" aspect of the definition (multiple instances of the disease or types of the disease).

5.  **Formulate the output:** The instructions ask for a JSON object with the format {"sense_index": integer}. Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *   Sense 1 matches the definition and context.

6.  **Final verification:** Does "cancers" refer to people (Sense 2)? No. Does it refer to a constellation (Sense 3)? No. Does it refer to a zodiac sign (Sense 4)? No. Does it refer to the genus of crabs (Sense 5)? No. Does it refer to the disease (Sense 1)? Yes.

    Result: Sense 1.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and form:**
    *   Lemma: discovery
    *   Form: discoveries (plural)
    *   Context: The text discusses scientific research into tumor-suppressor genes, colon cancer, lung cancer, etc. It mentions isolating genes, finding genes, and reporting on genes. It talks about where "these discoveries" will lead and a "cascade of discoveries" turning into tests and therapies.

2.  **Analyze the context clues:**
    *   The sentence containing the target: "Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate."
    *   The subsequent sentence: "...turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
    *   Preceding sentences describe the finding of specific genes (tumor-suppressor genes, gene on chromosome 18, gene on chromosome 5, retinoblastoma suppressor gene).
    *   The entities referred to as "discoveries" are the specific genes and scientific findings themselves (the *things* found).
    *   They are concrete results (genes, suppressor genes) that lead to applications (tests, therapies).

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `discovery%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of discovering something" | Synonyms: find, uncovering.
        *   *Reasoning:* Does "Where these acts of discovering will lead" fit? It's possible, but usually, we say "Where this research will lead" or "Where these findings will lead". The text refers to "cascade of discoveries" becoming "tests and therapies". Tests and therapies are usually products of the *things* found (genes), not just the acts of finding them. While the act is implied, the focus seems to be on the results (the genes) being the discoveries. However, let's look at the other senses to see if one fits better.

    *   **Sense 2:** `discovery%1:10:00::` | Definition: "something that is discovered".
        *   *Reasoning:* The text lists specific things found (genes). "Where these [things that are discovered] will lead..." fits perfectly. The "cascade of discoveries" refers to the accumulation of found entities/phenomena (genes, mechanisms). This sense often captures the "finding" as an entity/object. It seems very strong.

    *   **Sense 3:** `discovery%1:09:00::` | Definition: "a productive insight" | Synonyms: breakthrough, find.
        *   *Reasoning:* Are these genes "productive insights"? Yes, they could be considered breakthroughs. The phrase "productive insight" suggests a cognitive leap or a flash of understanding. While finding a gene is a breakthrough, Sense 2 ("something that is discovered") is more concrete and physically descriptive of the genes mentioned. "Breakthrough" often implies a singular major turning point. Here, there is a "cascade" of them. While related, Sense 2 is the hypernym for the specific results of the search. However, WordNet sense hierarchies can be tricky. Let's check the standard distinctions.
        *   Sense 1: Act (Event).
        *   Sense 2: Result (Entity/Object).
        *   Sense 3: Cognitive/Abstract result ("insight").
        *   The context mentions "pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes", "isolate one", "finding another gene". These are concrete objects (genes) being found. When you find a specific object, it is "something that is discovered" (Sense 2).
        *   Does Sense 3 apply? Sometimes "findings" are mapped to Sense 3 or Sense 2. Let's look at the synonym "breakthrough". Finding a specific gene is a scientific breakthrough. But is "discovery" here meaning "insight" or "the thing found"?
        *   Let's look at the phrase "cascade of discoveries". A cascade of insights vs a cascade of found things. The found things (genes) are what allow for predictive tests.
        *   Let's check standard WSD practices for "discovery".
            *   "The discovery of America" -> Act (Sense 1) or Thing (Sense 2).
            *   "Penicillin was a great discovery." -> Thing (Sense 2).
            *   "Newton's discovery of gravity." -> Act (Sense 1).
        *   In the text: "Where these discoveries will lead..." -> The discoveries are the genes. The genes *are* the discoveries.
        *   "Isolate one [gene]... finding another gene..." -> The genes are the discoveries.
        *   Sense 2 ("something that is discovered") seems the most direct fit for the physical genes.

