[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: official
Target surface form: official
Context:
The text, which could provide the basis for a final political deal to regulate greenhouse gases, highlighted the remaining obstacles as much as it illuminated a path forward. But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate <t>official</t>, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `official`
    *   Target surface form: `official`
    *   Context snippet: "...what the U.N.'s top climate **official**, Yvo de Boer, described as 'the big picture.'..."
    *   Role of the target word: It refers to a person (Yvo de Boer) holding a specific position within an organization (the U.N.).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `official%1:18:01::`
        *   Definition: "a worker who holds or is invested with an office"
        *   Synonyms: "functionary"
        *   Context fit: Yvo de Boer is the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). He holds an office/position within the U.N. structure. This fits the general definition of someone holding an office.
    *   **Sense 2:** `official%1:18:00::`
        *   Definition: "someone who administers the rules of a game or sport"
        *   Example: "the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling"
        *   Context fit: The context is international climate negotiations, not a sport or game. Therefore, this sense is incorrect.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   Sense 1 is the general sense for a person holding a public office or position in an organization.
    *   Sense 2 is specific to sports/competitions.
    *   The context refers to a "U.N.'s top climate official", which clearly aligns with Sense 1 (a worker holding an office).

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Since Sense 1 is the correct one, the index is 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: picture
Target surface form: picture
Context:
The text, which could provide the basis for a final political deal to regulate greenhouse gases, highlighted the remaining obstacles as much as it illuminated a path forward. But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big <t>picture</t>." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=picture%1:06:00:: | definition=a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface | synonyms=image, icon, ikon | examples=they showed us the pictures of their wedding; a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them
2. sense_key=picture%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface | synonyms=painting | examples=a small painting by Picasso; he bought the painting as an investment
3. sense_key=picture%1:09:00:: | definition=a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression | examples=he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world
4. sense_key=picture%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
5. sense_key=picture%1:10:00:: | definition=illustrations used to decorate or explain a text | synonyms=pictorial matter | examples=the dictionary had many pictures
6. sense_key=picture%1:10:02:: | definition=a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement | synonyms=movie, film, moving picture, moving-picture show, motion picture, motion-picture show | examples=they went to a movie every Saturday night; the film was shot on location
7. sense_key=picture%1:10:01:: | definition=the visible part of a television transmission | synonyms=video | examples=they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone
8. sense_key=picture%1:10:03:: | definition=a graphic or vivid verbal description | synonyms=word picture, word-painting, delineation, depiction, characterization, characterisation | examples=too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures; the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland
9. sense_key=picture%1:09:01:: | definition=a typical example of some state or quality | examples=the very picture of a modern general; she was the picture of despair
10. sense_key=picture%1:06:02:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, exposure, pic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Target phrase: "the big picture".
    *   Sentence: "Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as 'the big picture.'"
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses political negotiations, remaining obstacles, flexibility, and outlines for a possible deal. The phrase "the big picture" is an idiom referring to the overall perspective or the general situation, rather than specific details (like specific dollar amounts or percentages mentioned in the "180-page negotiation text").

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1:* Visual representation on a surface (image, icon). Physical image. Not applicable here. It's metaphorical.
    *   *Sense 2:* Graphic art/painting. Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 3:* A clear and telling mental image (mental picture, impression). Examples: "he had no clear picture of himself". This refers to a mental conception. While "the big picture" involves mental conception, this definition leans slightly towards a specific mental visualization of a person or object, rather than a complex situation.
    *   *Sense 4:* A situation treated as an observable object (scene). Examples: "the political picture is favorable"; "the religious scene in England has changed". This looks promising. The context is a political negotiation. "The big picture" refers to the overall situation or state of affairs regarding the climate deal.
    *   *Sense 5:* Illustrations for text. Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 6:* Movie/film. Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 7:* TV video. Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 8:* Graphic or vivid verbal description (word picture). Examples: "author gives a depressing picture of life". This is about a description. While the document describes a deal, "the big picture" refers to the *situation* or the *overall scope*, not just a verbal description.
    *   *Sense 9:* A typical example of some state or quality. Examples: "the picture of despair". Not applicable.
    *   *Sense 10:* Photograph. Not applicable.

3.  **Compare Sense 3 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 3 ("mental picture") usually refers to a mental image of something specific (like an assailant or oneself).
    *   Sense 4 ("situation treated as an observable object") uses examples like "the political picture". The phrase "the big picture" is an idiom meaning the entire situation or the overall perspective. This aligns perfectly with the definition "a situation treated as an observable object". It refers to the scope of the negotiation and the general state of affairs.
    *   Context: "the big picture" regarding a political deal. This is a "situation".

