[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The target word is "age" in the phrase "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new **age** of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   The sentence speaks about a period starting now (or recently) marked by a specific characteristic: "predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   The verb phrase "ushering in" strongly suggests the beginning of an era or a period.
    *   The modifier "new" fits well with an era or period.
    *   The specific characteristic defining this period is scientific advancement (predictive diagnosis).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "how long something has existed" (e.g., "it was replaced because of its age").
        *   Does not fit. The context is about a period defined by a feature, not the duration of existence of an object.

    *   **Sense 2:** "an era of history having some distinctive feature" (synonyms: historic period; e.g., "we live in a litigious age").
        *   Fits well. "A new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" aligns perfectly with "an era... having some distinctive feature." The phrase "litigious age" in the example is semantically parallel to "age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

    *   **Sense 3:** "a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises" (synonyms: eld; e.g., "school age").
        *   Does not fit. The context is not about a biological age or a stage in a person's life development (like puberty or retirement age).

    *   **Sense 4:** "a prolonged period of time" (synonyms: long time, years; e.g., "we've known each other for ages").
        *   Does not fit. This sense usually implies a duration or a colloquial exaggeration of time. The context refers to a specific, distinct period marked by a specific characteristic, not just a long stretch of time.

    *   **Sense 5:** "a late time of life" (synonyms: old age, years, eld, geezerhood; e.g., "old age is not for sissies").
        *   Does not fit. The context is not about being old.

3.  **Select the best match:** Sense 2 is the clear winner. The phrase "age of [feature]" is a standard construction for an era.

4.  **Format the output:** The user requested a JSON object with the key "sense_index".
    *   The index corresponding to Sense 2 is 2 (based on the numbered list provided in the prompt).

    *   Let me double-check the numbering.
        1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: ...
        2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: ... (This is the target)
        3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: ...
        4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: ...
        5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: ...

    *   Therefore, sense_index is 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer" in the context of "predictive cancer diagnosis."
The context discusses oncogenes, malignant cells, tumors, tumor-suppressor genes, and genetic tests for cancer-susceptible individuals.
This clearly relates to the medical disease definition of cancer, not astrology or a genus.
Candidate senses:
1. cancer%1:26:00:: - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (Medical disease)
2. cancer%1:18:00:: - (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer
3. cancer%1:17:00:: - a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere
4. cancer%1:15:00:: - the fourth sign of the zodiac
5. cancer%1:05:00:: - type genus of the family Cancridae

The correct sense is sense 1.
Returning JSON: {"sense_index": 1}

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: SiliconFlow

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "first" in the context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."

Let's analyze the senses:
1. preceding all others in time or space or degree (e.g., the first house, the first day)
2. indicating the beginning unit in a series (ordinal, 1st)
3. serving to set in motion (inaugural, initiative)
4. serving to begin (beginning, opening)
5. ranking above all others (foremost, world-class)
6. highest in pitch or chief among parts

In the context, "among the first beneficiaries" means they are among the earliest/preceding all others in time to benefit. They are the earliest beneficiaries, preceding others in time.
Sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree" - fits "first beneficiaries" perfectly, as they are the earliest to benefit.
Sense 2: "indicating the beginning unit in a series" - ordinal sense (1st). "Among the 1st beneficiaries" could work, but "among the first" usually means preceding all others in time, not literally the 1st in a numbered list.
Sense 5: "ranking above all others" - they aren't the *best* beneficiaries, just the earliest.

Wait, is "first" here sense 1 (preceding all others in time) or sense 2 (ordinal)?
"among the first beneficiaries" -> they are the earliest. "Preceding all others in time".
Sense 1 examples: "the first day of spring".
Sense 2 examples: (1st).

Let's check WordNet senses for "first" as adjective.
1. first(a) -- preceding all others in time or space or degree; "the first house on the right"; "the first day of spring"; ...
2. first, 1st -- indicating the beginning unit in a series; "1st" (actually usually for lists/ordinals like "first floor", "first chapter")
In "the first beneficiaries", it means the earliest ones, preceding all others in time. Sense 1 is the best fit.

Let me double check Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
Sense 1 definition: preceding all others in time or space or degree.
Sense 2 definition: indicating the beginning unit in a series.
"Among the first beneficiaries" means preceding others in time. Not strictly the ordinal label "1st". Sense 1 is much more appropriate for "among the first".

Therefore, sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: beneficiary
Target surface form: beneficiaries
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first <t>beneficiaries</t> of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=beneficiary%1:18:00:: | definition=the recipient of funds or other benefits | synonyms=donee
2. sense_key=beneficiary%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=benefactive role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `beneficiary`.
    *   Target surface form: `beneficiaries`.
    *   Context: A paragraph discussing cancer genes (oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes), genetic testing, and the Quinlan couple who benefited from new findings regarding retinoblastoma.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `beneficiary%1:18:00::`: definition="the recipient of funds or other benefits", synonyms=[donee].
        2.  `beneficiary%1:10:00::`: definition="the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause", synonyms=[benefactive role].
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": N}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context Sentence:**
    *   "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first <t>beneficiaries</t> of the new findings."
    *   Who are the beneficiaries? Bill and Bonnie Quinlan (people).
    *   What did they receive? "new findings" (knowledge, predictive diagnosis, benefit from genetic science).
    *   How is the word used here? It refers to specific individuals who gain an advantage or receive something good (information/benefit) from a source (the new findings).

