[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple **members** of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Target word: "members" (plural noun).
    *   Contextual meaning: The text discusses families and how breast cancer affects individuals within those families. The phrase "members of certain families" refers to people related by blood or marriage who belong to a specific family unit.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1:* "one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)".
        *   Synonyms: fellow member.
        *   Examples: "only members will be admitted", "a member of the faculty".
        *   Fit: A family is a social group (albeit not a voluntary organization in the usual sense, but a fundamental social unit). The individuals are the "members" of that family. This sense focuses on *persons* in a *group*. This seems like a strong candidate.

    *   *Sense 2:* "anything that belongs to a set or class".
        *   Examples: "snakes are members of the class Reptilia", "members of the opposite sex".
        *   Fit: This is a set-theoretical or logical classification sense. While a family can be viewed as a set, "members of a family" usually refers to human beings (people) rather than abstract set elements in general usage. However, Sense 1 specifically mentions "persons who compose a social group". A family is a prototypical social group. Sense 2 is broader (anything), but Sense 1 is more specific to people and groups. Sense 1 is better because "family member" is a standard collocation fitting the "person in a group" definition.

    *   *Sense 3:* "an external body part that projects from the body".
        *   Synonyms: extremity, appendage.
        *   Fit: Completely irrelevant.

    *   *Sense 4:* "an organization that is a member of another organization".
        *   Fit: The target refers to people (who get cancer), not organizations or states.

    *   *Sense 5:* "the male organ of copulation".
        *   Fit: Completely irrelevant in this medical/research context.

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 vs. Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 defines a member as "one of the persons who compose a social group". A family is a social group. The text refers to people ("women", "scientists" implied context of patients). Therefore, the individuals are members of the social group (family).
    *   Sense 2 defines a member as "anything that belongs to a set or class". While technically true that a person is a member of the set "family", WordNet usually distinguishes between the "person in a group" sense (Sense 1) and the "element in a set/class" sense (Sense 2).
    *   Context check: "members of certain families". We usually say "family members". Does this fit Sense 1? Yes. The definition explicitly mentions "persons who compose a social group".
    *   Does it fit Sense 2? Sense 2 is usually used for taxonomic groups (class Reptilia) or categorical sets (opposite sex). Families are social groups, not just taxonomic classes (though related to taxonomy, the emphasis here is on the social unit and the individuals within it).
    *   Sense 1 is the standard definition for "member of a family", "member of a team", "member of a club". It emphasizes the personhood and the social nature of the group.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the meaning of individuals belonging to a family group.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "certain" in the phrase "multiple members of certain families".

Let me analyze the context:
"The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Here "certain" is used to mean "definite but not specified or identified" - referring to specific families, but not naming which ones. It's similar to saying "some families" or "particular families (that we're not specifically identifying)".

Let me check the senses:

1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree

This fits! "Certain families" means specific/particular families, but not named or identified specifically.

2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it

This is about being confident/having no doubt - doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus

This is about facts being established/certain - doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain

This is about inevitability - doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed

This is about being sealed/irrevocable - doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two

This is about reliability - doesn't fit.

7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

This is about being careful/sure to do something - doesn't fit.

Sense 1 is clearly the best match. "Certain families" means particular/specific families, but not identified by name - "definite but not specified or identified."

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   **Sentence:** "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   **Key phrase:** "multiple members of certain families".
    *   **Semantic field:** Genetics, heredity, breast cancer, inheritance, predisposition.
    *   **Focus:** The relationship is about inheriting a gene (damaged p53) from ancestors/parents. The context talks about breast cancer striking "multiple members," implying biological relatedness and lineage rather than just people living in the same house.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "a social unit living together" (household).
        *   *Analysis:* While family members often live together, the context emphasizes heredity ("inherited", "predispose women") and the biological transmission of a gene. A household could include adopted children or non-relatives who wouldn't share the specific genetic predisposition in the same way. This sense is too focused on cohabitation.

