[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: gas
Target surface form: gas
Context:
I rode it out on the second floor of Leo's at 55th and Telegraph in Oakland. I heard parts of the building above my head cracking. I actually thought that I might die. I couldn't decide if I should come home to Marin, because my house is on stilts. I decided to brave the storm. There was a horrible smell of <t>gas</t> as I passed the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. I could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=gas%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container | synonyms=gaseous state
2. sense_key=gas%1:27:00:: | definition=a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely
3. sense_key=gas%1:27:02:: | definition=a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines | synonyms=gasoline, gasolene, petrol
4. sense_key=gas%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal | synonyms=flatulence, flatulency
5. sense_key=gas%1:06:00:: | definition=a pedal that controls the throttle valve | synonyms=accelerator, accelerator pedal, gas pedal, throttle, gun | examples=he stepped on the gas
6. sense_key=gas%1:27:03:: | definition=a fossil fuel in the gaseous state; used for cooking and heating homes | synonyms=natural gas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Context sentence: "There was a horrible smell of <t>gas</t> as I passed the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge."
    *   Key clues: "horrible smell", "Chevron refinery".
    *   Refineries process petroleum and often handle natural gas or produce gases as byproducts.
    *   The smell is a key indicator. Natural gas (methane) is odorless, but a mercaptan is added for safety to give it a "rotten egg" smell. However, refineries often have smells of various hydrocarbons.
    *   Wait, let's look at the candidate senses.

2.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (State of matter):** "the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states..." - This is a scientific definition of the phase. While technically true, usually when people talk about a "smell of gas", they aren't referring to the physical state of matter itself, but a specific substance.
    *   **Sense 2 (Fluid in gaseous state):** "a fluid in the gaseous state..." - Similar to sense 1, this is the physics definition. Again, context implies a specific substance that smells, not the state of matter generally.
    *   **Sense 3 (Gasoline/Petrol):** "a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons... used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines". Synonyms: gasoline, petrol. While refineries make gasoline, people usually say "smell of gas" for gasoline (e.g., at a pump). However, near a refinery, the smell could be gasoline, but let's check other options.
    *   **Sense 4 (Flatulence):** "a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal". Synonyms: flatulence. "Horrible smell of gas" could theoretically refer to this, but the context is "passed the Chevron refinery". Refineries emit industrial gases. This sense is highly unlikely given the location context.
    *   **Sense 5 (Pedal):** "a pedal that controls the throttle valve". Noun usage. The context is "smell of gas". This doesn't fit semantically.
    *   **Sense 6 (Natural gas):** "a fossil fuel in the gaseous state; used for cooking and heating homes". Synonyms: natural gas. Refineries often process natural gas. While pure methane is odorless, "gas" in the common parlance near a refinery often refers to natural gas or volatile organic compounds released. However, the common "smell of gas" (the rotten egg smell added by utilities) is usually associated with natural gas leaks.

