[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: graduate
Target surface form: graduated
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be <t>graduated</t> from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=graduate%2:40:00:: | definition=receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies | examples=She graduated in 1990
2. sense_key=graduate%2:40:01:: | definition=confer an academic degree upon | examples=This school graduates 2,000 students each year
3. sense_key=graduate%2:30:00:: | definition=make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals for optimal measuring | synonyms=calibrate, fine-tune | examples=calibrate an instrument; graduate a cylinder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "graduate" and the surface form is "graduated". Specifically, the phrase is "be graduated from".

2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   Sentence: "No student should be permitted to be <t>graduated</t> from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's..."
    *   Grammar: The construction is passive ("be graduated").
    *   Semantics: The context talks about students moving up an educational ladder, completing elementary school, and mastering skills before moving on.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: "receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies".
        *   Examples: "She graduated in 1990."
        *   Usage: Intransitive or ergative (She graduated from college).
        *   Fit: This usually applies to high school or college degrees. While "graduated from elementary school" is a common phrase in general usage, the grammatical voice here is passive ("be graduated").
    *   **Sense 2**: "confer an academic degree upon".
        *   Examples: "This school graduates 2,000 students each year."
        *   Usage: Transitive active. Passive: "He was graduated from the school."
        *   Fit: This fits the older, more formal, or transitive use where the school graduates the student. The sentence says "No student should be permitted to be graduated...". This is the passive voice of the transitive verb (The school graduates the student -> The student is graduated). In standard modern American English, we often say "He graduated from high school" (Sense 1), but the passive construction "He was graduated from high school" implies Sense 2 (someone conferred the status upon him).
        *   Let's look closely at the text provided. The text argues about standards. "No student should be permitted to be graduated..." -> The school/authorities are the agents preventing the action. The action is the school granting the student the status of having completed the course.
        *   While "graduated from elementary school" is often treated as Sense 1 (intransitive/ergative), the explicit passive construction "be graduated" strongly maps to Sense 2 in WordNet terms (confer a degree/credential).
    *   **Sense 3**: "make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals".
        *   Examples: "graduate a cylinder".
        *   Fit: Completely irrelevant to an educational context.

4.  **Disambiguate between Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   The phrase is "permitted to be graduated".
    *   Sense 1 is usually intransitive ("She graduated").
    *   Sense 2 is transitive ("The school graduated her").
    *   In the passive construction "be graduated", the subject ("student") is the patient of the action "confer a degree".
    *   Historically, "graduate" was strictly transitive (Sense 2). One *was graduated* by the institution. Later, the intransitive use (Sense 1) became dominant.
    *   The text here uses the passive voice ("be graduated"). This structure corresponds to the transitive sense (Sense 2) converted to passive.
    *   If it were Sense 1, the sentence would likely read "No student should be permitted to graduate...".
    *   Therefore, the specific phrasing "be graduated" implies the school confers the status. Thus, Sense 2 is the linguistically accurate choice for this specific grammatical construction found in the text, even though the semantic outcome (the student finishing school) is similar.
    *   WordNet distinguishes them based on transitivity. Sense 1 is "receive". Sense 2 is "confer".
    *   In "be graduated", who does the graduating? The school. The school confers the status. Thus, it matches Sense 2.

    *   Let's double-check the definition of Sense 2: "confer an academic degree upon".
    *   Context: "...from elementary school". While elementary schools don't usually confer "degrees" in the university sense, they confer the status of completion/promotion. The WordNet gloss "academic degree" is a schematic hypernym; in the context of elementary school, it refers to the certification of completion.
    *   The construction "be graduated from" is the passive of the transitive verb. Sense 2 is the transitive verb.

    *   Comparison:
        *   Active: The school graduates the student. (Sense 2)
        *   Passive: The student is graduated by the school. (Sense 2 - passive)
        *   Intransitive: The student graduates. (Sense 1)

    *   The text uses "be graduated". Therefore, Sense 2.

5.  **Final Decision**: Sense 2 is the correct choice because the context uses the passive voice of the transitive verb meaning "to confer a degree/status upon".

    *   Sense Index: 2.

provider: Novita


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: master
Target surface form: mastered
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having <t>mastered</t> the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=master%2:31:01:: | definition=be or become completely proficient or skilled in | synonyms=get the hang | examples=She mastered Japanese in less than two years
2. sense_key=master%2:33:00:: | definition=get on top of; deal with successfully | synonyms=overcome, get over, subdue, surmount | examples=He overcame his shyness
3. sense_key=master%2:41:00:: | definition=have dominance or the power to defeat over | synonyms=dominate | examples=Her pain completely mastered her; The methods can master the problems
4. sense_key=master%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=control | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `master`
    *   Target surface form: `mastered`
    *   Context snippet: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having <t>mastered</t> the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago."
    *   Key phrase: "mastered the 3 R's". The "3 R's" refers to Reading, wRiting, and aRithmetic—fundamental academic skills.
    *   Subject: "student" (specifically elementary school students).
    *   Object: "the 3 R's" (skills/knowledge).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `master%2:31:01::`
        *   Definition: be or become completely proficient or skilled in
        *   Synonyms: get the hang
        *   Examples: She mastered Japanese in less than two years.
        *   Analysis: This fits "mastering a skill" or "mastering a subject." Learning the 3 R's is about becoming proficient in basic skills. "Mastered the 3 R's" implies proficiency.

    *   **Sense 2:** `master%2:33:00::`
        *   Definition: get on top of; deal with successfully
        *   Synonyms: overcome, get over, subdue, surmount
        *   Examples: He overcame his shyness.
        *   Analysis: This usually implies overcoming an obstacle, a difficulty, or an emotion (like shyness). While learning can be hard, "mastering the 3 R's" is usually framed as acquiring proficiency rather than "overcoming" them or "subduing" them. Sense 1 is a better fit for academic subjects.

    *   **Sense 3:** `master%2:41:00::`
        *   Definition: have dominance or the power to defeat over
        *   Synonyms: dominate
        *   Examples: Her pain completely mastered her; The methods can master the problems.
        *   Analysis: This implies control, domination, or power dynamics. One does not "dominate" reading, writing, and arithmetic in this sense; one becomes skilled in them.

    *   **Sense 4:** `master%2:31:00::`
        *   Definition: have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of
        *   Synonyms: control
        *   Examples: Do you control these data?
        *   Analysis: This is close, often used for data or specific information ("be on top of"). However, the "3 R's" are skills/subjects to be learned, not just data to be controlled. Sense 1 ("completely proficient or skilled in") is the standard definition for mastering a school subject or language. Sense 4 often leans towards "controlling" or managing something, whereas Sense 1 leans towards *learning* or *acquiring* a skill to a high degree. The example "She mastered Japanese" in Sense 1 is very parallel to "Students... mastered the 3 R's".