    *   **Sense 2:** "primary social group; parents and children" (family unit).
        *   *Analysis:* This is a close synonym, often used for the immediate family structure. However, the context talks about "breast cancer often strikes multiple members," which spans across generations (mothers, daughters, aunts, grandmothers), not just a single parent-child unit living together. The text discusses inherited traits, linking it to lineage.

    *   **Sense 3:** "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" (class, category).
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to classification of objects, not people.

    *   **Sense 4:** "people descended from a common ancestor" (family line, kinfolk).
        *   *Analysis:* This fits perfectly. The context is about inheriting a damaged gene. Inheritance happens through lineage. "Multiple members of certain families" refers to people linked by bloodlines and common ancestors, where genetic traits are passed down. The mention of "inherited" strongly supports the "descended from a common ancestor" definition.

    *   **Sense 5:** "a person having kinship with another or others" (kin).
        *   *Analysis:* This usually refers to an individual being "kin" or "family" (e.g., "He's family"). The target is plural "families" referring to groups, not the abstract state of being kin.

    *   **Sense 6:** "(biology) a taxonomic group...".
        *   *Analysis:* This is scientific taxonomy (e.g., Family Hominidae), not human social structures.

    *   **Sense 7:** "a loose affiliation of gangsters...".
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect context.

    *   **Sense 8:** "an association of people who share common beliefs...".
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect context.

3.  **Compare Sense 1, Sense 2, and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 1 is about living arrangements (household).
    *   Sense 2 is about the immediate social group (parents/children).
    *   Sense 4 is about lineage/descent (kinfolk, family line).

    The sentence discusses genetics and inheritance ("inherited in a damaged form"). While a gene is passed from parents to children (Sense 2), the concept of "families" in medical genetics usually refers to extended lineages or pedigrees where a trait tracks through blood relations. The phrase "members of certain families" in a medical context implies genetic relatedness distinct from mere cohabitation. If it meant households, it would imply an environmental cause, but the text explicitly says "inherited," pointing to bloodlines. Therefore, Sense 4 captures the biological/genealogical aspect crucial to the context of hereditary cancer.

    *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Is Sense 4 too archaic or strictly genealogical? Let's look at the examples: "his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower". This emphasizes the lineage.
    Let's look at the definition of Sense 4: "people descended from a common ancestor".
    Does the context fit? Yes. Inherited cancer predispositions (like the BRCA genes or p53 mentioned here) track through biological families (lineage). The distinction is important because "household" (Sense 1) might include non-biological members, but the gene is "inherited." "Primary social group" (Sense 2) is narrow (parents/children). The hereditary context strongly favors the definition involving lineage/blood relations.

    Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit because the sentence deals with the transmission of genetic material across generations/bloodlines.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 4.

    *   Target: "families"
    *   Context: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families... gene... inherited..."
    *   Sense 4 definition: "people descended from a common ancestor"
    *   Synonyms: family line, kinfolk.

    This is the standard sense used in medical/epidemiological contexts when discussing hereditary diseases.

5.  **Formatting Output:** JSON object {"sense_index": 4}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: `inherit`
    *   Target surface form: `inherited`
    *   Context: A scientific text discussing the p53 gene, its role in cancer (specifically breast cancer), and how it is passed down through families.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `inherit%2:40:00::`: Obtain from someone after their death (e.g., inheriting a castle).
        2.  `inherit%2:40:02::`: Receive from a predecessor (e.g., inheriting problems in a job).
        3.  `inherit%2:40:01::`: Receive by genetic transmission (e.g., inheriting eyesight).

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence containing the target word is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when **inherited** in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Key phrases: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families", "the gene", "genetic transmission".
    *   The subject is a "gene" (p53).
    *   The mechanism is passing a trait/gene from parents to offspring within families.