    *   *Comparison between Sense 3 (Gasoline) and Sense 6 (Natural Gas).*
        *   Sense 3 (Gasoline): One can definitely smell gasoline. But usually, if it's vapor, we call it "fumes" or just "gas" (short for gasoline).
        *   Sense 6 (Natural gas): Natural gas is a major product associated with energy and refineries.
        *   *WordNet hierarchy:* WordNet often distinguishes between "gasoline" (Sense 3) and "natural gas" (Sense 6).
        *   Context clue: "Chevron refinery". Refineries process crude oil into various products including gasoline and natural gas liquids.
        *   However, the phrase "smell of gas" is idiomatic.
        *   If someone says "I smell gas" in a house, they mean natural gas (Sense 6).
        *   If someone says "I smell gas" at a petrol station, they might mean gasoline (Sense 3).
        *   Near a refinery, there are often flares and releases.
        *   Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 6 definition: "used for cooking and heating homes". This specific usage restriction in the gloss might make it seem less fitting for a refinery context if we strictly follow the gloss "used for cooking...". But the synonym is "natural gas".
        *   Sense 3 definition: "used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines".
        *   Refinery smells are complex. But which sense does "gas" usually map to in the phrase "smell of gas"?
        *   Usually, "smell of gas" maps to the dangerous, explosive gas used for fuel.
        *   Let's check Sense 1/Sense 2 again. Is it the *generic* term? "There was a smell of gas" - could be a specific gas (like Hydrogen Sulfide, common in refineries, smells like rotten eggs). If it refers to a specific chemical substance not covered by 3 or 6, we might have to fall back on the generic "fluid in the gaseous state".
        *   However, WordNet senses are usually about the *substance* "gasoline" or "natural gas".
        *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. It's defined as "a fluid in the gaseous state...". This is a hypernym. If the smell is of a specific industrial gas (like H2S), Sense 2 is the generic placeholder. But usually, people use "gas" to mean natural gas or gasoline.
        *   Refining operations often involve "natural gas" (methane) processing.
        *   But there is a specific nuance. "Smell of gas" usually refers to the additive in natural gas (mercaptan) which smells like sulfur/rotten eggs. Refineries often emit sulfur compounds (sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide) which smell horrible. Is that "gas" in the WordNet sense?
        *   If a person says "I smell gas", they usually mean "natural gas" (Sense 6) or "gasoline" (Sense 3).
        *   Which is more likely at a refinery? Both are present. But "natural gas" is often what leaks and smells "gassy" (due to mercaptan).
        *   However, "gas" as "gasoline" is very common. "I need to get gas."
        *   Let's consider the "horrible smell" aspect. Gasoline smells strong and distinctive. Natural gas (with mercaptan) smells distinctively bad.
        *   WordNet sense 3 is "gasoline". WordNet sense 6 is "natural gas".
        *   Let's look at Sense 1/Sense 2 again. Is there a sense for "a specific chemical substance in gas form"? Sense 2 is "a fluid in the gaseous state...".
        *   Usually, WSD systems prefer the specific substance if possible.
        *   Let's check usage frequencies. "Smell of gas" -> Natural gas is a very strong candidate.
        *   However, "smell of gas" in a car context -> Gasoline.
        *   "Smell of gas" in a kitchen -> Natural gas.
        *   "Smell of gas" near a refinery. Refineries process crude oil. The "rotten egg" smell associated with refineries is often Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S). H2S is a gas. Is it covered by sense 2? Or is the author using "gas" as a generic term for a volatile chemical?
        *   Or is the author referring to "natural gas" leaking?
        *   Or is the author referring to "gasoline" fumes?
        *   Let's look at the provided definitions strictly.
        *   Sense 6: "a fossil fuel in the gaseous state; used for cooking and heating homes". Natural gas is extracted and processed at refineries.
        *   Sense 3: "derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines".
        *   If we look at the "horrible smell" aspect. Gasoline fumes are pungent. Natural gas (mercaptan) is pungent and distinctively associated with "gas leaks".
        *   Given the "Chevron refinery" (petroleum processing), gasoline (Sense 3) is a primary product.
        *   However, looking at similar datasets (SemCor, OntoNotes), "gas" in the context of "smell of gas" often aligns with Sense 6 (natural gas) because of the safety association (the smell added to indicate danger).
        *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. Is it possible the author refers to a specific unnamed gas? Sense 2 is generic.
        *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3 vs 6.
            *   If I am at a gas station, and I smell gas, it's Sense 3 (gasoline).
            *   If I am driving by a refinery, and smell a "horrible smell", it could be the sulfur compounds.
            *   However, without a specific chemical name, the common noun "gas" usually maps to the fuel.
            *   Is there a preference in WordNet annotation for "smell of gas"?
            *   In many contexts, "smell of gas" is annotated as Sense 6 (natural gas) because that is the danger sign. The gloss "used for cooking and heating homes" is a prototypical usage but not the exhaustive definition.
            *   Let's compare Sense 3's gloss: "derived from petroleum". Gasoline is derived from petroleum.
            *   Sense 6's gloss: "fossil fuel in the gaseous state". Natural gas is a fossil fuel.
            *   Refineries deal primarily with petroleum (Sense 3).
            *   But "Gas" as a short form of "Gasoline" is extremely common in US English (the context is Oakland, California).
            *   In US English, "I need gas" = Gasoline. "I smell gas" = ?
            *   If I smell gasoline, I say "I smell gas".
            *   If I smell natural gas, I say "I smell gas".
            *   Context: "passed the Chevron refinery". Refineries smell like sulfur (refining process) and gasoline.
            *   But "Gas" as a word often stands for Gasoline in US English (US vs UK petrol).
            *   Let's look at Sense 2 (generic gas). "A fluid in the gaseous state". This is used when the substance isn't specified as natural gas or gasoline. E.g. "chlorine gas".
            *   However, here it likely refers to the product.
            *   Let's weigh Sense 3 vs Sense 6.
            *   If the author meant gasoline, they might have said "fumes". "Smell of gas" is the standard phrase for a natural gas leak.
            *   BUT, the author is passing a *refinery*. Refineries refine crude oil into gasoline.
            *   Let's check the synonym list for Sense 3: "gasoline, gasolene, petrol".
            *   Let's check the synonym list for Sense 6: "natural gas".
            *   Common US usage: "Gas" = Gasoline.
            *   Common usage for "Smell of gas": Natural gas leak.
            *   Which fits "horrible smell" better? Natural gas leaks are notorious for their smell. Gasoline smells are also distinctive, but "smell of gas" is idiomatic for the safety warning smell.
            *   However, looking at the provided example for Sense 6 (none provided in the prompt list, just definition). Sense 5 has examples.
            *   Let's reconsider Sense 2. Is the "horrible smell" simply "gas" (the generic substance)?
            *   Actually, let's look at Sense 3 again. Gasoline is a liquid. Its vapor is a gas. The definition says "mixture of hydrocarbons... used mainly as a fuel". It doesn't strictly say it must be liquid, though it is a liquid fuel.
            *   Sense 6 says "fossil fuel in the gaseous state".
            *   Which one is "horrible"?
            *   Actually, there's another angle. Refineries often flare gas (natural gas/surplus gas). The smell often comes from sulfur compounds.
            *   If I have to choose between 3 and 6.
            *   Sense 3 (Gasoline): Most common US referent for the word "gas".
            *   Sense 6 (Natural gas): The one with the added "smell" for detection.
            *   However, "Smell of gas" near a refinery could be the "burning gas" or "refinery gas".
            *   Let's look at Sense 3. In California (Oakland), "gas" overwhelmingly means gasoline in most contexts ("price of gas", "get gas"). But "smell of gas" is the specific phrase for the safety issue.
            *   Let's try to decide if the "horrible smell" refers to the fuel itself.
            *   If the text was "I stopped to get gas", it would be Sense 3.
            *   If the text was "The stove won't light, I smell gas", it would be Sense 6.
            *   The text is "passed the Chevron refinery".
            *   Chevron is an oil company. Gasoline is the primary product.
            *   However, "Natural gas" (Sense 6) is also processed.
            *   Is there a chance it's Sense 2? "A fluid in the gaseous state". Often used for poisonous gases or specific gases.
            *   Let's consider the phrase "There was a horrible smell of gas".
            *   If it were gasoline, one might say "smell of gasoline" or "fumes". "Smell of gas" is strongly associated with the utility leak smell (Sense 6).
            *   Even though the location is a refinery, the sensory experience described ("horrible smell of gas") invokes the archetype of a gas leak (natural gas).
            *   Let's compare Sense 3 again. Sense 3 is "gasoline".
            *   Let's check standard WSD datasets (like SemEval) for "smell of gas".
            *   Often, "gas" is highly ambiguous.
            *   However, let's look at the definitions provided.
            *   Sense 6: "used for cooking and heating homes".
            *   Sense 3: "derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines".
            *   Chevron Refinery processes petroleum. The product derived from petroleum is gasoline (Sense 3).
            *   Therefore, Sense 3 seems more coherent with "Chevron refinery" (petroleum).
            *   Let's check if Sense 6 (natural gas) is derived from petroleum? No, it's often found *with* petroleum but is a distinct fossil fuel. Refineries process it, but the association of "Chevron" + "Gas" in US English is "Gasoline".
            *   Why? Because "Gas" is the colloquial US term for Gasoline.
            *   Does "Smell of gas" mean "Smell of gasoline"? Yes, absolutely. "Your car smells of gas" means it smells of gasoline.
            *   "There was a horrible smell of gas... passed the Chevron refinery".
            *   Refineries smell of petroleum products (gasoline, sulfur, etc).
            *   So, is it Sense 3?
            *   Or is it Sense 6?
            *   If I assume the author is a standard American English speaker (Oakland context). "Gas" = Gasoline.
            *   Phrase: "Smell of gas".
            *   Scenario A: Kitchen. Stove. -> Natural Gas (Sense 6).
            *   Scenario B: Car/Garage. -> Gasoline (Sense 3).
            *   Scenario C: Refinery.
            *   Refineries produce gasoline. The smell of a refinery is often described as the smell of "gas" (meaning gasoline/chemicals) or sulfur.
            *   Given "Chevron" is a petroleum company, and "Gas" is the US term for petroleum fuel (Sense 3), Sense 3 is a strong contender.
            *   However, if we consider the *generic* state (Sense 2), does it apply? Usually WordNet senses for specific substances take precedence.
            *   Let's try to eliminate.
            *   Sense 1 (Physics state): "The state of matter...". "Smell of the state of matter" doesn't fit.
            *   Sense 4 (Flatulence): Context rules out.
            *   Sense 5 (Pedal): Context rules out.
            *   So it's 2, 3, or 6.
            *   Sense 2 (Generic gas): "A fluid in the gaseous state". This is the definition of gas. If the "gas" in question is the vapor of gasoline, it fits here technically, or it fits Sense 3 if we consider "gas" to mean the substance "gasoline".
            *   WordNet conventions: If a word has a specific sense for a substance (like gasoline or natural gas), use that. If it's an unnamed gas (like "tear gas", "poison gas"), use the generic sense (or a specific sense if available).
            *   Here, we have specific senses for the likely candidates: Gasoline (3) and Natural Gas (6).
            *   Which is it?
            *   Arguments for 3 (Gasoline):
                *   US English: "Gas" = Gasoline.
                *   Chevron Refinery = Petroleum = Gasoline.
                *   Phrase "Smell of gas" is used for gasoline (e.g. "smells like gas in here" at a mechanic).
            *   Arguments for 6 (Natural Gas):
                *   Phrase "Smell of gas" is the idiomatic phrase for a natural gas leak (rotten eggs).
                *   Refineries process natural gas.
                *   Refineries often have "gas" flares.
            *   Arguments for 2 (Generic):
                *   Refinery smells (sulfur) aren't exactly gasoline or natural gas, just "gas". But people don't usually call H2S "gas" without a qualifier (sour gas). They just say "It smells like gas" meaning the fuel.
            *   Decision point: In US English, the word "gas" is most synonymous with "gasoline".
            *   However, the specific collocation "smell of gas" is the safety warning for natural gas.
            *   Let's look at the gloss for Sense 3 again: "derived from petroleum". This matches Chevron perfectly.
            *   Let's look at the gloss for Sense 6: "used for cooking and heating homes". This feels domestic.
            *   Let's consider the "horrible smell". Gasoline fumes are horrible. Natural gas (mercaptan) is horrible.
            *   But Gasoline is the primary product of Chevron.
            *   Most WSD systems would likely tag this as Sense 3 (Gasoline) because of the strong collocation "Chevron" (Gasoline brand) + "Gas" (US term for Gasoline).
            *   Wait, is there a chance it's Sense 2? If the smell is "industrial fumes"? Unlikely, "gas" is a mass noun for the fuel here.
            *   Let's compare Sense 3 and Sense 6 usage in SemCor/ONTONOTES.
            *   "Gas prices" -> Sense 3.
            *   "Gas station" -> Sense 3.
            *   "Turn off the gas" -> Sense 6.
            *   "Smell of gas":
                *   Context: House/Kitchen -> Sense 6.
                *   Context: Car/Garage/Station -> Sense 3.
            *   Context here: Outside, driving by a refinery.
            *   Refineries store massive tanks of gasoline. The "smell" of a refinery is often described as the smell of gasoline.
            *   Therefore, Sense 3 (Gasoline) seems the most appropriate for the US English context combined with the Chevron cue.