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 4 is defined as "a situation treated as an observable object".
    *   Synonyms include "scene".
    *   Examples include "the political picture is favorable".
    *   The context involves a "political deal" and a "negotiation". The "big picture" refers to the overarching situation or scheme of the negotiations, rather than the minute details.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 4}`.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Phala

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: outline
Target surface form: outlines
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the <t>outlines</t> for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=outline%1:15:00:: | definition=the line that appears to bound an object | synonyms=lineation
2. sense_key=outline%1:10:00:: | definition=a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory | synonyms=synopsis, abstract, precis
3. sense_key=outline%1:09:00:: | definition=a schematic or preliminary plan | synonyms=schema, scheme

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "outline"
    *   Target surface form: "outlines"
    *   Context: The text describes a negotiation document drafted by a U.N. working group. It mentions "six-page document", "boiled down a 180-page negotiation text", and "shows the outlines for a possible deal". The "outlines" refer to the structure, framework, or broad plan of an agreement/deal that is being negotiated. It's not a physical drawing, nor is it just a summary of an academic argument. It represents the shape or framework of a potential agreement.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `outline%1:15:00::` | definition="the line that appears to bound an object" | synonyms=[lineation]
        *   This is the physical/visual sense (drawing lines around a shape). Does "shows the outlines for a possible deal" refer to lines bounding an object? No, this is metaphorical, but let's see if other senses fit better. It usually refers to the shape of something physical.
    *   Sense 2: `outline%1:10:00::` | definition="a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory" | synonyms=[synopsis, abstract, precis]
        *   This refers to a textual summary. The context mentions "boiled down a 180-page negotiation text", which suggests a summary. However, the sentence says "shows the outlines for a possible deal". While a document can contain outlines, "outlines for a possible deal" implies the structure or plan of the deal itself, rather than just a summary of a text. But wait, is it a summary? The text says "It shows the outlines for a possible deal". This could mean the document sketches the main points of the deal.
    *   Sense 3: `outline%1:09:00::` | definition="a schematic or preliminary plan" | synonyms=[schema, scheme]
        *   This refers to a plan or a scheme. The context talks about a "possible deal". A deal is a plan or an agreement. "Outlines for a possible deal" sounds very much like "the preliminary plan/structure of a possible deal". The document shows the schema/framework.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 2 focuses on "summary of main points of an argument or theory" (synopsis).
    *   Sense 3 focuses on "schematic or preliminary plan" (schema, scheme).
    *   In the context: "It shows the outlines for a possible deal".
    *   Is "outline" here a summary (Sense 2)? The document summarizes a larger text, but the *function* of the outlines in relation to the "possible deal" is that they form the plan or framework for that deal.
    *   Often, WordNet distinguishes between "outline" (the summary of a text) and "outline" (a plan/scheme).
    *   Let's look at the specific wording: "outlines for a possible deal".
    *   If I say "outline of the essay", it's usually Sense 2 (summary).
    *   If I say "outline of the plan", it's usually Sense 3 (plan).
    *   Here, the "deal" is a future event/agreement (a plan). The document provides the "outlines" (the structure/schema) for this deal.
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy if possible (mentally).
        *   Sense 2 (summary) is under "summary", "statement".
        *   Sense 3 (plan) is under "plan of action", "plan".
    *   The context is about negotiation and policymaking. Negotiations produce deals/agreements (plans). The text shows the *framework* or *schematic* of that deal. It gives a range of options. It provides flexibility. It is a preliminary plan for the deal.
    *   Sense 3 seems more appropriate for "outlines for a deal" (plan/scheme) than Sense 2 (summary of an argument).
    *   However, let's reconsider Sense 2. "A sketchy summary of main points". The document *is* a text. Does the text show the "summary of main points" for a deal? Yes, it lists percentages and options. But "deal" isn't exactly an "argument or theory" (part of the definition of sense 2).
    *   A deal is an agreement/plan. Therefore, the outline of a deal fits better with "schematic or preliminary plan" (Sense 3).
    *   Also, consider the verb "boiled down... to focus on the big picture". This creates a summary. But the noun phrase "outlines for a possible deal" suggests the structural boundaries or the plan itself.
    *   Let's check examples in corpora or WordNet usage.
        *   "outline of the plot" -> Sense 2.
        *   "outline of the policy" -> Sense 3.
    *   Here: "outlines for a possible deal". A deal is a policy/agreement.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the strongest fit.

4.  **Refining the decision:**
    *   Context: "shows the outlines for a possible deal".
    *   Sense 1: Boundaries of an object. (Physical/Visual). Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: Summary of argument/theory. (Textual summary). Close, but "deal" is not an argument or theory. It's a proposed course of action.
    *   Sense 3: Schematic or preliminary plan. (Plan). A "deal" is an agreement/plan. The document outlines the plan.
    *   Synonyms for Sense 3 are schema, scheme. "Scheme for a possible deal" makes sense. "Schema for a possible deal" makes sense.
    *   Synonyms for Sense 2 are synopsis, abstract, precis. "Synopsis for a possible deal"? Less natural. You write a synopsis of a book or argument. You draft an outline (plan) for a deal.

    *   Wait, WordNet distinctions can be tricky.
    *   WN 3.0/3.1:
        *   1: line bounding a shape.
        *   2: sketchy summary (synopsis, abstract).
        *   3: schematic or preliminary plan (schema, scheme).
    *   Does "outline" refer to the text itself (Sense 2) or the plan contained within (Sense 3)?
    *   "It [the document] shows the outlines for a possible deal."
    *   The document displays the *plan* (the schema of how the emissions cuts work).
    *   It provides "a range of options". A plan can have options. A summary usually condenses existing content. This text is "boiled down", but the "outlines" presented are the structural options for the *future* deal. This points to "preliminary plan".
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Target: outlines.
    *   Sense 3: "a schematic or preliminary plan".
    *   Context: "outlines for a possible deal" = the plan/structure for the agreement.
    *   Matches perfectly.