3.  **Evaluate the Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1 (Legal inheritance):* "obtain from someone after their death". Does a gene obtain itself from someone after their death? No. The gene is passed down biologically. While the parent dies, the act of inheriting here is not about property or legal wills. It's about biological transmission.
    *   *Sense 2 (Abstract/Metaphorical inheritance):* "receive from a predecessor". This usually applies to situations, problems, traditions, or office. While genes do come from predecessors, Sense 3 is much more specific to the biological domain.
    *   *Sense 3 (Genetic inheritance):* "receive by genetic transmission". This fits perfectly. The context discusses genes, chromosomes, tumors, and family history (multiple members of certain families). The example "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother" aligns directly with inheriting a gene (p53) which predisposes one to cancer.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The context is explicitly biological and genetic.
    *   Sense 3 is the definition for genetic inheritance.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user requested a specific JSON format: `{"sense_index": 3}`.
    *   I need to choose the index corresponding to the correct sense.
    *   Sense 1 -> index 1
    *   Sense 2 -> index 2
    *   Sense 3 -> index 3

    The best fit is Sense 3.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   Target: "inherited"
    *   Context: "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form..."
    *   Definition match: "receive by genetic transmission".
    *   Index: 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a <t>damaged</t> form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target word: "damaged".
    *   Sentence context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a <t>damaged</t> form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses the p53 gene. Initially, it was thought to cause cancer (promote growth), but it was discovered that the observed gene was a "damaged form" of p53, which actually suppresses growth. A damaged form of this gene fails to suppress growth, leading to cancer. The text also mentions mutations in chromosome 17 where p53 lies.
    *   Key concept: The gene is physically altered, mutated, or structurally impaired in a way that prevents it from functioning correctly (suppressing cancer).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `damaged%3:00:00::` | definition="harmed or injured or spoiled" | examples="I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings".
        *   This sense refers to physical harm, injury, or spoilage. It applies to objects (goods, buildings) and living things (injured).
        *   Does it fit "damaged form of a gene"? Yes. A gene is a biological entity/structure. A "damaged form" implies the gene is impaired, mutated, or broken, so it doesn't work. This aligns with the general idea of harm or injury to an entity, preventing its proper function. The metaphorical extension of physical damage to biological molecular structures is standard.
    *   **Sense 2:** `damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00` | definition="being unjustly brought into disrepute" | synonyms="discredited" | examples="a discredited politician; her damaged reputation".
        *   This sense refers to reputation or social standing. It involves "disrepute" or being "discredited".
        *   Does it fit "damaged form of a gene"? No. A gene does not have a reputation. It cannot be discredited. This sense is strictly metaphorical/abstract regarding social status or credibility.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The context refers to a biological molecule (a gene) that is mutated or structurally impaired. This fits the category of physical/functional harm or injury.
    *   Sense 1 covers physical harm/injury/spoilage.
    *   Sense 2 covers reputational harm.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. The gene is "spoiled" or "injured" (metaphorically) or structurally "harmed" (mutated).

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

5.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "inherited in a damaged form" -> the form of the gene is broken/mutated.
    *   Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled". Matches the concept of a broken/impaired entity.
    *   Sense 2: "brought into disrepute". Does not match a biological structure.
    *   Index 1 is correct.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged <t>form</t>, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "form" in the context: "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Let's analyze the context. The text is talking about a gene (p53 gene). It mentions a "damaged form" of the gene. This refers to a variant, type, or kind of the gene that has been damaged.
Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. form%1:10:00:: - phonological/orthographic sound or appearance of a word. (No)
2. form%1:09:01:: - a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there? (Possible: a damaged kind/variety of the gene)
3. form%1:09:00:: - a perceptual structure (No)
4. form%1:07:01:: - spatial attributes (No)
5. form%1:08:00:: - human body (No)
6. form%1:03:00:: - spatial arrangement (No)
7. form%1:07:00:: - visual appearance (No)
8. form%1:10:01:: - printed document (No)
9. form%1:14:02:: - (biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms. (Wait, this is biological, but specifically about organisms within a species. Is a gene an organism? No. But "variant" or "strain" could be loosely related, though a gene is not an organism.)
Wait, let's look at sense 11.
11. form%1:07:03:: - a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility. (A damaged mode of the gene?)
Let's look at sense 2 again. "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality". Synonyms: kind, sort, variety. A damaged *kind* of p53.

