[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: president
Target surface form: president
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=president%1:18:01:: | definition=an executive officer of a firm or corporation
2. sense_key=president%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government | synonyms=President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive | examples=the President likes to jog every morning
3. sense_key=president%1:18:00:: | definition=the chief executive of a republic
4. sense_key=president%1:18:03:: | definition=the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization | synonyms=chairman, chairwoman, chair, chairperson | examples=address your remarks to the chairperson
5. sense_key=president%1:18:02:: | definition=the head administrative officer of a college or university | synonyms=prexy
6. sense_key=president%1:04:04:: | definition=the office of the United States head of state | synonyms=President of the United States, Chief Executive | examples=a President is elected every four years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "president"
    *   Target surface form: "president"
    *   Context snippet: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t> and the advent of the New Deal..."

2.  **Analyze the surrounding text for clues:**
    *   The text discusses national policy making, races for the White House, GOP presidents, and the New Deal.
    *   Specific mentions: "White House", "GOP president", "Franklin Roosevelt".
    *   Franklin Roosevelt was a US President.
    *   The phrase "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" refers to a specific person holding a specific office.
    *   The text contrasts legislators (535 of them) with the singular executive role ("president").

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (president%1:18:01::):* "an executive officer of a firm or corporation".
        *   Context involves politics, White House, US government. Not a firm or corporation. Reject.

    *   *Sense 2 (president%1:18:04::):* "the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government".
        *   Synonyms: President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive.
        *   Examples: "the President likes to jog every morning".
        *   Context Fit: Franklin Roosevelt was the US President. The context talks about the "White House" and "GOP president" in relation to national policy. This sense specifically denotes the person holding the office of the US head of state. This fits perfectly with "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president".

    *   *Sense 3 (president%1:18:00::):* "the chief executive of a republic".
        *   Context Fit: While FDR was the chief executive of a republic, Sense 2 is more specific ("United States government"). The context is explicitly about US politics ("White House", "United States" implied by Congress having 535 members). WordNet usually prefers the most specific sense applicable. Sense 2 is a hyponym of Sense 3 (broadly speaking). The context mentions specific US entities.

    *   *Sense 4 (president%1:18:03::):* "the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization".
        *   Synonyms: chairman, chairperson.
        *   Context Fit: Not relevant. Reject.

    *   *Sense 5 (president%1:18:02::):* "the head administrative officer of a college or university".
        *   Context Fit: Not relevant. Reject.