    *   Just to play devil's advocate for Sense 2: The text *is* a summary of a negotiation text. However, the noun phrase specifically links to "a possible deal", not "the negotiation text". The "outlines" refer to the structure of the agreement being forged, which constitutes a plan. "He made an outline for his speech" could be Sense 2 or 3 depending on if it's a summary of the text or a plan of what to say. Here, a deal is a scheme/agreement/plan.

    *   Result: Sense 3.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible <t>deal</t>, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target**: The target lemma is "deal" used as a noun in the phrase "outlines for a possible deal". The context is about climate negotiations in Copenhagen involving world leaders, UN officials, and countries agreeing on emission cuts.

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   The text mentions a "negotiation", "world leaders", "forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group".
    *   It discusses obligations: "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions...", "major developing countries would reduce theirs...".
    *   It implies a formal agreement resulting from diplomatic discussions.
    *   Key phrase: "outlines for a possible deal".

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:
    *   *Sense 1 (deal%1:04:02::)*: "a particular instance of buying or selling". Synonyms: trade, business deal. While financial transfers are mentioned ("money rich countries would give poor ones"), the primary focus of the "deal" is the broader agreement on emissions cuts and policy, not just a financial transaction. This is too specific to commerce/business trade, though related.
    *   *Sense 2 (deal%1:10:00::)*: "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each". Synonyms: bargain. Examples: "he made a bargain with the devil". This fits perfectly. The context describes an agreement between "industrial nations" and "major developing countries" regarding their obligations (emission cuts) arrived at through negotiation.
    *   *Sense 3 (deal%1:23:00::)*: "a large number or amount or extent". Synonyms: batch, flock. Examples: "a deal of trouble". This is a quantifier sense. The text says "a possible deal", not "a deal of [something]". This is incorrect.
    *   *Sense 4 (deal%1:27:00::)*: "a plank of softwood". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 5 (deal%1:27:01::)*: "wood that is easy to saw". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 6 (deal%1:14:00::)*: "the cards held in a card game". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 7 (deal%1:11:00::)*: "the type of treatment received". Examples: "he got a good deal on his car". This refers to the outcome or value received, usually in a commercial or interaction context. Here, we are talking about a diplomatic treaty/agreement document.
    *   *Sense 8 (deal%1:04:00::)*: "the act of distributing playing cards". Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 9 (deal%1:04:01::)*: "the act of apportioning or distributing something". Irrelevant.

4.  **Select Best Sense**: Sense 2 defines "deal" as an agreement between parties fixing obligations. The context explicitly mentions negotiations, parties (nations), and obligations (cutting emissions). Sense 1 is the second closest (business deal), but international treaties are better described as agreements (Sense 2) rather than just a "business deal" or "trade". The "fixing obligations of each" part of the definition for Sense 2 is the clincher, as the text details specific percentage cuts for different groups.

5.  **Format Output**: The request asks for a JSON object with the sense index. The index for Sense 2 is 2 (based on the list provided: 1, 2, 3...).

    List:
    1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: ...
    2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: ... <--- This is the correct one.
    3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: ...

    Index to return: 2.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their <t>emissions</t> by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Form:**
    *   Lemma: emission
    *   Form: emissions (plural noun)

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses climate negotiations (Copenhagen, UN, global warming).
    *   Key phrases: "cut their carbon output", "cut their emissions", "cut emissions".
    *   Specific sentence: "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent..."
    *   Meaning: The context refers to carbon emissions (greenhouse gases) being released into the atmosphere. These are substances (gases) being emitted.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation*
        *   This refers to the *action* or *process* of emitting.
        *   In the context, countries are cutting "their emissions". While cutting implies an action, "emissions" here usually refers to the aggregate amount of substances released. However, one could argue it's the act, but usually "emissions targets" or "cutting emissions" refers to the quantity of the substance. Let's check other senses.

    *   *Sense 2: emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge*
        *   This refers to the *substance* itself.
        *   Context: "carbon output", "cut their emissions".
        *   "Carbon output" equates to "emissions" here.
        *   Does "emissions" refer to the substance? Yes. The gases (CO2, etc.) are the substances.
        *   Sentence: "...cut their emissions..." -> reduce the amount of the substance released.
        *   This fits the climate change context perfectly. "Greenhouse gas emissions" = the gases themselves.

    *   *Sense 3: emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms*
        *   Physics context. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 4: emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body*
        *   Biological/medical context. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 5: emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)*
        *   Hydraulic context. Not applicable.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is the *act*.
    *   Sense 2 is the *substance*.
    *   Usage check: "Carbon emissions" usually refers to the carbon dioxide released (substance). When nations cut emissions, they reduce the amount of gas released.
    *   WordNet often distinguishes between the act (Event) and the result/substance (Entity/Physical Entity).
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 2: "a substance that is emitted or released".
    *   Let's look at the text again: "...cut their carbon output... cut their emissions".
    *   "Carbon output" is a quantifiable amount of substance.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice. It captures the physical nature of the pollutants being discussed.

5.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The context is about environmental pollution/gases.
    *   "Emissions" = pollutants (substances).
    *   Sense 2 defines it as "a substance that is emitted or released".