            *   Wait, let me double check Sense 2. WordNet 3.0 Sense 2 is "a fluid in the gaseous state".
            *   Is it possible the author means "gas" in the sense of "vapor"?
            *   No, usually "gas" implies the fuel substance.
            *   Let's stick with 3 vs 6.
            *   Sense 3 synonyms: gasoline, gasolene, petrol.
            *   Sense 6 synonyms: natural gas.
            *   In Oakland, if someone says "I smell gas", and they are passing a refinery...
            *   Refineries are where gasoline is made.
            *   However, natural gas leaks are the ones that make the news and have the specific "horrible smell" (mercaptan).
            *   Gasoline smells like... gasoline.
            *   Natural gas smells like rotten eggs (sulfur).
            *   Refineries smell like... sulfur/rotten eggs (due to H2S).
            *   People often confuse the "rotten egg" smell of a refinery with "gas" (meaning natural gas).
            *   Actually, the "horrible smell" of a refinery *is* often sulfur compounds, which people associate with "gas" (natural gas safety smell).
            *   But if the author uses the word "gas" to describe that smell...
            *   If I say "I smell gas" when I smell a refinery, I am likely referring to the "natural gas" smell (because of the sulfur additive association) OR the "gasoline" smell.
            *   Let's analyze the "horrible" descriptor. Both are horrible.
            *   Let's look at the gloss of Sense 3: "volatile flammable mixture...".
            *   Let's look at the gloss of Sense 6: "fossil fuel...".
            *   Actually, "natural gas" is methane. Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane, heptane...).
            *   Refineries crack heavy crude into gasoline.
            *   The most salient product of a refinery is gasoline.
            *   The most common meaning of "gas" in the US is gasoline.
            *   The association "Chevron" -> "Gasoline" is extremely strong.
            *   Therefore, I lean towards Sense 3.
            *   Counter-argument: The "smell of gas" phrase is so codified for Natural Gas. But context overrides default collocations if strong enough. The context "Chevron refinery" pulls the sense towards the petroleum product (Gasoline).
            *   Also, Sense 3 (Gasoline) is the first noun sense in many dictionary orderings for US English usage (though WordNet orders differently).
            *   Let's check Sense 2 (generic). If I refer to "tear gas", it's sense 2. If I refer to "mustard gas", sense 2. If I refer to "poisonous gas", sense 2.
            *   Here, it's "smell of gas". It implies a substance "gas".
            *   If the author meant "pollution", they might say "fumes".
            *   They said "gas". In a car context (passing by), "gas" usually means the fuel.
            *   I will select Sense 3.

            *   Wait, let me reconsider Sense 2 vs Sense 1.
            *   Sense 1 is "the state of matter".
            *   Sense 2 is "a fluid in the gaseous state".
            *   These are very close. Sense 1 focuses on the physical properties (low density, expansion). Sense 2 focuses on the entity "a fluid".
            *   Usually "Gas" as a substance (fuel) is Sense 3 or 6.
            *   "Gas" as physics (Solid/Liquid/Gas) is Sense 1.
            *   Example: "Oxygen is a gas". -> Sense 1 or 2?
            *   WN sense 1: "the state of matter...". "Oxygen is a gas" -> Oxygen is in the *state* of gas?
            *   WN sense 2: "a fluid in the gaseous state". Oxygen is a fluid in that state.
            *   Usually, for chemical elements/substances, Sense 2 is preferred over Sense 1 if we are talking about the substance itself as an entity, rather than the phase. "Hydrogen is a gas".
            *   But here, we are dealing with "gas" as a fuel.
            *   Fuel sense is Sense 3 or 6.
            *   Let's confirm the distinction between 3 and 6 again.
            *   Gasoline (Sense 3) is liquid fuel. But the word "gas" is used for it.
            *   Natural gas (Sense 6) is gaseous fuel.
            *   Context: "horrible smell".
            *   Refineries emit H2S. People call the smell "gas" because it smells like the natural gas additive.
            *   But people *also* call the smell of gasoline "gas".
            *   Which is more "horrible" or salient?
            *   In the Bay Area (Richmond refinery), the smell is notorious. It is often described as a "gas leak" smell or "rotten eggs". This aligns with the "Natural Gas" sensory profile (mercaptan).
            *   However, if the writer is referring to the product of the refinery (Chevron), Gasoline is the main brand product.
            *   Let's look at the sentence structure: "There was a horrible smell of gas".
            *   In the context of the Marina District fire mentioned next ("horrible fire"), the connection might be fuel for the fire. Gasoline feeds fires. Natural gas feeds fires.
            *   Let's look at Sense 3's definition: "derived from petroleum". This fits Chevron exactly.
            *   Sense 6's definition: "used for cooking and heating homes". This is a domestic context definition.
            *   The context is industrial.
            *   I'm sticking with Sense 3 because "Gas" is the standard US term for Gasoline, and Chevron is a Gasoline brand/refinery. The domestic definition of Sense 6 makes it slightly less likely for an industrial refinery context, even if the "smell" might be similar to the domestic leak smell.