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 (`beneficiary%1:18:00::`):**
    *   Definition: "the recipient of funds or other benefits".
    *   Synonyms: "donee".
    *   Analysis: The Quinlans are recipients of a benefit (knowledge, predictive capability). While they didn't receive "funds" specifically, the definition includes "or other benefits". The context clearly indicates they benefited from the scientific findings. This fits the standard noun usage of "beneficiary" as a person who benefits from something.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2 (`beneficiary%1:10:00::`):**
    *   Definition: "the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause".
    *   Synonyms: "benefactive role".
    *   Analysis: This is a linguistic/semantic sense referring to a grammatical role (like "agent", "patient", "experiencer"). It is a meta-linguistic concept. In the sentence "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries...", "beneficiaries" is a noun denoting a person/entity, not a discussion about the grammatical role of "benefactive" in a sentence. The sentence isn't analyzing grammar; it's describing people.

5.  **Comparison:**
    *   Sense 1 refers to the actual person receiving a benefit.
    *   Sense 2 refers to the abstract linguistic category.
    *   The context is a news article about medical science, not a linguistics paper. The Quinlans are people, not grammatical roles.

6.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice. It describes the entity receiving the benefit.

7.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   Index for the correct sense is 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "new" in this passage.

The target sentence is:
"Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."

The context is talking about recent cancer research findings related to genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. The key phrase is "the new findings" which refers to the recent discoveries about tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes.

Let me evaluate each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered
   - This could apply as the findings have been recently discovered.

2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel
   - This doesn't quite fit because the findings aren't necessarily novel in kind, but rather recent discoveries in the field.

3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience
   - This doesn't apply to findings.

4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel
   - This doesn't quite fit because these findings are building on previous research.

5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different
   - This doesn't seem to apply as it's suggesting replacement of something previous.

6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure
   - This doesn't apply to findings.

7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new
   - This doesn't fit the context.

8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times
   - This doesn't apply to findings.

9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development
   - This doesn't apply to findings.

10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development
    - This doesn't apply to findings.

11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar
    - This could somewhat apply, as the findings might be unfamiliar to many people, but that's not the primary meaning in this context.

The most appropriate sense seems to be sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." This matches the context well because the passage is discussing recent findings in cancer research that Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are benefiting from. The findings are described as "new" in the sense that they were recently discovered or established, not that they are of a different type or unprecedented in nature.

So the answer is sense 1.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finding
Target surface form: findings
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms=determination | examples=the determination of molecular structures
2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01:: | definition=the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00:: | definition=something that is found | examples=the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "findings" used in the context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
The findings here refer to the research results about cancer genes (oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes) and genetic tests.
Sense 1: the act of determining the properties of something (process).
Sense 2: the decision of a court (legal).
Sense 3: something that is found (result/outcome of research), examples: "the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate...", "an area rich in archaeological findings".

In this context, "findings" refers to the results of the research mentioned earlier ("researchers have come to believe...", "Emerging genetic tests..."). These are "something that is found" (sense 3). Sense 1 refers to the act of determining.
So sense 3 is the best fit.

Wait, is it sense 3? Let's re-read sense 3: "something that is found". In academic contexts, "findings" usually means "results of research". WordNet sense 3 captures this as "something that is found", with examples "archaeological findings" and "findings in the gastrointestinal tract". This fits the scientific research context perfectly.

Let's double check sense 1: "the act of determining the properties of something...". This is the process, not the result. But here "beneficiaries of the new findings" implies the results of the research.

Therefore, sense 3 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: couple
Target surface form: couple
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=couple%1:14:00:: | definition=a pair who associate with one another | synonyms=twosome, duo, duet | examples=the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome
2. sense_key=couple%1:14:01:: | definition=a pair of people who live together | synonyms=mates, match | examples=a married couple from Chicago
3. sense_key=couple%1:23:01:: | definition=a small indefinite number | examples=he's coming for a couple of days
4. sense_key=couple%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
5. sense_key=couple%1:17:00:: | definition=(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `couple`
    *   Target surface form: `couple`
    *   Context snippet: "The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987... Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old..."
    *   Key entities: Bill and Bonnie Quinlan. They are referred to as a "couple". They have a child (Bonnie became pregnant). They are adults (Mr. Quinlan is 30). They live in Dedham, Mass.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `couple%1:14:00::` | Definition: a pair who associate with one another | Synonyms: twosome, duo, duet | Examples: the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome.
        *   Evaluation: This is a generic definition for two people associating. It fits, but does it capture the specific relationship implied? "Associate" is vague.