    *   *Sense 6 (president%1:04:04::):* "the office of the United States head of state".
        *   Definition implies the *office* itself (abstract entity/position), not necessarily the person.
        *   Examples: "a President is elected every four years" (referring to the role).
        *   However, the target sentence says "election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t>". Here, "president" refers to the role/title that a person assumes. In many WSD frameworks, distinguishing between the person (Sense 2) and the office (Sense 6) can be tricky.
        *   Sense 2 definition: "the person who holds the office..."
        *   Sense 6 definition: "the office of..."
        *   Let's look at the syntax: "as president". This usually refers to the role/title (the office). However, WordNet often maps specific references to a person (like "Franklin Roosevelt as president") to the person sense (Sense 2) if the context emphasizes the individual acting in that capacity, or the role sense (Sense 6) if it refers to the institution.
        *   Let's re-read the sentence: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t>..."
        *   Strictly speaking, one is elected *to* the office. Or elected *as* the person holding the office.
        *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "the President likes to jog every morning" (Person).
        *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 6: "a President is elected every four years" (Office/Role).
        *   The sentence says "election... as president". This construction highlights the role.
        *   However, Sense 2 is often the default for "President" referring to the US President in a political science context where the person represents the executive branch functions described in the text ("GOP president... effective at preventing other districts...").
        *   The text discusses the *actions* and *incentives* related to the president: "a GOP president may limit local benefits", "such a president is also likely to be more effective". These descriptions attribute agency to the president, which aligns with Sense 2 (the person).
        *   The specific target instance is "Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t>". While this specific phrase refers to the role, the discourse is about the person/actor (Franklin Roosevelt) filling that role.
        *   Sense 2 (US President person) vs Sense 3 (Chief executive of a republic). Sense 2 is specific to the US. The context is explicitly US ("White House", "Congress", "535 legislators"). Therefore Sense 2 is better than Sense 3.
        *   Sense 2 vs Sense 6 (Person vs Office). "Franklin Roosevelt as president". In WordNet annotation guidelines (e.g., OntoNotes or SemCor), "The President said X" maps to Person. "He ran for President" often maps to Office. "He was elected President" -> usually maps to Office (Sense 6) or Person (Sense 2) depending on the annotator's interpretation of "title vs entity".
        *   Let's look at the previous sentence: "a voter's incentive... is to lean Republican. Although a GOP <t>president</t> may limit..." -> Here it clearly refers to the person/actor (Sense 2).
        *   The text acts as a cohesive whole. The concept of "president" here is the US Chief Executive acting as a political agent.
        *   Sense 2 definition: "the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government".
        *   Sense 6 definition: "the office of the United States head of state".
        *   Context: "election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t>".
        *   If I look at the broader context, the text is analyzing the behavior of the *person* in that office ("such a president is also likely to be...").
        *   Usually, in fine-grained WSD for "President of the US", the distinction is:
            *   "Bush is the President" -> Sense 2 (Person).
            *   "He ran for President" -> Sense 6 (Office).
            *   "He was elected President" -> Borderline. One is elected to the office.
        *   However, "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" refers to the position he attained.
        *   BUT, look at the provided definitions again.
        *   Sense 2: "the person who holds the office..."
        *   Sense 6: "the office of..."
        *   Most WSD systems prioritize the "Person" sense for specific individuals unless it's an abstract reference like "The Presidency".
        *   Let's check the Synonyms/Examples for Sense 2: "President of the United States".
        *   Let's check the examples for Sense 6: "a President is elected every four years". This example suggests that in the context of election cycles, Sense 6 is used.
        *   The specific instance is "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as <t>president</t>..."
        *   This strongly resembles the example for Sense 6. It refers to the position being filled.
        *   However, let's consider the immediate textual coercion. "Franklin Roosevelt as president". Here "president" functions as a predicate nominative or title.
        *   Let's check the other occurrences in the text snippet provided (even though I only tag the target).
        *   Text: "GOP president" (noun adjunct modifying president? No, Adjective noun). "GOP president" refers to a Republican person holding the office. This would be Sense 2.
        *   Text: "such a president". Refers to the person/actor. Sense 2.
        *   Because the discourse surrounding the target word focuses on the president as an actor (limiting benefits, preventing other districts), the text treats the concept as the person/agent.
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 (Person) is the dominant sense in this text's semantic frame. Even if "as president" syntactically leans towards the role, the discourse context about the political agent suggests Sense 2 is the intended concept being referenced.
        *   Let's verify Sense 3 again. "Chief executive of a republic". FDR was that. But Sense 2 is "the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government". Sense 2 is more specific. In WSD, specific > general. Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    *   Decision: Sense 2 vs Sense 6.
        *   "Election... as president".
        *   WordNet often lists the "Person" sense as the primary one for "president" when referring to the US President.
        *   In "The election of X as president", the word president denotes the office.
        *   However, if I must choose the *best* indexed sense for the word *in this context*...
        *   Let's look at the provided examples for Sense 6: "a President is elected every four years".
        *   Let's look at the provided examples for Sense 2: "the President likes to jog every morning".
        *   The target sentence: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president".
        *   This sentence is about the historical event of him taking the role.
        *   Is it Sense 6?
        *   If I choose Sense 6, it fits the syntax "as [Office]".
        *   If I choose Sense 2, it fits the semantic field of "FDR" (Person).
        *   Common practice in WSD (like SemCor):
            *   "He was elected President of the club." -> Chairman/President (Role/Office).
            *   "Lincoln was a great President." -> Person (acting in role).
        *   "As president" -> Role.
        *   However, looking at Sense 2's definition again: "the person who holds the office...".
        *   Looking at Sense 6's definition: "the office of...".
        *   If the sentence was "Franklin Roosevelt was president", it is ambiguous between person and role.
        *   "Franklin Roosevelt as president" -> "Franklin Roosevelt in the capacity of president".
        *   Let's check the options index.
        *   Sense 2 (index 2) is the US President person.
        *   Sense 6 (index 6) is the US President office.
        *   Let's look at the context clues again. "GOP president" appears earlier. That is definitely Sense 2. "Such a president" appears later. That is Sense 2.
        *   Does the specific instance "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president" refer to the office or the person?
        *   Usually, "as [Title]" refers to the office/role.
        *   However, in many WSD tasks, if the distinctions are too subtle, the most frequent sense (often the person sense) is chosen, or the sense that fits the immediate constraints.
        *   Sense 2 is the specific US President sense. Sense 6 is the specific US Presidency sense.
        *   Given the explicit mention of the White House and national policy earlier, and the specific reference to FDR, the concept is the US President.
        *   Between Sense 2 and Sense 6: "Franklin Roosevelt" is a person. "President" describes him.
        *   In "He was elected as president", "president" functions as the title/office he occupies.
        *   However, usually, WordNet sense inventories are interpreted such that the 'person' sense (synset 1:18:04) is the primary sense for the head of state. The 'office' sense (synset 1:04:04) is less frequent in annotation unless the word is being used in a distinct abstract way (e.g., "The President has many powers").
        *   Here, the text says "election... as president". It is a reference to the position.
        *   But let's look at the other options. Sense 3 is generic republic. Sense 2 is specific US. The context is US.
        *   The decision is essentially Sense 2 or Sense 6.
        *   Let's try to map the examples provided in the prompt to the context.
        *   Sense 2 example: "the President likes to jog every morning". (Agent).
        *   Sense 6 example: "a President is elected every four years". (Role).
        *   Context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president".
        *   This context is extremely close to the Sense 6 example. It discusses the election/tenure mechanism.
        *   HOWEVER, standard WSD behavior on the word "president" often collapses the distinction or favors the person.
        *   Let's check the WordNet definitions again.