            *   Wait, what about Sense 2?
            *   If I say "poison gas", it's Sense 2.
            *   If I say "there was a smell of gas", is it Sense 2?
            *   If it refers to "volatile vapors", it could be Sense 2.
            *   But "Gas" is a lexicalized term for gasoline. Sense 3 is the specific sense for "Gasoline". WSD prefers specific senses over generic ones (Specificity principle).
            *   Is it Sense 6? Specificity applies here too.
            *   Gasoline vs Natural Gas.
            *   Collocation "Chevron" -> Gasoline.
            *   Collocation "Smell of gas" -> Natural Gas (often).
            *   Tie-breaker: The definition of Sense 3 mentions "derived from petroleum". Chevron Refinery processes petroleum. Natural gas is found with petroleum but is distinct. Chevron is synonymous with gas stations (selling gasoline).
            *   Most annotators would tag "Chevron ... gas" as Gasoline.

            *   Final check: Sense index.
            *   1: State of matter.
            *   2: Fluid in gaseous state.
            *   3: Gasoline.
            *   4: Flatulence.
            *   5: Pedal.
            *   6: Natural gas.

            *   I'll go with 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pass
Target surface form: passed
Context:
I rode it out on the second floor of Leo's at 55th and Telegraph in Oakland. I heard parts of the building above my head cracking. I actually thought that I might die. I couldn't decide if I should come home to Marin, because my house is on stilts. I decided to brave the storm. There was a horrible smell of gas as I <t>passed</t> the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. I could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
2. sense_key=pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
3. sense_key=pass%2:41:02:: | definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
4. sense_key=pass%2:38:03:: | definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
5. sense_key=pass%2:40:00:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
6. sense_key=pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
8. sense_key=pass%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
9. sense_key=pass%2:41:04:: | definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
10. sense_key=pass%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
11. sense_key=pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
12. sense_key=pass%2:32:01:: | definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
13. sense_key=pass%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
14. sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now
15. sense_key=pass%2:42:04:: | definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
16. sense_key=pass%2:41:07:: | definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
17. sense_key=pass%2:41:11:: | definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
18. sense_key=pass%2:40:02:: | definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
19. sense_key=pass%2:38:02:: | definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
20. sense_key=pass%2:40:01:: | definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
21. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: | definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
22. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
23. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: | definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
24. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
25. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: | definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "There was a horrible smell of gas as I <t>passed</t> the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge."
    *   Subject: "I" (the narrator driving/riding).
    *   Object: "the Chevron refinery" (a physical location/landmark).
    *   Action: Moving by the location while traveling from one point (Leo's) to another (Marin/home).
    *   Prepositional context: "as I passed [Object]".

2.  **Analyze the Target Lemma/Surface Form:**
    *   Lemma: pass
    *   Surface Form: passed
    *   Meaning in context: The narrator is in a vehicle (implied by "rode it out", "come home", "crossing the bridge"). They are physically moving past a specific location (the refinery). They are not entering it, creating it, legislating it, or handing it over. They are traversing the space near it or moving by it.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind.*
        *   Analysis: "Go across or through". While one can "pass" a point, the examples suggest entering or traversing a space or a point in a journey. The example "We passed the point" is similar, but the definition "go across or through" usually implies penetration or crossing a boundary. The refinery is a landmark being gone *past* or *by*.

    *   *Sense 2: pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall.*
        *   Analysis: "Move past". Synonyms: "travel by", "pass by", "go past". Examples: passing a limousine, passing a professor in a hall.
        *   Context match: The narrator is driving/traveling. The refinery is a stationary object/landmark. The narrator is moving past it. The smell happened *as* they moved past it. This fits perfectly. The example "He passed his professor in the hall" denotes moving past a stationary or slower-moving entity/location. The context involves driving past a refinery.

    *   *Sense 7: pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks.*
        *   Analysis: This sense implies "overtaking" – going past something moving in the same direction to get ahead of it. The refinery is stationary. You don't "overtake" a building. You "pass by" or "go past" it. Sense 7 is specifically for overtaking moving vehicles usually.

    *   *Sense 11: pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body...*
        *   Analysis: This usually involves manipulating an object (eyes, fingers) over a surface. Not physical travel of a person driving.

    *   *Sense 1 vs Sense 2:*
        *   Sense 1 ("go across or through"): Often used for points ("passed the point") or boundaries. It can be used for landmarks, but Sense 2 specifically defines "move past" with synonyms like "travel by", "go past".
        *   In the context "passed the Chevron refinery", the physical movement is alongside or by the facility, rather than traversing *through* the middle of it (though "go through" is a synonym for sense 1, usually "passed the refinery" implies driving along the road adjacent to it).
        *   Sense 2 examples: "A black limousine passed by...", "He passed his professor...".
        *   Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: go across or through.
        *   Sense 2: move past.
        *   Sense 2 seems more precise for the motion of a vehicle going past a stationary landmark like a refinery. Sense 1 often implies crossing a threshold or traversing a region (e.g., passed the border, passed through the tunnel). While "passed the refinery" could arguably fit Sense 1 (passing the point where it is), Sense 2 captures the "going past" aspect of travel better. Sense 7 is definitely wrong (overtake).
        *   Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "We passed the point where the police car had parked." This is actually quite close to the target sentence. However, "go across or through" feels slightly distinct from "move past".
        *   Let's check the examples for Sense 2: "A black limousine passed by...", "He passed his professor...".
        *   The narrator is traveling by car. They are passing the refinery.
        *   WordNet hierarchy often distinguishes "pass" (going by) vs "pass" (crossing).
        *   Let's look at the synonyms.
            *   Sense 1: go through, go across.
            *   Sense 2: travel by, pass by, go past.
        *   The sentence says "as I passed the Chevron refinery". Did they go through it? No, likely on a road next to it. Did they go across it? No. They moved past it.
        *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the superior fit.

    *   *Sense 6: pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance... | synonyms=run, go, lead...*
        *   Analysis: Intransitive usually. "The road passes the refinery" might work, but "I passed" is motion.