6.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: levels
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 <t>levels</t>, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 1}

content: sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
1.  their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 <t>levels</t>, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent."
    *   Key phrase: "compared with 1990 levels".
    *   Context meaning: The "levels" refers to the amount or quantity of emissions (implied by "cut their emissions") at a specific point in time (1990). It is a quantifiable measurement on a scale.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (level%1:07:00::): a position on a scale of amount. This sense is often used for things like "pollution levels", "noise levels", "emission levels".

    *   **Sense 2 (level%1:26:01::):** "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group".
        *   Synonyms: grade, tier.
        *   Examples: "lumber of the highest grade".
        *   Fit: This implies a ranking or hierarchy (like job grades or quality grades). Emissions aren't really a "graded group" or hierarchy in this sense; they are a measurable quantity. Not the best fit.

    *   **Sense 3 (level%1:26:00::):** "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
        *        *   Fit: This is more about progression through a process (e.g., "early stages", "degree of frankness"). While "amount" can be a continuum, the specific usage "1990 levels" usually refers to the magnitude/amount (Sense 1) rather than a stage in a process. Sense 1 is distinct for "amount or quality".

    *   **Sense 4 (level%1:07:01::):** "height above ground".
        *   Examples: "water reached ankle level".
        *   Fit: Physical height. Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 5 (level%1:06:00::):** "indicator that establishes the horizontal...".
        *   Fit: The tool. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6 (level%1:06:03::):** "a flat surface at right angles...".
        *   Fit: Physical surface. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 7 (level%1:09:00::):** "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth".
        *   Synonyms: layer, stratum.
        *   Examples: "communicates on several levels".
        *   Fit: Abstract layers. Not applicable to "1990 levels" of emissions.

    *   **Sense 8 (level%1:06:01::):** "a structure consisting of a room...".
        *   Synonyms: floor, storey.
        *   Fit: Building floor. Not applicable.

3.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 emphasizes "intensity or amount". "Emissions levels" refers to the *amount* of emissions. The phrase "compared with 1990 levels" is comparing the amount in 2020 to the amount in 1990.
    *   Sense 3 emphasizes a position in a process or series. While time is a series, the "level" here isn't the position in time itself (that would be the year 1990), but the *value* associated with that time.
    *   Standard WordNet annotation for "emission levels" or "water levels" (metaphorical or literal height-as-amount) often falls under Sense 1 (position on a scale of amount).
    *   Let's check the specific definition of Sense 1 again: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality". This is the definition of "amount".
    *   Let's check Sense 3 again: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process". This often maps to "degree" (e.g., "a high degree of accuracy") or "stage". "Emissions levels" is closer to "amount".
    *   Common usage: "record levels", "high levels", "low levels". These map to Sense 1.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct definition for the magnitude or quantity of something (emissions) being measured.

    *   Target: "1990 levels".
    *   Meaning: The amount of emissions in 1990.
    *   Definition Match: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount".

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Sense 1: Amount/Intensity. Fits "emissions levels".
    *   Sense 3: Process/Stage. Doesn't fit as well.
    *   Sense 4: Height. No.
    *   Sense 7: Abstract layer. No.

    Choice: Sense 1.
    Index: 1.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: levels
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 <t>levels</t>, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 8. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Task: Fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   Target lemma: `level`.
    *   Target surface form: `levels`.
    *   Context: A news article about climate negotiations in Copenhagen. Specifically, discussing "1990 levels" in the phrase "cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 <t>levels</t>".
    *   Constraints: Choose the single best indexed sense from the provided list (1-8). Output only valid JSON `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Phrase: "...compared with 1990 <t>levels</t>"
    *   Semantic domain: Climate change, emissions, measurements, statistics, baselines.
    *   Meaning in context: Here, "levels" refers to the amount or quantity of emissions at a specific point in time (1990). It is a reference point on a scale of measurement (emissions). It indicates the intensity or amount of carbon output.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `level%1:07:00::` | Definition: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" | Synonyms: "degree, grade" | Examples: "a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required".
        *   *Fit:* This fits very well. Emissions are measured on a scale of amount/quantity. "1990 levels" means the specific position on the scale of emissions quantity that was recorded in 1990. The example "a high level of care" parallels "emissions levels".

    *   **Sense 2:** `level%1:26:01::` | Definition: "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" | Synonyms: "grade, tier" | Examples: "lumber of the highest grade".
        *   *Fit:* This implies a ranking or hierarchy (like lumber grades, salary tiers). Emissions aren't really a "graded group" in terms of quality tiers, but rather a continuous quantity. This is less precise than Sense 1.

    *   **Sense 3:** `level%1:26:00::` | Definition: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" | Synonyms: "degree, stage, point" | Examples: "a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?".
        *   *Fit:* This is a strong contender because "1990 levels" is a specific point. However, Sense 1 focuses specifically on "intensity or amount", which fits "emissions" (a measurable quantity) better than "a position in a process". "Emissions levels" is a standard collocation referring to the amount. Sense 3 often implies a stage of development. While you could argue it's a point on a continuum, Sense 1's explicit mention of "amount" makes it superior for quantitative data like emissions.