        *   1:18:04 (Sense 2) -> Person.
        *   1:04:04 (Sense 6) -> Office.
        *   "As president" -> "In the role of president".
        *   If I look at the previous sentence "Although a GOP president...", this implies a person.
        *   The text is a cohesive argument. The argument is about the *person* holding the office balancing interests.
        *   The mention of FDR is used as a historical marker.
        *   If I assume the text treats "president" consistently:
            *   Instance 1: "GOP president" -> Person (Sense 2).
            *   Instance 2: "such a president" -> Person (Sense 2).
            *   Instance 3: "as president" -> This could be Role (Sense 6).
        *   However, often the "Person" synset is used even for "as president" if the focus is on the identity. "I knew him as president" (Person). "He was elected as president" (Office/Role).
        *   Let's evaluate if Sense 3 is viable. "Chief executive of a republic". FDR was president of a republic. But "United States government" (Sense 2) is explicit in the context ("White House"). Specific wins.
        *   So it's 2 vs 6.
        *   Let's look at the "sense_key" formatting.
        *   Sense 2: 1:18:04. (Person, US).
        *   Sense 6: 1:04:04. (Group/Abstract, US).
        *   Usually, the "Person" sense is Sense 1 or the primary sense in WSD datasets for this lemma. In this list, Sense 1 is "executive officer of a firm". Sense 2 is "US President Person".
        *   In many contexts involving "The President" or "a President", Sense 2 is the intended meaning.
        *   Let's reconsider Sense 2 vs Sense 6 based on the definition text provided.
        *   Sense 2: "the person who holds the office..."
        *   Sense 6: "the office of..."
        *   Sentence: "election of Franklin Roosevelt as [X]".
        *   X = the office. You elect someone *to* an office. Or elect them *as* the title of the office.
        *   Therefore, Sense 6 is technically more accurate for the specific grammatical construction "as president".
        *   However, does the context "national policy making", "White House", "GOP president" shift the meaning?
        *   The paragraph discusses the behavior of the "president" as a rational actor preventing benefits. This implies the *person*.
        *   The sentence with FDR sets up the timeline. "Prior to the election... as president".
        *   In isolation, I would lean Sense 6.
        *   But looking at the distractors, Sense 3 is "Chief executive of a republic". Sense 2 is "US President".
        *   If I have to choose between "US President Person" and "US President Office", and the context is largely about the person's actions, but this specific instance is about the role...
        *   Let's look at how often Sense 6 is used. It is a hypernym/associated concept.
        *   Actually, looking at standard WSD datasets (like SemCor), "The President" (Person) is overwhelmingly annotated as the person sense. "The Presidency" is the office sense. But "President" (the word) can be the office.
        *   Example: "He ran for president." -> Office (Sense 6 in this scheme).
        *   Example: "The president vetoed the bill." -> Person (Sense 2).
        *   Example: "Election of Roosevelt as president." -> Election to the office.
        *   Is it possible that Sense 2 is the intended answer because it captures the "United States" specificity, and the Person/Office distinction is secondary to the "US vs Corporate vs University" distinction?
        *   Yes. The primary distinction in WordNet glosses for "president" is the domain (Corporate, US Govt, University, Meeting Chair).
        *   The secondary distinction is Person vs Office.
        *   The context heavily disambiguates the *domain* (US Government, White House).
        *   Both Sense 2 and Sense 6 fit the domain.
        *   Which one is better?
        *   If I choose Sense 2, I am saying "Franklin Roosevelt as [the person who holds the office]". This sounds awkward.
        *   If I choose Sense 6, I am saying "Franklin Roosevelt as [the office]". This sounds like standard metonymy or role-designation.
        *   However, if I look at the provided solution from similar tasks:
            *   Context: "President of the United States" -> Person (Sense 2).
            *   Context: "run for president" -> Office (Sense 6).
        *   Context here: "election... as president". Similar to "run for president".
        *   BUT, check Sense 2's definition again. "the person who holds the office...".
        *   Is it possible Sense 3 is the catch-all? No, Sense 2 is more specific.
        *   Let's look at the provided options' indices.
        *   Sense 2 is "president%1:18:04::".
        *   Sense 6 is "president%1:04:04::".
        *   In older WordNet versions or specific WSD tasks, the "Person" sense is often the default for proper noun usage or specific references to the individual's tenure.
        *   Let's consider the preceding text: "races for the White House... a GOP president...". These set up the concept of the US President.
        *   Most users or systems performing WSD on this text would tag "president" as the US President (Sense 2). The distinction between person and office is often glossed over unless the system is very fine-grained, but even then, the person sense is the root concept.
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 2: "the President likes to jog".
        *   Let's look at the example for Sense 6: "a President is elected".
        *   The target sentence contains "election... as president". It matches the keyword "election" found in the Sense 6 example.
        *   This is a strong clue. "Election" -> "Office".
        *   HOWEVER, let's look at the global context again. "Franklin Roosevelt as president".
        *   Also, "prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal".
        *   Wait, Sense 6 is defined as "the office of the United States head of state".
        *   If I say "He was elected as the office", it makes no sense. I say "He was elected to the office".
        *   "As president" uses "president" as a title/role. A title/role is often mapped to the Person sense in a 'copular' or 'as'-construction context in many WSD schemes (e.g. "He is president" -> he is the person holding the office).
        *   Let's check the WordNet definition for 1:18:04 (Sense 2) carefully. "the person who holds the office of head of state...".
        *   Let's check the definition for 1:04:04 (Sense 6). "the office of...".
        *   "He was elected as [person]" vs "He was elected as [office]".
        *   "As [person]" makes semantic sense (As the holder of the office).
        *   "As [office]" is metonymic (As the office itself). Usually "As President" treats the word as a title.
        *   Titles are tricky.
        *   Let's compare Sense 2 vs Sense 3. Sense 3 is "chief executive of a republic". Sense 2 is "United States". Context is US. Sense 2 is the winner on specificity.
        *   Now Sense 2 vs Sense 6.
        *   If this were a generic WSD test, Sense 2 (US President) is the most salient meaning.
        *   The prompt asks me to use "sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms".
        *   Synonyms for Sense 2: President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive.
        *   Synonyms for Sense 6: President of the United States, Chief Executive.
        *   The synonyms are almost identical.
        *   Examples:
            *   Sense 2: "the President likes to jog". (Active person).
            *   Sense 6: "a President is elected". (Passive role).
        *   Context: "election of Franklin Roosevelt as president".
        *   This context is passive/structural. It aligns with Sense 6's example.
        *   However, Sense 2 is the 'Person' sense. Usually, "FDR as President" implies FDR (Person) acting in the capacity of President (Role).
        *   Is the Role mapped to Person or Office?
        *   Let's check the OntoNotes sense inventory or similar if possible (simulated).
        *   OntoNotes groups senses.
        *   WordNet 3.0/3.1 specific distinctions:
        *   If I assume the instruction "WordNet glosses are schematic" implies using the definitions strictly:
        *   Definition 6: "the office".
        *   Definition 2: "the person".
        *   Context: "as president".
        *   Interpretation: "in the capacity of president".
        *   Capacity = Role/Office.
        *   This leans to Sense 6.
        *   BUT, look at the other instances in the paragraph. "a GOP president" (Sense 2). "such a president" (Sense 2).
        *   The topic is the person.
        *   Also, "Franklin Roosevelt as president" -> "Franklin Roosevelt in the role of president".
        *   Does WordNet have a 'Role' sense distinct from 'Office' and 'Person'?
        *   No. It has Person (1:18:04) and Office (1:04:04).
        *   Usually, the 'Role' is associated with the 'Person' sense (the person performing the role) or the 'Office' sense (the position).
        *   Let's consider the index provided.
        *   Candidate senses are numbered 1 to 6.
        *   Sense 2 is US President Person.
        *   Sense 6 is US President Office.
        *   In most NLP tasks involving this lemma, Sense 2 is the "correct" answer for any reference to the US President, regardless of the 'person/office' nuance, unless it's strictly "The Presidency". "As president" is close to the person.
        *   Let's try to find a reason to reject Sense 6. The definition says "the office". You cannot be elected *as* the office. You are elected *to* the office. You are elected *as* the person holding the office (the president).
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 ("the person who holds the office") fits the syntax "elected as [president]" better than Sense 6 ("the office").
        *   You elect a person.
        *   "He was elected as the person who holds the office..." (Sense 2) -> Makes sense.
        *   "He was elected as the office..." (Sense 6) -> Does not make sense (metonymy error).
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct sense.

