[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such <t>votes</t> reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `vote`
    *   Target surface form: `votes`
    *   Context snippet: "...participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses legislative behavior, specifically the difference between Democrats and Republicans regarding "local benefit-seeking" vs. "national policy making." It mentions "roll-call votes" and "attendance rates on roll-call votes."

2.  **Analyze the specific usage:**
    *   The phrase is "participating in such votes".
    *   "Roll-call votes" is the antecedent. A roll-call vote is an instance of recording how individual legislators voted on a bill or motion.
    *   The sentence contrasts time spent on these events ("votes") vs. time spent on "local benefit-seeking."
    *   Here, "votes" refers to specific instances of decision-making events in the legislature (the act of voting or the specific occasion of voting).

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `vote%1:04:00::` | definition="a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative" | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples="there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense focuses on the outcome or the collective act of making a choice. The example "17 votes" refers to the count. However, the context "participating in such votes" refers to the *events* or instances of voting, not necessarily the counts of choices. A legislator participates in a vote (the event). Is this the best fit? It's close. "Roll-call votes" are instances where this process happens.

    *   **Sense 2:** `vote%1:04:01::` | definition="the opinion of a group as determined by voting" | examples="they put the question to a vote".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the result or the collective will. "Participating in such opinions" doesn't fit the syntax "participating in such votes" well. You participate in the process/event, not the opinion.

    *   **Sense 3:** `vote%1:07:00::` | definition="a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment..." | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage.
        *   *Analysis:* "Participating in such rights" doesn't fit. Legislators have the right to vote, but the context is about attendance and participation in specific legislative events (roll-calls).

    *   **Sense 4:** `vote%1:14:00::` | definition="a body of voters who have the same interests" | examples="he failed to get the Black vote".
        *   *Analysis:* "Participating in such bodies of voters" makes no sense. Legislators are the actors here, not the general electorate being described as a bloc.

    *   **Sense 5:** `vote%1:09:00::` | definition="the total number of voters who participated" | synonyms=voter turnout.
        *   *Analysis:* "Participating in such turnouts" makes no sense.

    *   **Re-evaluating Sense 1 vs. potential gaps:**
        *   The WordNet senses provided are slightly limited. Let's look closely at Sense 1 again.
        *   Sense 1 definition: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative".
        *   Synonyms: ballot, voting, balloting.
        *   Example: "they allowed just one vote per person".
        *   Context: "participating in such votes". "Roll-call votes" refers to specific instances of legislative decision-making.
        *   If I say "The vote was held yesterday," I refer to the event. WordNet often groups the "act/event" and the "result/choice" together under sense 1:04:00 (often aligned with WN 1.04.00 "the opinion" or WN 1.10.00 "the act of voting").
        *   Let's check standard WordNet mappings for "vote".
            *   1: a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative (count/decision) -> Example17 votes".
            *   2: the opinion of a group... (result).
            *   3: a legal right (suffrage).
            *   4: a body of voters (constituency).
            *   5: the total number of voters (turnout).
        *   Wait, is there a sense for the *event*? Sometimes "ballot" or "voting" covers the event.
        *   Let's look at Sense 1 synonyms: "ballot", "voting". "Voting" is the act. "Ballot" can be the act or the ticket.
        *   Context: "participating in such votes". You participate in an act or an event. You don't participate in a "choice" (Sense 1 def) or an "opinion" (Sense 2).
        *   However, in standard WSD tasks using WordNet, Sense 1 (`vote%1:04:00`) is often the catch-all for the act/event/instance of voting (synonyms often include "voting"). The definition text "a choice that is made..." describes the outcome of the event, but the synonym "voting" and the usage "such votes" (plural events) points here. "Roll-call votes" are events where choices are made.
        *   Let's verify if there's a better fit.
        *   Sense 1: "a choice...". Plural "votes" usually refers to the instances of voting events in a legislature. e.g., "We have three votes scheduled today." These are events. Does Sense 1 cover events? The synonym list includes "voting". The act of voting is an event. "Participating in such votes" = "Participating in such instances of voting".
        *   Sense 1 is the only one that allows for the interpretation of "an instance of voting" via the synonym "voting". Sense 2 is abstract opinion. Sense 3 is a right. Sense 4 is a demographic. Sense 5 is a turnout statistic.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice, understanding that WordNet glosses sometimes conflate the act and the result in the definition provided, but the synonym "voting" bridges the gap to the event context.

    *   Let's double check the index.
        *   Sense 1: `vote%1:04:00::`
        *   Sense 2: `vote%1:04:01::`
        *   Sense 3: `vote%1:07:00::`
        *   Sense 4: `vote%1:14:00::`
        *   Sense 5: `vote%1:09:00::`

    *   The question asks for "participating in such votes". Legislators attend roll-call votes. These are instances of decision-making.
    *   Sense 1 defines it as a choice made by counting. While the definition focuses on the result, the synonyms "ballot, voting" and the general usage in the provided example "just one vote per person" (referring to the act of casting a vote) make this the correct bucket. The alternative interpretation "instances of legislative decision-making events" is not perfectly defined by "a choice", but it is standardly mapped to sense 1 in WordNet 3.0/3.1 when referring to "cast a vote" or "take a vote".
    *   Actually, looking at the definition for Sense 1: "a choice that is made by counting...".
    *   Context: "roll-call votes". A roll-call vote is the *process* or *event*.
    *   If I look at WordNet 3.1, sense 1 is often "the act of voting" or similar. The provided definition here ("a choice that is made...") is actually WordNet 3.0 sense 2 or similar, while sense 1 might be "a choice...".
    *   Let's stick to the provided definitions.
    *   Candidate 1: "a choice that is made..." Synonyms: ballot, voting.
    *   Candidate 2: "the opinion of a group..."
    *   Candidate 3: "a legal right..."
    *   Candidate 4: "a body of voters..."
    *   Candidate 5: "the total number of voters..."
    *   "Participating in such [choices]". Plausible but slightly off.
    *   "Participating in such [opinions]". Incorrect.
    *   "Participating in such [rights]". Incorrect.
    *   "Participating in such [bodies of voters]". Incorrect.
    *   "Participating in such [turnouts]". Incorrect.
    *   "Participating in such [acts of voting]". This is the meaning. The synonym list for Sense 1 includes "voting". This makes Sense 1 the only viable option.