Wait, in biology, "form" can refer to a morphological variant.
But the text says "a damaged form of p53". It means a variant or version of the gene that is damaged.
Sense 2: kind, sort, variety. "a damaged sort of p53". This fits well. "Form" meaning kind or variety.
Is there a sense for "variant" of a gene? Sense 9 is biological, but for organisms. "a group of organisms within a species".
Let's compare 2 and 11.
Sense 2: kind, sort, variety.
Sense 11: a particular mode in which something is manifested. "damaged form of p53" - the gene can be manifested in a damaged form. This also fits, but "kind, sort, variety" is very standard for "a form of [substance/thing]". Like "a liquid form of the medication" (Wait, liquid form might be 12). "A damaged form of the gene" = a damaged variant/version/kind of the gene.

Let's check Sense 9 again: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups". This applies to organisms (like a strain of bacteria), not a gene.
Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality". This applies broadly to any thing. A damaged form = a damaged kind/category.

Is there any other sense?
What about "a particular mode in which something is manifested" (Sense 11)? The example is "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility".
Here, the gene exists in a damaged form. This means it has a damaged structure/variant.
Wait, in molecular biology, a "form" of a protein or gene refers to its structural variant.
Sense 2 is often used for "form of art", "forms of energy", "forms of life".
Sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested". The gene, when inherited in a damaged form.
Actually, "form" as "kind, sort, variety" (Sense 2) makes a lot of sense for "a damaged form of p53". It's a variety of the gene that is characterized by being damaged.

Let's consider if it could be Sense 9. In biology, "form" is a taxonomic category below species. A gene is not a taxon.
Therefore, Sense 2 is much better.

Let's double check Sense 11. "Mode in which something is manifested". A gene manifests itself in a certain form.
But "kind, sort, variety" is more direct: a damaged kind of p53.

Let's look at the phrasing: "inherited in a damaged form". This means inherited in a damaged variant/state.
I will choose Sense 2.

Let me review the synonyms of Sense 2: kind, sort, variety. "A damaged variety of p53." Fits perfectly.
Sense 9 synonyms: variant, strain, var. "A damaged variant of p53." Fits the meaning perfectly in the real world, but the WordNet definition restricts it to "a group of organisms within a species". Since a gene is not a group of organisms, Sense 9 does not fit strictly.
Sense 2 definition: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality". The category of p53 genes that have the characteristic of being damaged. Fits.

Sense 11 definition: "a particular mode in which something is manifested". This could also work, but Sense 2 feels more appropriate for a sub-type or variety of a thing (like a gene).

Let's confirm sense indices:
1: form%1:10:00::
2: form%1:09:01:: (kind, sort, variety)
3: form%1:09:00::
4: form%1:07:01::
5: form%1:08:00::
6: form%1:03:00::
7: form%1:07:00::
8: form%1:10:01::
9: form%1:14:02::
10: form%1:10:02::
11: form%1:07:03::

I'll go with 2.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose <t>women</t> to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:**
    *   Lemma: woman
    *   Surface form: women (plural)
    *   Context sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text is a scientific/news article discussing the p53 gene and its link to breast cancer.
    *   The sentence mentions "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families".
    *   The phrase is "...predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Here, "women" refers to adult female human beings as a demographic group or category of people susceptible to breast cancer. It is the general biological/social category of adult females.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `woman%1:18:00::` | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the biological/social category of adult females. The context talks about breast cancer striking "women". While the surface form is plural, the core concept is individual adult females (or a group of them) defined by their sex/gender. This fits well. Breast cancer affects adult female persons.

