[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a <t>critical</t> role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "critical" in the context: "He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer."

Let me analyze the meaning of "critical" in this context:

The sentence is talking about a gene or genes that play an important/necessary role in triggering cancer. The word "critical" here means essential, crucial, or vitally important for the cancer to develop.

Let me check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws - This doesn't fit. This is about being critical in the sense of criticizing.

2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction - This is a technical/scientific sense related to critical mass or critical points in physics. While this is a scientific context, it's not about a physical threshold or chain reaction.

3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment - This is about being analytical/critical in thinking. Not the meaning here.

4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples="a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies" - This fits well. The gene has a "critical role" meaning an essential, indispensable, necessary role in setting off the cancer.

5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive - This could potentially work, as the gene has a crucial role. But it's more about turning points or crisis situations.

6. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency - This is about emergency situations. Not the meaning here.

7. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism - This is about criticism. Not applicable.

Now let me compare sense 4 and sense 5 more carefully:

Sense 4: "urgently needed; absolutely necessary" with synonym "vital" and examples like "a critical element of the plan"
Sense 5: "forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis" with synonym "decisive" and examples like "a critical point in the campaign"

In the context "whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer," the word "critical" is describing the role of the gene. The role is essential/necessary/important. The phrase "critical role" is very similar to "critical element" in sense 4's example.

Sense 4 seems to fit better. The gene's role is vital/essential/absolutely necessary for the cancer to develop. The loss of this gene is what causes the cancer to start - it's a necessary component.

Sense 5 could also work since it's about being crucial, but the definition emphasizes "turning point or crisis" which is slightly different. The "decisive" synonym suggests a turning point or decisive moment rather than simply being essential.

Given the context "a critical role," sense 4 (with its example "a critical element of the plan") seems to be the best match. The gene plays a vital, indispensable role in the cancer development.

I'll go with sense index4.

provider: Venice


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical <t>role</t> in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer."
    *   Subject: "loss [of a gene or genes]"
    *   Object: "critical role"
    *   Action: "setting off the cancer".
    *   Meaning: The loss of the genes played an important part in causing the cancer. It contributed functionally to the process.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `role%1:04:00::` | definition="the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group" | synonyms=[function, office, part] | examples=[teachers, government].
        *   *Fit:* This sense is heavily focused on "persons or groups". The context talks about "genes" (inanimate objects/concepts). While "function" is a synonym, the definition implies agency or social expectation.

    *   **Sense 2:** `role%1:09:00::` | definition="an actor's portrayal of someone in a play" | synonyms=[character, theatrical role, part, persona].
        *   *Fit:* Clearly wrong. This is about theater/acting.

    *   **Sense 3:** `role%1:07:00::` | definition="what something is used for" | synonyms=[function, purpose, use] | examples=[auger, ballet].
        *   *Fit:* This sense focuses on inanimate objects or concepts ("what something is used for"). The target context describes the "role" of a "gene" (or its loss) in a biological process. The concept is "what is the function/purpose of this thing in this process". This aligns with "function" or "use". It captures the causal contribution of a thing, rather than the social duty of a person.

    *   **Sense 4:** `role%1:04:01::` | definition="normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting".
        *   *Fit:* Again, focused on "person" and "social setting". The context is scientific/biological.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 is about *social* roles (people/groups).
    *   Sense 3 is about *functional* roles (things/objects).
    *   The subject is "loss had a critical role". "Loss" is an abstract concept/event, and "genes" are biological entities.
    *   While Sense 1 is often the most frequent sense for "role" generally, in this specific scientific context describing a mechanism ("setting off the cancer"), it fits the "function/purpose" aspect of Sense 3 better. However, looking closely at the hierarchy:
        *   Sense 1 (WordNet 1.04.00) usually maps to "part, role, function, office" (Act/Activity).
        *   Sense 3 (WordNet 1.07.00) usually maps to "function, purpose, role, use" (Attribute/Utility). Wait, let me check standard WordNet hierarchies.
        *   Actually, usually `role%1:04:00` is the most general sense for "function/part". Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "actions... assigned to... a person or group".
        *   Sense 3: "what something is used for".

    *   Let's re-evaluate the metaphor. In scientific writing, objects (like genes, molecules) are often personified as having "roles" (Sense 1 metaphorically extended) or they have "functions" (Sense 3).
    *   If I say "The gene has a role in cancer", am I saying "The gene has a function/purpose" (Sense 3) or am I saying "The gene plays a part" (Sense 1)?
    *   Sense 3 examples: "the function of an auger is to bore holes". "What is the use of ballet?" This implies a designed purpose or utility.
    *   Sense 1 examples: "the government must do its part". "the function of a teacher".
    *   In the phrase "had a critical role in setting off the cancer", it means "played a critical part".
    *   Is "gene" considered a "person or group"? No. So Sense 1 definition strictly excludes it unless metaphoric.
    *   Is "loss" considered "what something is used for"? "Loss" isn't really "used for" something. It *causes* something. "Function" can mean the causal contribution.
    *   Let's look at the mapping of synonyms.
        *   Sense 1 synonyms: function, office, part.
        *   Sense 3 synonyms: function, purpose, use.