    *   Therefore, the index is 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reflect
Target surface form: reflect
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes <t>reflect</t> national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reflect%2:39:01:: | definition=manifest or bring back | examples=This action reflects his true beliefs
2. sense_key=reflect%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
3. sense_key=reflect%2:39:00:: | definition=to throw or bend back (from a surface) | synonyms=reverberate | examples=Sound is reflected well in this auditorium
4. sense_key=reflect%2:43:00:: | definition=be bright by reflecting or casting light | synonyms=shine | examples=Drive carefully--the wet road reflects
5. sense_key=reflect%2:39:02:: | definition=show an image of | examples=her sunglasses reflected his image
6. sense_key=reflect%2:32:01:: | definition=give evidence of a certain behavior | examples=His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him
7. sense_key=reflect%2:32:00:: | definition=give evidence of the quality of | examples=The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `reflect`
    *   Target surface form: `reflect`
    *   Context snippet: "...Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes **reflect** national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

2.  **Analyze the sentence structure and meaning:**
    *   The sentence discusses roll-call votes and their relationship to national policy making.
    *   It says: "...such votes reflect national policy making..."
    *   Meaning: Roll-call votes are manifestations or indications of national policy making. They represent or show national policy making. The votes *embody* or *constitute* the national policy making process, or at least show it clearly.
    *   It's an abstract relationship: A (votes) shows/manifests/indicates B (national policy making).

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `reflect%2:39:01::` | definition="manifest or bring back" | examples="This action reflects his true beliefs"
        *   *Analysis:* The definition "manifest" fits well. The example "This action reflects his true beliefs" is structurally similar: Concrete action (votes/action) shows/manifests abstract concept (policy making/beliefs). "Bring back" doesn't fit as well, but "manifest" is strong. The votes *manifest* national policy making.

    *   **Sense 2:** `reflect%2:31:00::` | definition="reflect deeply on a subject" | synonyms="chew over, think over..."
        *   *Analysis:* This is the cognitive sense. Votes don't think. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `reflect%2:39:00::` | definition="to throw or bend back (from a surface)" | synonyms="reverberate"
        *   *Analysis:* This is the physical sense (light, sound). Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `reflect%2:43:00::` | definition="be bright by reflecting or casting light"
        *   *Analysis:* Physical sense again. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `reflect%2:39:02::` | definition="show an image of" | examples="her sunglasses reflected his image"
        *   *Analysis:* This is specific to visual mirrors/images. The context is abstract policy, not a mirror image. While related to "show", Sense 1's "manifest" is broader and fits abstract contexts better than "show an image of".

    *   **Sense 6:** `reflect%2:32:01::` | definition="give evidence of a certain behavior" | examples="His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him"
        *   *Analysis:* This is the idiom "reflect on/upon" usually with a connotation of judgment (badly/well). The context "votes reflect national policy making" is not about reputation or judgment of character. It's about the nature of the votes.

    *   **Sense 7:** `reflect%2:32:00::` | definition="give evidence of the quality of" | examples="The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student"
        *   *Analysis:* Similar to Sense 6, this implies a reflection *on* an entity regarding quality/character. The context is A reflects B (votes reflect policy making), not A reflects on B. The preposition usage and the semantic relationship differ.

4.  **Re-evaluating Sense 1 vs Sense 5 vs others:**
    *   Context: "such votes reflect national policy making".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "manifest or bring back". Example: "This action reflects his true beliefs".
        *   In the example, the action manifests the beliefs.
        *   In the context, the votes manifest the policy making.
        *   This is the best fit. It is the sense of "being a manifestation of" or "showing".

    *   Let's double-check if there is a specific sense for "indicate" or "show".
    *   Sense 1 includes "manifest".
    *   Is there a distinction between "manifest" and "show an image of"? Yes. Sense 5 is physical/visual. Sense 1 is abstract/behavioral/situational.
    *   "Manifest" implies "to show plainly; to reveal; to indicate". This aligns perfectly with the political science context where an observable variable (roll-call votes) indicates a latent variable or process (national policy making).

5.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice. The votes *manifest* (are an instance/indication of) national policy making.
    *   The structure [Entity A] reflects [Entity B] where A is an event/action and B is an abstract concept matches the example provided in Sense 1 ("This action reflects his true beliefs").

    Let's check indices again.
    1. sense_key=reflect%2:39:01:: | definition=manifest or bring back
    ...
    This is Sense 1.

    Final check:
    "votes reflect national policy making" -> votes are manifestations of national policy making.
    Example: "This action reflects his true beliefs".
    Match: Excellent.

    Sense 6/7 ("reflects badly on him", "reflects on the student") involve a prepositional object and judgment/reputation. The context has a direct object ("national policy making") and involves representation/manifestation, not judgment.

    Sense 2 is mental.
    Sense 3/4/5 are physical (light/sound/images).

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the only viable abstract sense of "to show/manifest".

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Chutes

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect <t>national</t> policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "national"
    *   Target surface form: "national"
    *   Context snippet: "...participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. ... to the extent that such votes reflect **national** policy making..."
    *   The context contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making".
    *   "National policy making" refers to policy making that affects the entire country/nation, as opposed to "local" (constituent/district level) benefits.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country`. Examples: "national hero", "national anthem".
        *   This is a very broad, generic definition. It fits almost any usage. However, the specific contrast here is local vs. whole-country scope.

    *   **Sense 2:** `limited to or in the interests of a particular nation`. Examples: "national interests", "isolationism is a strictly national policy".
        *   This implies exclusivity or restriction to one nation (often in an international context). The context isn't talking about US vs. other countries (international relations). It's talking about the scope of governance (federal/nation-wide vs. local).

    *   **Sense 3:** `concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country`. Examples: "the national government", "national elections".
        *   This definition emphasizes the *scope* being the entire nation. The contrast in the text is "local benefit-seeking" vs "national policy making". "Local" implies a specific district or small area. "National" implies the entire country. This sense captures the idea of governance affecting the whole nation (like "national government" or "national elections"). The phrase "national policy making" aligns perfectly with the examples "national government" and the definition "applicable to ... an entire nation".