    *   **Sense 2:** `couple%1:14:01::` | Definition: a pair of people who live together | Synonyms: mates, match | Examples: a married couple from Chicago.
        *   Evaluation: This definition specifies "live together". The context mentions Bill and Bonnie Quinlan. They are having a child. They are referred to as "The Dedham, Mass., couple". This implies a domestic partnership, marriage, or living arrangement. The synonym "mates" and example "a married couple" align well with the context of a man and woman having a child and dealing with genetic risks together. This is the standard usage for a romantic/domestic partnership.

    *   **Sense 3:** `couple%1:23:01::` | Definition: a small indefinite number | Examples: he's coming for a couple of days.
        *   Evaluation: This is used as a quantifier (e.g., "a couple of apples"). Here it is used as a noun referring to specific people. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `couple%1:23:00::` | Definition: two items of the same kind | Synonyms: pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke.
        *   Evaluation: This refers to inanimate objects or animals (a yoke of oxen), usually in a non-social context. While it means "two", it lacks the social relationship aspect. Humans are not usually referred to as items.

    *   **Sense 5:** `couple%1:17:00::` | Definition: (physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces...
        *   Evaluation: Physics context. Clearly incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on "association".
    *   Sense 2 focuses on "living together" or being partners/spouses.
    *   The context involves "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan", a pregnancy, and a shared location ("The Dedham, Mass., couple"). This strongly implies a domestic/marital unit.
    *   WordNet distinguishes between "a pair who associate" (Sense 1) and "a pair of people who live together" (Sense 2).
    *   The example for Sense 2 is "a married couple from Chicago". The context here is "The Dedham, Mass., couple". The parallel is striking. They are treated as a domestic unit.
    *   Sense 2 is the specific sense used for romantic partners/spouses living as a unit, which matches the Bill and Bonnie Quinlan context perfectly.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The context describes a married/domestic pair dealing with family planning.
    *   Sense 2 ("a pair of people who live together") is the best fit for "married couple" or "domestic partners".

5.  **Formatting:**
    *   Return JSON: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** know
    *   **Target Surface Form:** knew
    *   **Context Segment:** "The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   **Meaning in Context:** The Quinlans possessed specific information (that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of risk). They were aware of this fact. It involves propositional knowledge (knowing *that* something is the case).

2.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (know%2:31:01::):** "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
        *   *Examples:* "I know that the President lied...", "I want to know who is winning..."
        *   *Fit:* This matches perfectly. The Quinlans were aware of the fact/genetic probability regarding their children. The structure "knew... that [clause]" aligns with the definition of being aware of a fact.

    *   **Sense 2 (know%2:31:03::):** "know how to do or perform something".
        *   *Examples:* "She knows how to knit..."
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. The context is not about a skill.

    *   **Sense 3 (know%2:31:02::):** "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt".
        *   *Examples:* "I know that I left the key on the table", "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun".
        *   *Fit:* This is very close to Sense 1. However, Sense 1 specifically mentions "a fact or a specific piece of information". Sense 3 emphasizes "truth" or "faith" or "beyond any doubt". While the couple "knew" the probability, Sense 1 is the general cognitive state of having information. Sense 3 often implies a deeper conviction or factual truth assertion (like Galileo knowing a scientific truth against dogma). In WordNet hierarchies and fine-grained distinctions, "knowing a fact/piece of information" (Sense 1) is usually the default for propositional knowledge unless specific conviction or "truth beyond doubt" is emphasized. Here, they possess specific information (genetic risk). Sense 1 covers "possess knowledge or information about". This seems the most standard fit for knowing a statistic/fact.

    *   **Sense 4 (know%2:31:00::):** "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object".
        *   *Examples:* "She doesn't know this composer", "Do you know my sister?"
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. The object is a clause ("that any child..."), not a person or object.

    *   **Sense 5 (know%2:31:04::):** "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations".
        *   *Synonyms:* experience, live.
        *   *Examples:* "I know the feeling!", "have you ever known hunger?"
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. They didn't "experience" the probability in the visceral sense implied here.

    *   **Sense 6 (know%2:31:06::):** "accept (someone) to be what is claimed...".
        *   *Synonyms:* acknowledge, recognize.
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7 (know%2:31:15::):** "have fixed in the mind".
        *   *Examples:* "I know Latin", "This student knows her irregular verbs".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. This refers to memorized knowledge or skills (like a language).

    *   **Sense 8 (know%2:35:00::):** "have sexual intercourse with".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 9 (know%2:31:11::):** "know the nature or character of".
        *   *Examples:* "we all knew her as a big show-off".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 10 (know%2:31:12::):** "be able to distinguish, recognize as being different".
        *   *Examples:* "The child knows right from wrong".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 11 (know%2:31:14::):** "perceive as familiar".
        *   *Examples:* "I know this voice!"
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

3.  **Distinguish between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information". Example: "I know that the President lied..."
    *   Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt". Example: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun".
    *   In the text: "The couple knew... that any child of theirs had a 50% chance..."
    *   This is possessing specific information (a statistic/probability). Sense 1 is defined broadly as "possess knowledge or information about". Sense 3 is often used for "I know X is true" with an emphasis on the truth value or certainty (often contrasting with belief). While the couple is certain, the primary function here is holding the specific piece of medical information. Sense 1 is the most prototypical sense for "knowing that [proposition]". The WordNet distinction often puts general awareness of facts under Sense 1, and deep conviction or "regard as true" under Sense 3. Given the context of genetic testing results (information), Sense 1 is the precise match.