    *   **Sense 4:** Law sense. Irrelevant.

4.  **Refining the choice between Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   WordNet 3.0 definitions:
        *   1: the act of discovering something.
        *   2: something that is discovered.
        *   3: a productive insight.
    *   Context: "pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes", "isolate one", "finding another gene".
    *   The "discoveries" are the genes.
    *   Genes are physical entities (sequences of DNA). They are "something that is discovered".
    *   Is it a "productive insight"? The *identification* of the gene provides an insight. But the gene itself is the discovery.
    *   Let's look at the synonym "find" for Sense 3. "He had a flash of insight/finding."
    *   Let's look at Sense 2. "The find was a gold nugget."
    *   In scientific contexts, finding a gene is often treated as a "breakthrough" (Sense 3) but strictly speaking, the gene is the object found (Sense 2).
    *   However, often in WSD, Sense 2 is the "catch-all" for the result of the act.
    *   Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3 in WordNet.
        *   Sense 2 (Entity): `discovery%1:10:00::`. Domain: Topical? No, usually general.
        *   Sense 3 (Cognition): `discovery%1:09:00::`. Domain: Cognition.
    *   The context emphasizes the *utility* of these discoveries (leading to tests and therapies). This leans slightly toward the value of the insight/breakthrough (Sense 3). But the *reference* is to the specific genes. "Pinpoint genes... isolate one... finding another gene... Where these discoveries will lead." The antecedent for "discoveries" is the "genes".
    *   Genes = entities.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 ("something that is discovered") is the correct mapping for the entities found.

    *   Let's double check Sense 3 usage. "Einstein's discovery" -> often the act or the theory (insight). "Fleming's discovery" -> Penicillin (Entity). Is Penicillin a productive insight or something discovered? In WordNet, if the discovery is a physical object, it's Sense 2. If it's a theory or method, it might be Sense 3 (insight) or Sense 2.
    *   Genes are physical objects (locatable on chromosomes).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is appropriate.

    *   Let's check Sense 1 again. "Where these acts of discovering will lead." This is also semantically plausible. Often, abstract nouns referring to events or results are ambiguous. "We discussed the discovery." Did we discuss the event of finding it, or the thing found?
    *   Context: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests". You turn the *results* (the knowledge of the genes, the genes themselves) into tests. You don't turn the "act of finding" into a test directly; you turn the knowledge gained into a test. The "knowledge gained" is the "something that is discovered" (Sense 2) or the "productive insight" (Sense 3).
    *   Sense 2 is defined broadly as "something that is discovered". This covers genes.
    *   Sense 3 specifies "productive insight".
    *   Usually, if the discovery is a specific entity (like a gene, a star, a artifact), Sense 2 is preferred. If it's an abstract concept or a sudden realization, Sense 3 might apply.
    *   The text lists specific genes. These are entities.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    Let's confirm the indexing in the prompt.
    1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | Act
    2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | Entity (something that is discovered)
    3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | Cognition (insight/breakthrough)

    The text says "Where these discoveries will lead". The antecedents are the "tumor-suppressor genes".
    Genes are things.
    "Something that is discovered" (Sense 2) fits "Genes".

    Is there an argument for Sense 3?
    "A productive insight".
    While finding the gene gives insight, the gene itself is the discovery. The synonym "breakthrough" fits the *significance*, but "find" (Sense 3 synonym) can also mean the object found (e.g., "That antique was a great find"). Note that "find" is listed as a synonym for Sense 3 in this prompt (and Sense 1). Wait, WordNet 3.0 lists `find` as a synonym for Sense 3 (`discovery%1:09:00::`).
    Let's check standard WordNet 3.0 entries.
    Sense 1: the act of discovering something (syn: find, uncovering).
    Sense 2: something that is discovered.
    Sense 3: a productive insight (syn: breakthrough, find).