    *   **Sense 4:** `owned or maintained for the public by the national government`. Examples: "national parks".
        *   The target is modifying "policy making", not a physical entity or park. This sense is about ownership/maintenance.

    *   **Sense 5:** `inside the country`. Synonyms: "home", "interior", "internal". Examples: "internal politics".
        *   This sense usually contrasts with "foreign" or "international". The text contrasts "national" with "local" (sub-national). While "national policy" happens inside the country, the contrast here is scope/scale (local vs. national), not domestic vs. foreign. Sense 3 is a better fit for the "local vs. whole nation" contrast.

    *   **Sense 6:** `characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation`. Examples: "a national trait".
        *   Not relevant. Policy making isn't a cultural trait.

    *   **Sense 7:** `of or relating to nationality`. Examples: "national origin".
        *   Not relevant. It's not about citizenship or ethnic origin.

3.  **Evaluate the best fit:**
    *   The core contrast in the text is between "local" (constituency/district) and "national" (Congress/Federal/Entire Nation).
    *   Sense 3 explicitly defines "national" as "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country".
    *   The example "national government" fits the political/governance domain of the text.
    *   "National policy making" involves policies applicable to the entire nation.
    *   Sense 1 is too broad (generic relation).
    *   Sense 2 implies "limited to" in an exclusionary way (isolationism), which isn't the point here.
    *   Sense 5 implies "domestic" vs "foreign". While related, the specific local/national dichotomy regarding the scope of legislation matches Sense 3 better.

    Let's look closely at Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
    Sense 2: "limited to... a particular nation" (often implies not international).
    Sense 3: "applicable to... an entire nation" (implies not local/partial).

    The text says: "local benefit-seeking matters more and national policy making matters less".
    Here, "national" is the counterpart to "local".
    "Local" = specific district.
    "National" = the entire nation.
    Therefore, Sense 3 ("applicable to ... an entire nation") is the precise definition needed for the contrast with "local". Sense 3 examples ("national government", "national elections") describe entities/events affecting the whole country, just like "national policy making" affects the whole country.

    Sense 1 is the "genus" sense, often used as a fallback, but Sense 3 offers the specific differentiae (entire nation vs local) required by the context.

    Decision: Sense 3.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national <t>policy</t> making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "policy" in the context of "national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress" and "participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

Let me analyze the three senses:

1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies

2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation

3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

The context is clearly about government action and legislation - "national policy making" in Congress, specifically contrasting national policy making with local benefit-seeking. This is about governmental plans of action.

Sense 3 is clearly wrong - this is about insurance policies, not government.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 is "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" - this is the general sense of policy as a plan of action.
- Sense 2 is "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" - this seems more about the reasoning or argument behind a government course of action.

The context talks about "national policy making" in Congress - this is about creating plans of action at the national level. This fits better with sense 1, which is about plans of action adopted by social groups (like the government).

Sense 2 seems to be more about the argumentation or rationale behind a government course of action, which doesn't quite fit as well here. The context is about the activity of making policy (creating plans of action), not about rationalizing a course of action.

So I would choose sense 1.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy <t>making</t> and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Context:**
    *   Target Lemma: "making"
    *   Target Surface Form: "making"
    *   Context Sentence: "...national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress..."
    *   Full Context: The text discusses political science, specifically comparing "local benefit-seeking" vs. "national policy making". It talks about legislators, votes, and the creation of laws/policies.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `making%1:04:00::`
        *   Definition: the act that results in something coming to be
        *   Synonyms: devising, fashioning
        *   Examples: the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
        *   Analysis: This refers to the process of creating something. "Policy making" fits this definition well. Policy making is the act of creating policy.

    *   **Sense 2:** `making%1:07:00::`
        *   Definition: an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something
        *   Synonyms: qualification
        *   Examples: her qualifications for the job are excellent
        *   Analysis: This sense usually appears in the idiom "have the makings of" or refers to qualifications. The context "national policy making" does not refer to a qualification.

    *   **Sense 3:** `making%1:06:00::`
        *   Definition: (usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something
        *   Examples: the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake
        *   Analysis: This sense usually refers to materials/ingredients (e.g., "the makings of a cake"). The context refers to an abstract process ("policy making"), not physical components.

3.  **Map Context to Senses:**
    *   The phrase is "national policy making".
    *   "Policy making" is the process of creating policy.
    *   Sense 1 defines "making" as "the act that results in something coming to be".
    *   Does policy making fit? Yes. It is the act of devising or fashioning national policy.
    *   Synonyms "devising" fits perfectly with "policy making" (devising policy).
    *   Sense 2 (qualifications) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (components) is incorrect.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "national policy making matters less..." -> the activity/process of creating policy.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "the act that results in something coming to be".
    *   Match: Perfect.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The best sense is Sense 1.

    Result: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such <t>votes</t> takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *vote*
    *   Target surface form: *votes* (plural noun)
    *   Context snippet: "...participating in such <t>votes</t> takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses "roll-call votes", "attendance rates", and the trade-off between national policy making (roll-call votes) and local benefit-seeking.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `vote%1:04:00::`
        *   Definition: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative"
        *   Synonyms: ballot, voting, balloting
        *   Examples: "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion", "they allowed just one vote per person"
        *   Analysis: This refers to the act or instance of expressing a choice. "Roll-call votes" fits this definition well (instances of voting on a specific issue). The phrase "participating in such votes" means engaging in these instances of decision-making.

    *   **Sense 2:** `vote%1:04:01::`
        *   Definition: "the opinion of a group as determined by voting"
        *   Examples: "they put the question to a vote"
        *   Analysis: This usually refers to the collective result or the abstract concept of the group's will. The context talks about "participating in" them, which implies discrete events (Sense 1) rather than an aggregate opinion.

    *   **Sense 3:** `vote%1:07:00::`
        *   Definition: "a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment..."
        *   Synonyms: right to vote, suffrage
        *   Examples: "American women got the vote in 1920"
        *   Analysis: This refers to suffrage. The context is about legislators attending/participating in legislative actions, not the right to vote.