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 1: "completely proficient or skilled in" -> Example: "mastered Japanese". Context: "mastered the 3 R's".
    *   Sense 4: "have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of" -> Example: "control these data".
    *   Context: Education, students, academic potential, learning.
    *   The context is about *learning* and *proficiency*. The "3 R's" are skills to be acquired. Sense 1 captures the "becoming proficient in a skill/subject" meaning perfectly. Sense 4's synonym "control" fits less well with academic subjects (you don't "control" reading, you learn it).
    *   Sense 2 and 3 are clearly wrong (overcoming obstacles, domination).

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. It refers to educational proficiency in a subject/skill.

4.  **Select the index:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Chutes

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the <t>level</t> that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "level"
    *   Surface form: "level"
    *   Context sentence: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the **level** that prevailed 20 years ago."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses educational standards, academic performance, and the decline of educational quality despite increased spending. It mentions mastering the "3 R's" (Reading, wRiting, aRithmetic).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality". Synonyms: degree, grade. Examples: "a moderate grade of intelligence", "a high level of care".
        *   *Fit:* This fits well. It talks about a standard or quality of mastery. "Mastered the 3 R's at the [standard/quality] that prevailed..."

    *   **Sense 2:** "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group". Synonyms: grade, tier. Examples: "lumber of the highest grade".
        *   *Fit:* This implies ranking within a hierarchy or group. While education has grades (like grade levels), here "level" refers to the *quality* or *standard* of the skills mastered, not necessarily a rank in a group (like 1st grade, 2nd grade). It refers to the proficiency standard.

    *   **Sense 3:** "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process". Synonyms: degree, stage, point. Examples: "a remarkable degree of frankness", "at what stage are the social sciences?".
        *   *Fit:* This is also close. It refers to a point in a process. However, the context emphasizes the *quality* or *standard* (amount/quality) of the skills, rather than a stage in a developmental process. It's about the *standard* prevailing 20 years ago.

    *   **Sense 4:** "height above ground". (Physical height).
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Metaphorical usage.

    *   **Sense 5:** "indicator that establishes the horizontal..." (Tool).
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 6:** "a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 7:** "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth". Synonyms: layer, stratum. Examples: "communicates on several levels".
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. This is about depth/complexity, not standards.

    *   **Sense 8:** "a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms..." (Floor/Storey).
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect.

3.  **Narrow down between Sense 1 and Sense 2/3:**

    *   **Sense 1** definition: "position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality".
        *   The context refers to "mastering the 3 R's". This implies a proficiency standard. The "level" refers to the *quality* of the education/competence. The text contrasts current performance with the "level" (standard/quality) of the past.
        *   Synonyms: "grade" (as in quality), "degree".

    *   **Sense 2** definition: "relative position or degree of value in a graded group".
        *   This is often used for "lumber grades" or "pay grades". While educational "grades" exist, "level of mastery" is usually about the intensity or quality of the skill, not a rank within a specific graded group.

    *   **Sense 3** definition: "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
        *   This is often used for "stage" or "point". "At what stage are we?".
        *   Is "mastering the 3 R's at the level" a stage? Or a standard of quality?
        *   "Prevailed 20 years ago" suggests a standard of quality/amount.
        *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "a high level of care". This parallels "a high level of mastery". "Care" is a quality/intensity. "Mastery" is a quality/intensity.
        *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "a remarkable degree of frankness" (intensity/quality - actually this example blurs the line between 1 and 3). "At what stage are the social sciences?" (Process).

    *   **Differentiating Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
        *   Sense 1 emphasizes "intensity or amount or quality".
        *   Sense 3 emphasizes "continuum or series or especially in a process".
        *   The phrase "mastered... at the level that prevailed" refers to the *standard* or *amount* of knowledge. It is a measure of proficiency. Sense 1's gloss "position on a scale of... quality" seems the most precise fit for "standard of proficiency".
        *   WordNet 3.1 (often the source) distinguishes these.
            *   Sense 1 (level%1:07:00) usually maps to "degree, grade" regarding intensity/quality (e.g., level of noise, level of interest).
            *   Sense 3 (level%1:26:00) usually maps to "degree, stage, point" in a process (e.g., localized infection vs systemic infection, stages of grief).
        *   In this context: "level of mastery". Mastery is not a stage in a timeline (like 'apprentice, journeyman, master' might be, though even then...), but here it is about the *quality* or *degree* of skill possessed. "The level that prevailed" = "The standard of quality that prevailed".
        *   Sense 1 fits "standard of quality" best. The phrase "level of competence" or "level of performance" aligns with Sense 1 (intensity/amount/quality).

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2.
        *   Synonyms: grade, tier.
        *   Usage: "lumber of the highest grade".
        *   Is "level of mastery" like "grade of lumber"? Maybe. But Sense 1 includes "quality". "High level of care".
        *   Let's look at the hierarchy.
        *   Sense 1 (109995082) position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality.
        *   Sense 2 (108535462) relative position or degree of value in a graded group.
        *   "Mastered the 3 R's at the level..."
            *   Does it mean a rank? No.
            *   Does it mean a standard/quality? Yes.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the strongest candidate. It captures the abstract measure of proficiency (quality/amount).

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   The sentence discusses the *standard* or *degree* of mastery (proficiency).
    *   "Level" here means a position on a scale of quality.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality".

    Let's double check Sense 3 again.
    Sense 3: "specific identifiable position in a continuum... process".
    Example: "at what stage are the social sciences?".
    Here, the context is about the *height* of the bar (the standard). "The level that prevailed". The standard is a point on a scale of quality.
    Sense 1 is the standard definition for "level" in the sense of "proficiency level" or "standard". E.g., "reading level", "skill level". These are measures of quality/intensity, not necessarily steps in a process (though they are ordered, the emphasis is on the amount/quality).

    Let's check the synonyms for Sense 1: degree, grade.
    "Mastered... to the degree that prevailed". Works.
    "Mastered... to the grade that prevailed". Works (in the sense of quality).

    Let's check the synonyms for Sense 3: degree, stage, point.
    "Mastered... to the stage that prevailed". Doesn't quite work. It's not a temporal stage.
    "Mastered... to the point that prevailed". Ambiguous.

    The most natural paraphrase is "the standard of quality". Sense 1 explicitly mentions "quality". Sense 3 focuses on "process". Education is a process, but the "level of mastery" is a metric of quality/amount, fitting Sense 1 better.