    *   *Sense 22: pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass...*
        *   Analysis: Causative. Not applicable.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 implies crossing a line or traversing a space ("passed the point", "passed the border").
    *   Sense 2 implies movement past an object or location ("passed the professor", "passed by").
    *   The context involves driving by a refinery. The physical geometry is "moving past". The smell is noticed during this movement *past* the location.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "move past". Synonyms: "travel by", "go past".
    *   This is the precise definition of the motion described.

    Let's double-check Sense 7 ("travel past" vs "move past").
    Sense 7 definition: "travel past". Synonyms: "overtake".
    Sense 2 definition: "move past". Synonyms: "travel by", "pass by", "go past".
    Sense 7 is dominated by the "overtake" meaning (passing a truck).
    Sense 2 includes "travel by". Passing a refinery is "traveling by" it.
    Sense 1 examples "passed the point" is tricky. But "passed the point" is often treated as traversing the coordinate. "Passed the refinery" is usually traversing the zone of proximity.
    Sense 2 is the standard sense for passing landmarks while traveling.

    Target: "passed the Chevron refinery".
    Action: Moving in a vehicle relative to a stationary large object.
    Best Match: Sense 2 (move past).

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cross
Target surface form: crossing
Context:
I rode it out on the second floor of Leo's at 55th and Telegraph in Oakland. I heard parts of the building above my head cracking. I actually thought that I might die. I couldn't decide if I should come home to Marin, because my house is on stilts. I decided to brave the storm. There was a horrible smell of gas as I passed the Chevron refinery before <t>crossing</t> the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. I could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cross%2:38:00:: | definition=travel across or pass over | synonyms=traverse, track, cover, pass over, get over, get across | examples=The caravan covered almost 100 miles each day
2. sense_key=cross%2:38:03:: | definition=meet at a point | synonyms=intersect
3. sense_key=cross%2:41:00:: | definition=hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of | synonyms=thwart, queer, spoil, scotch, foil, frustrate | examples=What ultimately frustrated every challenger was Ruth's amazing September surge; foil your opponent
4. sense_key=cross%2:38:04:: | definition=fold so as to resemble a cross | examples=she crossed her legs
5. sense_key=cross%2:42:00:: | definition=to cover or extend over an area or time period; , | synonyms=traverse, span, sweep | examples=Rivers traverse the valley floor; The parking lot spans 3 acres
6. sense_key=cross%2:38:01:: | definition=meet and pass | examples=the trains crossed
7. sense_key=cross%2:36:09:: | definition=trace a line through or across | examples=cross your `t'
8. sense_key=cross%2:35:00:: | definition=breed animals or plants using parents of different races and varieties | synonyms=crossbreed, hybridize, hybridise, interbreed | examples=cross a horse and a donkey; Mendel tried crossbreeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma**: "cross" (verb, present participle form "crossing").
2.  **Analyze the context**: The sentence is "I could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco." Wait, let me re-read the prompt. The target sentence is: "There was a horrible smell of gas as I passed the Chevron refinery before **crossing** the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge."
    *   Subject: "I" (the narrator).
    *   Action: driving/traveling (implied by "rode it out", "come home", "brave the storm", "passed the Chevron refinery").
    *   Object: "the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge".
    *   Prepositional phrase: "before crossing..."
    *   Meaning: The narrator is driving over or traversing the bridge to get from one side to the other (Oakland area to Marin).

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `cross%2:38:00::` | definition="travel across or pass over" | synonyms="traverse, track, cover, pass over, get over, get across" | examples="The caravan covered almost 100 miles each day".
        *   Analysis: This fits perfectly. The narrator is traveling across the bridge. The action is physical movement from one side to the other. "Travel across or pass over" describes the action of driving over a bridge.

    *   **Sense 2**: `cross%2:38:03::` | definition="meet at a point" | synonyms="intersect".
        *   Analysis: This refers to geometric lines intersecting or paths meeting. A person driving across a bridge isn't "meeting the bridge at a point" in this sense. They are traversing it.

    *   **Sense 3**: `cross%2:41:00::` | definition="hinder or prevent..." | synonyms="thwart, queer, spoil...".
        *   Analysis: This is about opposing someone. Not relevant here.

    *   **Sense 4**: `cross%2:38:04::` | definition="fold so as to resemble a cross" | examples="she crossed her legs".
        *   Analysis: Body movement. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 5**: `cross%2:42:00::` | definition="to cover or extend over an area or time period; ," | synonyms="traverse, span, sweep" | examples="Rivers traverse the valley floor".
        *   Analysis: This is slightly distinct from Sense 1 in some ontologies. Let's look at the examples. "Rivers traverse the valley floor". This often implies the object (river) spans the area. Or "The parking lot spans 3 acres". The gloss says "cover or extend over". The subject is usually the thing doing the covering (like a river or a forest). Here, the subject is "I" (a person). A person doesn't "span" a bridge in the way a river spans a valley. A person *travels across* it. Sense 1 ("travel across or pass over") is active motion of an agent. Sense 5 ("to cover or extend over") often suggests spatial extension or a non-agentive subject (like a river), or a very broad coverage. Let's re-read Sense 1 definition: "travel across or pass over". This implies an agent moving. Sense 5 examples "Rivers traverse..." matches the verb, but "parking lot spans" suggests extension. The bridge spans the water. The person crosses the bridge. The action is the person moving. Sense 1 is the best fit for an agent "traveling across" a specific object (bridge).

    *   **Sense 6**: `cross%2:38:01::` | definition="meet and pass" | examples="the trains crossed".
        *   Analysis: This usually implies two moving objects intersecting paths ("the trains crossed"). Here, the subject crosses a static object (the bridge). Not a good fit.

    *   **Sense 7**: `cross%2:36:09::` | definition="trace a line through or across" | examples="cross your `t'".
        *   Analysis: Writing. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 8**: `cross%2:35:00::` | definition="breed animals or plants...".
        *   Analysis: Biological. Not relevant.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 5 more closely**.
    *   WordNet (Princeton) often splits "motion" senses and "spatial extension" senses.
    *   Sense 1 (2:38:00): "travel across or pass over". Synonyms: traverse, track, cover. Example: "The caravan covered almost 100 miles each day". This is clearly about movement/travel. The context is "I... before crossing the... Bridge". This is clearly travel.
    *   Sense 5 (2:42:00): "to cover or extend over an area or time period". Synonyms: traverse, span, sweep. Examples: "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres". These examples focus on the spatial relationship where the subject covers an area (often static or flowing). While "Rivers traverse" involves motion, the sense often leans towards the scope of coverage.
    *   The key distinction for an agent (human) driving a car is the act of travel. "I crossed the bridge" = "I traveled across the bridge". This aligns with Sense 1.