    *   **Sense 4:** `level%1:07:01::` | Definition: "height above ground" | Examples: "the water reached ankle level".
        *   *Fit:* Physical height. Not relevant to abstract emissions quantities.

    *   **Sense 5:** `level%1:06:00::` | Definition: "indicator that establishes the horizontal..." (the tool).
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 6:** `level%1:06:03::` | Definition: "a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** `level%1:09:00::` | Definition: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" | Synonyms: "layer, stratum".
        *   *Fit:* Used for "levels of meaning" or hierarchy of understanding. Not suitable for "emissions levels" which is about magnitude.

    *   **Sense 8:** `level%1:06:01::` | Definition: "a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms..." (floor/story).
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

4.  **Refine Decision between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Context: "compared with 1990 levels".
    *   Meaning: The amount of emissions in 1990.
    *   Sense 1: "position on a scale of intensity or **amount**".
    *   Sense 3: "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a **process**".
    *   While Sense 3 mentions "degree" as a synonym, the definition focuses on a "process" or "series". Emissions aren't a process; they are a measurement. The measurement is the amount.
    *   Sense 1 explicitly mentions "amount". This is the crucial discriminator. "Pollution levels", "noise levels", "emissions levels" all fall under Sense 1 in WordNet (quantitative measurement).
    *   The example for Sense 1 ("a high level of care") uses "level" to describe the amount/intensity of something abstract. "1990 levels" describes the amount/intensity of emissions.

5.  **Final Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It defines level as a position on a scale of amount.

6.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: period
Target surface form: period
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same <t>period</t> by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=period%1:28:00:: | definition=an amount of time | synonyms=time period, period of time | examples=a time period of 30 years; hastened the period of time of his recovery
2. sense_key=period%1:28:02:: | definition=the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon
3. sense_key=period%1:28:07:: | definition=(ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games
4. sense_key=period%1:28:03:: | definition=a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed | synonyms=geological period | examples=ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods
5. sense_key=period%1:28:04:: | definition=the end or completion of something | examples=death put a period to his endeavors; a change soon put a period to my tranquility
6. sense_key=period%1:22:00:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, flow | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped
7. sense_key=period%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations | synonyms=point, full stop, stop, full point | examples=in England they call a period a stop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context**:
    *   Target lemma: "period"
    *   Target surface form: "period"
    *   Sentence context: "...major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses a negotiation on climate change, specifically emission cuts by 2020 compared to 1990 levels. The phrase is "during the same period".
    *   Antecedent: The previous sentence mentions "cut their emissions by 2020". It implies the period starting from now (or 1990) up to 2020.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "an amount of time". Synonyms: time period, period of time. Examples: "a time period of 30 years". This fits the context of "by 2020" (a specific timeframe) and the phrase "during the same period". It refers to a span of time during which actions (reducing emissions) take place.
    *   Sense 2: "the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon". This usually applies to physics (period of a pendulum) or periodic events. Climate negotiations or emission reductions aren't described as a cycle in this specific grammatical construction ("during the same period").
    *   Sense 3: "(ice hockey) one of three divisions..." Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4: "a unit of geological time...". Irrelevant. The context is policy and years (1990 to 2020), not geology.
    *   Sense 5: "the end or completion of something". Often used metaphorically or in older English. The context requires a duration ("during"), not an endpoint. "During the same end" makes no sense.
    *   Sense 6: "the monthly discharge of blood...". Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 7: "a punctuation mark (.)...". Irrelevant.

3.  **Select the Best Sense**:
    *   The context refers to a duration of time ("from 1990 levels... by 2020").
    *   The preposition "during" strongly indicates a span of time.
    *   Sense 1 covers "an amount of time" / "time period".
    *   Sense 2 is about cycles.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output**:
    *   The instructions ask for a JSON object: {"sense_index": integer}.
    *   The chosen sense is index 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the <t>countries</t> would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form**: "country" (singular), "countries" (plural). The context uses the plural form "countries".

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The text discusses a U.N. document regarding global warming, climate change, and financial aid.
    *   Phrases like "rich countries", "poor ones", "developed and major emerging economies", "industrial nations", "major developing countries" are used.
    *   The specific sentence containing the target: "Together, the <t>countries</t> would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050."
    *   The context refers to political entities acting on a global stage, negotiating agreements, pledging money, and cutting emissions. They are treated as political actors/bodies.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `country%1:14:00::` | definition: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" | synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations".
        *   *Fit*: This sense emphasizes the political entity, the government, and the organized body. The context talks about governments negotiating (U.N. ad-hoc working group), pledging money (European Union, rich countries), and setting policy (cut emissions). This fits well with "rich countries", "poor ones", and the collective action described.

    *   **Sense 2**: `country%1:15:00::` | definition: "the territory occupied by a nation" | synonyms: state, land | examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries".
        *   *Fit*: This sense focuses on the geographical territory. While countries have territories, the context focuses on the *actors* making pledges and cutting emissions. "Territories" don't cut emissions in a political sense; governments (the political entity) do. However, often "country" implies both. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2. Sense 1 is "politically organized body", Sense 2 is "territory". In the sentence "Together, the countries would cut emissions", it is the political entity acting.