    Index check:
    1. position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality. (Target)
    2. relative position in a graded group.
    3. position in a continuum or process.
    ...

    Decision: Sense 1.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevail
Target surface form: prevailed
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that <t>prevailed</t> 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02:: | definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples=Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00:: | definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph | examples=The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight
5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02:: | definition=use persuasion successfully | examples=He prevailed upon her to visit his parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `prevail`
    *   Target surface form: `prevailed`
    *   Context sentence: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that <t>prevailed</t> 20 years ago."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses declining educational performance despite increased spending. It argues that students should meet standards that existed in the past.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `prevail%2:42:02::`
        *   Definition: be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance
        *   Synonyms: predominate, dominate, rule, reign
        *   Examples: Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
        *   *Fit:* Does "level" predominate or reign? No. This sense is about dominance or majority status.

    *   **Sense 2:** `prevail%2:42:01::`
        *   Definition: be valid, applicable, or true
        *   Synonyms: hold, obtain
        *   Examples: This theory still holds
        *   *Fit:* The sentence refers to a "level" of mastery (standard) that existed/was in force 20 years ago. A standard "holds" or "is applicable". This fits the idea of a condition or state being in effect at a specific time.

    *   **Sense 3:** `prevail%2:42:00::`
        *   Definition: continue to exist
        *   Synonyms: persist, die hard, run, endure
        *   Examples: These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
        *   *Fit:* The text says "level that prevailed 20 years ago". While the level existed, "persist" usually implies resisting extinction or lingering against odds (like legends or bad conditions). Here, it's about a standard being the norm or being established at a past time. However, "continue to exist" is close. Let's look closer. Is it "continued to exist 20 years ago" or "was the established norm 20 years ago"? The phrasing "at the level that prevailed" usually means "at the level that was the standard/valid norm". Sense 2 (be valid/applicable) or Sense 1 (predominate) are often confused, but Sense 2 specifically relates to validity or applicability of a state/condition.

    *   **Sense 4:** `prevail%2:33:00::`
        *   Definition: prove superior
        *   Synonyms: triumph
        *   Examples: The champion prevailed...
        *   *Fit:* Nothing is winning a fight here.

    *   **Sense 5:** `prevail%2:32:02::`
        *   Definition: use persuasion successfully
        *   Examples: He prevailed upon her...
        *   *Fit:* No persuasion happening.

3.  **Refine choice between Sense 2 and Sense 1/3:**

    *   Context: "...mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago."
    *   Meaning: The standard of the 3 R's that was in effect/existed 20 years ago.
    *   Comparison with Sense 1 (predominate/reign): A "level" doesn't usually "reign" or "predominate" in the sense of power/majority. A custom or practice might. But a specific *level* of mastery is a standard.
    *   Comparison with Sense 3 (persist/endure): This sense emphasizes continuity, usually over a long period or against difficulty. The context points to a specific time in the past ("20 years ago") rather than the duration of survival.
    *   Comparison with Sense 2 (be valid/true/hold): "The level that held/was valid/was the case 20 years ago." This fits best. It refers to the state of affairs being applicable or in force. "A custom/belief/standard prevails" means it is the accepted norm or valid practice.
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy/usage for "level" or "standard".
        *   If I say "The conditions prevailing at the time", it maps to Sense 2 (be valid/obtain/hold).
        *   If I say "Chaos prevailed", it maps to Sense 1 (dominate).
    *   Here, "the level... prevailed". A level is a condition/standard. Conditions "obtain" or "hold". Therefore, Sense 2 is the strongest fit.

    *   *Self-Correction/Double Check:* Sometimes dictionaries conflate "be current/widespread" (Sense 1) with "be in force" (Sense 2).
    *   WordNet 3.0 distinctions:
        *   Sense 1 (prevail%2:42:02): "be larger in number...". This is quantitative dominance.
        *   Sense 2 (prevail%2:42:01): "be valid, applicable, or true". Synonyms "hold", "obtain". Example "This theory still holds".
    *   In the sentence, is the level "dominant" or "valid/in effect"? A level of mastery is a standard. A standard is "in effect". Therefore, it corresponds to "be valid, applicable".
    *   Let's try substituting synonyms.
        *   "...at the level that **held** 20 years ago." (Works well).
        *   "...at the level that **predominated** 20 years ago." (A bit odd for a specific 'level', usually used for groups or entities).
        *   "...at the level that **persisted** 20 years ago." (Possible, but usually implies duration rather than simple existence/validity).

    *   Let's look at the specific WordNet sense keys provided.
        *   `prevail%2:42:01::` is defined as "be valid, applicable, or true".
        *   The text compares a past state (standard of education) to the present. The standard was "in force" or "current" back then.
        *   This aligns with Sense 2.

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 1. Sometimes "prevail" is used for "be generally current/accepted".
        *   Example: "The fashion that prevailed in the 1920s."
        *   WordNet puts this under Sense 1? Let's check the definition again. "be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance". Synonyms: predominate, dominate. Example: "Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood."
        *   If the sentence were "The teaching methods that prevailed...", I might lean towards Sense 1 (dominance/widespread nature).
        *   But the target is "level". A level is a state/condition. A condition "holds" or "obtains".
        *   Definition of "obtain": "be valid, applicable, or true".
        *   Definition of "hold": "be valid, applicable, or true".
        *   Sentence: "The level that was valid/applicable 20 years ago."
        *   This fits Sense 2 perfectly.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    The context describes a standard ("level") of academic mastery that was established, valid, or in effect ("held") 20 years ago. This matches Sense 2 ("be valid, applicable, or true").

    Sense 1 implies dominance or majority status (e.g., "Peace prevailed", "A mood of optimism prevailed"). While "prevail" can mean "be widespread", WordNet distinguishes "be valid/true" (Sense 2) from "be dominant/larger in power/status" (Sense 1). A level "holding" is a state of validity/applicability.

    Index mapping:
    1. prevail%2:42:02:: (dominate)
    2. prevail%2:42:01:: (be valid/true) -> This is the one.
    3. prevail%2:42:00:: (persist)
    4. prevail%2:33:00:: (triumph)
    5. prevail%2:32:02:: (persuade)

    The chosen sense is Sense 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 <t>years</t> ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target lemma is "year", surface form "years". The specific context is: "...at the level that prevailed 20 <t>years</t> ago."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is comparing the current academic standards to those of the past.
    *   "20 years ago" refers to a duration or a point in time measured in calendar years.
    *   It's talking about the passage of time (20 units of 365/366 days).