        *   Re-evaluation of Sense 6 example: "a President is elected every four years".
        *   Here, "President" stands for the role/succession of persons. It abstracts the person away.
        *   But in "elected as president", the word refers to the specific status/title held by FDR.
        *   This status maps to the "person who holds the office" definition (Sense 2) more logically than the "office" definition (Sense 6) due to the preposition "as". "As" + [Person/Role]. "As" + [Office] is awkward.
        *   Final check on Sense 3. "Chief executive of a republic". If the text didn't mention FDR or White House, just "the president", Sense 3 might be possible. But the text mentions FDR and White House. Sense 2 is specific. Specificity wins.

        *   Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best fit. It captures the US-specific nature of the entity (FDR, White House) and fits the syntax of "as president" (referring to the person in that role).

        Let's double check the indices.
        1: Executive of firm.
        2: US President Person.
        3: Chief exec of republic.
        4: Meeting chair.
        5: College head.
        6: US President Office.

        The choice is clearly 2.

provider: StreamLake


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advent
Target surface form: advent
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the <t>advent</t> of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advent%1:04:00:: | definition=arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous) | synonyms=coming | examples=the advent of the computer
2. sense_key=advent%1:28:01:: | definition=the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas
3. sense_key=advent%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment | synonyms=Second Coming, Second Coming of Christ, Second Advent, Parousia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Context:**
    *   Target Lemma: "advent"
    *   Target Surface Form: "advent"
    *   Context: The text discusses political science theory regarding ticket splitting, voter behavior, and the history of US government policy. Specifically, it mentions "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the *advent* of the New Deal..."
    *   Sentence segment: "...the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal..."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous)". Synonyms: "coming". Example: "the advent of the computer".
    *   Sense 2: "the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas". (Liturgical sense).
    *   Sense 3: "(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment". Synonyms: "Second Coming", "Parousia".

3.  **Match Context to Senses:**
    *   The context refers to a historical political event/period: "the advent of the New Deal".
    *   "New Deal" is a momentous political program/era.
    *   The text discusses a shift in government role ("government occupied a much smaller role...").
    *   Sense 2 (Christmas season) is completely unrelated to politics and the New Deal.
    *   Sense 3 (Second Coming of Christ) is religious and unrelated to the historical/political context.
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly. It describes the arrival or coming into existence of a significant event/entity. The "New Deal" was a momentous shift in policy. The example provided in Sense 1 ("the advent of the computer") parallels "the advent of the New Deal" (arrival of a significant new era/thing).

4.  **Verification:**
    *   Phrase: "advent of the New Deal".
    *   Definition: "arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous)".
    *   Is the New Deal momentous? Yes.
    *   Is it an "arrival" or beginning? Yes.
    *   Does it fit the semantic role in the sentence? Yes, it coordinates with "the election of Franklin Roosevelt". Both mark the beginning of a new era.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

6.  **Formatting Output:** JSON object format `{"sense_index": 1}`.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: AtlasCloud

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: government
Target surface form: government
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, <t>government</t> occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=government%1:14:00:: | definition=the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit | synonyms=authorities, regime | examples=the government reduced taxes; the matter was referred to higher authorities
2. sense_key=government%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=governing, governance, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government
3. sense_key=government%1:09:00:: | definition=(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed | examples=tyrannical government
4. sense_key=government%1:09:01:: | definition=the study of government of states and other political units | synonyms=politics, political science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 1}

content: sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The user wants much smaller role in society" suggests that "government" here refers to the entity or institution that performs the function of governing. It's talking about the scope of the state's activities, the size of the public sector, or the governing body itself as an actor in society.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1.  **Sense 1 (government%1:14:00::):** "the organization that governing authority of a political unit". Synonyms: authorities, regime. Examples: "the government reduced taxes".
    *   Does this fit? Yes. "Government" here. It occupies a role. It is the institution/organization. The phrase "government occupied a much smaller role" treats government as the collective entity/institution.

2.  **Sense 2 ( exercising authority". Synonyms: governing, governance, government activity, administration.
    *   Does this fit? "government occupied a much smaller role". Could "the act of governing" occupy a role? Yes, abstractly. However, usually, when we talk about the *size* or *role* of government (big government vs small government), we are referring to the institution or the system, not just the activity itself. But often, "government" in the phrase "role of government" refers to the institution (Sense 1) or the system (Sense 3). Let's compare Sense and Sense 2. Sense 1 is the organization. Sense 2 is the activity. If we say "Government is too big," we usually mean the institution/bureaucracy or other political unit is governed". Examples: "tyrannical government".
    *   Does this fit? This usually refers to specific types like "democratic government" or "tyrannical government". While the "system" can the pre-New Deal era with the New Deal era, focusing on the *extent* of state intervention. This is often discussed in terms of the "organization" or "authorities" (Sense 1). However, in political science contexts (which this text resembles), "government" often oscillates between the organization (the administration/state apparatus) and the abstract concept of the governing body. Let's: "system or form". Is it referring to a form (like democracy)? No. It's referring to the state apparatus.

4.  **Sense 4 (government%1:09:01::):** "the study of government...". Synonyms: politics, political science.
    *   Clearly incorrect.

**Differentiation between Sense 1 and Sense 3 (and possibly Sense 2):**

*   **Sense 1** focuses on the "organization" or "authority". The sentence says "government occupied a much smaller role". This implies the entity performing actions. The synonyms "authorities" or "regime" fit well with the idea of an entity. "The government reduced taxes" (example for Sense 1) is analogous to "government occupied... a role". It is an actor.
*   **Sense 3** focuses on the "system or form". Examples: "tyrannical government". This is more about the *kind* of rule (monarchy, tyranny) rather than the *scope* of the state's involvement in society. While the "system" has a role, the usage here ("government occupied a role") treats it more like an active entity/institution.
*   **Sense 2** focuses on the "act". "Regulations for the governing of state prisons". "'s reconsider Sense 3 definition: "(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed".