4.  **Final Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit. The Quinlans were cognizant of a specific piece of information (the genetic risk).

    JSON format required.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew <t>even</t> before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "even" in the context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

Let's analyze the senses:
1. used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected (even an idiot knows that)
2. in spite of; notwithstanding (even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him)
3. to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons (looked sick and felt even worse)
4. to the full extent (loyal even unto death)

The context: "knew even before Bonnie became pregnant" -> "even before" indicates something happening earlier or against some expectation/notwithstanding? Wait. "knew even before Bonnie became pregnant" means they knew it before, emphasizing how early or unexpectedly early they knew. Or does it mean "in spite of"?
"even before" fits sense 1 or sense 2?
Wait, "even before" usually emphasizes the surprising earliness of their knowledge. "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected" fits well. But "even before" could also be seen as "in spite of the fact that it was before". No, "even before" is a standard collocation meaning "surprisingly early" or "notwithstanding the fact that it is before".
Wait, let's look at the examples.
Sense 1: "even an idiot knows that", "declined even to consider" -> intensive to indicate something unexpected. "knew even before..." means they knew it surprisingly early.
Sense 2: "even when he is sick", "even with his head start" -> concessive, in spite of.

Is "even before" concessive? "Even before she became pregnant, they knew..." implies they knew it before a time when one might expect them to know it (i.e., they knew it beforehand, surprisingly so). It acts as an intensive emphasizing the unexpected earliness. It's not really "in spite of", but rather an intensive indicating something unexpected (sense 1). Wait, let's think about "even before".
Could it be sense 1?
"knew even before Bonnie became pregnant" -> emphasis on how early they knew.
Let's check WordNet for "even".
even%4:02:00:: used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected; "even an idiot knows that"; "declined even to consider the idea"
even%4:02:03:: in spite of; notwithstanding; "even when he is sick, he works"; "even with his head start she caught up with him"

Is "even before" sense 1 or sense 2? "even before" is usually considered sense 1 (intensive) because it emphasizes the unexpected earliness, or is it sense 2? In "even before", "before" is a preposition/conjunction, and "even" modifies the whole prepositional phrase, indicating that the time is surprisingly early. It's not "in spite of", it's emphasizing the unexpectedness. Wait, Merriam-Webster: "even" used as an intensive to stress something surprising or extreme. "knew even before..." -> knew it as early as that, surprisingly.
Actually, is "even before" considered concessive? "Even before" implies "not only did they know after, they knew even before" or "surprisingly early".
Let's consider sense 1: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected". This perfectly matches "even before". They knew it surprisingly early.
Sense 2 is concessive: "even when", "even if", "even though". "Even before" is temporal, not concessive.
So sense 1 is the best fit.

Let me double check. "Even before" emphasizes the degree or unexpectedness of the temporal clause. It's not "in spite of". It's an intensive. So sense 1.

Let's review the options again:
1. used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected
2. in spite of; notwithstanding
3. to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons
4. to the full extent

"knew even before" -> It's not comparative, not "to the full extent", not concessive ("in spite of"). It is an intensive emphasizing the earliness (unexpectedness). Sense 1.

Index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: before
Target surface form: before
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even <t>before</t> Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=before%4:02:03:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=earlier | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=before%4:02:01:: | definition=at or in the front | synonyms=ahead, in front | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target lemma is "before" (adverb/preposition, though WordNet might categorize differently based on sense keys). The surface form is "before". The context sentence is: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even <t>before</t> Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even **before** Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance..."
    *   Usage: "before Bonnie became pregnant" indicates a temporal relationship. The knowledge occurred prior to the event of becoming pregnant.
    *   Syntactic role: It functions as a conjunction or preposition indicating time.

3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `sense_key=before%4:02:03::` | definition="earlier in time; previously" | synonyms="earlier" | examples="I had known her before; as I said before".
        *   *Analysis:* This definition fits perfectly. The couple knew something *earlier in time* relative to the pregnancy. The example "I had known her before" is structurally similar (knowing X before Y). The synonym "earlier" matches the temporal logic.
    *   **Sense 2:** `sense_key=before%4:02:01::` | definition="at or in the front" | synonyms="ahead, in front" | examples="I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to spatial position ("in front"). The context is clearly about time (pregnancy in 1987), not physical location. This sense is incorrect.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 deals with time.
    *   Sense 2 deals with space.
    *   The context ("before Bonnie became pregnant") is temporal.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:** The user requires a JSON object with the key "sense_index". Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

    JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: became
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie <t>became</t> pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "became" in the context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987..."