    *   **Sense 2:** `woman%1:18:01::` | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a relational sense. The context is about medical predisposition in a general population, not a relationship to a specific man. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `woman%1:18:02::` | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman...
        *   *Analysis:* This is an occupational sense. The context is about cancer patients/predisposition, not domestic workers. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `woman%1:14:00::` | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to "women as a class" or "womanhood" (often used with singular concord or abstract concepts). The example "it's an insult to American womanhood" shows an abstract/collective usage.
        *   However, let's look at the specific phrase: "predispose women to the cancer". Here "women" is the plural of "adult female person". It refers to the set of individuals.
        *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 4 carefully.
        *   Sense 1 is "an adult female person". The plural would be "adult female persons".
        *   Sense 4 is "women as a class" (often mapped to the noun "womanhood").
        *   In WordNet hierarchies, `woman%1:18:00::` is a hyponym of `person`. `woman%1:14:00::` is a hypernym or a group concept (wn: group).
        *   The sentence says "predispose women". Does it mean the abstract class of women (Sense 4), or multiple adult female persons (Sense 1)?
        *   Usually, when discussing medical statistics ("predispose [plural noun]"), we are talking about the individuals who make up that group. The lemma `woman` in the plural `women` usually falls under the pluralization of Sense 1 (adult female persons).
        *   Sense 4 examples ("insult to American womanhood", "woman is the glory") treat the concept as an abstract entity or a singular collective force.
        *   The usage here is "predispose women" (plural noun). It functions as the standard plural of Sense 1. If the text said "predispose the fair sex" or "predispose womankind", Sense 4 might be closer. But "women" as the plural of the individual entity is the standard usage for demographic descriptions.
        *   WordNet Sense 1 is the default for "adult female person". The sentence refers to adult female persons who might get cancer. Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit for the concrete entities.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 covers the biological entity "adult female person". Breast cancer affects these individuals. The plural "women" refers to a group of these individuals.
    *   Sense 4 is more abstract ("womanhood"). While "women" denotes a group, in WSD, the concrete noun sense (Sense 1) usually takes precedence for demographic references unless the context explicitly treats the group as an abstract concept (like "the vote was given to woman").
    *   Most WSD datasets (like SemCor) tag plural "women" in contexts like "women and children" or "career women" as Sense 1.

    Let's double check the WordNet definitions again.
    Sense 1: "an adult female person".
    Sense 4: "women as a class".
    In "predispose women to the cancer", we are talking about the individuals. Sense 1 is the appropriate sense.

5.  **Formatting:**
    *   Output: JSON `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the <t>cancer</t>. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about the p53 gene causing cancer, cancer cells, cancer formation, cancer-gene research, breast cancer, and lung cancer. The target word "cancer" refers to a malignant disease caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.

Sense 1: cancer%1:26:00:: - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream - synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease. This fits perfectly.

Sense 2: astrology person - not relevant
Sense 3: zodiacal constellation - not relevant
Sense 4: zodiac sign - not relevant
Sense 5: genus of crabs - not relevant

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: implicate
Target surface form: implicated
Context:
Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been <t>implicated</t> in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=implicate%2:42:01:: | definition=bring into intimate and incriminating connection | examples=He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government
2. sense_key=implicate%2:42:00:: | definition=impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result | synonyms=entail | examples=What does this move entail?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses to determine the correct meaning of "implicated" in this passage.

The context is discussing the p53 gene and its relationship to various cancers. The sentence containing the target word is:

"The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer."

In this context, "implicated" means that the gene has been found to be involved in or connected to lung cancer. The researchers have discovered evidence that links this gene to lung cancer.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=implicate%2:42:01:: | definition=bring into intimate and incriminating connection | examples=He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government

2. sense_key=implicate%2:42:00:: | definition=impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result | synonyms=entail | examples=What does this move entail?

Sense 1 is about making an incriminating connection, as when someone is implicated in a crime or wrongdoing. This is typically used with people or organizations being implicated in negative activities.