    *   **Sense 3**: `country%1:14:01::` | definition: "the people who live in a nation or country" | synonyms: nation, land | examples: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation".
        *   *Fit*: This refers specifically to the *population* or the *citizenry*. While the citizens are affected, the actors here are the states/governments negotiating in the U.N. "The countries would cut emissions" refers to the state action, not just the mood of the people.

    *   **Sense 4**: `country%1:15:01::` | definition: "an area outside of cities and towns" | synonyms: rural area | examples: "his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country".
        *   *Fit*: Clearly incorrect. This is the "countryside" meaning.

    *   **Sense 5**: `country%1:15:02::` | definition: "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary..." | synonyms: area | examples: "it was a mountainous area; Bible country".
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. This refers to a region (like "mining country" or "mountain country"), not a sovereign state.

4.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   Sense 1 (Political body) vs. Sense 2 (Territory).
    *   The text mentions: "rich countries would give money", "developed and major emerging economies", "industrial nations", "European Union".
    *   These are references to sovereign states acting as political units. When we say "France pledged money," we refer to the state (Sense 1). When we say "France has many rivers," we refer to the territory (Sense 2).
    *   The sentence "Together, the countries would cut emissions" implies policy implementation by the governing bodies.
    *   WordNet structure (based on lexicographer files):
        *   `01:14` refers to "Group" (a group of people).
        *   `01:15` refers to "Location" or "Spatial Property".
    *   Sense 1 defines it as a "body of people" (specifically a politically organized one). This captures the agency required to "cut emissions" and "pledge money".
    *   Sense 2 defines it as "territory". Territories do not pledge money; political bodies do.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. The synonym "nation" in Sense 3 is also close, but Sense 3 specifically restricts the definition to "the people who live in...", whereas Sense 1 is the "organized body of people... under a government". The government/organization aspect is crucial here.

    Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "African nations" -> "rich countries" fits this pattern of grouping political entities.
    Let's check Sense 3 examples: "sums up the nation's mood". This is about the population's sentiment. The context is about policy and money, which is the domain of the state/body politic.

    So, Sense 1 is the intended meaning.

5.  **Final Output Formatting**:
    *   The user wants a JSON object with the index.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut <t>emissions</t> between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: emission.
    *   Target surface form: emissions.
    *   Context: A text discussing global warming, climate change negotiations (UN, Sierra Club), carbon output, cutting emissions percentages, industrial nations vs. developing countries.
    *   Candidate senses: 5 options provided with definitions, synonyms, and examples.
    *   Goal: Choose the single best indexed sense (numbered 1 through 5) and output a JSON object.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence containing the target is: "Together, the countries would cut <t>emissions</t> between 50 and 95 percent by 2050."
    *   The broader context mentions: "carbon output", "global warming", "climate change".
    *   "Emissions" here refers to the gases (like carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases) released into the atmosphere by human activities (industry, energy production, etc.).

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth.
        *   This refers to the *action* or process. While countries cut the *act* of emitting, the context usually focuses on the amount of pollutants released. However, "emissions" is often used as a noun denoting the substances. Let's look at Sense 2.

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a substance that is emitted or released.
        *   Synonyms: discharge.
        *   Context fit: "cut their emissions" means reducing the amount of gases/substances released. This fits perfectly with "carbon output" mentioned earlier. The "emissions" are the greenhouse gases themselves (the substances).

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms.
        *   Domain: Physics (Electronics/Quantum).
        *   Context fit: Incorrect. The context is climate change, not particle physics.

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body.
        *   Domain: Biology/Medicine.
        *   Context fit: Incorrect. The context is environmental policy.

    *   **Sense 5:** definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe).
        *   Domain: Hydrology/General.
        *   Context fit: Incorrect. The context is air pollution/climate.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 vs. Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is the *act*.
    *   Sense 2 is the *substance*.
    *   In the phrase "cut their emissions", "emissions" functions as a measure of the pollutants (substances). If they cut the emissions by 50%, they cut the amount of gas released.
    *   Let's check WordNet (or the provided schema). WordNet 3.0 or similar usually has:
        *   emission n 1: the act of emitting; causing to flow forth
        *   emission n 2: a substance that is emitted or released
    *   Context example: "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions".
    *   Are they cutting the *act*? Or the *amount of the substance*? Usually, "emissions" in environmental contexts refers to the pollutants (the substance). "Carbon emissions" = the carbon dioxide released.
    *   Sense 2 defines it as "a substance that is emitted or released".
    *   Sense 1 defines it as "the act of emitting".
    *   The context mentions "carbon output" earlier. Output implies the quantity of things produced/released.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct sense for "emissions" in the context of climate change and greenhouse gases. It refers to the greenhouse gases themselves (the substances).

5.  **Final Decision:**
    *   Sense 1: Action.
    *   Sense 2: Substance.
    *   Context: "cut their emissions... carbon output". The focus is on the pollutants (substances).
    *   Selection: Sense 2.

6.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   Format: JSON object {"sense_index": X}.
    *   Value: 2.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a <t>year</t> over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "year" in the context of "$3.6 billion a year over the next three years".
The phrase "a year" means "per year" or "each year", referring to a period of 365 days.
Candidate senses:
1: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days. Examples: she is 4 years old; in the year 1920.
2: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity. Example: a school year.
3: the period of time that it takes for a planet to make a complete revolution around the sun.
4: a body of students who graduate together.