The phrase "role of government" is a classic collocation. In political theory, this usually refers to the institution (Sense 1).
Example from WordNet for Sense 1: "the government reduced taxes". Here, "government" is the agent.
In the target sentence: "government occupied a... role". This implies agency or presence as an entity.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3 often causes confusion.
Sense 1 is the specific administration or the state apparatus as an actor. (e.g., "The government announced today").
Sense 3 is the abstract system (e.g., "Parliamentary government").

Here, the text discusses policy making, legislators, the White House, New Deal. It talks about the scope of the state.
"Government occupied a much smaller role" -> The institution/organization of the state.
This aligns best with **Sense 1**. The "organization that is the governing authority".

Let's double check Sense 3 again. If the sentence were "Democratic government is messy," it would be Sense 3. Here, it is about the *scale* of the entity's involvement. "The organization... occupied a smaller role" makes sense. "The system... occupiedSense 1 (authorities): "authorities occupied a much smaller role" - plausible.
Sense 1 (regime): "regime occupied GOP, White House, New Deal) refers to the federal government as an institution/organization.

I will select Sense 1.

sense_index: 1

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: government
Target surface form: government
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, <t>government</t> occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=government%1:14:00:: | definition=the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit | synonyms=authorities, regime | examples=the government reduced taxes; the matter was referred to higher authorities
2. sense_key=government%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of governing; exercising authority | synonyms=governing, governance, government activity, administration | examples=regulations for the governing of state prisons; he had considerable experience of government
3. sense_key=government%1:09:00:: | definition=(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed | examples=tyrannical government
4. sense_key=government%1:09:01:: | definition=the study of government of states and other political units | synonyms=politics, political science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 4. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence containing the target word is: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society..."
    *   Key phrases: "government occupied a much smaller role in society".
    *   The text discusses national policy making, legislators, presidents, taxes, and benefits.
    *   The phrase "occupied a much smaller role" implies an entity or institution acting within society. It's not just an abstract "system" (sense 3) or the "act of governing" (sense 2), but the body or apparatus that performs the governing.
    *   Later in the text, "government" is referred to as an authority that can limit benefits, lower taxes, etc. It acts as an agent.
    *   The phrase "the matter was referred to higher authorities" (example for sense 1) aligns with the idea of an institutional body.

2.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `government%1:14:00::` | Definition: "the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit" | Synonyms: "authorities, regime".
        *   Does it fit? Yes. The context speaks of government as an active participant or entity ("occupied a role"). It refers to the institutional machinery (federal government) that grew under FDR. "The government reduced taxes" is a parallel example. The text contrasts the individual legislator with the broader entity.

    *   **Sense 2:** `government%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of governing; exercising authority" | Synonyms: "governing, governance, government activity, administration".
        *   Does it fit? While "role" could loosely fit "act", the construction "government occupied a much smaller role" strongly suggests a concrete entity occupying a space/function in society, rather than an abstract action. If it were the action, we might say "government's role was limited," but here "government" is the subject occupying the role. Sense 2 is usually uncountable (the activity). Here, it's treated as an institution.

    *   **Sense 3:** `government%1:09:00::` | Definition: "(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed" | Examples: "tyrannical government".
        *   Does it fit? This usually refers to a specific type of rule (democracy, tyranny) or the abstract system. While "government" can mean the system, the specific historical reference to FDR and the New Deal implies the expansion of the bureaucratic state/institution (the organization), not just a change in the system of rule (e.g., from monarchy to democracy). The New Deal expanded the *organization's* reach.

    *   **Sense 4:** `government%1:09:01::` | Definition: "the study of government..." | Synonyms: "politics, political science".
        *   Does it fit? No. The context is not about an academic discipline.

3.  **Select the Best Index:**
    *   The text refers to the "organization" or "institution" of the state.
    *   Synonyms like "authorities" or "regime" (sense 1) fit the idea of an entity.
    *   Example: "the government reduced taxes" (sense 1) -> context: "government occupied a much smaller role".
    *   The contrast is between the specific legislators and the overarching entity.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It refers to the governing body/organization.

4.  **Final check of the output format:**
    *   Must be JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occupy
Target surface form: occupied
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government <t>occupied</t> a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occupy%2:41:00:: | definition=keep busy with | synonyms=busy | examples=She busies herself with her butterfly collection
2. sense_key=occupy%2:42:00:: | definition=live (in a certain place) | synonyms=reside, lodge in | examples=She resides in Princeton; he occupies two rooms on the top floor
3. sense_key=occupy%2:42:01:: | definition=occupy the whole of | synonyms=fill | examples=The liquid fills the container
4. sense_key=occupy%2:42:04:: | definition=be on the mind of | synonyms=concern, interest, worry | examples=I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift
5. sense_key=occupy%2:33:00:: | definition=march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation | synonyms=invade | examples=Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939
6. sense_key=occupy%2:40:08:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=take, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
7. sense_key=occupy%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time | synonyms=absorb, engross, engage | examples=Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely
8. sense_key=occupy%2:41:04:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, take | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government <t>occupied</t> a much smaller role in society..."
    *   Subject: "government"
    *   Object: "a much smaller role in society"
    *   Meaning: The government played, held, or filled a smaller role. It didn't physically inhabit a space, nor was it busy with a task in the sense of being occupied with an activity, nor was it conquered. It functioned in a specific capacity or position.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1 (`occupy%2:41:00::`): "keep busy with". Synonyms: busy. Example: butterfly collection. -> *Incorrect*. The government isn't "busy with" a role in the sense of a hobby or task.
    *   Sense 2 (`occupy%2:42:00::`): "live (in a certain place)". Synonyms: reside. -> *Incorrect*. The government doesn't "live" a role.
    *   Sense 3 (`occupy%2:42:01::`): "occupy the whole of". Synonyms: fill. Example: liquid fills container. -> *Incorrect*. While "fill" is a synonym, this sense usually implies filling a volume or space completely. The context is about a "role".
    *   Sense 4 (`occupy%2:42:04::`): "be on the mind of". Synonyms: worry. -> *Incorrect*.
    *   Sense 5 (`occupy%2:33:00::`): "march aggressively... invade". -> *Incorrect*.
    *   Sense 6 (`occupy%2:40:08::`): "require (time or space)". Synonyms: take, use up. Example: event occupied a short time. -> *Incorrect*. This is about duration or spatial extent, not a functional role.
    *   Sense 7 (`occupy%2:31:00::`): "consume all of one's attention". -> *Incorrect*.
    *   Sense 8 (`occupy%2:41:04::`): "assume, as of positions or roles". Synonyms: fill, take. Examples: "he occupies the position of manager".
        *   Analysis: This sense explicitly mentions "positions or roles". The example "he occupies the position of manager" is structurally and semantically very close to "government occupied a ... role".
        *   "Role" fits perfectly with "position".
        *   Synonyms "fill" and "take" work well here (e.g., "government filled a smaller role").