    *   **Sense 4:** `vote%1:14:00::`
        *   Definition: "a body of voters who have the same interests"
        *   Examples: "he failed to get the Black vote"
        *   Analysis: This refers to a demographic group of voters (the electorate). Legislators participate in legislative *votes*, not in groups of voters.

    *   **Sense 5:** `vote%1:09:00::`
        *   Definition: "the total number of voters who participated"
        *   Synonyms: voter turnout
        *   Examples: "they are expecting a large vote"
        *   Analysis: This refers to turnout numbers. "Participating in such votes" does not fit "participating in such turnouts".

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The text mentions "roll-call votes".
    *   It discusses "attendance rates on roll-call votes".
    *   It mentions "participating in such votes".
    *   This clearly refers to specific instances of legislative decision-making where choices are counted. This matches Sense 1 ("a choice that is made by counting...").
    *   Sense 2 is close in some contexts (the event of voting), but the specific definition "opinion of a group" makes it a poorer fit than Sense 1's "choice made by counting", which encompasses the event/procedure of casting ballots in the legislature. The example "there were only 17 votes in favor" treats "vote" as a countable unit/event, similar to how "votes" functions in "roll-call votes".

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "participating in such votes".
    *   Sense 1: A specific instance of voting/decision making. Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Group opinion. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Suffrage. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Electorate. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Turnout numbers. Incorrect.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the <t>time</t> a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "time" (noun).
    *   Context snippet: "...participating in such votes takes away from the <t>time</t> a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."
    *   Full context: A political science text discussing legislators (Republicans vs. Democrats), their behavior regarding local benefit-seeking vs. national policy-making. Specifically, it argues that if Democrats prioritize local benefit-seeking, they should have lower attendance on national votes because voting "takes away from the time" they could spend on local matters.

2.  **Analyze the meaning in this specific context:**
    *   The phrase is "takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote...".
    *   Here, "time" is being treated as a resource. It is something the legislator has a limited amount of. They can "devote" it to tasks. It is "taken away" by other tasks.
    *   It refers to the available hours/minutes/days in a schedule to accomplish work.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: time%1:11:00:: (an instance or single occasion for some event)*
        *   Examples: "this time he succeeded".
        *   Analysis: This refers to a specific instance or occurrence. The context isn't about a specific instance ("this time"), but about the general resource of duration available to a person. Not a match.

    *   *Sense 2: time%1:28:05:: (a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something)*
        *   Examples: "take time to smell the roses", "I didn't have time to finish".
        *   Analysis: The definition explicitly mentions "resource under your control". The context talks about "takes away from the time" and "devote to". This matches the resource aspect perfectly. Legislators have a finite amount of time (resource) to allocate. This is a strong candidate.

    *   *Sense 3: time%1:28:00:: (an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities))*
        *   Examples: "he waited a long time", "the time of year for planting".
        *   Analysis: This refers to a duration or period defined by attributes (e.g., "Clinton era", "planting time"). While the context involves a period, the key nuance here is the *availability* and *allocation* of that period as a resource, rather than just defining a historical or descriptive period. Sense 2 is more specific to the "resource" aspect.

    *   *Sense 4: time%1:28:06:: (a suitable moment)*
        *   Examples: "it is time to go".
        *   Analysis: This refers to the right moment for an action. The context is about the *quantity* or *availability* of time, not the *opportunity* or *correctness* of a moment. Not a match.

    *   *Sense 5: time%1:03:00:: (the continuum of experience...)*
        *   Analysis: Abstract, physics/philosophical concept of time. Too broad. Not about allocating a schedule.

    *   *Sense 6: time%1:11:01:: (a person's experience on a particular occasion)*
        *   Examples: "they had a good time together".
        *   Analysis: Refers to "having a time" as an experience. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 7: time%1:28:03:: (a reading of a point in time...)*
        *   Examples: "what time is it?".
        *   Analysis: Refers to clock time (10 o'clock). Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 8: time%1:28:04:: (the fourth coordinate...)*
        *   Analysis: Physics definition. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 9: time%1:07:01:: (rhythm...)*
        *   Analysis: Music term. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 10: time%1:28:01:: (the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned)*
        *   Analysis: Legal/punishment term. Not applicable.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 3 is "an indefinite period".
    *   Sense 2 is "a period of time considered as a resource".
    *   The context involves "takes away from" and "devote to". These verbs imply resource management. A legislator manages their schedule. Therefore, "time" acts as a scarce resource here.
    *   Example for Sense 2: "I didn't have time to finish". Matches "takes away from the time... could otherwise devote".
    *   Conclusion: Sense 2 is the precise definition for "time" when used as a resource to be spent or allocated.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}".
    *   The chosen sense is sense_key=time%1:28:05::, which is listed as item 2 in the candidate list.

    Let's double check the index mapping.
    1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: ...
    2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: ... (Target)
    ...

    The index corresponding to sense_key=time%1:28:05:: is 2.

    Result: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: devote
Target surface form: devote
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise <t>devote</t> to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=devote%2:32:00:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=give, dedicate, consecrate, commit | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
2. sense_key=devote%2:31:00:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=give, pay | examples=give thought to; give priority to
3. sense_key=devote%2:40:00:: | definition=set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use | examples=this land was devoted to mining

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: devote
    *   Context: "...participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."
    *   Usage: The subject is "a legislator" (person). The object of the verb "devote" is "time" (implied by the construction "devote [time] to..."). Actually, looking closer at the syntax: "...the time a legislator could otherwise [devote] to local benefit - seeking."
    *   The full phrase is "devote [time] to [local benefit-seeking]".
    *   Meaning: Allocating time/attention to a specific activity.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (devote%2:32:00::):**
        *   Definition: "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause"
        *   Synonyms: give, dedicate, consecrate, commit
        *   Examples: "She committed herself to the work of God", "give one's talents to a good cause"
        *   Analysis: This sense emphasizes total commitment or giving oneself/one's resources entirely. The examples are strong commitments ("work of God"). While a legislator devoting time fits broadly, "give entirely" feels slightly too strong for just "time" in a budgeting context, but it often covers "devoting time".