    *   There is a common confusion here. In many WSD datasets (like OntoNotes or SemCor), the "role" of an inanimate object in a process is often mapped to Sense 1 (function/part) simply because "part" is a synonym, and it's viewed as "the part played by X".
    *   However, WordNet strictly defines Sense 1 for "person or group".
    *   WordNet defines Sense 3 for "what something is used for".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 3 again: "the function of an auger is to bore holes". This is teleological.
    *   The context "had a critical role in setting off the cancer" describes a causal mechanism.
    *   Let's consider Sense 1 again. While the definition says "person or group", the synonym "function" and "part" are very broad. Often, WSD tasks treat "role" in the sense of "contribution to a process" as Sense 1 (the "part played").
    *   BUT, let's check if there is a sense for "part played" that isn't restricted to people.
    *   Let's look at the provided definitions literally.
        *   Sense 1: "actions... assigned to... person or group". Strict reading: Wrong for "gene".
        *   Sense 3: "what something is used for". Strict reading: "loss" isn't used for something. "Genes" are used for something?
    *   There is often a mismatch between WordNet's rigid definitions and usage. Let's look at how "function" is treated.
    *   Context: "whose loss had a critical role". This is synonymous with "played a critical part".
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 ("part") vs Sense 3 ("use").
    *   "What is the use of the gene?" -> To make proteins.
    *   "What is the role of the gene?" -> It plays a part in cancer.
    *   This feels closer to Sense 1's "part" or "function" in an abstract sense, despite the "person/group" constraint in the gloss. In WordNet, sense 1 is often the "catch-all" for "function/part" in many contexts in SemCor, even for inanimate things, because "part" is listed as a synonym and the underlying concept is `act.n.02` (something that people do - or things do by extension).
    *   However, Sense 3 (`attribute.n.02`) describes "function" as a property of a thing.
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 3 again. "what something is used for". Does a gene have a "role" in cancer in the sense of "what it is used for"? No, that sounds like "purpose". A gene's purpose isn't to cause cancer; it's a malfunction (loss) or a mechanism.
    *   Perhaps Sense 1 is the intended answer despite the gloss, because "part" is the operative synonym. "He played a role" -> "The gene played a role".
    *   Let's check if there is a better fit.
    *   Actually, checking WordNet 3.1:
        *   Sense 1: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group". (Synonyms: function, office, part).
        *   Sense 3: "what something is used for". (Synonyms: function, purpose, use).
    *   In biomedical WSD, "role" usually maps to the "function" sense. Which one?
    *   If we substitute "function": "whose loss had a critical function in setting off the cancer". That sounds okay.
    *   If we substitute "part": "whose loss had a critical part in setting off the cancer". That sounds okay too.
    *   "Part" is listed in Sense 1 and 2, but not 3. Sense 3 lists "function, purpose, use".
    *   "Critical part" is a very strong collocate for "role".
    *   The phrase "played a role" or "had a role" usually maps to Sense 1 (Part) or Sense 2 (Theatrical). Since it's not theatrical, it defaults to Sense 1 in many annotation schemes (like SemCor), where "part" is the key. The "person/group" constraint in the gloss is a specific narrowing of the hypernym `act` (which usually implies an actor), but metaphorical extension to inanimate objects causing events is standard English. The "function" of a gene is usually Sense 3, but the "role" of a gene in a process (acting like an agent) is often mapped to Sense 1.
    *   Let's try to verify against standard mappings for "role".
        *   Example: "The role of caffeine in alertness." -> Sense 1 (part played).
        *   Example: "The function of caffeine is to stimulate." -> Sense 3.
    *   The context "setting off" implies an active participation (playing a part), which aligns with Sense 1's "activities" and "part". Sense 3 is more static ("what something is used for").
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit, interpreting the "person/group" as a metaphorical agent in the process.

    *   Wait, let me double check Sense 3. "What something is used for". The example is "ballet is beautiful but what use is it?". This is instrumental use.
    *   The context is about *causation* ("setting off").
    *   Sense 1 is about "actions... assigned to". Even metaphorically, genes are often described as "acting" or having "activities".
    *   The definition of Sense 1 includes "activities".
    *   The definition of Sense 3 is about "purpose/use".
    *   "Critical role" is a fixed phrase often meaning "important part/function".
    *   Synonyms provided for Sense 1: function, office, part.
    *   Synonyms provided for Sense 3: function, purpose, use.
    *   "Part" is the keyword here. "Had a critical part". This links to Sense 1. Sense 3 does not have "part" as a synonym. Sense 2 has "part" but it's theatrical.
    *   Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice because "part" is a synonym, and the concept involves an active contribution ("setting off") rather than utility ("used for"). The "person/group" restriction is the schematic WordNet gloss for the root concept, but the synonym "part" and "function" applies broadly to inanimate agents in metaphorical usage.

    *   Let's confirm Sense 1 is index 1. The list is ordered.
    *   1. role%1:04:00:: (actions... person/group)
    *   2. role%1:09:00:: (actor)
    *   3. role%1:07:00:: (used for)
    *   4. role%1:04:01:: (social setting)
    *   Index 1 seems correct.

    Let's double check if Sense 3 is a better fit for "function".
    "The function of an auger is to bore holes".
    "The role of the gene is to..."? No, the sentence is "whose loss had a critical role".
    If it were "The function of the missing piece", Sense 3 would be strong.
    But "role" often implies "part played".
    In WordNet, `role%1:04:00` is defined under `act` (act.n.02).
    `role%1:07:00` is defined under `attribute` (attribute.n.02).
    Causation (setting off) is an act/event. "Having a role in [process]" maps to `act`.
    Purpose/Utility is an attribute.
    Context: "setting off the cancer" (causation/process).
    Therefore, it belongs to the `act` hierarchy (Sense 1), not the `attribute` hierarchy (Sense 3).