Sense 2 is about involving something as a necessary component or result, similar to "entail." This would be used when discussing how one thing leads to or requires another.

In our context, the p53 gene is being connected to lung cancer - it's being identified as playing a role in the development of lung cancer. This isn't about the gene being "incriminated" in the moral or legal sense, but rather about it being identified as a causal factor or component in lung cancer.

Therefore, sense 2 seems more appropriate here. The discovery implicates the gene in lung cancer in the sense that it establishes a connection where the gene plays a role in the cancer process - it "entails" the cancer in some way.

Let me double check this...

On second thought, I think I need to reconsider. The sense of "implicate" in "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer" is more about establishing a connection between the gene and the cancer. It's not exactly about "entailing" in the sense of one thing requiring another.

In medical and scientific contexts, when we say something is "implicated" in a disease, we mean it has been identified as a causal factor or has been found to play a role in the disease. This is somewhat akin to the first sense - establishing a connection, though it's not about "incriminating" in the moral sense.

Actually, looking more carefully at the examples:

Sense 1 example: "He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government" - This is about establishing someone's involvement in wrongdoing.

Sense 2 example: "What does this move entail?" - This is about consequences or requirements.

The context "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer" is saying that the gene has been found to play a role in lung cancer. It's establishing a connection between the gene and the disease. This is more aligned with sense 1, though without the moral aspect of "incriminating."

Given the choices, sense 1 seems to be the better fit for how "implicated" is being used in this scientific context, to establish a connection between the gene and cancer.

On third thought, the WordNet sense definitions are sometimes schematic and don't fully capture all nuances. In medical literature, "implicated" often means "found to be involved in" or "shown to play a role in" a disease process. This is closer to sense 1 (establishing a connection) than sense 2 (entailing as a consequence).

The gene isn't "entailing" lung cancer in the sense that it automatically causes it; rather, it's being identified as a factor that plays a role in some cases of lung cancer. This aligns better with sense 1.

So my final answer is sense 1.

Wait, let me reconsider one more time. In medical and scientific literature, the term "implicated" is used to indicate that something has been found to be associated with or involved in a condition. For example, "a gene implicated in Alzheimer's disease" means the gene has been identified as playing a role in the development of Alzheimer's.

This usage is closer to the idea of "bringing into intimate connection" (sense 1) rather than "imposing or implying as a necessary accompaniment" (sense 2). The gene isn't necessary for lung cancer (since the sentence says "about half the cells" are missing this gene, implying not all cases involve this gene), but it is connected to lung cancer in some way.

Therefore, sense 1 seems more appropriate for this context.

Actually, I should carefully consider both senses again to make sure I'm not missing something important.

Sense 1: "bring into intimate and incriminating connection"
- This sense has a strong connotation of involvement in wrongdoing or blame
- The example "He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government" clearly shows this usage
- In scientific contexts, we might stretch this meaning to include "found to be involved in" without the moral blame aspect

Sense 2: "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result"
- This sense is about logical or causal connections
- The example "What does this move entail?" shows this meaning
- The synonym "entail" suggests this is about one thing leading to or requiring another

In our context, the sentence "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer" means the gene has been found to play a role in lung cancer development. It's not about blame (genes aren't morally responsible), nor is it strictly about entailment (the gene doesn't necessarily cause lung cancer in all cases).

However, between these two senses, sense 1 ("bring into intimate connection") better captures the idea that the gene has been found to be involved in lung cancer, even without the moral aspect. In scientific language, we often use "implicated" in a way that strips away the moral connotation while keeping the "connection/involvement" meaning.

So my final answer is sense 1.

Actually, let me re-read the context one more time to make sure I'm understanding the usage correctly.

"The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

This confirms that the gene is being connected to lung cancer, but specifically in a way that shows its absence may be related to the cancer. The gene isn't "entailing" lung cancer in the sense of causing it; rather, its absence is being associated with lung cancer development.