3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days". Synonyms: twelvemonth, yr. Examples: "she is 4 years old", "in the year 1920".
        *   *Fit:* This is the standard definition of a calendar year. The phrase "20 years ago" measures duration based on the standard definition of a year (Earth's revolution). This fits perfectly.
    *   **Sense 2:** "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity". Examples: "a school year".
        *   *Fit:* The context talks about education, but "20 years ago" refers to chronological time, not 20 school years specifically (though the context is educational, the measurement is chronological). It is not referring to the "academic year" as a unit of specific activity distinct from the calendar year in a way that overrides the standard time definition. "20 years ago" is a standard temporal marker.
    *   **Sense 3:** "the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun". Examples: "a Martian year takes 687 of our days".
        *   *Fit:* This is the astronomical definition. While technically Earth years are defined by this, Sense 1 is the general usage for human timekeeping. Sense 3 is usually reserved for scientific or astronomical contexts (e.g., comparing planetary years).
    *   **Sense 4:** "a body of students who graduate together". Synonyms: class. Examples: "the class of '97".
        *   *Fit:* This refers to a group of people. "20 years ago" does not refer to a group of students.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is the general time period.
    *   Sense 2 is specific to activity (school year, fiscal year).
    *   The phrase "20 years ago" is a standard temporal expression indicating a point in history relative to the present. It does not imply "20 academic years ago" as a specific unit of activity, but rather the passage of standard calendar time.
    *   WordNet sense 1 captures the general unit of time.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 corresponds to the standard definition of a year as a unit of time (365/366 days).

6.  **Format Output:** JSON object {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mean
Target surface form: means
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This <t>means</t> "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mean%2:32:01:: | definition=mean or intend to express or convey | synonyms=intend | examples=You never understand what I mean!; what do his words intend?
2. sense_key=mean%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a logical consequence | synonyms=entail, imply | examples=The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers
3. sense_key=mean%2:32:03:: | definition=denote or connote | synonyms=intend, signify, stand for | examples=`maison' means `house' in French; An example sentence would show what this word means
4. sense_key=mean%2:31:00:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, think | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
5. sense_key=mean%2:42:03:: | definition=have a specified degree of importance | examples=My ex-husband means nothing to me; Happiness means everything
6. sense_key=mean%2:31:01:: | definition=intend to refer to | synonyms=think of, have in mind | examples=I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France; Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!
7. sense_key=mean%2:31:05:: | definition=destine or designate for a certain purpose | examples=These flowers were meant for you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target word is "means", which is the third person singular present form of the verb "mean". The context sentence is: "This <t>means</t> "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish..."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Preceding sentence: "No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago."
    *   Target sentence: "This <t>means</t> "tracking," whose main purpose is..."
    *   Meaning in context: The statement "No student should be permitted... without having mastered..." leads logically to the requirement of "tracking". The author is explaining that enforcing the previous standard (mastering 3 R's) entails or necessitates the practice of tracking.
    *   Key semantic relationship: Premise -> Conclusion/Necessity. The situation described requires or entails "tracking".

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (mean%2:32:01::):** "mean or intend to express or convey" (synonyms: intend). Example: "You never understand what I mean!"
        *   *Fit:* This is about communication and speaker intention. While the author is communicating, the word "means" here isn't about the definition of a word or the intent of the speaker's utterance in a conversational sense. It's about the consequence of a policy proposal.

    *   **Sense 2 (mean%2:42:00::):** "have as a logical consequence" (synonyms: entail, imply). Example: "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers"
        *   *Fit:* This looks very strong. The context says: Implementing this standard (premise) *entails/necessitates* "tracking" (consequence). The synonym "entail" fits perfectly. The example "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers" parallels "This requirement means 'tracking'".

    *   **Sense 3 (mean%2:32:03::):** "denote or connote" (synonyms: intend, signify, stand for). Example: "`maison' means `house' in French"
        *   *Fit:* This is about lexical definition or translation. "This" (the situation/requirement) does not linguistically signify the word "tracking" in a dictionary sense.

    *   **Sense 4 (mean%2:31:00::):** "have in mind as a purpose" (synonyms: intend, think). Example: "I mean no harm"
        *   *Fit:* This is about the agent's internal intention. The subject of the verb here is "This" (the previous statement/situation), not a person intending an action.

    *   **Sense 5 (mean%2:42:03::):** "have a specified degree of importance". Example: "Happiness means everything"
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. This is about valuation.

    *   **Sense 6 (mean%2:31:01::):** "intend to refer to". Example: "I meant you when I complained..."
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Reference resolution context.

    *   **Sense 7 (mean%2:31:05::):** "destine or designate for a certain purpose". Example: "These flowers were meant for you"
        *   *Fit:* Incorrect. Destiny/designation context.

4.  **Comparison and Decision:**
    *   The sentence structure "X means Y" where X is a situation/proposition and Y is a consequence/requirement aligns perfectly with Sense 2 ("have as a logical consequence").
    *   Context: The requirement implies or entails the practice of tracking.
    *   Synonyms in Sense 2: "entail", "imply".
    *   Example in Sense 2: "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers" -> Situation A means Consequence B.
    *   Context here: Requirement A means Practice B.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Sense 1 is about communication (speaker meaning).
    *   Sense 2 is about logical consequence/entailment.
    *   The text says "This [proposal/requirement] means 'tracking'." It implies that tracking is the necessary result or method required by the previous statement.
    *   Index: 2.

6.  **Formatting Output:** Return JSON `{"sense_index": 2}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: main
Target surface form: main
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose <t>main</t> purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=main%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=most important element | synonyms=chief, primary, principal, master | examples=the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass
2. sense_key=main%3:00:02:: | definition=(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence | synonyms=independent | examples=the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb
3. sense_key=main%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=of force; of the greatest possible intensity | examples=by main strength

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "This means 'tracking,' whose <t>main</t> purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish... than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..."
    *   Target word: "main" (adjective modifying "purpose").
    *   Meaning in context: The sentence discusses the primary or most important purpose of "tracking". It contrasts this primary purpose with a secondary effect (permitting gifted youngsters to flourish). The phrase "main purpose" is a very common collocation where "main" means "primary," "chief," or "principal."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "most important element"
        *   Synonyms: chief, primary, principal, master
        *   Examples: "the chief aim of living", "the main doors were of solid glass"
        *   Fit: This fits perfectly. The text talks about the "main purpose," which equates to the "primary purpose" or "most important purpose." The synonym "primary" matches the context of ranking purposes in importance.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence"
        *   Synonyms: independent
        *   Examples: "the main (or independent) clause..."
        *   Fit: This is a linguistic/grammatical definition. The target word is used in a general text about education, not a text about grammar. It modifies the noun "purpose," not a clause.