    Let's check the synsets in standard WordNet 3.0 or 3.1.
    *   `cross%2:38:00` corresponds to WordNet 3.0 synset 01931206-v (travel across, pass over).
    *   `cross%2:42:00` corresponds to WordNet 3.0 synset 01932041-v (traverse, span, sweep). Note: WordNet usually defines this as extending across/over. Example: "The mountains span the border".
    *   In the context "I ... crossing the ... Bridge", the agent is traveling. Sense 1 is the standard sense for "crossing a bridge", "crossing the street", "crossing the ocean". Sense 5 is for things like "The Grand Canyon crosses state lines" or "The bridge crosses the river" (though usually, for a bridge, WordNet might use a specific 'extend' sense, or treat it as traversing).
    *   However, let's look at Sense 1 again. "travel across or pass over". The examples are travel-related (caravan).
    *   Sense 5 examples: "Rivers traverse the valley floor", "The parking lot spans 3 acres". These are not necessarily agentive travel in the same way Sense 1 implies.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice for a human traveling across a bridge.

5.  **Confirming the index**:
    Sense 1 corresponds to the first entry in the list provided.
    Index: 1.

    Let's double check the list order.
    1. cross%2:38:00:: (travel across...)
    2. cross%2:38:03:: (meet at a point)
    3. cross%2:41:00:: (hinder)
    4. cross%2:38:04:: (fold)
    5. cross%2:42:00:: (extend over)
    6. cross%2:38:01:: (meet and pass)
    7. cross%2:36:09:: (trace a line)
    8. cross%2:35:00:: (breed)

    Target: "crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge".
    Action: Traveling over it.
    Best Sense: Sense 1 (travel across or pass over).

    Reasoning check: The subject "I" is performing the action of passing over the bridge. This is the standard definition of crossing a bridge or river. The "extend over" definition (Sense 5) would be used if the bridge itself was the subject crossing something else (e.g., "The Richmond-San Rafael Bridge crosses the strait"), or if a static object spans an area. Since a human agent is moving, Sense 1 is appropriate.

    Result: Sense 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: see
Context:
I heard parts of the building above my head cracking. I actually thought that I might die. I couldn't decide if I should come home to Marin, because my house is on stilts. I decided to brave the storm. There was a horrible smell of gas as I passed the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. I could also <t>see</t> the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco. I have felt many aftershocks.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "see" in the given passage.

Context: "I could also <t>see</t> the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco."

The sentence describes the speaker physically seeing clouds across the bay that were caused by a fire. This is clearly about visual perception - the speaker is physically observing something with their eyes.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight
   - This is about basic visual perception, which seems to fit.

2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally
   - This is about mental understanding, not applicable here.

3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with
   - This is more about witnessing events, not just basic visual perception.

4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind
   - This is about mental visualization, not actual sight.

5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be
   - This is about judgment/opinion, not applicable.

6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally
   - This is about acquiring knowledge, not visual perception.

7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch
   - This is more about viewing events/shows, not simple visual perception.

The rest of the senses don't seem relevant to physical sight either.

The key distinction is between senses 1, 3, and possibly 7.

Sense 1 is the basic definition of perceiving by sight - the most fundamental meaning of "see."

Sense 3 involves "perceive or be contemporaneous with" with examples like "We found Republicans winning the offices" and "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school." This is more about witnessing events or being present at events.

Sense 7 is "see or watch" with examples about viewing shows or programs.

In this case, the speaker is describing physically seeing clouds across the bay. This is straightforward visual perception - the basic ability to perceive by sight. The speaker is not "witnessing an event" in the sense of sense 3, nor are they "watching" something in the sense of sense 7.

Therefore, sense 1 (sense_key=see%2:39:00::) is the most appropriate choice for this context.

The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cloud
Target surface form: clouds
Context:
I heard parts of the building above my head cracking. I actually thought that I might die. I couldn't decide if I should come home to Marin, because my house is on stilts. I decided to brave the storm. There was a horrible smell of gas as I passed the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. I could also see the <t>clouds</t> across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco. I have felt many aftershocks.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cloud%1:19:01:: | definition=any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible
2. sense_key=cloud%1:17:00:: | definition=a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitude
3. sense_key=cloud%1:26:01:: | definition=out of touch with reality | examples=his head was in the clouds
4. sense_key=cloud%1:26:02:: | definition=a cause of worry or gloom or trouble | examples=the only cloud on the horizon was the possibility of dissent by the French
5. sense_key=cloud%1:26:00:: | definition=suspicion affecting your reputation | examples=after that mistake he was under a cloud
6. sense_key=cloud%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of many things in the air or on the ground | synonyms=swarm | examples=a swarm of insects obscured the light; clouds of blossoms

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "clouds" in the context: "I could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco."

Let me analyze the context:
- There's a fire in the Marina District of San Francisco
- The speaker can see "clouds" across the bay from this fire
- This is during/after an earthquake (mentions aftershocks, building cracking)

The key question is: are these natural atmospheric clouds (water/ice particles) or are they clouds of smoke from the fire?

Given that:
1. These clouds are specifically mentioned as being "from the horrible fire"
2. They are visible across the bay
3. The context strongly implies these are smoke clouds from the fire

This points to sense 1: "any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible"

The definition explicitly mentions smoke, which is exactly what would be visible from a fire. These aren't meteorological clouds (sense 2), but rather smoke clouds.

Let me verify:
- Sense 1: any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible - This fits perfectly. The clouds are smoke particles from the fire.
- Sense 2: a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitude - These aren't weather clouds, they're smoke from a fire.
- Senses 3, 4, 5 are figurative/metaphorical meanings, not applicable here.
- Sense 6: a group of many things in the air or on the ground - This could potentially apply but sense 1 is more specific and fitting.

Sense 1 is the best choice because the clouds in question are clearly smoke/particles from the fire, not meteorological clouds.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bay
Target surface form: bay
Context:
I heard parts of the building above my head cracking. I actually thought that I might die. I couldn't decide if I should come home to Marin, because my house is on stilts. I decided to brave the storm. There was a horrible smell of gas as I passed the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. I could also see the clouds across the <t>bay</t> from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco. I have felt many aftershocks.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bay%1:17:00:: | definition=an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf | synonyms=embayment
2. sense_key=bay%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a hound on the scent
3. sense_key=bay%1:20:00:: | definition=small Mediterranean evergreen tree with small blackish berries and glossy aromatic leaves used for flavoring in cooking; also used by ancient Greeks to crown victors | synonyms=true laurel, bay laurel, bay tree, Laurus nobilis
4. sense_key=bay%1:06:02:: | definition=a compartment on a ship between decks; often used as a hospital | examples=they put him in the sick bay
5. sense_key=bay%1:06:01:: | definition=a compartment in an aircraft used for some specific purpose | examples=he opened the bomb bay
6. sense_key=bay%1:06:00:: | definition=a small recess opening off a larger room | synonyms=alcove
7. sense_key=bay%1:05:00:: | definition=a horse of a moderate reddish-brown color

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Surface Form:**
    *   Lemma: "bay"
    *   Surface form: "bay"
    *   Context: The speaker is describing driving near the "Richmond-San Rafael Bridge" and looking across the "bay" towards the "Marina District of San Francisco" after an earthquake (likely Loma Prieta based on the details).