    Choice: Sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DeepInfra

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: set_off
Target surface form: setting off
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in <t>setting off</t> the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=set_off%2:36:00:: | definition=put in motion or move to act | synonyms=trip, actuate, trigger, activate, spark off, spark | examples=trigger a reaction; actuate the circuits
2. sense_key=set_off%2:38:00:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
3. sense_key=set_off%2:30:02:: | definition=direct attention to, as if by means of contrast | synonyms=bring out | examples=This dress accentuates your nice figure!; I set off these words by brackets
4. sense_key=set_off%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to burst with a violent release of energy | synonyms=explode, detonate, blow up | examples=We exploded the nuclear bomb
5. sense_key=set_off%2:42:00:: | definition=make up for | synonyms=cancel, offset | examples=His skills offset his opponent's superior strength
6. sense_key=set_off%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion or cause to begin | examples=The guide set the tour off to a good start
7. sense_key=set_off%2:32:00:: | definition=provoke or stir up | synonyms=incite, instigate, stir up | examples=incite a riot; set off great unrest among the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Dr. Knudson's research into cancer. He found that children with eye cancer had inherited a damaged chromosome, and the missing piece contained genes whose loss had a critical role in "setting off" the cancer.

Let me analyze what "setting off" means here:
- The context is about a biological process - genes playing a role in initiating or triggering cancer
- The phrase is about causation - the loss of genes is what causes or initiates the cancer

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=set_off%2:36:00:: | definition=put in motion or move to act | synonyms=trip, actuate, trigger, activate, spark off, spark | examples=trigger a reaction; actuate the circuits
- This is about triggering or initiating something (like a reaction). "Trigger" is a key synonym here, and the example "trigger a reaction" fits well with the biological context of initiating cancer.

2. sense_key=set_off%2:38:00:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
- This is about leaving/departing. Not relevant to the cancer context.

3. sense_key=set_off%2:30:02:: | definition=direct attention to, as by means of contrast | synonyms=bring out | examples=This dress accentuates your nice figure!; I set off these words by brackets
- This is about highlighting or contrasting. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=set_off%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to burst with a violent release of energy | synonyms=explode, detonate, blow up | examples=We exploded the nuclear bomb
- This is about explosions. Not the right meaning here.

5. sense_key=set_off%2:42:00:: | definition=make up for | synonyms=cancel, offset | examples=His skills offset his opponent's superior strength
- This is about compensation. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=set_off%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion or cause to begin | examples=The guide set the tour off to a good start
- This is about initiating something, starting something. This could fit - "setting off" the cancer = causing it to begin.

7. sense_key=set_off%2:32:00:: | definition=provoke or stir up | synonyms=incite, instigate, stir up | examples=incite a riot; set off great unrest among the people
- This is about provocation. While related, this is more about social/political contexts like riots.

Now comparing sense 1 and sense 6:

Sense 1: "put in motion or move to act" with synonyms like "trigger, activate" - this suggests triggering a mechanism or process. The example "trigger a reaction" is very relevant to a biological process like cancer initiation.

Sense 6: "set in motion or cause to begin" - this is also about initiating, but the example is more about events ("set the tour off to a good start").

In the context of cancer, "setting off" the cancer is about triggering/initiating the disease process. The use of "trigger" as a synonym in sense 1 is particularly apt for a biological cascade or process like cancer development. The example "trigger a reaction" strongly aligns with the biological context where genes trigger the cancer process.

Sense 1 seems more appropriate because:
1. "Trigger" is a key synonym - and cancer is often described as being "triggered" by genetic mutations
2. The example "trigger a reaction" fits the biological process context
3. The definition "put in motion or move to act" captures the causal role of gene loss in initiating cancer

Sense 6 could also work ("cause to begin"), but sense 1 with its "trigger" synonym and "trigger a reaction" example is more precisely aligned with the biological/medical context of initiating a disease process.

I'll go with sense1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the <t>cancer</t>. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A paragraph discussing Dr. Knudson's "two-hit" theory, genetics, chromosomes, and an "eye cancer" found in children. The target word is in the phrase "...critical role in setting off the cancer."
    *   Task: Fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses medical research, specifically genetics and oncology.
    *   Keywords: "Dr. Knudson", "two-hit theory", "genes", "malignant", "tumor" (implied by the context of "malignant growth"), "chromosome", "eye cancer", "disease".
    *   Sentence with target: "He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the *cancer*."
    *   Meaning: Here, "cancer" refers to the disease, specifically the malignant growth or tumor (in this case, retinoblastoma, though identified generally as "eye cancer" earlier).

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cancer%1:26:00::` -> Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease".
        *   *Fit:* This matches the medical context perfectly. The text talks about a disease, cell division (implied by genetics/missing genes causing it), and a specific type ("eye cancer").
    *   **Sense 2:** `cancer%1:18:00::` -> Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. The text is about biology and medicine, not astrology or personalities.
    *   **Sense 3:** `cancer%1:17:00::` -> Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation...".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Astronomy context, not applicable here.
    *   **Sense 4:** `cancer%1:15:00::` -> Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac...".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Astrology context.
    *   **Sense 5:** `cancer%1:05:00::` -> Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae" (crabs).
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Biological taxonomy of crabs, not human disease.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only sense that fits the medical context of the passage.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object with the key `sense_index`.
    *   The chosen sense corresponds to index 1 in the provided list.

    List mapping:
    1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: (Correct)
    2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00::
    3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00::
    4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00::
    5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00::

    Result: 1.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   Does the text refer to the disease? Yes ("eye cancer", "disease", "setting off the cancer").
    *   Does Sense 1 define the disease? Yes.
    *   Are there other senses that could apply? No.
    *   Instruction check: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key." "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." (using the correct index).

    Output: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not <t>know</t> which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "know" in the context: "But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared."

Let me analyze what "know" means in this context:

The scientist (Dr. Knudson) could see that a piece of chromosome 13 was missing, but he didn't have specific information about which gene or genes were involved. He was looking for factual, specific information - the identity of the gene(s).

Let me go through the senses:

1. "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" - This fits well. The scientist was not aware of the specific fact (which gene had disappeared).

2. "know how to do or perform something" - No, this is about skills, not relevant here.

3. "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" - This is more about certainty or conviction, like "I know that I left the key" - not quite fitting.

4. "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" - This is about familiarity with people or objects, not about factual knowledge.

5. "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" - This is about experiencing something, not relevant.