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The context talks about the "role" of the government.
    *   Sense 8 is defined as "assume, as of positions or roles".
    *   The example "he occupies the position of manager" matches the construction "government occupied a ... role".

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user requested JSON output `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense is the 8th one in the list.

    List check:
    1. keep busy with
    2. live
    3. occupy whole of
    4. be on mind
    5. invade
    6. require time/space
    7. consume attention
    8. assume positions/roles

    Index is 8.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller <t>role</t> in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "role" in the context:

"Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller <t>role</t> in society..."

Let me analyze the senses:

1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part

2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona

3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?

4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

The context is talking about the "role" of government in society - specifically how government's role was smaller before the New Deal. This is referring to the function, activities, and responsibilities that government had in society.

Sense 2 is clearly wrong - this is not about theatrical acting.

Sense 3 is about "what something is used for" which doesn't quite fit. Government isn't really "used for" something in this context; it's more about what government does.

Sense 4 is about "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting" - this is for people in social settings, not institutions like government.

Sense 1 is about "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" - this fits best. The example even includes "the government must do its part" which is very similar to this context. The government's "role" in society refers to the actions and activities expected of it.

The answer should be sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: society
Target surface form: society
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in <t>society</t> and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=society%1:14:00:: | definition=an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
2. sense_key=society%1:14:01:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, guild, gild, lodge, order | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
3. sense_key=society%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being with someone | synonyms=company, companionship, fellowship | examples=he missed their company; he enjoyed the society of his friends
4. sense_key=society%1:14:02:: | definition=the fashionable elite | synonyms=high society, beau monde, smart set, bon ton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "society" in the context: "Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe."

Here, "society" refers to an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization. The government's role in society refers to the general populace and its organization, not a club, not companionship, and not high society.

Candidate senses:
1. an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
2. a formal association of people with similar interests
3. the state of being with someone
4. the fashionable elite

Sense 1 fits best. The government's role in society refers to the broader social and economic organization of the populace.

So the index is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma <t>problem</t> confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "problem" in the context: "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe."

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses political science and voting behavior
- It specifically mentions "prisoner's dilemma problem" - the prisoner's dilemma is a well-known concept in game theory
- The "problem" here refers to a situation where voters face a strategic challenge in their voting decisions

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
- This refers to personal/interpersonal problems or difficulties that need resolution

2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
- This is about problems in the sense of questions to be solved, like math problems or homework problems

3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?
- This is about something that causes trouble or difficulty

In this context, "the prisoner's dilemma problem" refers to a specific type of strategic challenge or difficulty that voters face. The prisoner's dilemma is a game theory concept that presents a problem of coordination and strategic decision-making.

This is closest to sense 3 - "a source of difficulty" with synonyms including "trouble". The prisoner's dilemma presents a difficulty/trouble for voters trying to make optimal decisions. The context talks about this problem being "severe" and affecting voter behavior.

Actually, let me reconsider. The prisoner's dilemma is a theoretical/analytical problem - it's a question or puzzle about how to act strategically. It's not just a source of trouble in the sense of obstacles (like "one trouble after another delayed the job"), but rather a conceptual challenge that needs to be thought through.

Sense 2 is "a question raised for consideration or solution" - the prisoner's dilemma is indeed a question/problem in game theory about what the optimal strategy is. However, the examples given are homework problems, which feels different.

Sense 1 is "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - this could also apply. The prisoner's dilemma creates a difficult situation that needs resolution.

Sense 3 is "a source of difficulty" - the prisoner's dilemma is a source of difficulty for voters.

Looking at the usage in context: "the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters" - this suggests the dilemma is creating a difficulty or challenge that voters face. It's not a homework problem to solve (sense 2), but rather a difficulty/trouble that confronts them.

I think sense 3 fits best - the prisoner's dilemma is a source of difficulty (trouble) for voters in making their decisions. The synonym "trouble" fits well here - it's a troublesome situation they face.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: races
Context:
Each legislator, after all, is only one out of 535 when it comes to national policy making. In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in <t>races</t> for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%1:11:01:: | definition=any competition | examples=the race for the presidency
2. sense_key=race%1:11:00:: | definition=a contest of speed | examples=the race is to the swift
3. sense_key=race%1:14:00:: | definition=people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock | examples=some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings
4. sense_key=race%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species | synonyms=subspecies
5. sense_key=race%1:19:00:: | definition=the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller | synonyms=slipstream, airstream, backwash, wash
6. sense_key=race%1:06:00:: | definition=a canal for a current of water | synonyms=raceway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: race
    *   Target surface form: races
    *   Context: "In races for the White House...", "...races for Congress..."
    *   The context discusses elections, voting, national policy making, and ticket splitting. The phrase "races for the White House" refers to presidential elections, and "races for Congress" refers to congressional elections.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `race%1:11:01::` | Definition: "any competition" | Examples: "the race for the presidency".
        *   This sense is broad. It covers competitions generally, including political contests. The example "the race for the presidency" matches the context's "races for the White House" almost perfectly. It fits the idea of an election campaign.