    *   **Sense 2 (devote%2:31:00::):**
        *   Definition: "dedicate"
        *   Synonyms: give, pay
        *   Examples: "give thought to", "give priority to", "pay attention to"
        *   Analysis: The examples here ("give thought to", "pay attention to", "give priority to") are about the allocation of abstract resources like attention, thought, or priority. In the text, the resource being allocated is "time". The context is about the division of a legislator's effort between "national policy making" and "local benefit - seeking". They have to choose where to spend their time/attention. The phrase "devote time to" aligns very well with the examples for this sense, which focus on mental resources or abstract allocation (thought, priority, attention).

    *   **Sense 3 (devote%2:40:00::):**
        *   Definition: "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use"
        *   Examples: "this land was devoted to mining"
        *   Analysis: This sense is typically used for physical locations or inanimate objects (land, funds, etc.) being designated for a purpose. The subject here is a human (legislator), and the object is time. While one can "set aside time", this specific sense example ("land devoted to mining") suggests a more spatial or allocation-of-resources sense not typically applied to human actions of spending time in the same way.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 suggests giving *entirely* or a strong commitment. The examples imply a life choice or heavy dedication.
    *   Sense 2 is defined simply as "dedicate" but the examples are specific: "give thought to", "give priority to".
    *   Let's look at the syntax: "devote [time] to [activity]".
    *   WordNet often distinguishes between the "commit oneself" sense and the "allocate resource" sense.
    *   In the text, the legislator has a limited amount of "time". They are allocating a portion of it.
    *   Let's check the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "She committed herself..." (reflexive) or "give one's talents".
        *   Sense 2: "give thought to", "give priority to".
    *   The text says: "devote [time] to...". Time is a resource, similar to "thought" or "priority" in the Sense 2 examples.
    *   However, let's look at standard WordNet mappings.
    *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 definitions:
        *   (1) dedicate: give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause. (She committed herself to the work of God).
        *   (2) dedicate: open to public use, as of a highway, park, or building.
        *   Wait, the provided senses might be from a specific version or mapping.
    *   Let's look strictly at the provided text for the senses.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "give entirely...". Is the legislator giving their time *entirely*? No, the context is about a trade-off ("takes away from the time... otherwise devote"). It's about partitioning time.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "dedicate". Synonyms: "give", "pay". Examples: "give thought to", "give priority to". These examples fit the idea of allocating a portion of one's mental capacity or resources (like time).
    *   Sense 3 is about land/space.

    Let's reconsider Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    The phrase "devote time to" is extremely common.
    Usually, "devote time" maps to the sense of allocating resources.
    Sense 2 examples ("give thought to", "pay attention to") are closest to "devote time to". They represent the allocation of abstract resources.
    Sense 1 examples ("committed herself", "give one's talents") represent total dedication.
    The context is a trade-off: Time spent on votes vs time spent on local benefit-seeking. This is an allocation problem, not necessarily a total commitment problem.
    Therefore, Sense 2 seems more appropriate because it deals with "giving thought/priority" (allocation of attention/time) rather than "committing oneself entirely".

    Let's verify the sense keys provided.
    `devote%2:32:00::` corresponds to `devote%2:32:00` in WordNet 3.0? No, usually 2:32:00 is "spend".
    Wait, let's check the WN hierarchy.
    `devote` (v)
    1. give, dedicate, consecrate, commit, devote: give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause.
    2. devote: dedicate.
       -> Examples: "give thought to", "give priority to", "pay attention to".
       -> This looks like the "pay" or "give" verb group involving cognition/attention.

    If we look at the synonyms for Sense 2: "give", "pay".
    Context: "devote time to".
    "Pay time to" isn't right. "Give time to" is right.
    But the examples for Sense 2 are "give thought to", "give priority to".
    "Devote time to" is semantically very close to "give priority to" or "give thought to". It's about where you direct your attention/resources.

    Let's compare Sense 1 again. "give entirely".
    If I devote 5 minutes to a task, did I give entirely? No.
    If I devote my life to a task, did I give entirely? Yes.
    The context is "the time a legislator could otherwise devote". This implies a chunk of time, not the legislator's whole existence. It is an allocation of a resource.
    Sense 1 implies total dedication.
    Sense 2 implies allocation (synonyms "give", "pay" as in pay attention).
    Therefore, Sense 2 fits "devote time" better than Sense 1. Sense 1 is for "devote one's life" or "devote oneself".

    Let's check Sense 3. "set aside... land devoted to mining". This is usually for physical space or inanimate objects. Not appropriate for a human legislator allocating time.

    Conclusion: The choice is between 1 and 2.
    Context: allocating specific "time" (a resource) to "benefit-seeking".
    Sense 1: Total dedication (commit oneself).
    Sense 2: Allocation (give thought/priority).
    "Time" is a resource to be allocated, similar to "thought" or "priority" in the examples.
    Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    Let's double check.
    Common collocations:
    "Devote oneself" -> Sense 1.
    "Devote time/energy/resources" -> ?
    Often WordNet groups "devote time" under the first sense if the second sense is strictly "dedicate" (meaning open to public use) in some versions.
    However, the provided Sense 2 here has specific examples: "give thought to", "give priority to".
    These are clearly about the *direction* of attention/effort.
    "Devote time to local benefit-seeking" is about the direction of effort.
    Sense 1's definition "give entirely" is the sticking point. The legislator is not giving their *entire* time, just the time available for that activity.
    Sense 2 seems specifically tailored for "give thought/priority/attention", which aligns with "devote time".

    Let's check if Sense 2 is actually "pay" (verb).
    In WordNet, `devote%2:31:00` is often linked to the "give/pay" troponym involving attention.
    Yes, `devote` (v) in WN 3.0:
    1. `devote%2:32:00` (give entirely...)
    2. `devote%2:40:00` (set apart...)

    Wait, the input provided Sense 2 as `devote%2:31:00::`. This is usually the file number for "cognition" or "communication" or "body"? No, 31 is usually emotion/cognition?
    Actually, let's look at the specific examples provided in the prompt again.
    Sense 2 Examples: "give thought to", "give priority to".
    Context: "devote [time] to..."
    The mapping between "devote time" and "give thought/priority" is strong. They both describe allocating an intangible resource to an object.
    Sense 1 Examples: "committed herself", "give one's talents". This implies a state of being dedicated.