Let me analyze each sense:

1. **Sense 1**: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - This fits well. "Became pregnant" means Bonnie entered the state of being pregnant. The examples given are "He became annoyed" (entering a state of annoyance) and "It must be getting more serious" (entering a more serious state).

2. **Sense 2**: "undergo a change or development" - This could potentially apply, but the examples are about transformation ("water turned into ice", "friend became enemy"). The focus is more on transformation from one thing to another.

3. **Sense 3**: "come into existence" - The example is philosophical "What becomes has duration." This doesn't fit the context well - Bonnie didn't "come into existence" pregnant; she entered a state of pregnancy.

4. **Sense 4**: "enhance the appearance of" - This is clearly not relevant. The example "Mourning becomes Electra" uses "becomes" in a completely different sense (something suits or looks good on someone).

The context "became pregnant" clearly indicates entering/assuming a state or condition - Bonnie entered the state of pregnancy. This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.

Sense 2 could potentially be considered since pregnancy is a change/development, but the examples given for Sense 2 are about transformation (water to ice, friend to enemy), which is different from entering a state like becoming pregnant, becoming annoyed, becoming happy, etc.

The best fit is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pregnant
Target surface form: pregnant
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became <t>pregnant</t> in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pregnant%3:00:00:: | definition=carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life
2. sense_key=pregnant%5:00:00:meaningful:00 | definition=rich in significance or implication | synonyms=meaning, significant | examples=a meaning look
3. sense_key=pregnant%5:00:00:full:00 | definition=filled with or attended with | synonyms=fraught | examples=words fraught with meaning; an incident fraught with danger

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target word is "pregnant" in the sentence "...even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987...".

2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence describes a couple, Bill and Bonnie Quinlan. Bonnie "became pregnant". The context discusses the risk of their child inheriting a specific gene for retinoblastoma (eye cancer). The phrase "became pregnant" is a standard biological description of the state of carrying a developing fetus.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life". This is the standard biological definition.
    *   Sense 2: "rich in significance or implication" (synonyms: meaningful, significant). This is a metaphorical usage (e.g., "a pregnant pause" or "pregnant with meaning").
    *   Sense 3: "filled with or attended with" (synonyms: fraught). This is also metaphorical (e.g., "an incident fraught with danger" or "pregnant with possibilities").

4.  **Evaluate the fit:**
    *   Does Sense 1 fit? Yes. Bonnie is a human female, and the context is about a couple having a child ("any child of theirs"). "Became pregnant" refers to the biological state of carrying a fetus.
    *   Does Sense 2 fit? No. The context is not about looks or implication in a non-biological sense.
    *   Does Sense 3 fit? No. The context is not about an event being filled with abstract qualities like danger (though the situation is dangerous, the word "pregnant" here refers to the physical state of pregnancy, not the quality of being "fraught").

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct biological sense.

6.  **Format the output:** The instructions ask for a JSON object with the key "sense_index". Since Sense 1 corresponds to the first option in the list provided, the index is 1.

    *   List order:
        1. pregnant%3:00:00::
        2. pregnant%5:00:00:meaningful:00
        3. pregnant%5:00:00:full:00

    Therefore, the index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: child
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any <t>child</t> of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The text discusses genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes and retinoblastoma (eye cancer).
    *   The target sentence is: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any <t>child</t> of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   The phrase is "any child of theirs".
    *   The context talks about inheritance ("inherited in two copies", "one from each parent") and biological relationship ("Mr. Quinlan... knew he carried a damaged gene").
    *   The "child" refers to the biological offspring of Bill and Bonnie Quinlan.
    *   At the time of conception/pregnancy, the child is an offspring in relation to the parents. The text discusses the genetic risk passed down from parent to offspring.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: "a young person of either sex". Synonyms: kid, youngster, minor. Examples: "she writes books for children".
        *   *Analysis*: While a child is usually young, the focus here is on the genetic relationship (passing down a gene). Also, "any child of theirs" implies the offspring relationship primarily. However, in this specific sentence, the "child" is unborn (Bonnie became pregnant... any child of theirs). Does "child" mean "young person" here? Yes, but the more defining relationship in the "of any age" is useful because the relationship persists, though in the context, the child is unborn or very young. Crucially, the relation to the parents is the dominant semantic".
        *   *Analysis.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   Sense 1 focuses on age (young person).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on lineage (offspring).
okes the lineage/relationship aspect. The genetic context (inherited genes, parents) confirms that the "offspring" sense is the intended meaning.
    *   While the child is young (unborn), the specific phrase "child of theirs" is the standard collocation for offspring. If the text said "the hospital treats sick children", Sense 1 would be appropriate. But here, "child of theirs" marks it as a relative.
    *   Let's look at the examples for2: "they had three children". This matches the scenario of parents having children.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

4.  **Formulate the output**:
    *   The target is "child".
    *   The correct sense index is 2 (based on the provided list).
    *   The output should be a JSON object: {"sense_index": 2}.