    *   **Sense 3:**
        *   Definition: "of force; of the greatest possible intensity"
        *   Examples: "by main strength"
        *   Fit: This is an archaic or specific usage relating to physical force or strength. The context is about abstract concepts (educational purpose), not physical force.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is clearly the correct choice. It refers to importance or primacy, which is exactly how "main" is used in "main purpose."

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction requires a JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}.
    *   The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like...".

    Let's double check the index.
    Sense 1 is main%5:00:00:important:00.
    Sense 2 is main%3:00:02::.
    Sense 3 is main%5:00:00:intense:00.

    Selected index: 1.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purpose
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main <t>purpose</t> is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "purpose" in the context: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish... than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..."

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination

In the context, "whose main purpose is less to permit... than to ensure...", "purpose" refers to what tracking is used for, or its function/role.
"Tracking's main purpose" = the function or use of tracking.
Sense 2 fits best: "what something is used for" / "function, role, use".

Let's check Sense 1: "an anticipated outcome that is intended". While related, tracking's purpose here is its functional design - what it is meant to do/used for. The phrasing "main purpose is to [ensure/permit]" strongly aligns with "function, role, use" (Sense 2). "Function" works perfectly: "whose main function is less to permit... than to ensure". "Aim" also works, but "what something is used for" is the exact definition of the purpose of a system or mechanism like tracking.

Let's re-read sense 1: "an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions".
Sense 2: "what something is used for" - "the function of an auger is to bore holes" -> "the purpose of tracking is to ensure...". This fits the "what something is used for" definition perfectly, as tracking is a system/method being used.

So the correct sense index is 2.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: permit
Target surface form: permit
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to <t>permit</t> the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=permit%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=allow, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
2. sense_key=permit%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, allow | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
3. sense_key=permit%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=allow, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** permit
    *   **Target Surface Form:** permit
    *   **Context:** The sentence is: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to *permit* the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..."
    *   **Semantic Frame:** The text discusses "tracking" in education. The purpose of tracking is described. It mentions allowing gifted youngsters to flourish. The subject doing the permitting is effectively the system or the practice of "tracking" (abstract agency). The object being permitted is "the gifted youngsters to flourish."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `permit%2:32:00::`
        *   **Definition:** consent to, give permission.
        *   **Synonyms:** allow, let, countenance.
        *   **Examples:** "She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband"; "I won't let the police search her basement".
        *   **Analysis:** This sense implies an authority figure or agent granting permission to another agent. It involves volition and social/legal permission. In the text, "tracking" (an educational practice/system) is the subject. Does tracking "give permission" to youngsters? Not exactly in the social/legal sense of a parent allowing a child to go out. It's more about the mechanics of the system creating the conditions.

    *   **Sense 2:** `permit%2:41:00::`
        *   **Definition:** make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen.
        *   **Synonyms:** let, allow.
        *   **Examples:** "This permits the water to rush in"; "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement".
        *   **Analysis:** This sense focuses on causality or enabling conditions. X permits Y to happen by creating the space or condition for Y. In the text, the purpose of "tracking" is to create the conditions where gifted youngsters *can* flourish. Tracking separates students by ability, which *enables* or *makes it possible* for the gifted ones to progress at their own pace. This fits the logic of an abstract process facilitating an outcome.

    *   **Sense 3:** `permit%2:32:06::`
        *   **Definition:** allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting.
        *   **Synonyms:** allow, tolerate.
        *   **Examples:** "We don't allow dogs here"; "Children are not permitted beyond this point".
        *   **Analysis:** This sense is often about tolerance or non-prohibition in a spatial or regulatory context (e.g., rules of a place). The text isn't talking about tolerating the presence of gifted youngsters; it's talking about enabling them to succeed/flourish. It's not just "not forbidding," it's actively structuring the environment to let them flourish.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The context is about the *effect* or *utility* of an educational method ("tracking").
    *   Is tracking a person saying "yes"? No. (Eliminates Sense 1 strongly).
    *   Is tracking tolerating a nuisance? No. (Eliminates Sense 3).
    *   Does tracking make it possible for the youngsters to flourish? Yes. Tracking creates the environment where this specific outcome (flourishing) is facilitated. This aligns perfectly with Sense 2's definition: "make it possible... for something to happen."
    *   The example "This permits the water to rush in" is structurally very similar to "This [tracking] permits the gifted youngsters to flourish." Both involve an inanimate/abstract subject enabling a process.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 2 is the best fit. It captures the enabling/facilitating nature of the system/tracking allowing the process of flourishing to occur.

    *   Sense 1: Social permission (wrong for an abstract system facilitating an outcome).
    *   Sense 2: Enabling/Making possible (Correct).
    *   Sense 3: Tolerance/Non-prohibition (Incorrect nuances).

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Sometimes "allow" and "permit" are used interchangeably for social permission. However, WordNet distinguishes the "make possible" sense (often used with inanimate subjects) from the "give permission" sense (animate subjects). Since the subject is "tracking" (a system/method), Sense 2 is the distinctively appropriate choice for an inanimate/abstract subject causing a possibility.

5.  **Construct Output:**
    *   JSON format required.
    *   {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flourish
Target surface form: flourish
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to <t>flourish</t> (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flourish%2:30:01:: | definition=grow vigorously | synonyms=boom, thrive, expand | examples=The deer population in this town is thriving; business is booming
2. sense_key=flourish%2:40:00:: | definition=make steady progress; be at the high point in one's career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance | synonyms=thrive, prosper, fly high | examples=The new student is thriving
3. sense_key=flourish%2:35:00:: | definition=move or swing back and forth | synonyms=brandish, wave | examples=She waved her gun