    The context is about how legislators spend their time (a resource).
    "Participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."
    This is an allocation problem. The legislator has X amount of time. If they spend it on A, they can't spend it on B.
    Sense 2 (give thought/priority) covers the allocation of resources.
    Sense 1 (give entirely) implies giving the whole self or the whole resource.
    Since it is a specific chunk of time being discussed (the time otherwise used for benefit-seeking), Sense 2 is the better fit.

    Let's refine the decision.
    Target: devote time.
    Sense 1: give entirely.
    Sense 2: dedicate (examples: give thought to, give priority to).
    Sense 3: set aside (examples: land).

    "Devote time" is standardly associated with the meaning of dedicating a resource to a purpose.
    Is Sense 2 "give thought to" close enough?
    Synonyms for Sense 2 are "give", "pay".
    "Pay attention", "Give thought".
    "Devote time" -> "Give time".
    "Give time" is a synonym listed in Sense 2? No, "give" is a synonym. The examples are "give thought to".
    However, Sense 1 synonyms are "give, dedicate, consecrate, commit".
    Is "devote time" an instance of "give entirely"?
    "I devoted 3 hours to the project." I did not give myself entirely. I gave 3 hours.
    Therefore, Sense 1 ("give entirely") is semantically too strong.
    Sense 2 ("dedicate") with examples like "give priority to" captures the aspect of allocating a resource (time/priority/thought) without requiring the "entirely" condition.

    Let's check Sense 3. "set aside... land".
    While "set aside time" is a valid phrase, the sense example "land devoted to mining" suggests a stative, physical designation.
    The usage in the text is about an action ("could otherwise devote").

    Let's look closer at the Sense 2 definition: "dedicate".
    It's a very schematic definition. The examples drive the sense here.
    Examples: "give thought to", "give priority to".
    These involve an Agent giving an Abstract Entity (thought, priority) to a Target.
    Context involves an Agent (legislator) giving an Abstract Entity (time) to a Target (benefit-seeking).
    This fits the pattern of Sense 2 perfectly.

    Decision: Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to <t>local</t> benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and form:** The word is "local" (adjective).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses political science and legislative behavior in the US Congress (House and Senate).
    *   It contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making".
    *   It talks about "narrow constituent concerns" vs. broader national issues.
    *   Specific phrases: "local benefit-seeking", "local taxes" (not in text, but implied as a comparison to national), "local authorities" (implied by constituent concerns).
    *   The core distinction is between the *smaller* geographic/administrative area (the district or constituency of the legislator) and the *larger* area (the nation).
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area". Examples: "local taxes", "local authorities".
        *   Key elements: administration of a district vs. larger area. This fits the legislative context perfectly. A Representative's "local" area is their district. A Senator's "local" area is their state (relative to the nation, though usually "state-wide", but in political science literature, constituency service is often termed "local" benefit seeking vs national policy).
        *   Does it fit "local benefit-seeking"? Yes. It refers to benefits for a specific district/constituency (a smaller administrative unit) rather than the whole country.
    *   **Sense 2:** "of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood". Examples: "local customs", "local schools".
        *   Key elements: characteristic of a locality. This usually refers to cultural distinctiveness or proximity (e.g., "the local pub"). While "local benefit-seeking" involves a locality, Sense 1 captures the administrative/political contrast ("rather than a larger area") much better than Sense 2, which is more about "characteristic of" or "belonging to".
        *   In political science, "local" vs "national" is an administrative/governance scope distinction.
    *   **Sense 3:** "affecting only a restricted part or area of the body". Examples: "local anesthesia".
        *   Key elements: medical/body context. This is clearly incorrect.
4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Context: "local benefit-seeking" vs "national policy making".
    *   Sense 1 explicitly mentions "administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area". This aligns perfectly with the contrast between district-level concerns (constituents) and national-level concerns (policy).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on "characteristic of a particular locality". While the benefit is characteristic of the locality, the definition of Sense 1 ("concerned with the administration of... rather than a larger area") maps directly to the "local vs national" dichotomy presented in the text.
    *   The text discusses "constituent concerns" and "personal staff budgets" used for these local ends. This fits the administrative definition of Sense 1.
5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit because the text explicitly contrasts local matters (districts, constituents) with national matters, and Sense 1 defines "local" as relating to a district rather than a larger area.

Self-Correction/Refinement:
Is there any ambiguity?
"Local benefit-seeking" means seeking benefits for the specific district.
Sense 1: "...administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area".
Sense 2: "...characteristic of a particular locality".
The distinction is subtle. Sense 1 is the standard definition for political/governmental contexts (local government, local authorities, local taxes). Sense 2 is often used for cultural or physical attributes (local color, local slang, local shop).
Since the context is political administration and governance (legislators, policy making, taxes/budgets), Sense 1 is the technical and semantic match.

Final Selection: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: indicate
Target surface form: indicate
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data <t>indicate</t>, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=indicate%2:32:01:: | definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | synonyms=bespeak, betoken, point, signal | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis
2. sense_key=indicate%2:32:03:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=point, designate, show | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
3. sense_key=indicate%2:32:00:: | definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter
4. sense_key=indicate%2:32:02:: | definition=give evidence of | synonyms=argue | examples=The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work
5. sense_key=indicate%2:32:04:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=suggest | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House."
    *   Subject: "the data" (plural in this usage, though often treated as singular, here "indicate" is plural verb form, agreeing with data).
    *   Verb: "indicate".
    *   Object/complement: "This" (referring to the prediction/assumption mentioned earlier: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates...").
    *   Meaning: The data provides evidence or shows that the prediction is true. The previous sentence sets up a hypothesis: "if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates...". The current sentence says the data confirms this.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `indicate%2:32:01::` | Definition: "be a signal for or a symptom of" | Synonyms: bespeak, betoken, point, signal | Examples: "These symptoms indicate a serious illness".
        *   *Fit*: Close. Data acts as a signal. However, "symptom" implies a physical manifestation of a condition, which isn't quite right for "data".