    *Wait, let me double-check the sense numbering in the prompt.*
    1. child%1:18:00:: (young person)
    2. child%1:18:01:: (offspring)
    3. child%1:18:06:: (immature)
    4. child%1:18:07:: (clan member)

    The prompt asks for the "single best indexed sense".
    Sense 2 matches "offspring". The context is about genetic inheritance. "Any child of theirs" refers to potential offspring.

    Decision: Sense 2.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chance
Target surface form: chance
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% <t>chance</t> of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chance%1:26:00:: | definition=a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances | synonyms=opportunity | examples=the holiday gave us the opportunity to visit Washington; now is your chance
2. sense_key=chance%1:19:00:: | definition=an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another | synonyms=luck, fortune, hazard | examples=bad luck caused his downfall; we ran into each other by pure chance
3. sense_key=chance%1:04:00:: | definition=a risk involving danger | examples=you take a chance when you let her drive
4. sense_key=chance%1:07:00:: | definition=a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; a number expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible | synonyms=probability | examples=the probability that an unbiased coin will fall with the head up is 0.5
5. sense_key=chance%1:26:01:: | definition=the possibility of future success | synonyms=prospect | examples=his prospects as a writer are excellent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "chance" in a specific context.
Target word: "chance".
Context sentence: "...any child of theirs had a 50% <t>chance</t> of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

I need to evaluate the candidate senses provided:

Sense 1: "a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances" (synonyms: opportunity). The context is about genetic probability/risk, not an "opportunity" in the sense of a favorable circumstance. "50% opportunity" doesn't fit as well as probability.

Sense 2: "an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another" (synonyms: luck, fortune, hazard). While there is unpredictability, the context specifically quantifies it ("50% chance"). This definition refers more to "luck" or "chance" as a force, not a measurable quantity. You wouldn't say "had a 50% luck".

Sense 3: "a risk involving danger". The context does involve risk (cancer), but the phrase "50% chance" is a statistical measure, not a definition of "a risk" itself in that way. While related, it's not the primary meaning of "chance" when preceded by a percentage.

Sense 4: "a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; a number expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible" (synonyms: probability).
Analysis: The context says "had a 50% chance". This is a direct measurement of likelihood/probability. The number "50%" expresses the ratio (1 in 2). The example "The probability that an unbiased coin will fall with the head up is 0.5" aligns perfectly with "50% chance". This sense fits the construction "[percentage] chance" perfectly.

Sense 5: "the possibility of future success" (synonyms: prospect). "50% prospect of being at risk" is awkward and doesn't fit as well as probability.

Comparison:
The phrase "50% chance" clearly indicates a quantifiable likelihood.
Sense 4 definition includes "a number expressing the ratio...". The example involves a probability of 0.5 (50%).
Sense 4 is the best fit.

Index: The senses are numbered 1 through 5.
Sense 4 corresponds to index 4.

JSON output format required: {"sense_index": 4}.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an <t>eye</t> cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target lemma: "eye"
    *   Target surface form: "eye"
    *   Context sentence segment: "...an <t>eye</t> cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births..."
    *   Broader context: Discussing retinoblastoma, a tumor suppressor gene, Bill Quinlan losing an eye to a rare tumor.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: `eye%1:08:00::` | Definition: "the organ of sight" | Synonyms: oculus, optic. This is the primary anatomical sense.
    *   Sense 2: `eye%1:09:00::` | Definition: "good discernment..." | Examples: "eye for fresh talent". This is metaphorical/discriminatory ability.
    *   Sense 3: `eye%1:09:01::` | Definition: "attention to what is seen" | Examples: "catch her eye". This refers to gaze or attention.
    *   Sense 4: `eye%1:15:00::` | Definition: "an area that is approximately central..." | Synonyms: center, heart. This is the "eye of the storm" or "center of town" sense.
    *   Sense 5: `eye%1:06:00::` | Definition: "a small hole or loop..." | Examples: "eye of a needle". This is the mechanical sense.

3.  **Disambiguate**:
    *   The specific phrase in the text is "an <t>eye</t> cancer". This refers to a cancer located in or affecting the organ of sight.
    *   Later in the text, it mentions "having lost an eye to the rare tumor". This confirms the physical organ meaning.
    *   Sense 1 defines it as "the organ of sight". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 (discernment) does not fit "eye cancer" (you don't have a cancer of discernment).
    *   Sense 3 (attention) does not fit.
    *   Sense 4 (center) does not fit.
    *   Sense 5 (hole/loop) does not fit.

4.  **Select the best indexed sense**:
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output**:
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye <t>cancer</t> that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** cancer
    *   **Target surface form:** cancer
    *   **Context:** The text discusses tumor-suppressor genes, cell growth, genetic defects, retinoblastoma (an eye cancer), malignant tumors, and diagnosis. It mentions "an eye <t>cancer</t> that occurs about once every 20,000 births."
    *   **Core Meaning:** The context is medical/biological, referring to a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cancer%1:26:00::` - Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..."
        *   *Fit:* This matches the medical context perfectly. Retinoblastoma is explicitly defined as "an eye cancer". The text discusses tumor-suppressor genes and cell growth control.
    *   **Sense 2:** `cancer%1:18:00::` - Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer"
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. This refers to a person (a human), not a disease.
    *   **Sense 3:** `cancer%1:17:00::` - Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation..."
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. This refers to astronomy/astronomy.
    *   **Sense 4:** `cancer%1:15:00::` - Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..."
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. This refers to astrology.
    *   **Sense 5:** `cancer%1:05:00::` - Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae"
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. This refers to a biological genus (taxonomy), likely crabs, not the disease.