    *   **Sense 2:** `race%1:11:00::` | Definition: "a contest of speed" | Examples: "the race is to the swift".
        *   This sense is specific to speed contests (running, driving, swimming, etc.). While political races are sometimes metaphorically described as "marathons" or "sprints," the primary definition here is literal speed. The context is clearly about elections, not people running or driving fast. Sense 1 is a hypernym of Sense 2 (usually) or at least covers the broader non-physical meaning of competition. The WordNet hierarchy often distinguishes "contest of speed" (specific) from "competition" (general). The context fits the general competition/election sense.

    *   **Sense 3:** `race%1:14:00::` | Definition: "people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock".
        *   This refers to human races (ethnicity/genetics). The context is about elections ("White House", "Congress"). This is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `race%1:14:01::` | Definition: "(biology) a taxonomic group...".
        *   This is a biological classification. Incorrect context.

    *   **Sense 5:** `race%1:19:00::` | Definition: "the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller".
        *   Physics/Aviation context. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 6:** `race%1:06:00::` | Definition: "a canal for a current of water".
        *   Hydro-engineering context. Incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 2 is "contest of speed".
    *   Sense 1 is "any competition".
    *   The context "races for the White House" and "races for Congress" refers to political campaigns/elections.
    *   WordNet (3.0/3.1) structure for "race" (noun):
        *   Sense 1 (often "contest of speed") is the most specific physical sense.
        *   Sense 2 (in some versions) might be the general competition sense.
        *   Let's look at the provided indices.
        *   Candidate Sense 1 has definition: "any competition" and example "the race for the presidency".
        *   Candidate Sense 2 has definition: "a contest of speed" and example "the race is to the swift".
    *   The text explicitly mentions "races for the White House". This aligns perfectly with the example provided for Sense 1 ("the race for the presidency").
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 3}`.
    *   The chosen sense is the first one in the list.
    *   Index counting usually starts at 1 in these types of prompts (based on the list order provided).
    *   List item 1: `race%1:11:01::`.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Context: "races for the White House" -> Election contest.
    *   Sense 1: "any competition", ex: "the race for the presidency".
    *   Match: Exact.

    Result: Sense index 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explains
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it <t>explains</t> why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The target word is "explains" (lemma: explain).
    *   The sentence is: "Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives..."
    *   The broader context discusses a theory about voter behavior (incentive to lean Republican, ticket splitting, disdain for Congress vs. love for own representative).
    *   The subject of "explains" is "it", referring back to "this theory".
    *   The object is a clause: "why voters hold Congress in disdain..."
    *   The function here is: The theory provides a reason or account for a phenomenon (why voters hold Congress in disdain...). It makes the phenomenon understandable by providing a causal mechanism.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `make plain and comprehensible`.
        *   Synonyms: explicate.
        *   Examples: "He explained the laws of physics to his students."
        *   Analysis: This is the most general sense. It involves clarifying something complex. The theory makes the specific voting pattern comprehensible.

    *   **Sense 2:** `define`.
        *   Examples: "The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean."
        *   Analysis: This sense usually involves laying out details of a plan or defining terms. The context isn't about defining "disdain" or outlining a plan per se, but rather accounting for a phenomenon.

    *   **Sense 3:** `serve as a reason or cause or justification of`.
        *   Synonyms: excuse.
        *   Examples: "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again."
        *   Analysis: This sense focuses on causality. X explains Y means X causes Y or X accounts for why Y happened.
        *   In the context: "The theory explains why..." -> The theory offers a reason/cause for the observation.
        *   Let's look closely at the distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 3 in WordNet.
            *   Sense 1 (make plain/comprehensible) often implies an agent explaining something to a recipient (pedagogical or communicative).
            *   Sense 3 (serve as a reason/cause) often implies an inanimate subject (like an event, theory, or fact) accounting for another event/fact.
            *   Example for Sense 3: "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance..." (The divorce is the cause).
            *   Example for Sense 1: "He explained the laws..."

    *   **Comparing Sense 1 vs Sense 3 in this specific context:**
        *   Subject: "The theory" (inanimate/abstract concept).
        *   Object: "why voters hold Congress in disdain..."
        *   Is the theory *making plain* a fact, or is the theory *providing the reason/cause* for the fact?
        *   Often, when the subject is a theory or a fact, and the object is a "why" clause, Sense 3 is a very strong contender because the theory *accounts for* the phenomenon.
        *   However, Sense 1 covers "make plain and comprehensible". Does a theory make a phenomenon plain? Yes.
        *   Let's check the synonym "explicate" (Sense 1) vs "excuse" (Sense 3). "Excuse" here implies justification. The theory isn't justifying the disdain in a moral sense, but providing a causal account.
        *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy or usage.
            *   Sense 1 is the general "teaching/clarifying" sense.
            *   Sense 3 is the "causal accounting" sense.
        *   Context: "Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain..."
        *   The theory provides the *mechanism* or *reason* behind the behavior.
        *   "Her recent divorce explains her reluctance." (Cause/Reason).
        *   "The theory explains why..." (Cause/Reason).
        *   Does Sense 1 fit? "The theory makes plain why..." It's acceptable English, but usually, Sense 1 implies a communicative act or a detailed unpacking. Sense 3 is specifically "serve as a reason or cause".
        *   Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 3 again. "Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work" (justification). "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance..." (Cause).
        *   The context says: "it [the theory] appears to explain several things... First, why ticket splitting has increased... Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain..."
        *   The theory is the *cause* (or proposed cause) of the understanding, or provides the causal link.
        *   However, usually, WSD tasks tend to default to the most general sense (Sense 1) unless the causal aspect is the primary distinct feature.
        *   Let's look at a standard dictionary (e.g., Oxford or Merriam-Webster) which often informs WordNet distinctions.
            *   To make known or clear: Sense 1.
            *   To give the reason or cause of: Sense 3.
        *   When we say "The theory explains X", do we mean it makes X clear (Sense 1) or it serves as the reason for X (Sense 3)?
            *   The theory *is* the reason we understand it, but it provides the *cause* of the phenomenon.
            *   If the theory is the *explanans*, and the disdain is the *explanandum*.
            *   Sense 3 definition: "serve as a reason or cause or justification of".
            *   Does the theory serve as the *cause* of the disdain? No. The theory says "X causes disdain". The theory itself is an abstract entity describing the mechanism.
            *   Wait. Let's re-read Sense 3 definition carefully. "serve as a reason or cause...".
            *   In "Her recent divorce explains her reluctance", the divorce *is* the cause of the reluctance.
            *   In "The theory explains why voters hold Congress in disdain", the theory *is not* the cause of the disdain. The mechanism described by the theory (local benefits vs taxes) is the cause.
            *   Therefore, Sense 3 (where the subject *is* the cause) doesn't fit perfectly if the subject is just "the theory" describing the cause.
            *   However, often "Theory X explains Y" means "Theory X accounts for Y".
            *   Let's check Sense 1 again. "Make plain and comprehensible".
            *   "The theory makes the phenomenon comprehensible." This fits Sense 1 perfectly.
            *   Does "Her recent divorce" make "her reluctance" plain and comprehensible? Yes. Why is that Sense 3?
                *   Because in Sense 3, the subject *is* the operative factor.
                *   WordNet Sense 3 examples: "Your need to sleep late does not excuse..." "Her recent divorce may explain..."
            *   Is "The theory" acting like "Her recent divorce"?
                *   "Her recent divorce" -> Event/Cause.
                *   "The theory" -> Abstract conceptual framework.
                *   If I say "Gravity explains why the apple falls." Gravity (the force/law) is the cause.
                *   If I say "Einstein's theory explains why the apple falls." The theory makes it comprehensible.
            *   Usually, scientific theories fall under Sense 1 (making plain/comprehending) unless the term used is the actual causal agent (like "gravity explains...").
            *   Let's look at the text: "While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things."
            *   A theory serves to elucidate. It doesn't serve as the *cause* itself (the incentives are the cause). It provides the framework to understand the cause.
            *   Thus, Sense 1 (make plain and comprehensible) seems more appropriate for a theory. The theory makes the voting patterns plain/comprehensible.
            *   Sense 3 is usually restricted to the actual causes/excuses (The rain explains the wet ground; The divorce explains the sadness).
            *   Here, the subject is "it" (the theory). The theory isn't the *cause* of the disdain. The theory *clarifies* the disdain.
            *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. The theory makes the voting behavior comprehensible.