Sense 1 fits the context perfectly ("$3.6 billion a year" = "$3.6 billion per 365-day period").

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three <t>years</t> to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   **Target lemma**: year
    *   **Target surface form**: years
    *   **Context**: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three <t>years</t> to help poorer countries adapt..."
    *   The specific phrase is "over the next three years".
    *   The context implies a standard measurement of time. The pledge is to provide money annually (a year) over a duration of three calendar years.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `year%1:28:01::` | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920.
        *   This sense refers to the standard calendar unit of time.
    *   **Sense 2**: `year%1:28:02::` | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year.
        *   This refers to specific subdivided periods like "school year" or "financial year" (though financial year can overlap with sense 1, the specific definition here emphasizes the "part of a calendar year... used for some particular activity").
    *   **Sense 3**: `year%1:28:00::` | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days.
        *   This is the astronomical definition.
    *   **Sense 4**: `year%1:14:00::` | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High.
        *   This is the collective noun sense.

3.  **Evaluate senses against context**:
    *   The phrase "over the next three years" refers to three standard periods of 365/366 days starting from the present.
    *   It does not refer to a school year (Sense 2).
    *   It does not refer to a planetary revolution in an astronomical context (Sense 3).
    *   It does not refer to a graduating class (Sense 4).
    *   It fits perfectly with Sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days". The example "she is 4 years old" uses "years" in the exact same durational sense as "three years".

4.  **Select the best sense**:
    *   Sense 1 is the clear choice.

5.  **Format the output**:
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer <t>countries</t> adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target:** countries (plural noun).
    *   **Context:** The text discusses international climate talks (UN, European Union, developing countries, industrial nations). Specifically, the target sentence is: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer <t>countries</t> adapt to the impact of climate change..."
    *   **Meaning in context:** The word "countries" refers to political entities (states/nations) that are the recipients of aid. The text talks about "developed and major emerging economies," "industrial nations," and "major developing countries." The phrase "poorer countries" refers to sovereign states with lower economic status.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (country%1:14:00::):**
        *   Definition: "a politically organized body of people under a single government"
        *   Synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic
        *   Examples: "the state has elected a new president", "African nations"
        *   Analysis: This sense focuses on the political organization or the state as an entity. This fits the context of international negotiations, pledges by the EU, and distinctions between "industrial nations" and "developing countries." The aid is given to political entities (governments/states) to manage adaptation.

    *   **Sense 2 (country%1:15:00::):**
        *   Definition: "the territory occupied by a nation"
        *   Synonyms: state, land
        *   Examples: "he returned to the land of his birth", "he visited several European countries"
        *   Analysis: This sense emphasizes the physical territory or geography. While climate change affects the territory, the context of providing financial aid involves political agreements and actors (policymakers, the EU). The phrase "poorer countries" usually implies the socio-political entities rather than just the dirt and rocks, though the distinction between sense 1 and sense 2 is often subtle in WordNet. Sense 1 is usually preferred when discussing international relations, governments, and socio-economic status (richer/poorer).

    *   **Sense 3 (country%1:14:01::):**
        *   Definition: "the people who live in a nation or country"
        *   Synonyms: nation, land
        *   Examples: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to the population. While the aid helps the people, the entity receiving aid or making deals in this context is the political state. "Poorer countries" characterizes the state's economic status, not just the mood or count of the people.

    *   **Sense 4 (country%1:15:01::):**
        *   Definition: "an area outside of cities and towns"
        *   Synonyms: rural area
        *   Analysis: Clearly incorrect. The text is about nations, not rural landscapes.

    *   **Sense 5 (country%1:15:02::):**
        *   Definition: "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary..."
        *   Synonyms: area
        *   Examples: "Bible country"
        *   Analysis: Incorrect. These are defined political entities.

3.  **Differentiate between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on the political entity / government / body politic.
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the territory / land mass.
    *   Context clues: "developed and major emerging economies," "policymakers," "industrial nations," "European Union," "pledging to provide... to help." These are actions and descriptions applying to political entities and their governments. When we speak of "poorer countries" in the context of international aid and UN negotiations, we refer to the state as a political and economic unit (Sense 1), rather than merely the geographic territory (Sense 2).
    *   Example match: "African nations" (Sense 1) fits the semantic field of "industrial nations" and "developing countries" better than "he visited several European countries" (Sense 2, which implies travel to a location).
    *   WordNet hierarchy: Sense 1 (Body Politic/State) is often the default for international relations. Sense 2 (Territory) is more spatial.
    *   The sentence says "help poorer countries adapt." The entity adapting involves policy, infrastructure, and government action. Therefore, the political organization (Sense 1) is the primary denotation.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit.

5.  **Output format:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the <t>impact</t> of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** impact
    *   **Target surface form:** impact
    *   **Context:** The sentence is: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the **impact** of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation."
    *   **Key phrases:** "adapt to the impact of climate change", "coping with flood and drought", "avoiding deforestation".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "the striking of one body against another"
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to physical collision (like a meteor impact or a car crash). Climate change isn't a physical body striking another body in a literal sense. This is too literal/physical for the abstract context of climate change effects.