3.  **Evaluate the Best Match:**
    *   The text is explicitly about the disease "cancer" (specifically retinoblastoma). Sense 1 is the definition of the disease. The text mentions "malignant growth," "tumor," "cell division" concepts implicitly or explicitly (tumor-suppressor genes).
    *   The specific phrase "an eye <t>cancer</t>" refers to a type of malignant neoplasm.

4.  **Formulate the Output:**
    *   The correct sense is index 1.

5.  **Final JSON Construction:**
    *   `{"sense_index": 1}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurs
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that <t>occurs</t> about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `occur`
    *   Target surface form: `occurs`
    *   Context sentence: "...an eye cancer that <t>occurs</t> about once every 20,000 births."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses cancer genetics, specifically retinoblastoma, and mentions its frequency/statistics regarding births.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `occur%2:30:00::`
        *   Definition: "come to pass"
        *   Synonyms: happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out
        *   Examples: "What is happening?", "The meeting took place off without an incidence"
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to an event taking place or happening. It is often used for events, accidents, meetings, etc.
    *   **Sense 2:** `occur%2:31:00::`
        *   Definition: "come to one's mind; suggest itself"
        *   Synonyms: come
        *   Examples: "It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary"
        *   Analysis: This is the cognitive sense ("It occurred to me..."). This does not fit the context of a medical condition happening in a population.
    *   **Sense 3:** `occur%2:42:03::`
        *   Definition: "to be found to exist"
        *   Examples: "sexism occurs in many workplaces", "precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil"
        *   Analysis: This sense often refers to the existence or presence of something (phenomena, substances, conditions) in a specific location or with a certain frequency. It implies "exists" or "is encountered".

3.  **Compare Senses against Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "an eye cancer that <t>occurs</t> about once every 20,000 births."
    *   Does the cancer "happen" (Sense 1) or "exist/be found" (Sense 3)?
    *   Sense 1 (come to pass/happen) is plausible. An event "happens". A cancer case "happens".
    *   Sense 3 (to be found to exist) is very specific to natural phenomena, statistical distribution, or presence. The example "precious stones occur in a large area" shows distribution. "Sexism occurs in many workplaces" shows presence.
    *   Let's look at the phrase "occurs about once every 20,000 births". This describes frequency and statistical distribution.
    *   WordNet 3.0 (and general usage) often distinguishes between an event happening (Sense 1) and something existing or presenting itself in a specific context/distribution (Sense 3).
    *   However, let's look closer at Sense 3's definition: "to be found to exist".
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 1's definition: "come to pass".
    *   In medical or scientific contexts describing the frequency of a disease ("Cancer occurs in 1 out of 100 people"), is this an event happening or an existential instance?
    *   Usually, describing the *frequency* of a condition or phenomenon maps strongly to Sense 3 in WordNet hierarchies (existence/presence). The example "precious stones occur..." relates to spatial distribution. "occurs about once every 20,000 births" relates to frequency distribution.
    *   Let's check the synonyms. "Happen" (Sense 1) vs "Exist" (implied in Sense 3).
    *   If I say "The accident occurred at 5pm," that's Sense 1.
    *   If I say "Gold occurs in this river," that's Sense 3.
    *   If I say "This cancer occurs frequently," it straddles the line. The cancer cases are events, but the "occurrence" of the disease type is a matter of its existence/presence in the population.
    *   Sense 3 examples: "sexism occurs in many workplaces" (Existence/presence). "precious stones occur in a large area" (Existence/presence).
    *   Context here: "...eye cancer that occurs about once..."
    *   Is the cancer an event? Or is the cancer a phenomenon existing/present in a ratio?
    *   While "happen" is a valid substitution ("an eye cancer that *happens* about once..."), the specific scientific register regarding statistical frequency usually aligns with the "exist/be found" sense (Sense 3) in WordNet. Sense 1 is often reserved for specific dynamic events (The meeting occurred, The accident occurred).
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 3 again: "to be found to exist".
    *   Does the cancer "come to pass" (Sense 1) or "be found to exist" (Sense 3)?
    *   The phrase "occurs about once" refers to the *rate of occurrence*.
    *   Common usage in Word Sense Disambiguation tasks for "occur" in statistical contexts (like "occurs frequently", "occurs in 10% of cases") often favors the existence sense (Sense 3) over the event sense (Sense 1) because it is describing the distribution of the phenomenon, not a specific singular event with a specific timeline (like "The accident occurred yesterday").
    *   However, one could argue that a birth with cancer is an event.
    *   Let's reconsider the examples provided for Sense 3: "sexism occurs in many workplaces". Sexism isn't a single event like a car crash; it's a phenomenon. "Precious stones occur..." - Phenomena/Substances.
    *   Is "cancer" in this sentence treated as an event (like a car crash) or a phenomenon/condition (like sexism)?
    *   "an eye cancer that occurs..." refers to the *incidence* of the disease type.
    *   Compare: "The accident occurred." (Sense 1). "Sightings of the bird occur rarely." (Sense 3/1?). "Mistakes occur." (Sense 1 or 3).
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "The meeting took place...". "What is happening?". These are dynamic events.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again. "to be found to exist".
    *   If I replace "occurs" with "is found to exist": "an eye cancer that *is found to exist* about once every 20,000 births". This fits the semantic logic of statistical incidence.
    *   If I replace "occurs" with "happens": "an eye cancer that *happens* about once every 20,000 births". This sounds slightly colloquial for a medical text, but grammatically possible.
    *   However, WordNet distinctions often rely on the "exist" vs "event" axis.
    *   Sense 3 is defined specifically for "to be found to exist". The statistical incidence describes the state of existence of the condition within a population.
    *   Let's try to find the specific WordNet sense hierarchy.
    *   WordNet 3.0:
        *   occur (v) 1: come to pass (Sense 1 here). "What is happening?"
        *   occur (v) 2: come to one's mind (Sense 2 here).
        *   occur (v) 3: to be found to exist (Sense 3 here). "Sexism occurs in many workplaces".
    *   The text is discussing the frequency of the disease *type*. "An eye cancer that occurs..." is synonymous with "An eye cancer that is found to exist..."
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 seems the most precise fit for "occurs" describing the statistical frequency or presence of a phenomenon/condition, distinguishing it from the "event unfolding" sense (Sense 1).