6. "accept (someone) to be what is claimed" - Not relevant.

7. "have fixed in the mind" - Like knowing Latin, memorized knowledge. Not quite fitting.

8. "have sexual intercourse with" - Not relevant.

9. "know the nature or character of" - Not relevant.

10. "be able to distinguish, recognize as being different" - Not relevant.

11. "perceive as familiar" - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1. The context is about not having factual, specific information about which gene(s) had disappeared. The scientist was seeking to possess knowledge or information about a specific fact. Sense 1 captures this perfectly: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about."

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. <t>Then</t>, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   **Target word**: "Then" (adverb).
    *   **Context**: The text describes a sequence of events in scientific discovery. Dr. Knudson made an observation (missing chromosome piece) and formed a hypothesis about a gene, but didn't know which gene. The target sentence starts with "Then, a scientific team... found the answer." This clearly indicates a temporal sequence or narrative progression.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `then%4:02:00::` | definition: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" | examples: "then he left", "go left first, then right". This sense focuses on temporal sequence (afterward).
    *   **Sense 2**: `then%4:02:02::` | definition: "in that case or as a consequence" | examples: "if he didn't take it, then who did?", "keep it then if you want to". This sense focuses on logical consequence or conditionals (in that case).
    *   **Sense 3**: `then%4:02:01::` | definition: "at that time" | examples: "I was young then", "prices were lower back then". This sense focuses on a specific point in past time relative to the speaker's reference frame (temporal location, not sequence).

3.  **Compare context to senses**:
    *   The sentence "Then, a scientific team... found the answer" describes what happened *next* in the narrative. Dr. Knudson didn't know the gene -> *Subsequently* (Then), a team found it.
    *   Does it mean "at that time" (Sense 3)? No, it's not saying the team existed at that specific past moment relative to a narrative "now". It's moving the narrative forward.
    *   Does it mean "in that case" (Sense 2)? No, it's not a logical deduction. It's a narrative progression.
    *   Does it mean "subsequently" (Sense 1)? Yes. It connects the previous state of not knowing to the subsequent discovery.

4.  **Select the best sense**:
    *   The context clearly indicates a sequence of events. Knudson did X. Then (afterward), Cavenee did Y.
    *   Sense 1 fits "subsequently or soon afterward".

5.  **Format the output**:
    *   The chosen sense index is 1.
    *   Format: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scientific
Target surface form: scientific
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a <t>scientific</t> team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scientific%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the practice of science | examples=scientific journals
2. sense_key=scientific%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming with the principles or methods used in science | examples=a scientific approach

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The lemma is "scientific" and the surface form is "scientific".
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer."
    *   The phrase is "scientific team".
    *   What kind of team is it? It's a team doing scientific research (molecular genetics, gene probes, finding a gene).
    *   They are a team "led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee".
    *   They use "gene probes".
    *   They found "the answer" to a biological question about cancer.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: "of or relating to the practice of science". Example: "scientific journals".
    *   **Sense 2**: "conforming with the principles or methods used in science". Example: "a scientific approach".
4.  **Evaluate Sense 1 ("of or relating to the practice of science")**:
    *   Does "scientific team" fit here? Yes. The team is a group of people practicing science. The team relates to the practice of science. "Scientific journals" are journals publishing science. "Scientific team" is a team conducting science. This sense covers the adjectival modification indicating the domain or nature of the noun (team).
5.  **Evaluate Sense 2 ("conforming with the principles or methods used in science")**:
    *   Does this fit? This sense usually applies to methods, arguments, or approaches. For example, "a scientific approach," "a scientific study," or "scientific management."
    *   While a "scientific team" presumably uses scientific methods, the adjective here is primarily denoting the *type* or *category* of the team (a team that does science), rather than describing the *quality* of the team as conforming to principles. It's not saying "this team is very scientific (methodical/rigorous)"; it's saying "this is a team of scientists" or "a science team".
    *   Compare "scientific journal" (Sense 1 - a journal for science) vs "scientific method" (Sense 2 - the method of science). A "scientific team" is an entity constituted for the practice of science.
6.  **Comparison**:
    *   Sense 1 is about the *domain/practice* (relating to science).
    *   Sense 2 is about the *methodology/quality* (conforming to science principles).
    *   A "team" is an agent/institution. Agents/institutions usually fall under Sense 1 (e.g., scientific community, scientific establishment, scientific team). Abstract processes or methodologies fall under Sense 2 (e.g., scientific method, scientific analysis).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit for "scientific team".
7.  **Final Decision**: Sense 1 is the correct choice.

Let's double-check WordNet hierarchy (mentally).
WordNet 3.1 usually distinguishes:
`scientific` (adj) 1: of or relating to the practice of science; "scientific journals"
`scientific` (adj) 2: conforming with the principles or methods used in science; "a scientific approach"

Context: "a scientific team".
Is the team *conforming* to principles? Not really the primary meaning. The team is *engaged in* the practice.
Is the team *relating to* the practice of science? Yes, definitely.
This aligns with the "scientific journals" example in Sense 1. Just as a journal is an object associated with the practice, a team is an agent associated with the practice.

Therefore, index 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific <t>team</t> led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: "team"
    *   Target surface form: "team"
    *   Context: A paragraph about scientific research (Dr. Knudson, chromosome damage, eye cancer, Webster Cavenee, University of Utah). The specific sentence is: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee... found the answer."
    *   Candidate senses:
        *   1: "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)" | syn=squad
        *   2: "two or more draft animals that work together to pull something"
    *   Constraints: Choose the single best indexed sense, do not hedge, return only JSON `{"sense_index": N}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence refers to a "scientific team".
    *   This team is led by a "molecular geneticist".
    *   They are using "gene probes" to find an answer.
    *   This is clearly a group of people working together in a scientific context.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "a cooperative unit". While the gloss mentions "especially in sports", the core definition is "a cooperative unit". The context is a group of scientists working together cooperatively. This fits the general semantic category of a group of people organized for a specific purpose (research). The mention of sports in the gloss is a specific domain example often found in WordNet, but the core meaning extends to any group working together.
    *   Sense 2: "two or more draft animals". This is specific to animals (horses, oxen) pulling a load. This does not fit the context of human scientists.