This usage aligns better with sense 1 - establishing a connection between the gene and lung cancer. So I'm confident that sense 1 is the correct choice for this context.

On final reflection, I'm going to select sense 1 as the best match for how "implicated" is being used in this scientificcontext.

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a <t>report</t> out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to disambiguate the word "report" in a specific context.
Target lemma: report
Context: "In a <t>report</t> out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

Candidate senses analysis:
1. **Sense 1:** "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (Synonyms: study, written report). Example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale".
2. **Sense 2:** "the act of informing by verbal report" (Synonyms: account).
3. **Sense 3:** "a short account of the news" (Synonyms: news report, story, account, write up). Example: "the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news".
4. **Sense 4:** "a sharp explosive sound".
5. **Sense 5:** "a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment" (report card).
6. **Sense 6:** "an essay (especially one written as an assignment)".
7. **Sense 7:** "the general estimation that the public has for a person" (reputation).

Context Analysis:
The sentence is: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
- John Minna and colleagues are researchers at the National Cancer Institute.
- They are discussing scientific findings regarding lung cancer tissue.
- The phrase "In a report out last week" suggests a formal document released by the researchers.
- The content describes findings of a scientific nature.

Comparison:
- Sense 1 refers to a "written document describing the findings of some individual or group". This fits perfectly. It is a formal output of research.
- Sense 3 refers to a "short account of the news". While scientific news is news, the context "In a report out last week... say that..." implies the source document itself, not just a news snippet. However, "report" in journalism can be tricky. But "study" (synonym for Sense 1) fits the scientific context much better than "news report" (Sense 3). Sense 3 is usually about news reporting on TV or in a newspaper column. Sense 1 is about the actual document produced by the researchers. The context mentions "In a report... John Minna and colleagues... say", implying the report is the vehicle for their statement, likely a research paper or study.
- Sense 6 refers to a student essay. Not applicable.

Decision:
Sense 1 is the best fit. It describes a written document of findings by a group (John Minna and colleagues). The synonym "study" aligns well with the scientific context.

Sense Index mapping:
Sense 1 -> index 1
Sense 2 -> index 2
Sense 3 -> index 3
...

The correct sense is Sense1.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out <t>last</t> week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The target word is "last" in the phrase "In a report out last week". The sentence describes a report released in the week immediately preceding the current time of writing/speaking.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `last%5:00:00:past:00` | definition="immediately past" | examples="last Thursday; the last chapter we read".
        *   *Analysis:* This fits "last week" perfectly. It refers to the specific time period immediately preceding the present. "Last Thursday" is analogous to "last week".

    *   **Sense 2:** `last%3:00:00::` | definition="coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining" | examples="the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense implies finality or a superlative position (the final one in a series or remaining). "Last week" is not the final week of all time; it is the immediately preceding one.

    *   **Sense 3:** `last%5:00:00:closing:00` | definition="occurring at or forming an end or termination" | synonyms="concluding, final, terminal" | examples="his concluding words...; the final chapter".
        *   *Analysis:* Similar to Sense 2, this implies an ending or termination of a sequence. Not applicable to "last week" in the context of recency.

    *   **Sense 4:** `last%5:00:00:unlikely:00` | definition="most unlikely or unsuitable".
        *   *Analysis:* Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 5:** `last%5:00:00:dying:00` | definition="occurring at the time of death".
        *   *Analysis:* Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6:** `last%5:00:00:ultimate:00` | definition="conclusive in a process or progression".
        *   *Analysis:* Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 7:** `last%5:00:00:high:02` | definition="highest in extent or degree".
        *   *Analysis:* Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 8:** `last%5:00:00:unalterable:00` | definition="not to be altered or undone".
        *   *Analysis:* Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 9:** `last%5:00:00:worst:00` | definition="lowest in rank or importance".
        *   *Analysis:* Not applicable.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2/3:**
    *   The phrase "last week" refers to the week immediately before this one (recency/past).
    *   Sense 1 defines "immediately past" and gives the example "last Thursday". This is the specific semantic role of "last" in "last week".
    *   Sense 2 is the "final" or "only remaining" sense (e.g., "the last day of the month" implies the final day at the end). "Last week" is not the final week.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the temporal meaning of "immediately past" relative to the current timeframe.