    *   Decision check:
        *   Sense 1: "The accident occurred." (Specific event).
        *   Sense 3: "Gold occurs in quartz." (Existence/Presence). "The disease occurs in children." (Presence/Distribution).
        *   The context is "an eye cancer that occurs about once...". This describes the distribution/presence of the disease entity in the population. It is akin to "The disease exists/presents itself at a rate of..."
        *   Sense 3 matches the "sexism" and "precious stones" examples better than Sense 1 matches the "meeting" examples.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 3 is the correct choice. It captures the existential/distributional meaning regarding frequency, rather than the dynamic "coming to pass" of a specific event in time (though they are related, Sense 3 is the specific WordNet entry for existence/presence in a set/location).

    *   Wait, let me double check if Sense 1 covers frequency. "Accidents occur frequently." Does that take Sense 1? Or Sense 3?
    *   If I check typical WSD datasets (like SemCor):
        *   "This sound occurs in English." -> Sense 3 (existence/presence).
        *   "The event occurred yesterday." -> Sense 1 (happen).
    *   Here: "cancer... occurs... once every 20,000 births".
    *   Is it a specific event happening? No, it is the incidence rate of the condition.
    *   "Occurs" = "is encountered" / "is found".
    *   Therefore, Sense 3.

4.  **Final Formatting:**
    *   JSON format.
    *   Index: 3.

    {"sense_index": 3}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs <t>about</t> once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Lemma: about
    *   Surface form: about
    *   Context snippet: "...an eye cancer that occurs <t>about</t> once every 20,000 births."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is discussing the frequency/occurrence of an eye cancer (retinoblastoma).
    *   The phrase is "occurs about once every 20,000 births".
    *   Here, "about" modifies the quantity/frequency "once".
    *   Meaning: It happens roughly/approximately once. It's not exactly once, but close to it.

3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less.
        *   *Examples:* "lasted approximately an hour".
        *   *Analysis:* This fits perfectly. The context refers to a quantity (frequency count). "About once" means approximately once. The definition "imprecise but fairly close to correct" regarding quantities matches "about once every 20,000 births".

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around.
        *   *Examples:* "dirty clothes lying about".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to spatial location. "Occurs about once" is not spatial. It's about frequency.

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around.
        *   *Examples:* "a few spectators standing about".
        *   *Analysis:* Again, spatial location. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction.
        *   *Examples:* "wandering about".
        *   *Analysis:* Movement/direction sense. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** definition=in or to a reversed position or direction.
        *   *Examples:* "about face".
        *   *Analysis:* Directional. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** definition=in rotation or succession.
        *   *Examples:* "turn about is fair play".
        *   *Analysis:* Idiomatic usage. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 7:** definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but.
        *   *Examples:* "the job is about done".
        *   *Analysis:* This is for progress or states of being (e.g., "about to leave", "about finished"). It does not refer to numerical quantities/frequencies.

4.  **Compare Best Candidates:**
    *   Sense 1 is the clear winner. It deals with quantities ("once"), is imprecise ("about"), and is synonymous with "approximately". The context is describing a statistic/rate.

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object: {"sense_index": X}.
    *   The sense corresponds to index 1 in the provided list.

    *   Wait, let me double check the indices provided in the prompt.
    *   1. about%4:02:00:: -> Sense 1.

provider: Venice