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  word**: The word is "flourish" (verb).
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "...whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to **flourish** (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..."
    *   The context talks about "gifted youngsters" (students).
    *   The purpose of "tracking" is to let these gifted students do something positive (indicated by "clearly desirable").
    *   The sentence contrasts this with "less gifted" students getting "necessary grounding."
    *   The meaning implies succeeding, developing well, or doing very well in their academic environment.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `flourish%2:30:01::` | definition="grow vigorously" | synonyms="boom, thrive, expand" | examples="The deer population in this town is thriving; business is booming".
        *   This fits the idea of growing and doing well. "Grow vigorously" applies to organisms (deer) or entities (business). Students can "grow vigorously" metaphorically in terms of their development.
    *   **Sense 2**: `flourish%2:40:00::` | definition="make steady progress; be at the high point in one's career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance" | synonyms="thrive, prosper, fly high" | examples="The new student is thriving".
        *   The example "The new student is thriving" is extremely close to the context "permit the gifted youngsters to flourish".
        *   The definition "make steady progress" or "prosper" fits the academic context for students.
        *   This sense seems to focus on human/agentive success or steady progress.
    *   **Sense :35:00::` | definition="move or swing back and forth" | synonyms="brandish, wave" | examples="She waved her gun".
        *   This is a physical motion sense. Clearly irrelevant here.
4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   Sense 1 is about "growing vigorously" (often biological or economic).
    *   Sense 2 is about "make steady progress" or "prosper" (often used for people, careers).
    *   WordNet (and general usage) often overlaps here. "Thrive" is a synonym for both.
    *   Look at the examples.
        *   Sense 1 example: "The deer population...", "business is booming".
        *   Sense 2 example: "The new student is thriving".
    *   The context is about *students* (youngsters). This aligns perfectly with Sense 2's example.
    *   Sense 2's definition mentions "make steady progress" or "be at the high point in one's career". While elementary/middle school students aren't at the "high point of their career", the "make steady progress; prosper" aspect fits well. The example "The new student is thriving" confirms that this sense covers students doing well in school.
    *   Sense 1's "grow vigorously" is applicable, but usually applies to biological growth (plants, populations) or economic expansion. While students grow, the connotation of "flourish" here regarding "gifted youngsters" suggests academic success/development, which matches Sense 2's "thrive/prosper" and specific example about a student.
5.  **Select the best sense**: Sense 2 is the most appropriate because its specific example ("The new student is thriving") mirrors the context ("gifted youngsters to flourish") perfectly, and the synonyms "thrive, prosper" capture the academic success implied.
6.  **Formatting**: The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. Sense 2 corresponds to index 2 (based on the order provided).
    *   Sense 1 -> index 1
    *   Sense 2 -> index 2
    *   Sense 3 -> index 3
    *   Wait, let me check the indices.
    *   Candidate 1: `flourish%2:30:01::`
    *   Candidate 2: `flourish%2:40:00::`
    *   Candidate 3: `flourish%2:35:00::`
    *   The prompt asks for the "indexed sense". The list is numbered 1, 2, 3.
    *   Therefore, I should return index 2.

    *Let's double check the Sense Key meanings in standard WordNet 3.0 or 3.1.*
    *   `flourish%2:30:01` corresponds to "grow vigorously" (Sense 1).
    *   `flourish%2:40:00` corresponds to "make steady progress; be at the high point..." (Sense 2).
    *   `flourish%2:35:00` corresponds to "move or swing back and forth" (Sense 3).
    *   The context is about gifted youngsters succeeding/developing.
    *   The example for Sense 2 is "The new student is thriving".
    *   The context is "gifted youngsters to flourish".
    *   This is a direct match. Sense 2 is correct.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: clearly
Target surface form: clearly
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is <t>clearly</t> desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clearly%4:02:00:: | definition=without doubt or question | examples=they were clearly lost; history has clearly shown the folly of that policy
2. sense_key=clearly%4:02:01:: | definition=in an intelligible manner | synonyms=intelligibly, understandably | examples=the foreigner spoke to us quite intelligibly
3. sense_key=clearly%4:02:02:: | definition=clear to the mind; with distinct mental discernment | synonyms=distinctly | examples=it's distinctly possible; I could clearly see myself in his situation
4. sense_key=clearly%4:02:03:: | definition=in an easily perceptible manner | synonyms=clear | examples=could be seen clearly under the microscope; She cried loud and clear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The target word is "clearly" in the sentence: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..."

2.  **Examine the phrase:** "though that is clearly desirable". The author is arguing about the purpose of tracking in schools. They are stating that allowing gifted youngsters to flourish is *desirable*. The word "clearly" modifies "desirable". Is the author saying it is perceptible to the eye? No. Is the author saying it is spoken intelligibly? No. Is the author saying it is true without doubt? Yes.

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1:** "without doubt or question". Examples: "they were clearly lost", "history has clearly shown...". This fits well. The author is asserting a value judgment as an objective truth or something that should be obvious to the reader. They are saying: "It is obviously desirable."

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2:** "in an intelligible manner". Synonyms: "intelligibly, understandably". Examples: "the foreigner spoke to us quite intelligibly". This refers to speech or communication. "That is desirably spoken intelligibly" does not make sense.

5.  **Evaluate Sense 3:** "clear to the mind; with distinct mental discernment". Synonyms: "distinctly". Examples: "it's distinctly possible", "I could clearly see myself...". This sense is often used for probability or imagination/visualization. "That is distinctly desirable" is possible, but Sense 1 is a stronger fit for asserting a fact or value judgment "without doubt". Let's look closer at the distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 3 in WordNet. Sense 1 is often about evidence or obviousness of a state of affairs ("clearly lost"). Sense 3 is often about probability ("distinctly possible") or mental visualization. In the context "that is clearly desirable", the author is emphasizing the obviousness/certainty of the desirability. It aligns most strongly with "without doubt or question".

6.  **Evaluate Sense 4:** "in an easily perceptible manner". Synonyms: "clear". Examples: "seen clearly under the microscope". This refers to physical perception. "That is desirably perceptible" does not fit.

7.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: "without doubt or question". Context: "that is clearly desirable". The author is stating it is an indisputable fact that it is desirable.
    *   Sense 3: "clear to the mind". This is close, but Sense 1 captures the rhetorical force better: "It is unquestionably desirable." The examples for Sense 1 ("history has clearly shown") are very similar to the argumentative style used here. The author is making an assertion of truth.
    *   Let's check standard dictionary definitions.
        *   Oxford: "1. in a clearly perceptible way... 2. without doubt; definitely."
        *   Merriam-Webster: "1. in a clear manner... 2. without doubt."
    *   The phrase "clearly desirable" usually implies "obviously desirable" or "undeniably desirable". This maps perfectly to Sense 1 ("without doubt or question"). Sense 3's examples "distinctly possible" or "see myself in his situation" lean slightly more towards mental visualization or distinct possibility rather than the assertion of a fact/judgment.

    *   Refining the choice between 1 and 3.
        *   Sense 1 example: "history has clearly shown the folly..." (Assertion of fact).
        *   Sense 3 example: "it's distinctly possible" (Assessment of probability).
        *   The text says: "though that is clearly desirable". This is an assertion of value/fact, similar to the folly example in Sense 1. It means "it is obvious that it is desirable." Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

8.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

    *   Target: clearly
    *   Meaning: without doubt or question.
    *   Context: "that is [without doubt] desirable".