2.  **Analyze the Context Clues:**
    *   Keywords: "Marin", "Richmond-San Rafael Bridge", "San Francisco", "Marina District", "across the bay".
    *   Geography: The Richmond-San Rafael Bridge spans a body of water connecting Marin County and Richmond (East Bay), crossing the San Francisco Bay. The speaker looks "across the bay" to see a fire in San Francisco.
    *   Meaning: The word "bay" here refers to a body of water partially enclosed by land.

3.  **Evaluate the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `bay%1:17:00::` | Definition: "an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf" | Synonyms: "embayment".
        *   *Analysis:* This fits the geographical feature described. The San Francisco Bay is a body of water. The definition describes a body of water (indentation of shoreline). This is a strong candidate.
    *   **Sense 2:** `bay%1:11:00::` | Definition: "the sound of a hound on the scent".
        *   *Analysis:* The context mentions a fire and a bridge, not a dog barking. Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 3:** `bay%1:20:00::` | Definition: "small Mediterranean evergreen tree..." | Synonyms: "true laurel", etc.
        *   *Analysis:* The context is about looking across a distance ("across the bay"), not a tree. Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 4:** `bay%1:06:02::` | Definition: "a compartment on a ship between decks; often used as a hospital".
        *   *Analysis:* The context is a bridge and geography, not a ship's compartment. Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 5:** `bay%1:06:01::` | Definition: "a compartment in an aircraft used for some specific purpose".
        *   *Analysis:* The context is geography, not an aircraft. Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 6:** `bay%1:06:00::` | Definition: "a small recess opening off a larger room" | Synonyms: "alcove".
        *   *Analysis:* The context is looking across a distance outside, not inside a building. Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 7:** `bay%1:05:00::` | Definition: "a horse of a moderate reddish-brown color".
        *   *Analysis:* The context is looking at water/landscape, not a horse. Incorrect.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only definition that fits the geographical context of the San Francisco Bay. The speaker is looking across the body of water separating them from San Francisco.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object with the `sense_index`.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.

    JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fire
Target surface form: fire
Context:
I heard parts of the building above my head cracking. I actually thought that I might die. I couldn't decide if I should come home to Marin, because my house is on stilts. I decided to brave the storm. There was a horrible smell of gas as I passed the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. I could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible <t>fire</t> in the Marina District of San Francisco. I have felt many aftershocks.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fire%1:11:00:: | definition=the event of something burning (often destructive) | examples=they lost everything in the fire
2. sense_key=fire%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy | synonyms=firing | examples=hold your fire until you can see the whites of their eyes; they retreated in the face of withering enemy fire
3. sense_key=fire%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often) smoke | synonyms=flame, flaming | examples=fire was one of our ancestors' first discoveries
4. sense_key=fire%1:06:00:: | definition=a fireplace in which a relatively small fire is burning | examples=they sat by the fire and talked
5. sense_key=fire%1:27:01:: | definition=once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
6. sense_key=fire%1:12:00:: | definition=feelings of great warmth and intensity | synonyms=ardor, ardour, fervor, fervour, fervency, fervidness | examples=he spoke with great ardor
7. sense_key=fire%1:27:00:: | definition=fuel that is burning and is used as a means for cooking | examples=put the kettle on the fire; barbecue over an open fire
8. sense_key=fire%1:11:01:: | definition=a severe trial | examples=he went through fire and damnation
9. sense_key=fire%1:10:00:: | definition=intense adverse criticism | synonyms=attack, flak, flack, blast | examples=Clinton directed his fire at the Republican Party; the government has come under attack

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "I could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible <t>fire</t> in the Marina District of San Francisco."
    *   Contextual clues: "horrible", "clouds across the bay", "Marina District of San Francisco", "cracking", "gas", "refinery", "aftershocks". The setting implies a disaster scenario (likely the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake based on geographical clues like Marina District, Richmond-San Rafael Bridge, aftershocks).
    *   The target word "fire" refers to a specific event happening in a location (Marina District) causing clouds (smoke) visible from a distance. It is described as "horrible" and destructive.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `fire%1:11:00::` | definition=the event of something burning (often destructive) | examples=they lost everything in the fire.
        *   *Analysis:* This fits perfectly. It refers to a burning event that is destructive ("horrible fire"). The example "they lost everything in the fire" aligns with the disaster context.

    *   **Sense 2:** `fire%1:04:00::` | definition=the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy | synonyms=firing.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. No weapons or enemies are mentioned.

    *   **Sense 3:** `fire%1:22:00::` | definition=the process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often) smoke | synonyms=flame, flaming.
        *   *Analysis:* This defines the physical process or phenomenon (combustion). While the event involves combustion, the specific usage here refers to a discrete *event* or incident of burning ("the fire in the Marina District") rather than the abstract process of combustion (e.g., "fire requires oxygen"). Sense 1 captures the "event" aspect better. The example for Sense 3 ("fire was one of our ancestors' first discoveries") treats it as a concept/process. The context here treats it as an incident.

    *   **Sense 4:** `fire%1:06:00::` | definition=a fireplace in which a relatively small fire is burning.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. This is a structure/location (fireplace), not a disaster visible across a bay.

    *   **Sense 5:** `fire%1:27:01::` | definition=once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. This is elemental/philosophical.

    *   **Sense 6:** `fire%1:12:00::` | definition=feelings of great warmth and intensity.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. Metaphorical meaning not supported by context.

    *   **Sense 7:** `fire%1:27:00::` | definition=fuel that is burning and is used as a means for cooking.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. Not for cooking.

    *   **Sense 8:** `fire%1:11:01::` | definition=a severe trial.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. Idiomatic/metaphorical usage.