    *   **Sense 2:** "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" | Synonyms: wallop | Examples: "the book had an important impact on my thinking"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to an effect or consequence. "The impact of climate change" refers to the effects (floods, droughts, deforestation) caused by climate change. The examples mention "consequence" and "effect". This fits perfectly with "adapting to the effects/consequences of climate change".

    *   **Sense 3:** "influencing strongly" | Synonyms: impingement, encroachment | Examples: "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is more about the act of influencing or encroaching upon something abstract (like values or culture). While climate change does influence things, the context here ("adapt to the impact... from coping with flood...") points more to the *results* or *consequences* (the floods, the droughts) rather than the abstract process of influence/impingement. Sense 2 ("consequence") is a stronger fit for the tangible results listed in the text. Sense 3 is often used for abstract, somewhat negative influence or intrusion. While close, Sense 2 captures the "consequence/effect" aspect of the physical phenomena (floods, droughts) better.

    *   **Sense 4:** "the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat" | Synonyms: shock
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to combat or battle. It is irrelevant to climate change discussions.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 2 emphasizes "consequence" and "effect".
    *   Sense 3 emphasizes "influencing" and "impingement".
    *   In the phrase "adapt to the impact of climate change", "impact" means the consequences (floods, droughts) that countries have to deal with.
    *   If the sentence were "The impact of climate change on policy decisions," Sense 3 might be competitive.
    *   However, the text defines the impact as "flood and drought" and "deforestation". These are *consequences* or *effects* of climate change. Therefore, Sense 2 ("a forceful consequence; a strong effect") is the most accurate definition.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flood
Target surface form: flood
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with <t>flood</t> and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flood%1:19:00:: | definition=the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land | synonyms=inundation, deluge, alluvion | examples=plains fertilized by annual inundations
2. sense_key=flood%1:23:00:: | definition=an overwhelming number or amount | synonyms=inundation, deluge, torrent | examples=a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse
3. sense_key=flood%1:06:00:: | definition=light that is a source of artificial illumination having a broad beam; used in photography | synonyms=floodlight, flood lamp, photoflood
4. sense_key=flood%1:04:01:: | definition=a large flow | synonyms=overflow, outpouring
5. sense_key=flood%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flooding; filling to overflowing | synonyms=flowage
6. sense_key=flood%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide);  -Shakespeare | synonyms=flood tide, rising tide | examples=a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**: The text discusses climate change negotiations.
    *   "...help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with <t>flood</t> and drought to avoiding deforestation."
    *   The phrase is "coping with flood and drought".
    *   "Drought" is a natural disaster/weather phenomenon involving lack of water.
    *   "Flood" is paired with "drought" as an impact of climate change.
    *   Climate change impacts often include extreme weather events like rising water levels overflowing onto land.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: "the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land". Synonyms: inundation, deluge. Examples: plains fertilized by annual inundations. This refers to the physical natural disaster of water covering land.
    *   **Sense 2**: "an overwhelming number or amount". Synonyms: inundation, deluge, torrent. Examples: a flood of requests. This is metaphorical.
    *   **Sense 3**: "light that is a source of artificial illumination...". This is photography equipment.
    *   **Sense 4**: "a large flow". Synonyms: overflow, outpouring. This is more abstract or refers to the act of flowing, not necessarily the specific disaster event paired with drought.
    *   **Sense 5**: "the act of flooding; filling to overflowing". Synonyms: flowage. This refers to the action/process, not the event/phenomenon itself in this specific context.
    *   **Sense 6**: "the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide)". This is a tidal term.

3.  **Match context to senses**:
    *   The context speaks about "impact of climate change".
    *   It lists "flood and drought" as things to cope with.
    *   Drought is a specific environmental condition/disaster.
    *   Flood, in this pairing, refers to the environmental disaster where water overflows land.
    *   Sense 1 is the standard definition of the natural disaster "flood".
    *   Sense 2 is metaphorical (flood of emails). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 3 is lighting. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4 is a "large flow" (like a flood of tears or just a large flow of liquid), but Sense 1 is more specific and standard for the climate change context involving land and damage.
    *   Sense 5 is the act/process.
    *   Sense 6 is tides.

    Therefore, Sense 1 matches the "natural disaster" meaning required by the context of climate change impacts paired with drought.

4.  **Select the index**: Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

    *   Sense 1: flood%1:19:00:: -> Index 1.
    *   Sense 2: flood%1:23:00:: -> Index 2.
    *   ... and so on.

    The correct sense is the first one listed in the candidate list.

    JSON format required: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: drought
Target surface form: drought
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and <t>drought</t> to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drought%1:26:00:: | definition=a shortage of rainfall | synonyms=drouth | examples=farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season
2. sense_key=drought%1:28:00:: | definition=a prolonged shortage | synonyms=drouth | examples=when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is about climate change and its impacts on poorer countries. The phrase is "coping with flood and drought". This refers to environmental/weather phenomena caused by climate change.

Sense 1: "a shortage of rainfall" - this is the literal meteorological sense of drought.
Sense 2: "a prolonged shortage" - this is a figurative sense, like a shortage of something (e.g., a championship drought).

In the context of climate change impacts ("flood and drought"), the word refers to a shortage of rainfall (a weather event), not a figurative shortage. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.