    The JSON object should be {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly <t>desirable</t>) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "desirable"
    *   Target surface form: "desirable"
    *   Context snippet: "...the parents found the girl suitable for their son" (Wait, this is an example from sense 2, not the context text).
    *   Actual Context text: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..."
    *   Sentence with target: "though that [permitting gifted youngsters to flourish] is clearly desirable".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `desirable%3:00:00::` | Definition: "worth having or seeking or achieving" | Examples: "a desirable job; computer with many desirable features". This is a general sense, often referring to outcomes, objects, or states of being that are beneficial or good.
    *   Sense 2: `desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00` | Definition: "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse" | Synonyms: "suitable, worthy" | Examples: "the parents found the girl suitable for their son". This sense is specific to marriage eligibility or suitability as a partner.

3.  **Disambiguation process:**
    *   The target sentence says: "...whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable)..."
    *   What does "that" refer to? It refers to "permit[ting] the gifted youngsters to flourish".
    *   Is "permitting gifted youngsters to flourish" being evaluated as a potential spouse/partner? No.
    *   Is "permitting gifted youngsters to flourish" a goal, outcome, or state worth achieving? Yes. The author is arguing that while helping gifted students is a good thing (worth achieving/seeking), the main purpose of tracking is actually to help the less gifted.
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly. "Flourishing" is an outcome/state. It is "worth having or seeking or achieving."
    *   Sense 2 is semantically incongruous. The context is educational policy and student outcomes, not courtship or spouse selection.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Formatting:**
    *   Return JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the <t>less</t> gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "less" in the context: "...whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish... than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding..."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" with examples like "less interesting; less expensive"
2. Sense 2: "comparative of little" with examples like "she walks less than she should; he works less these days"

In the context, "less" appears twice:
1. "less to permit" - where it's comparing purposes
2. "the less gifted" - where it modifies "gifted"

The phrase "less gifted" means "not as gifted" or "to a lesser extent gifted." This is exactly what sense 1 describes - using "less" to form the comparative of an adjective ("gifted" in this case).

Sense 2 is about "less" as an adverb or quantifier meaning "not as much" (comparative of "little"), as in "less time," "less money," or "she walks less."

In "the less gifted," the word "less" is modifying the adjective "gifted" to form a comparative meaning "not as gifted" or "having less gift/talent."

This matches sense 1 perfectly - "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" with synonyms "to a lesser extent" and examples like "less interesting; less expensive."

The correct answer is sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: get
Target surface form: get
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted <t>get</t> the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=get%2:40:00:: | definition=come into the possession of something concrete or abstract | synonyms=acquire | examples=She got a lot of paintings from her uncle; They acquired a new pet
2. sense_key=get%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=become, go | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
3. sense_key=get%2:30:02:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=let, have | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
4. sense_key=get%2:30:03:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
5. sense_key=get%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, come | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
6. sense_key=get%2:35:03:: | definition=go or come after and bring or take back | synonyms=bring, convey, fetch | examples=Get me those books over there, please; Could you bring the wine?
7. sense_key=get%2:39:00:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, have | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
8. sense_key=get%2:33:00:: | definition=take vengeance on or get even | synonyms=pay back, pay off, fix | examples=We'll get them!; That'll fix him good!
9. sense_key=get%2:40:01:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
10. sense_key=get%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
11. sense_key=get%2:35:09:: | definition=succeed in catching or seizing, especially after a chase | synonyms=catch, capture | examples=We finally got the suspect; Did you catch the thief?
12. sense_key=get%2:29:01:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, produce, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
13. sense_key=get%2:29:00:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, take | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia
14. sense_key=get%2:32:03:: | definition=communicate with a place or person; establish communication with, as if by telephone | examples=Bill called this number and he got Mary; The operator couldn't get Kobe because of the earthquake
15. sense_key=get%2:30:01:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=make | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
16. sense_key=get%2:32:08:: | definition=move into a desired direction of discourse | synonyms=drive, aim | examples=What are you driving at?
17. sense_key=get%2:31:09:: | definition=grasp with the mind or develop an understanding of | synonyms=catch | examples=did you catch that allusion?; We caught something of his theory in the lecture
18. sense_key=get%2:35:00:: | definition=attract and fix | synonyms=catch, arrest | examples=His look caught her; She caught his eye
19. sense_key=get%2:35:10:: | definition=reach with a blow or hit in a particular spot | synonyms=catch | examples=the rock caught her in the back of the head; The blow got him in the back
20. sense_key=get%2:31:03:: | definition=reach by calculation | examples=What do you get when you add up these numbers?
21. sense_key=get%2:40:14:: | definition=acquire as a result of some effort or action | examples=You cannot get water out of a stone; Where did she get these news?
22. sense_key=get%2:40:13:: | definition=purchase | examples=What did you get at the toy store?
23. sense_key=get%2:39:13:: | definition=perceive by hearing | synonyms=catch | examples=I didn't catch your name; She didn't get his name when they met the first time
24. sense_key=get%2:39:09:: | definition=suffer from the receipt of | synonyms=catch | examples=She will catch hell for this behavior!
25. sense_key=get%2:39:14:: | definition=receive as a retribution or punishment | synonyms=receive | examples=He got 5 years in prison
26. sense_key=get%2:38:15:: | definition=leave immediately; used usually in the imperative form | synonyms=scram, buzz off, fuck off, bugger off | examples=Scram!
27. sense_key=get%2:38:12:: | definition=reach and board | examples=She got the bus just as it was leaving
28. sense_key=get%2:37:12:: | definition=irritate | synonyms=get under one's skin | examples=Her childish behavior really get to me; His lying really gets me
29. sense_key=get%2:37:11:: | definition=evoke an emotional response | examples=Brahms's `Requiem' gets me every time
30. sense_key=get%2:36:14:: | definition=apprehend and reproduce accurately | synonyms=catch | examples=She really caught the spirit of the place in her drawings; She got the mood just right in her photographs
31. sense_key=get%2:36:00:: | definition=earn or achieve a base by being walked by the pitcher | synonyms=draw | examples=He drew a base on balls
32. sense_key=get%2:35:12:: | definition=overcome or destroy | examples=The ice storm got my hibiscus; the cat got the goldfish
33. sense_key=get%2:31:10:: | definition=be a mystery or bewildering to | synonyms=perplex, vex, stick, puzzle, mystify, baffle | examples=This beats me!; Got me--I don't know the answer!
34. sense_key=get%2:30:12:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
35. sense_key=get%2:29:11:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, have | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
36. sense_key=get%2:29:08:: | definition=make children | synonyms=beget, engender, father, mother, sire, generate | examples=Abraham begot Isaac; Men often father children but don't recognize them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about education and tracking students. The sentence is: "This means 'tracking,' whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work."