    *   Let's double check Sense 3's applicability to "Theories".
        *   Usage: "Darwin's theory explains the origin of species."
        *   Does the theory serve as the cause? No, Natural Selection is the cause. The theory describes Natural Selection.
        *   Does the theory make it plain/comprehensible? Yes.
        *   Contrast: "Natural selection explains the origin of species." Here Natural Selection is the mechanism/cause. This might fit Sense 3.
        *   The text says "this theory... explains". A theory is a communicative or conceptual tool used to make things plain.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3. "serve as a reason or cause or justification of".
        *   Maybe "account for"? "Account for" is often a synonym for explain.
        *   If I say "This theory accounts for the disdain."
        *   If the definition of Sense 3 is "serve as a reason...", a theory doesn't serve as the reason for the disdain (the structural incentives do). The theory serves as the description that makes it plain.
        *   Sense 1 is "make plain and comprehensible".
        *   Example for Sense 1: "He explained the laws of physics." (Agent).
        *   Example for Sense 3: "Her recent divorce explains her reluctance." (Cause).
        *   "The theory" is closer to "He" (in function, providing information) than "Her divorce" (being the event itself). The theory is a construct used to understand.
        *   If the text said "The prisoner's dilemma explains why voters...", that would be Sense 3 (Cause). The text says "this theory explains". The theory elucidates the mechanism.
        *   Conclusion: Sense 1.

    *   Wait, let me look at the synonyms again.
        *   Sense 1: explicate.
        *   Sense 3: excuse.
        *   "The theory excuses why..." No.
        *   "The theory explicates why..." Yes.
        *   "The theory serves as a reason for why..." No. The theory isn't the reason.
        *   So, Sense 1.

    *   Let's check Sense 2: define.
        *   "The committee explained their plan..."
        *   Does the theory define why voters hold Congress in disdain? No. It provides a causal narrative.
        *   Defining is usually about meaning of words or specifics of a proposal.

    *   Final check: Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
        *   Sentence: "Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain..."
        *   Does it make it plain? Yes.
        *   Is it the cause? No.
        *   Is it a justification? No.
        *   The theory makes the complex pattern comprehensible.
        *   Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
In races for the White House, a voter's incentive, at the margin, is to lean Republican. Although a GOP president may limit local benefits to the voter's particular district/state, such a president is also likely to be more effective at preventing other districts/states and their legislators from bringing home the local benefits. The individual voter's standing consequently will be enhanced through lower taxes. While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters <t>hold</t> Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "hold" in the context: "voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives"

"hold Congress in disdain" means to regard or view Congress with disdain.
Let's look at the candidate senses.
Sense 1: keep in a certain state, position, or activity
Sense 2: have or hold in one's hands
Sense 3: organize or be responsible for
Sense 4: have or possess
Sense 5: keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view (synonyms: deem, view as, take for)
Sense 6: maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) (synonyms: harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse - e.g. bear a grudge, entertain interesting notions)

Wait, "hold in disdain" means to regard with disdain, to view as.
Sense 5: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important"
Sense 6: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions"

"hold [someone/something] in disdain" -> "harbor disdain", "entertain disdain".
Let's check sense 6: "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)". Disdain is a feeling. To hold someone in disdain means to harbor/entertain feelings of disdain towards them.
Let's check sense 5: "keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view". "view as important" - "hold in disdain" is not exactly "view as", it's "harbor a feeling toward". Disdain is a feeling.
Actually, "hold in disdain" is very close to "harbor a feeling" (sense 6).
Let's consider sense 6 more carefully.
Synonyms: harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse.
Examples: bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions.
"Hold Congress in disdain" -> harbor disdain for Congress.
This matches sense 6 perfectly.

Let's double check sense 5.
Synonyms: deem, view as, take for.
Examples: take for granted; view as important.
Does "hold in disdain" mean "view as"? "Hold in disdain" means to regard with contempt. Contempt is a feeling. Sense 6 specifies "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)". Disdain is definitely a feeling.

Sense 5 definition: keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view.
Sense 6 definition: maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings). Disdain is a feeling.

I will choose sense 6.