    *   **Sense 2**: `indicate%2:32:03::` | Definition: "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively" | Synonyms: point, designate, show | Examples: "I showed the customer the glove section".
        *   *Fit*: "Show" is relevant, but the specific sense here is about pointing out entities or locations. The data isn't pointing out a place; it's establishing a fact.

    *   **Sense 3**: `indicate%2:32:00::` | Definition: "to state or express briefly" | Examples: "indicated his wishes in a letter".
        *   *Fit*: This is about a person communicating an intention. "Data" doesn't "state" things in the sense of speech acts or brief expression.

    *   **Sense 4**: `indicate%2:32:02::` | Definition: "give evidence of" | Synonyms: argue | Examples: "The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work".
        *   *Fit*: This looks very strong. The definition "give evidence of" matches the function of "data" in the sentence perfectly. The example "The results indicate the need for more work" is structurally very similar to "the data indicate [the prediction is true]". The synonym "argue" (as in "the evidence argues for") fits the logical deduction context.

    *   **Sense 5**: `indicate%2:32:04::` | Definition: "suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine" | Synonyms: suggest | Examples: "Tetracycline is indicated in such cases".
        *   *Fit*: This is specific to medical contexts. The text is political science. Discard.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 4**:
    *   Sense 1 ("be a signal for") vs Sense 4 ("give evidence of").
    *   In Sense 1 examples: "symptoms indicate a serious illness". The focus is on one phenomenon signaling another.
    *   In Sense 4 examples: "The results indicate the need for more work". The focus is on empirical findings establishing a conclusion.
    *   The context involves "data" supporting a "key assumption". The text says "Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption...". The target sentence says "This is indeed what the data indicate".
    *   The relationship is evidential. The data provides the evidence.
    *   Sense 4 definition: "give evidence of".
    *   Sense 4 example: "The results indicate..."
    *   This aligns perfectly with "The data indicate..."

4.  **Conclusion**: Sense 4 is the best fit because it deals specifically with evidence/results establishing a fact, whereas Sense 1 is more about symptoms/signals (though related, Sense 4's examples are much closer to the scientific/analytic context).

5.  **Final Check**:
    *   Target: "This is indeed what the data indicate..."
    *   Sense 4 Def: "give evidence of".
    *   Sense 4 Example: "The results indicate the need for more work".
    *   Context: Data confirming a hypothesis.
    *   Match: Excellent.

    Sense index: 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: case
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the <t>case</t> of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target is "case" used in the phrase "in the case of the House". The full sentence is: "This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House."

2.  **Analyze the context**: The text discusses a theory about Democratic legislators vs. Republican legislators. It cites evidence. The specific sentence contrasts data regarding attendance rates, specifically referring to the House of Representatives ("the House"). The phrase "in the case of" is a standard idiom meaning "regarding," "concerning," or "as an instance of."

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1 (case%1:11:00::)**: Definition: "an occurrence of something". Synonyms: instance, example. Examples: "it was a case of bad judgment".
        *   *Fit*: The phrase "in the case of the House" roughly means "in the instance of the House" or "as an example, looking at the House". This seems very close. It refers to a specific occurrence/instance of the phenomenon being discussed (attendance rates) as applied to the House.

    *   **Sense 2 (case%1:26:00::)**: Definition: "a special set of circumstances". Synonyms: event. Examples: "in that event...", "it may rain in which case...".
        *   *Fit*: This sense usually refers to hypothetical scenarios or conditions (e.g., "in case of fire"). "In the case of the House" isn't really about a "special set of circumstances" in the hypothetical sense, but rather a specific instance or entity being examined.

    *   **Sense 3 (lawsuit)**: Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 4 (actual state of things)**: "That was not the case". Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 5-20**: Most relate to containers, grammar, people, etc. None fit the abstract usage here.

    *   Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs. Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1: "an occurrence of something" / "instance" / "example".
        *   Sense 2: "a special set of circumstances" / "event".

    *   Context phrase: "in the case of the House".
    *   Meaning: Regarding the House; considering the House as the specific example/instance here.
    *   Comparison:
        *   "In the case of fire, break glass" -> This is Sense 2 (circumstances/conditions).
        *   "In the case of John, he failed the test" -> This means "Considering the instance of John".
    *   WordNet often distinguishes "instance" (Sense 1) from "circumstances/event" (Sense 2).
    *   In "in the case of the House", the "House" is an entity/occurrence being discussed. It is being treated as a specific example or instance of the data trend.
    *   However, WordNet definitions can be tricky.
        *   Sense 1 definition: "an occurrence of something". Example: "another instance occurred yesterday".
        *   Sense 2 definition: "a special set of circumstances". Example: "it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled".
    *   The phrase "in the case of X" where X is a noun often maps to the meaning of "instance" or "example". E.g., "In the case of the flu, symptoms include..." -> Here "case" refers to an instance of the disease or the subject of discussion.
    *   The context is "particularly in the case of the House". This highlights the House as a specific instance or example where the data trend is evident.
    *   Let's check Sense 1 again. Synonyms: instance, example.
    *   Let's check Sense 2 again. Synonyms: event.
    *   "In the case of" usually introduces a topic or a specific example.
    *   If I say "We looked at several senators. In the case of the House, the trend is strong." -> "The House" is the "case" (instance/example) being examined.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 ("instance", "example") fits better than Sense 2 (which implies a condition or event like "in case of rain").

    *   Let's check other possibilities just in case.
    *   Is there a sense for "specific situation"? Sense 2 is "special set of circumstances". But "in the case of the House" doesn't imply a *special* or *conditional* set of circumstances. It just means "regarding the House". Sense 1 "an occurrence of something" or "instance" fits the usage where you point out a specific item from a group (instances of legislatures/phenomena).
    *   However, sometimes "case" in "in the case of" is mapped to "instance" (Sense 1).
    *   Let's verify WordNet mappings for "in the case of".
    *   WN: "in that case" or "in which case" usually maps to sense 2 (circumstances).
    *   WN: "a case of" usually maps to sense 1 (instance/occurrence). e.g., "a case of typhoid", "a case of mistaken identity".
    *   Here: "in the case of the House". Is it an "occurrence"? "The House" is an entity, not really an "occurrence".
    *   Maybe Sense 2 is closer? "A special set of circumstances" -> "the situation regarding the House".
    *   Let's reconsider Sense 1's definition: "an occurrence of something". "The House" isn't an occurrence.
    *   Let's reconsider Sense 2's definition: "a special set of circumstances". The situation involving the House could be considered a "set of circumstances".
    *   Let's look at Sense 4: "the actual state of things". Usually predicative ("that is the case"). Not this usage.