    There is an overlap. "That bug was a great find." -> This is Sense 2 (the thing) or Sense 3 (the insight/value)?
    In WordNet, Sense 3 is in the `cognition` domain (lexicographer file `cognition`). Sense 2 is in the `artifact` or `entity` domain (lexicographer file `natural object` or similar? No, usually `entity` or `object`).
    The lexicographer file for Sense 2 (`%1:10:00::`) is `noun.artifact`? No, let's trace the offsets.
    Usually:
    Sense 1: act.
    Sense 2: entity/result (the thing found).
    Sense 3: cognition (the insight).

    The target is "genes". Genes are natural objects. They are not insights. The *finding* of them is an insight/breakthrough. But the "discoveries" *are* the genes.
    "Where these [genes] will lead..."
    Genes = discoveries.
    Genes are things.
    Sense 2: "something that is discovered".
    This matches perfectly.

    Let's check the prompt's specific mapping.
    Sense 2 definition: "something that is discovered".
    Sense 3 definition: "a productive insight".

    The genes are "something that is discovered". They are physical entities. The "insight" is the understanding of their function, but the "discovery" in the sentence refers to the genes themselves mentioned in the previous sentences ("isolate one", "finding another gene").

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    Let's re-read the sentence: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests".
    You use the discovered genes (Sense 2) to make tests.
    You could also use the "insights" (Sense 3) to make tests.
    However, the immediate context links "discoveries" to "pinpoint... genes", "isolate one", "finding another gene".
    "Finding a gene" -> The gene is the find/discovery.
    The gene is an entity.
    Sense 2 is the entity sense.

    Final check:
    Candidate 1: Act. (Incorrect, referring to results/things).
    Candidate 2: Thing found. (Correct, genes are things found).
    Candidate 3: Insight. (Possible abstractly, but genes are concrete entities).
    Candidate 4: Law. (Incorrect).

    Result: Index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context around the word "only" in the sentence:

"Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."

In this sentence, "only" is modifying "speculate." The meaning is that scientists can do nothing more than speculate - they cannot do anything beyond speculating. This is a limiting/restrictive meaning - they are limited to speculation and nothing more.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time

This sense means "and nothing more" - as in "merely" or "simply." In the context, scientists can merely speculate, they can simply speculate - they can't do anything beyond that. This fits well.

2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children

This sense is more about exclusivity - doing something exclusively or solely. This doesn't quite fit the context. The sentence isn't saying scientists speculate exclusively; it's saying they can do nothing more than speculate.

3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round

This is about doing something with an unexpected or contrasting final result. This doesn't fit the context at all.

4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset

This is about the final outcome or effect. This doesn't fit well either.

5. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better

This is used as a conjunction meaning "except that." Not applicable here.

6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse

This is about conditional usage. Not applicable here.

7. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

This is about temporal reference. Not applicable here.

The best match is sense 1. The meaning is that scientists can merely/just/simply speculate - and nothing more. They cannot predict with certainty or do anything beyond speculating. This is the "and nothing more" sense, where "only" = "merely" = "simply" = "just."

Let me double-check: "scientists can only speculate" means "scientists can merely speculate" or "scientists can just speculate" - they can speculate and nothing more. This aligns perfectly with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: speculate
Target surface form: speculate
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=speculate%2:32:00:: | definition=talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion | examples=We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal
3. sense_key=speculate%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
4. sense_key=speculate%2:40:00:: | definition=invest at a risk | synonyms=job | examples=I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
    *   Surrounding text: The text discusses scientific research into tumor-suppressor genes. Scientists are isolating genes (chromosome 18, chromosome 5, chromosome 3, retinoblastoma suppressor gene).
    *   The sentence in question talks about the *future implications* ("Where these discoveries will lead") of this research. Scientists don't know for sure yet; they are hypothesizing or making educated guesses about the future applications (predictive tests, new therapies).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `speculate%2:31:01::` | definition: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" | synonyms: theorize, conjecture, hypothesize | examples: "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"
        *   *Fit:* This fits well. Scientists are looking at the current discoveries and forming theories about where they will lead. There is uncertainty ("can only speculate"). It involves scientific reasoning/hypothesizing.