4.  **Disambiguation Strategy:**
    *   WordNet sense 1 (`team%1:14:00::`) covers groups of people working together. Even though the gloss specifies "especially in sports", the hypernym structure (group, unit) and common usage apply this sense to work groups, research teams, etc.
    *   WordNet sense 2 (`team%1:14:01::`) is strictly for draft animals.
    *   Therefore, the correct sense is Sense 1.

5.  **Verification:**
    *   Does a "scientific team" fit "a cooperative unit"? Yes.
    *   Is it "draft animals"? No.
    *   Result: Sense 1.

6.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lead
Target surface form: led
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team <t>led</t> by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lead%2:38:01:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=take, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
2. sense_key=lead%2:42:04:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, result | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=lead%2:42:12:: | definition=tend to or result in | examples=This remark lead to further arguments among the guests
4. sense_key=lead%2:38:00:: | definition=travel in front of; go in advance of others | synonyms=head | examples=The procession was headed by John
5. sense_key=lead%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to undertake a certain action | examples=Her greed led her to forge the checks
6. sense_key=lead%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=lead%2:41:00:: | definition=be in charge of | synonyms=head | examples=Who is heading this project?
8. sense_key=lead%2:42:01:: | definition=be ahead of others; be the first | synonyms=top | examples=she topped her class every year
9. sense_key=lead%2:41:12:: | definition=be conducive to | synonyms=contribute, conduce | examples=The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing
10. sense_key=lead%2:36:00:: | definition=lead, as in the performance of a composition | synonyms=conduct, direct | examples=conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years
11. sense_key=lead%2:42:03:: | definition=lead, extend, or afford access | synonyms=go | examples=This door goes to the basement; The road runs South
12. sense_key=lead%2:38:02:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=precede
13. sense_key=lead%2:42:02:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=run | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
14. sense_key=lead%2:32:01:: | definition=preside over | synonyms=moderate, chair | examples=John moderated the discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *lead* (past tense: *led*)
    *   Context sentence: "Then, a scientific team *led* by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee... found the answer."
    *   The phrase is "a team led by [Person]".
    *   Meaning: Webster Cavenee was the leader, director, or head of the scientific team. He was in charge. He guided the research effort.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (lead%2:38:01::):** *take somebody somewhere*. Synonyms: take, direct, conduct, guide. Examples: "We lead him to our chief".
        *   *Evaluation:* Physical movement. Not applicable here. This is metaphorical leadership/direction.

    *   **Sense 2 (lead%2:42:04::):** *have as a result or residue*. Synonyms: leave, result. Examples: "The water left a mark".
        *   *Evaluation:* Incorrect verb meaning. This is "lead" as in "leave behind".

    *   **Sense 3 (lead%2:42:12::):** *tend to or result in*. Examples: "This remark lead to further arguments".
        *   *Evaluation:* This is causation/result. Not leadership.

    *   **Sense 4 (lead%2:38:00::):** *travel in front of; go in advance of others*. Synonyms: head. Examples: "The procession was headed by John".
        *   *Evaluation:* This is close. "The procession was headed by John" implies John is at the front. However, a scientific team isn't a physical procession walking down a street where one person is physically in front. It's about authority and organization.

    *   **Sense 5 (lead%2:32:00::):** *cause to undertake a certain action*. Examples: "Her greed led her to forge the checks".
        *   *Evaluation:* This is causation (causative). Not leadership structure.

    *   **Sense 6 (lead%2:42:00::):** *stretch out over a distance... run or extend*. Synonyms: run, go, pass.
        *   *Evaluation:* Spatial extension. Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 7 (lead%2:41:00::):** *be in charge of*. Synonyms: head. Examples: "Who is heading this project?".
        *   *Evaluation:* This looks perfect. Webster Cavenee is the leader/head of the team. He is in charge. The phrase "a team led by" means a team who is *headed* by or *in charge of* which is exercised by the person.

    *   **Sense 8 (lead%2:42:01::):** *be ahead of others; be the first*. Synonyms: top. Examples: "she topped her class".
        *   *Evaluation:* Competition/Ranking. Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 9 (lead%2:41:12::):** *be conducive to*. Synonyms: contribute.
        *   *Evaluation:* Result/Causation. Not leadership.

    *   **Sense 10 (lead%2:36:00::):** *lead, as in the performance of a composition*. Synonyms: conduct, direct.
        *   *Evaluation:* Music specific. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 11 (lead%2:42:03::):** *lead, extend, or afford access*. Synonyms: go.
        *   *Evaluation:* Spatial.

    *   **Sense 12 (lead%2:38:02::):** *move ahead (of others) in time or space*. Synonyms: precede.
        *   *Evaluation:* Spatial/Temporal ordering. Not leadership.

    *   **Sense 13 (lead%2:42:02::):** *cause something to pass or lead somewhere*. Synonyms: run.
        *   *Evaluation:* Spatial installation.

    *   **Sense 14 (lead%2:32:01::):** *preside over*. Synonyms: moderate, chair. Examples: "John moderated the discussion".
        *   *Evaluation:* While similar to leadership, "moderate" or "chair" implies a specific type of procedural leadership (like a meeting). A scientific team leader is "heading" the project. Sense 7 is a broader fit for "heading a project/group".