    *   Let's go back to synonyms for Sense 1: **instance, example**.
        *   Example usage: "it was a case of bad judgment". (Abstract occurrence).
        *   In the text: "particularly in the case of the House".
        *   Meaning: "particularly as an instance/example involving the House".
        *   Is "The House" an instance? It's an instance of a legislative body mentioned in the text.
        *   Common linguistic analysis: "In the case of" is a fixed phrase functioning as a prepositional phrase. The head noun is "case". It means "in the instance of".
        *   Sense 1 seems the standard choice for "in the case of X" when X is a specific entity being cited as an example. "In the case of Mr. Smith, he is guilty." -> Mr. Smith is the case/instance.

    *   Let's check if there's a better sense for "situation".
    *   Sense 1: occurrence/instance.
    *   Sense 2: special set of circumstances / event.
    *   Often, disambiguation guides distinguish:
        *   Case = Instance (Sense 1): "a case of measles", "a case of bad judgment", "several cases of fraud". (Countable events/occurrences).
        *   Case = Circumstance (Sense 2): "in case of fire", "in that case". (Conditions/States of affairs).
    *   The phrase "in the case of" is tricky. It bridges "instance" and "circumstance".
        *   Usage 1: "In case of fire..." (Condition -> Sense 2).
        *   Usage 2: "In the case of Brown vs Board..." (Legal case? No, usually Instance/Example).
        *   Usage 3: "In the case of the House..." (Regarding the House).
    *   Does "regarding the House" map to "instance"? Yes, it presents the House as a specific instance of the phenomenon discussed.
    *   Does it map to "circumstances"? Maybe, but "circumstances" usually implies surrounding conditions, not the entity itself.
    *   Most WSD systems tag "in the case of [Entity]" as Sense 1 (instance/example). The entity is treated as an "instance" of the general topic.
    *   Example provided for Sense 1: "another instance occurred yesterday".
    *   The text says "particularly in the case of the House". This implies the House is a specific example or instance where the finding holds true.

    *   Let's try Sense 1.
    *   Let's check Sense 8: "a problem requiring investigation". Not really.
    *   Let's check Sense 4: "the actual state of things". Not really.

    *   Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2.
    *   Dictionary definitions (Oxford/Merriam-Webster) for "in the case of":
        *   "In the case of X" = "In the instance of X" or "As for X".
    *   WordNet Sense 1: "an occurrence of something" | synonyms=instance, example.
    *   This fits the "instance" synonym. The House is the instance being highlighted.
    *   WordNet Sense 2: "a special set of circumstances" | synonyms=event.
    *   This fits hypotheticals ("in case of rain").

    *   Conclusion: The text uses "case" to mean "instance" or "example" of the subject (the House as an instance of a legislature/phenomena).
    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.

    *   Final check:
    *   Context: "particularly in the case of the House."
    *   Target: case.
    *   Sense 1: "an occurrence of something", synonyms: instance, example.
    *   Interpretation: "particularly in the instance of the House". This is semantically sound.
    *   Sense 2: "a special set of circumstances". Interpretation: "particularly in the special set of circumstances of the House". This is clunky. The House is an entity, not a set of circumstances in this context (though it operates within them). The use of "instance/example" (Sense 1) is standard for identifying a specific entity within a group for discussion.

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democratic
Target surface form: Democratic
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The <t>Democratic</t> House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; ; ; - George du Maurier | examples=democratic government; a democratic country
2. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: | definition=belong to or relating to the Democratic Party | examples=Democratic senator
3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=popular | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form**: The target word is "democratic" (lemma) appearing as "Democratic" (capitalized) in the text.

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   Sentence 1: "Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues."
    *   Sentence 3: "...GOP senators... Democrats..."
    *   Sentence 4: "...congressional Republicans..."
    *   Sentence 5: "...Democrats should have lower attendance rates..."
    *   Sentence 6: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Keywords: legislators, Republican colleagues, GOP, senators, Democrats, congressional Republicans, House.

    The context is clearly political, specifically discussing US politics (GOP, Democrats, House). The text contrasts "Democratic" legislators with "Republican" colleagues. The capitalization of "Democratic" in the text (as indicated by the target surface form) strongly suggests a proper noun usage referring to a specific political entity, the Democratic Party.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `democratic%3:00:00::`
        *   Definition: characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality.
        *   Examples: democratic government; a democratic country.
        *   Fit: This refers to the concept of democracy (small 'd'). While the Democratic Party generally advocates for democracy, the context distinguishes them from Republicans, both of whom operate within a democratic system. This sense describes a system or an ideology of equality, not necessarily a specific party label.

    *   **Sense 2**: `democratic%3:01:00::`
        *   Definition: belong to or relating to the Democratic Party.
        *   Examples: Democratic senator.
        *   Fit: This sense specifically refers to the US Democratic Party. The context mentions "Democratic legislators" vs "Republican colleagues", "GOP", "Democratic House". The example "Democratic senator" matches the usage "Democratic legislators" and "Democratic House" almost perfectly. The capitalization in the source text aligns with this being a proper adjective associated with the party name.

    *   **Sense 3**: `democratic%5:00:00:common:01`
        *   Definition: representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large.
        *   Synonyms: popular.
        *   Examples: democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement.
        *   Fit: This sense means "popular" or "for the common people". While politicians might appeal to the people, the specific contrast here is between two specific political parties (Democratic vs Republican), not a style of art or a populist movement definition.

4.  **Select the Best Sense**:
    *   The text contrasts members of the Democratic Party with members of the Republican Party.
    *   The phrase "Democratic legislators" parallels the example "Democratic senator".
    *   Sense 2 is the specific definition for the political party.

5.  **Format Output**:
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 2 is the correct index.

provider: Baidu