The target word "get" is used in the phrase "the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study".

Let me analyze what "get" means here:
- The less gifted students would "get" or "receive" or "acquire" the necessary grounding (education/foundation) for further study.
- This is about students receiving/acquiring an educational foundation.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "come into the possession of something concrete or abstract" - This could work. Students come into possession of grounding (knowledge/foundation), which is abstract.

2. "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - No, not becoming something.

3. "cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition" - No, this is causative, not relevant.

4. "receive a specified treatment (abstract)" - This could work. "Receiving grounding" could be seen as receiving an abstract treatment (education).

5. "reach a destination" - No.

6. "go or come after and bring or take back" - No.

7. "go through (mental or physical states or experiences)" - This could work. Students experience grounding/education.

Let me think more carefully. The phrase is "get the necessary grounding for further study."

"Grounding" here means a foundation or basis in education. Students need to "get" or "acquire" or "receive" this grounding.

Looking at the senses again:

Sense 1: "come into the possession of something concrete or abstract" with synonyms like "acquire" - This fits well. Students acquire the necessary grounding (which is abstract knowledge/foundation).

Sense 4: "receive a specified treatment (abstract)" - This could also fit, but "grounding" isn't really a "treatment" in the way the examples show (like receiving a review). Grounding is more like acquiring knowledge.

Sense 21: "acquire as a result of some effort or action" - This also fits well. Students would acquire grounding as a result of educational effort.

Let me compare senses 1 and 21:
- Sense 1: "come into the possession of something concrete or abstract"
- Sense 21: "acquire as a result of some effort or action"

Both have "acquire" in the definition or as a synonym. Sense 21 specifically mentions effort or action, which could apply to educational grounding. However, Sense 1 is more general and could encompass this meaning.

The examples for Sense 1: "She got a lot of paintings from her uncle; They acquired a new pet"
The examples for Sense 21: "You cannot get water out of a stone; Where did she get these news?"

Hmm, looking at these, Sense 21's examples seem to be about obtaining something through action or effort, while Sense 1's examples are more about receiving or obtaining something.

In the context, "the less gifted get the necessary grounding" - this grounding would come through education, through effort (both the students' and the educational system's effort).

I think Sense 1 ("come into the possession of something concrete or abstract") is the best fit because:
1. "Grounding" in education is an abstract concept (knowledge, skills, foundation)
2. Students would come into possession of this grounding through the educational process
3. The synonym "acquire" fits well

Let me double-check Sense 7: "go through (mental or physical states or experiences)" with examples like "get an idea; experience vertigo" - This could potentially fit, but "grounding" is more of an educational foundation rather than an experience or state.

I think Sense 1 is the best choice. The less gifted students would acquire or come into possession of the necessary educational grounding.

Actually, let me reconsider. The word "get" in "get the necessary grounding" - is grounding something you possess, or something you experience?

A "grounding" in something (like a grounding in mathematics) is a foundation of knowledge. You "have" a grounding, you possess that knowledge. So Sense 1 makes sense - you come into possession of this knowledge foundation.

Let me verify this is the best fit:

Sense 1: "come into the possession of something concrete or abstract" - YES, students come into possession of grounding (abstract knowledge foundation)
Sense 4: "receive a specified treatment (abstract)" - Maybe, but grounding isn't really a treatment
Sense 7: "go through (mental or physical states or experiences)" - No, grounding isn't an experience or state
Sense 21: "acquire as a result of some effort or action" - Also good, but Sense 1 seems more general and appropriate

I'll go with Sense 1.

Wait, let me reconsider Sense 21 vs Sense 1 more carefully:

Sense 1 definition: "come into the possession of something concrete or abstract"
Sense 21 definition: "acquire as a result of some effort or action"

In the context, the less gifted students would acquire grounding through the educational process (tracking), which involves effort. However, Sense 1's definition "come into the possession of something concrete or abstract" also fits well - grounding (knowledge/foundation) is abstract, and students come into possession of it.

Both senses use "acquire" - Sense 1 has it as a synonym, and Sense 21 has "acquire" in the definition.

Looking at examples:
- Sense 1: "She got a lot of paintings from her uncle; They acquired a new pet" - receiving/obtaining something
- Sense 21: "You cannot get water out of a stone; Where did she get these news?" - obtaining through effort/action

The example for Sense 21 suggests more effort or action is required to obtain something. In the educational context, students do put in effort to get their grounding, but they also receive it through the educational system.

I think Sense 1 is still the better fit because it's more general and encompasses both receiving and acquiring. The synonym "acquire" captures the meaning well. The less gifted students acquire or come into possession of the necessary grounding through education.

Final answer: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: necessary
Target surface form: necessary
Context:
The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the <t>necessary</t> grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=necessary%3:00:00:: | definition=absolutely essential
2. sense_key=necessary%5:00:00:inevitable:00 | definition=unavoidably determined by prior circumstances | examples=the necessary consequences of one's actions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target word is "necessary" (adjective).
2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "...ensure that the less gifted get the *necessary* grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work."
    *   The context discusses educational tracking.
    *   It argues that tracking ensures "less gifted" students get a specific type of grounding (foundation/education).
    *   This grounding is required/pre-requisite for them to proceed to "further study" or "entering the modern world of work."
    *   Without this grounding, they cannot successfully proceed. It is a requirement or a pre-condition for success in the next steps.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `necessary%3:00:00::` | Definition: "absolutely essential".
        *   Does this fit? Yes. The grounding is a prerequisite. It is needed. You cannot do further study without it. It is essential for the goal.
    *   **Sense 2:** `necessary%5:00:00:inevitable:00` | Definition: "unavoidably determined by prior circumstances". Examples: "the necessary consequences of one's actions".
        *   Does this fit? No. The "grounding" (education) is not a natural consequence flowing inevitably from prior events like a logical conclusion or a physical reaction. It is something the school system must *provide* and the students must *get*. It is a requirement imposed to achieve a goal, not an inevitable outcome of a cause.
4.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   Sense 1 captures the meaning of "required" or "requisite". The grounding is *required* for the next step.
    *   Sense 2 captures the meaning of "inevitable". The grounding is not inevitable; it requires effort (tracking) to ensure it happens.
5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It refers to something being required/essential for a purpose.
6.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.