3.  **Compare Sense 4 and Sense 7:**
    *   Sense 4: "travel in front of... The procession was headed by John".
    *   Sense 7: "be in charge of... Who is heading this project?".
    *   Context: "a scientific team led by...". This refers to project leadership and authority, not physical spatial positioning at the front of a line. A team is an organized group working on a project. Therefore, Sense 7 ("be in charge of") is the correct definition. The synonym "head" applies perfectly (a team headed by...).

4.  **Final Conclusion:** Sense 7 is the best fit.

    *   Sense Index: 7.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, <t>then</t> at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "then" in the context: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer."

Let me analyze the specific instance of "then" being referred to. The target is marked with <t> tags around the second occurrence of "then" in this sentence:
"Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, <t>then</t> at the University of Utah, found the answer."

So the target "then" appears in the phrase "then at the University of Utah" - describing Webster Cavenee's location/position at that time.

This is describing where Cavenee was located at the time the scientific team made their discovery. It's saying "Webster Cavenee, who was at that time at the University of Utah."

Let me check the senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right

This doesn't fit - this is about temporal sequence, "after that."

2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to

This doesn't fit - this is about conditional consequence.

3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

This fits perfectly! The phrase "then at the University of Utah" means "at that time at the University of Utah" - describing Cavenee's position at the time being discussed.

So the answer should be sense_index: 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, <t>found</t> the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Lemma: *find*
    *   Surface form: *found*
    *   Context: A scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee... *found* the answer. The team used a battery of gene probes... The context describes a scientific discovery process. Before this, Dr. Knudson assumed a gene was missing but didn't know which one. Cavenee's team solved this problem.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (find%2:40:02::):* "come upon, as if by accident; meet with". -> Incorrect. The context involves a scientific team using specific tools ("gene probes") to solve a problem, not an accidental encounter.
    *   *Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::):* "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice. Examples: found traces of lead. -> This is a strong candidate. They determined the existence of the gene/answer.
    *   *Sense 3 (find%2:40:00::):* "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost". Synonyms: regain. Examples: find your glasses. -> Incorrect. This implies retrieving a misplaced object.
    *   *Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::):* "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain. Examples: find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle... -> This is a very strong candidate. The context explicitly mentions a "scientific team" and implies an investigation/study using probes. Finding the answer to a scientific question usually fits this sense.
    *   *Sense 5 (find%2:31:10::):* "come to believe on the basis of emotion...". -> Incorrect. This is an opinion.
    *   *Sense 6 (find%2:39:01::):* "perceive or be contemporaneous with". -> Incorrect. This is about witnessing.
    *   *Sense 7 (find%2:40:01::):* "get something or somebody for a specific purpose". -> Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::):* "make a discovery, make a new finding". Synonyms: discover. Examples: Roentgen discovered X-rays. -> This is also a strong candidate. It is very similar to 4 but focuses on the act of making a discovery rather than the result of an investigation. "Found the answer" fits "establish after investigation" (Sense 4) very well.
    *   *Sense 9 (find%2:31:09::):* "make a discovery". Examples: She found that he had lied. -> Similar to 8, but usually about finding out a fact about a person/situation.
    *   *Sense 10-16:* Not relevant (effort/management, legal ruling, receiving, reflexive perception, recovering voice, reaching, finding oneself).

3.  **Disambiguate between Sense 4 and Sense 8 (and potentially 2):**

    *   *Context:* "...found the answer."
    *   *Sense 2:* "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Examples: "found traces of lead".
    *   *Sense 4:* "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". Examples: "The physicist who found the elusive particle".
    *   *Sense 8:* "make a discovery, make a new finding". Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays".

    Let's look at the object: "the answer".
    Can you "establish the answer"? Yes.
    Can you "make a discovery of the answer"? Usually, we say "discovered the answer" or "found the answer".
    Can you "determine the existence of the answer"? Not really; the answer is an abstract concept/solution.

    Let's look at the example in Sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize".
    Context: "A scientific team... found the answer. The team used a battery of... probes".
    This implies a systematic investigation.
    Sense 4 explicitly mentions "establish after a... experiment, survey, or study".
    Finding "the answer" to a scientific question (regarding genes/chromosomes) fits the "establish after investigation" definition perfectly. The team determined what the missing gene/answer was.

    Comparison:
    Sense 4 is about the *process* resulting in a conclusion (establishment of fact).
    Sense 8 is about the *act* of discovery.
    "Found the answer" is idiomatic. We usually "find answers" through study/investigation.
    WordNet Sense 4 (find%2:32:00::) corresponds to "determine, find out, ascertain".
    WordNet Sense 8 (find%2:36:00::) corresponds to "discover".
    WordNet Sense 2 (find%2:39:02::) corresponds to "detect, observe, discover, notice".

    "Found the answer":
    - You don't "detect" an answer (usually).
    - You don't just "observe" an answer.
    - You determine/establish the answer.
    - You could say you "discovered the answer".

    However, looking at the specific nuances:
    Sense 4 includes "The physicist who found the elusive particle". The context is about geneticists (scientists) finding a specific genetic answer. This aligns closely with the Sense 4 example.
    Sense 8 examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays" (a brand new thing). "Found a new elementary particle" (a brand new thing).
    The context here is finding "the answer" to a specific question posed by Knudson ("which gene or genes had disappeared"). While it is a discovery, the phrasing "found the answer" fits the "determine/ascertain" semantic space of Sense 4 better than the "discover X-rays" (Sense 8) or "detect traces" (Sense 2).

    Let's check Sense 4's definition again: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    The text says "scientific team... used a battery of... gene probes". This is an investigation/experiment.
    Result: "found the answer" -> established the answer.

    Let's check Sense 9: "make a discovery". Examples: "found that he had lied". This is propositional (found *that* X). Here the object is "the answer" (NP). Sense 4 allows NPs like "the particle" or abstract NPs implied by "establish".