    *   **Sense 2:** `speculate%2:32:00::` | definition: "talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt..." | examples: "We were speculating whether the President had to resign..."
        *   *Fit:* This implies a more conversational or "idle" review. The context here is a formal scientific report/research context. While there is doubt/uncertainty, "idle or casual" doesn't quite fit the high-stakes, forward-looking nature of "where these discoveries will lead" in a scientific paper context. However, the example "speculating whether..." involves future outcomes. But Sense 1's "theorize/hypothesize" fits the scientific register better than "talk over casually".

    *   **Sense 3:** `speculate%2:31:00::` | definition: "reflect deeply on a subject" | synonyms: chew over, meditate, ponder | examples: "I mulled over the events..."; "philosophers have speculated on the question of God..."
        *   *Fit:* This is about deep contemplation or meditation. While scientists do think deeply, the phrase "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate" suggests forming a hypothesis or conjecture about a future outcome, not just "pondering" in the abstract philosophical sense. It's about prediction based on evidence, rather than just deep reflection.

    *   **Sense 4:** `speculate%2:40:00::` | definition: "invest at a risk" | synonyms: job | examples: buying a house to sell at a good price.
        *   *Fit:* This is financial speculation. The context mentions pharmaceutical companies collaborating, which implies financial interest, but the *subject* of the verb is "scientists" and the object is "where these discoveries will lead". The scientists are not investing money; they are hypothesizing about outcomes. This is clearly incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3 (and 2):**
    *   The sentence is "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
    *   This is a classic scientific speculation scenario: using current data to guess at future results.
    *   Sense 3 ("reflect deeply") is close, but "speculate" in the sense of "form a theory or conjecture about a subject without firm evidence" is the precise meaning here. Sense 1's definition "believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" and synonyms "theorize, conjecture" align perfectly with the scientific method of proposing outcomes based on incomplete data.
    *   Sense 2 emphasizes "idle or casual" talk. Scientific speculation about the direction of cancer research is serious, not idle.
    *   Sense 3 ("reflect deeply/ponder") is often intransitive or takes "about/on". Here, the implicit object is the future direction. Sense 1 is about the *act of forming the belief/theory*.
    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 1: "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps." This is very similar to scientists supposing/guessing where gene research will lead.
    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 3: "Philosophers have speculated on the question of God..." This is more existential/meditative.
    *   The context is about *predicting* or *hypothesizing* the future course of medical science. This maps directly to Sense 1 (conjecture/theorize).

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The scientists are making tentative conclusions or theories about the future ("Where these discoveries will lead").
    *   Synonyms: theorize, conjecture (Sense 1) fit best.
    *   Definition: "believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" matches the "can only speculate" (implying they don't know for sure yet).

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    Index mapping:
    1 -> sense_key=speculate%2:31:01::
    2 -> sense_key=speculate%2:32:00::
    3 -> sense_key=speculate%2:31:00::
    4 -> sense_key=speculate%2:40:00::

    Selected Index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
6. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
7. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age
8. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "major" in the context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters..."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is about two pharmaceutical companies
- They are described as "major" companies
- The examples given are Squibb and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.
- These are large, important pharmaceutical companies

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. "of greater importance or stature or rank" - This fits well. Major pharmaceutical companies are companies of significant importance and stature in the industry.

2. "greater in scope or effect" - This doesn't fit as well. We're talking about companies, not contributions or improvements.

3. "greater in number or size or amount" - This could potentially apply since major companies are larger in size, but this sense seems more focused on quantities or amounts.

4. "of the field of academic study" - This doesn't apply at all; it's about academic majors.

5. "of a scale or mode" - This is about music, not relevant.

6. "of greater seriousness or danger" - This is about disasters like earthquakes, not relevant.

7. "of full legal age" - Not relevant.

8. "of the elder of two boys with the same family name" - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1 - "of greater importance or stature or rank". The phrase "major pharmaceutical companies" refers to companies of significant importance and stature in the pharmaceutical industry.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 3: "greater in number or size or amount". The example given is "a major portion (a majority) of the population" and "Ursa Major". This seems more about quantity or numerical majority. A "major company" isn't really about being larger in number - it's about being important/prominent.

So sense 1 is the best fit: "of greater importance or stature or rank" with examples "a major artist; a major role".

The answer is sense_index: 1.