5.  **Formatting:** The output must be a JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last <t>week</t>, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence is "In a report out last <t>week</t>, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say..."
    *   The phrase "last week" refers to the specific time period preceding the current one.
    *   It refers to a standard unit of time measurement in the Gregorian calendar system.
    *   It implies a specific block of 7 days (e.g., Monday through Sunday, or Sunday through Saturday, depending on convention).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `week%1:28:00::` | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week.
        *   This sense emphasizes *any* duration of 7 days, regardless of calendar alignment. If I say "I'm going on vacation for a week," it could start on a Wednesday and end on a Tuesday.
    *   **Sense 2:** `week%1:28:01::` | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week.
        *   This sense is specific to labor/employment context. The context here is scientific reporting, not a timesheet or labor discussion.
    *   **Sense 3:** `week%1:28:02::` | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week.
        *   This sense refers to the specific calendar unit. While the definition mentions "starting on Sunday" (which is a specific convention, though often used in WordNet definitions for the specific calendar block), the synonym "calendar week" fits the usage "last week" best. "Last week" implies a specific named week in the calendar, distinct from just a random 7-day block.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   "Last week" usually refers to the calendar week immediately preceding the current one.
    *   Sense 1 ("any period of seven consecutive days") is often used for durations (e.g., "a week of festivities").
    *   Sense 3 ("calendar week") is used for specific time slots in the calendar.
    *   While "last week" is technically a period of seven consecutive days, the idiomatic usage "last week" anchors it to the calendar. If a report came out "last week," it means it came out during the specific calendar week prior to this one.
    *   Let's look at the examples provided by WordNet often associated with these.
        *   Sense 1 example: "it rained for a week" (Duration).
        *   Sense 3: often has no example in the prompt, but the definition implies the calendar division.
    *   Common usage: "Next week", "last week", "this week" usually map to the concept of a calendar week (Sense 3).
    *   Let's re-evaluate the distinction. WordNet 3.0/3.1 definitions:
        *   Sense 1: "any period of seven consecutive days" (General duration).
        *   Sense 2: "hours or days of work in a calendar week" (Work week).
        *   Sense 3: "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday or Monday" (Calendar week - specific unit).
    *   The prompt text for Sense 3 says "starting on Sunday".
    *   The context "report out last week" refers to a specific point or window in time defined by the calendar.
    *   Does it fit Sense 1? Yes, technically.
    *   Does it fit Sense 3? Yes, specifically.
    *   Which is better? "Last week" functions as a proper noun-ish entity (a specific week). It is not emphasizing the *length* of the duration (Sense 1), but the *position* in the timeline (Sense 3).
    *   Standard WSD practice for "next week", "last week": These are usually mapped to the calendar week sense (Sense 3) because they refer to specific named blocks of time, not just "any" block of 7 days.

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Sometimes "last week" implies a duration of 7 days? No, "last week" implies the previous named week. If today is Wednesday, "last week" means the previous Monday-Sunday (or Sunday-Saturday). It refers to the *calendar week*.
    *   Sense 1 is usually for: "We waited a week", "He stayed for a week".
    *   Sense 3 is for: "Last week", "The first week of May".
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 3.

    *   Sense 2 is clearly wrong (work context).
    *   Sense 1 is for generic duration ("a week").
    *   Sense 3 is for the specific calendar unit ("last week", "next week").

    The phrase "last week" refers to the specific calendar week. Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice.

    Wait, let me double-check the definition provided in the prompt for Sense 3: "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday".
    "Last week" fits the concept of a "calendar week".
    Sense 1 is "any period". "Last week" is not just "any period", it is the specific preceding calendar period.

    Therefore, Sense 3.