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Examples: "found traces of lead". This is about detecting physical evidence. "Found the answer" is abstract. Sense 4 handles abstract results of investigation better.

    Decision: Sense 4 matches the scientific context and the object "the answer" best. It involves establishing a result through investigation.

    Index mapping:
    1. find%2:40:02:: (accident)
    2. find%2:39:02:: (detect/discover presence)
    3. find%2:40:00:: (lost object)
    4. find%2:32:00:: (establish after study) -> Target
    ...
    8. find%2:36:00:: (make a discovery)

    I will select Sense 4.

    Reasoning Recap:
    - Context involves a scientific investigation using specific tools (probes).
    - The object is "the answer" (a solution to a question).
    - Sense 4 definition: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    - Sense 4 example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle".
    - Sense 2/8 focus more on detecting presence or discovering new entities, whereas Sense 4 focuses on determining/establishing a result through study. "Found the answer" is synonymous with "determined the answer" or "ascertained the answer".

    Therefore, index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: answer
Target surface form: answer
Context:
Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the <t>answer</t>. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=answer%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=reply, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=answer%1:10:02:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, result, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=answer%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of replying to a question
4. sense_key=answer%1:10:03:: | definition=the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims
5. sense_key=answer%1:04:00:: | definition=a nonverbal reaction | examples=his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** answer
    *   **Target surface form:** answer
    *   **Context snippet:** "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee... found the <t>answer</t>. The team used a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes,' snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell."
    *   **Preceding context:** Dr. Knudson found some children inherited damaged chromosome 13. He could see a bit was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene critical for setting off cancer. But he did not know *which gene or genes had disappeared*.
    *   **Meaning in context:** The scientific team found the specific gene or genes that were missing. They solved the problem of identifying the genetic cause. The "answer" here refers to the solution to a scientific problem/question (identifying the missing genes). It is not a verbal statement or a reply to a person in a conversation. It is the discovery/solution itself.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `answer%1:10:01::` | Definition: a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | Synonyms: reply, response.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to a verbal or written reply. The context refers to finding a specific gene. While the discovery answers a question, the "answer" itself is not a statement or a reply in the communicative sense. It's the solution.

    *   **Sense 2:** `answer%1:10:02::` | Definition: a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | Synonyms: solution, result, resolution, solvent | Examples: "they were trying to find a peaceful solution"; "the answers were in the back of the book".
        *   *Evaluation:* This fits well. The scientific team "found the answer" to the question "which gene or genes had disappeared". The discovery of the gene solves the problem. The synonym "solution" matches perfectly here. The example "answers were in the back of the book" (solutions to problems) parallels "found the answer" (the solution to the genetic mystery).

    *   **Sense 3:** `answer%1:10:00::` | Definition: the speech act of replying to a question.
        *   *Evaluation:* This is about the act of speaking. The team did not perform a speech act; they made a discovery. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `answer%1:10:03::` | Definition: the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint...
        *   *Evaluation:* Legal context only. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `answer%1:04:00::` | Definition: a nonverbal reaction | Examples: "his answer to any problem was to get drunk".
        *   *Evaluation:* This usually implies an action taken in response to a situation (often negative or behavioral). While finding a gene is nonverbal, Sense 2 specifically covers the "solution to a problem" aspect, which is the primary definition of "answer" in scientific/investigative contexts (like solving a puzzle). Sense 5 is more about a behavioral reaction.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is "reply/response" (communicative).
    *   Sense 2 is "solution" (problem-solving).
    *   The context says the team "found the answer". You "find" a solution (Sense 2). You usually "give" or "receive" a reply (Sense 1). The object of the discovery is the solution to the scientific puzzle. Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

4.  **Determine the sense index:**
    *   Sense 1: `answer%1:10:01::`
    *   Sense 2: `answer%1:10:02::`
    *   Sense 3: `answer%1:10:00::`
    *   Sense 4: `answer%1:10:03::`
    *   Sense 5: `answer%1:04:00::`

    The candidate list is numbered 1 to 5.
    The best match is Sense 2.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The <t>team</t> used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: "team".
    *   Target surface form: "team".
    *   Context: A passage about Dr. Knudson, eye cancer, chromosomes, and a "scientific team" led by Webster Cavenee.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  team%1:14:00:: - "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)" (synonyms: squad).
        2.  team%1:14:01:: - "two or more draft animals that work together to pull something".
    *   Constraints: Choose the single best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Do not answer with the sense key. Return JSON `{"sense_index": N}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence containing the target word is: "The team used a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes'..."
    *   The preceding sentence establishes the nature of the group: "Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee..."
    *   The group consists of researchers/scientists working together on a scientific problem (finding a gene).
    *   This is a group of people working together for a common purpose.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (team%1:14:00::):** Defined as "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)". Synonyms: "squad".
        *   Note on WordNet glosses: While the definition mentions "(especially in sports)", this is often the primary sense for groups of people working together. In WordNet 3.x, sense 1 usually covers the general concept of a group of people working together. The "especially in sports" is a usage note/example tendency, not an exclusive restriction.
        *   Does it fit? Yes. It's a group of people (researchers) working cooperatively.
    *   **Sense 2 (team%1:14:01::):** Defined as "two or more draft animals that work together to pull something".
        *   Does it fit? No. The context involves humans (Webster Cavenee, molecular geneticist), not draft animals like horses or oxen.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct sense. It refers to a group of people. Sense 2 refers to animals.
    *   Although WordNet's gloss for Sense 1 highlights sports, it is the standard sense for human groups (work teams, research teams, etc.). Sense 2 is specifically for animals.
    *   Therefore, index 1 is correct.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: used
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team <t>used</t> a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form**:
    *   Lemma: `use`
    *   Surface form: `used`
    *   Context: "The team used a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes'..."

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The sentence describes a scientific team utilizing tools ("a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes'") to find an answer.
    *   The purpose is scientific investigation/analysis.
    *   The usage is active: they employed a method/technique.

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ`
        *   *Fit*: This fits perfectly. The team "employed" or "utilized" a specific technique (gene probes). They put the probes into service for a particular purpose (finding the answer).
        *   *Examples*: "use your head!", "we only use Spanish at home".
        *   *Match*: The context "The team used a battery..." aligns well with "employ for a particular purpose".

    *   **Sense 2**: `definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate`
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. This refers to consumption or habit (like drugs). The team isn't consuming the probes habitually; they are utilizing a tool for an experiment.

    *   **Sense 3**: `definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend`
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. They didn't "use up" the battery of probes in the sense of depletion being the main focus, though resources might be consumed. The primary meaning here is employment of a method, not depletion.

    *   **Sense 4**: `definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage`
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. This usually implies exploiting a person or a situation (e.g., "She uses her influential friends"). While they achieved an end, the "exploitation/personal advantage" connotation isn't the primary definition here. Sense 1 is a broader, more neutral "employ" meaning which fits "used a battery of gene probes" better than this sense which focuses on exploiting advantages.

    *   **Sense 5**: `definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply`
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. This usually applies to abstract concepts like principles or religions ("practice a religion"). "Used a battery of gene probes" is concrete employment of a tool.

    *   **Sense 6**: `definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense)`
        *   *Fit*: Incorrect. This is the "used to" construction (e.g., "I used to go there"). The context is "The team used [object]", not "The team used to [verb]".

4.  **Select the best sense**:
    *   Sense 1 is the standard transitive verb meaning "to employ or utilize something for a purpose."
    *   The team utilized/employed gene probes.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the output**:
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: battery
Target surface form: battery
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a <t>battery</t> of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=battery%1:14:02:: | definition=group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place
2. sense_key=battery%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that produces electricity; may have several primary or secondary cells arranged in parallel or series | synonyms=electric battery
3. sense_key=battery%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection of related things intended for use together | examples=took a battery of achievement tests
4. sense_key=battery%1:14:03:: | definition=a unit composed of the pitcher and catcher
5. sense_key=battery%1:06:03:: | definition=a series of stamps operated in one mortar for crushing ores | synonyms=stamp battery
6. sense_key=battery%1:04:01:: | definition=the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target | synonyms=barrage, barrage fire, bombardment, shelling | examples=they laid down a barrage in front of the advancing troops; the shelling went on for hours without pausing
7. sense_key=battery%1:04:00:: | definition=an assault in which the assailant makes physical contact | synonyms=assault and battery

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "battery"
    *   Context: "The team used a **battery** of the newly developed 'gene probes,' snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell."
    *   Key phrases: "a battery of the newly developed gene probes", "snippets of genetic material", "used... to track".
    *   Meaning: The scientists used a group or collection of tools (gene probes). They didn't use an electrical device, a group of guns, or a physical assault. They used a set of related things for a specific purpose.

2.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (battery%1:14:02::):* "group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place".
        *   Definition: Military weaponry.
        *   Context: Science/Laboratory setting.
        *   Fit: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 2 (battery%1:06:00::):* "a device that produces electricity; may have several primary or secondary cells arranged in parallel or series".
        *   Definition: Electrical battery (AA, car battery).
        *   Context: Using "gene probes". While some scientific equipment uses batteries, the context says "a battery of... gene probes". It's a collection of probes, not an energy source.
        *   Fit: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 3 (battery%1:14:01::):* "a collection of related things intended for use together".
        *   Definition: Set, group, collection.
        *   Example provided: "took a battery of achievement tests".
        *   Context match: "a battery of the newly developed 'gene probes'". The probes are the "related things intended for use together" (to analyze the tumor cells). This fits the semantic structure perfectly: "a battery of [plural noun]".
        *   Fit: Correct.

    *   *Sense 4 (battery%1:14:03::):* "a unit composed of the pitcher and catcher".
        *   Definition: Baseball terminology.
        *   Context: Genetics/Molecular biology.
        *   Fit: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 5 (battery%1:06:03::):* "a series of stamps operated in one mortar for crushing ores".
        *   Definition: Mining/Metallurgy.
        *   Context: Genetics.
        *   Fit: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 6 (battery%1:04:01::):* "the heavy fire of artillery...".
        *   Definition: Military action.
        *   Fit: Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 7 (battery%1:04:00::):* "an assault in which the assailant makes physical contact".
        *   Definition: Legal/Crime term.
        *   Fit: Incorrect.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 3 is the clear winner. It captures the meaning of a set or collection of scientific tools (probes) used together for a specific purpose.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 3}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease. Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing. He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer. But he did not know which gene or genes had disappeared. Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly <t>developed</t> "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "developed" in the context: "The team used a battery of the newly <t>developed</t> 'gene probes,' snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell."

The context refers to newly created or newly invented gene probes.
Let's look at the senses:
1. make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation. Examples: Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique.
2. work out (theories, evolution).
3. gain through experience.
4. come to have or undergo a change of physical features (grow a beard, develop abdominal pains).
5. come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, spring up).
6. change the use of and make available or usable (develop land).
7. elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses.
8. create by training and teaching.
9. be gradually disclosed or unfolded.
10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve.
11. become technologically advanced.
12. cause to grow and differentiate.
13. generate gradually (develop a market).
14. grow emotionally or mature.
15. make visible by means of chemical solutions.
16. geometry.
17. chess.
18. chess.
19. music.
20. happen.
21. math.

The "newly developed 'gene probes'" refers to making something new, a product/technique. Sense 1 is "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation" with examples "developed a new kind of building material", "developed a new technique". Gene probes are a scientific product/technique newly created.
Sense 1 seems like the perfect fit.

provider: SiliconFlow