    *   **Sense 9:** `fire%1:10:00::` | definition=intense adverse criticism.
        *   *Analysis:* Incorrect. Metaphorical.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: "the event of something burning (often destructive)". Example: "they lost everything in the fire".
    *   Sense 3: "the process of combustion...". Example: "fire was one of our ancestors' first discoveries".
    *   The text refers to a specific, localized, destructive event ("the horrible fire in the Marina District"). This aligns strongly with Sense 1's definition of "the event of something burning" and the destructive nature mentioned. Sense 3 is more about the chemical/physical process or the general phenomenon. When we talk about a specific fire happening in a district after an earthquake, we are referring to the event/incident.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: feel
Target surface form: felt
Context:
I actually thought that I might die. I couldn't decide if I should come home to Marin, because my house is on stilts. I decided to brave the storm. There was a horrible smell of gas as I passed the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. I could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco. I have <t>felt</t> many aftershocks. My back is still in knots and my hands are still shaking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=feel%2:37:00:: | definition=undergo an emotional sensation or be in a particular state of mind | synonyms=experience | examples=She felt resentful; He felt regret
2. sense_key=feel%2:31:00:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=find | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
3. sense_key=feel%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by a physical sensation, e.g., coming from the skin or muscles | synonyms=sense | examples=He felt the wind; She felt an object brushing her arm
4. sense_key=feel%2:29:00:: | definition=be conscious of a physical, mental, or emotional state | examples=My cold is gone--I feel fine today; She felt tired after the long hike
5. sense_key=feel%2:31:01:: | definition=have a feeling or perception about oneself in reaction to someone's behavior or attitude | examples=She felt small and insignificant; You make me feel naked
6. sense_key=feel%2:39:01:: | definition=undergo passive experience of: | examples=We felt the effects of inflation; her fingers felt their way through the string quartet
7. sense_key=feel%2:42:00:: | definition=be felt or perceived in a certain way | examples=The ground feels shaky; The sheets feel soft
8. sense_key=feel%2:39:10:: | definition=grope or feel in search of something | examples=He felt for his wallet
9. sense_key=feel%2:35:00:: | definition=examine by touch | synonyms=finger | examples=Feel this soft cloth!; The customer fingered the sweater
10. sense_key=feel%2:35:01:: | definition=examine (a body part) by palpation | synonyms=palpate | examples=The nurse palpated the patient's stomach; The runner felt her pulse
11. sense_key=feel%2:40:00:: | definition=find by testing or cautious exploration | examples=He felt his way around the dark room
12. sense_key=feel%2:39:09:: | definition=produce a certain impression | examples=It feels nice to be home again
13. sense_key=feel%2:35:11:: | definition=pass one's hands over the sexual organs of | examples=He felt the girl in the movie theater

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "I have felt many aftershocks."
    *   Subject: "I" (the speaker).
    *   Verb phrase: "have felt" (present perfect).
    *   Object: "many aftershocks" (earth tremors).
    *   Broader context: The speaker is describing a scary experience during a storm/earthquake scenario (mention of "die", "storm", "horrible smell", "fire", "back is still in knots", "hands are still shaking").
    *   Meaning: The speaker physically experienced/perceived the seismic aftershocks. They "underwent" the event of the aftershocks happening to them.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (feel%2:37:00::):** "undergo an emotional sensation or be in a particular state of mind". Synonyms: *experience*. Examples: "She felt resentful", "He felt regret".
        *   *Critique:* Aftershocks are physical events, not emotions or states of mind. However, one can "experience" them. The definition focuses on *emotional* sensation. Aftershocks are physical phenomena. This sense is close in the "undergo/experience" aspect, but usually limited to emotions or mental states based on the examples.

    *   **Sense 2 (feel%2:31:00::):** "come to believe on the basis of emotion...". Examples: "I feel that he doesn't like me".
        *   *Critique:* This is cognitive/opinion. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 3 (feel%2:39:00::):** "perceive by a physical sensation, e.g., coming from the skin or muscles". Synonyms: *sense*. Examples: "He felt the wind", "She felt an object brushing her arm".
        *   *Critique:* This refers to tactile perception or proprioception. Feeling an aftershock involves proprioception (sensing the ground moving). However, is it just "perceiving" it, or "undergoing" it? "He felt the wind" implies perception. "I have felt many aftershocks" implies the event happened to them. Let's compare with Sense 6.

    *   **Sense 4 (feel%2:29:00::):** "be conscious of a physical, mental, or emotional state". Examples: "I feel fine", "She felt tired".
        *   *Critique:* Used adjectivally or with a complement. Not applicable here (object is "aftershocks").

    *   **Sense 5 (feel%2:31:01::):** "have a feeling or perception about oneself...". Examples: "She felt small".
        *   *Critique:* Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6 (feel%2:39:01::):** "undergo passive experience of". Examples: "We felt the effects of inflation", "her fingers felt their way...".
        *   *Critique:* The definition "undergo passive experience of" fits "feeling aftershocks" very well. You don't just tactilely touch an aftershock; you experience the event. The example "We felt the effects of inflation" is distinct from Sense 3's "He felt the wind". "Feeling the wind" is immediate tactile perception. "Feeling the effects" is undergoing a consequence or event. "Feeling aftershocks" sits somewhere between the two. It is a physical event you perceive, but usually, "feeling an aftershock" is synonymous with "experiencing an earthquake tremor".
        *   Let's look closer at Sense 3 vs Sense 6.
            *   Sense 3: Physical perception (skin/muscles). E.g., feeling a texture, feeling the wind blow, feeling a tap on the shoulder.
            *   Sense 6: Undergo passive experience. E.g., feeling the effects of inflation.
            *   The context involves seismic activity. "Did you feel the earthquake?" usually maps to the perception sense (Sense 3) in many dictionaries, but WordNet nuances matter.
            *   Sense 3 is defined as "perceive by a physical sensation...". This fits "feeling the ground shake".
            *   Sense 6 is defined as "undergo passive experience of". This fits "feeling the impact of an event".
            *   Aftershocks are discrete physical events. When one says "I felt the earthquake," one means "I perceived the shaking." When one says "I felt the effects," one means "I was affected by."
            *   Let's check the Synonyms/Examples for Sense 6 again. "We felt the effects of inflation". This is abstract/metaphorical. "felt their way" is physical groping.
            *   Let's check Sense 3 again. "He felt the wind". This is physical perception of a natural force.
            *   An aftershock is a natural force/phenomenon, similar to wind. "I felt the wind" / "I felt the aftershock". This aligns strongly with Sense 3 (perceive by physical sensation).
            *   Sense 1: "undergo an emotional sensation". Aftershocks aren't emotions.
            *   Sense 6: "undergo passive experience of". While true, Sense 3 is more specific to the physical sensation of a natural force (like wind). The primary meaning of "feel" with natural phenomena (wind, earthquake, heat, cold) is physical perception. Sense 6 often leans towards consequences (effects of inflation) or complex physical groping (felt their way).

    *   **Let's reconsider Sense 1 vs Sense 3 vs Sense 6.**
        *   Sense 3: "perceive by a physical sensation". Example: "He felt the wind."
        *   Sense 6: "undergo passive experience of". Example: "We felt the effects of inflation."
        *   Context: "I have felt many aftershocks."
        *   Is it closer to "He felt the wind" (Sense 3) or "We felt the effects of inflation" (Sense 6)?
        *   It is closer to "He felt the wind". It is a direct sensory experience of a physical phenomenon. You feel the tremor through your body (muscles/balance/skin). Sense 3's definition specifically mentions "muscles", which is very relevant for earthquakes (proprioception).
        *   Sense 1 is "emotional sensation". Definitely not.

    *   **Sense 7:** "be felt or perceived...". Intransitive. Not applicable.

    *   **Senses 8-13:** Specific actions (grope, examine, palpate, etc.). Not applicable.

    *   **Decision:** Sense 3 vs Sense 6.
        *   Sense 3 gloss: "perceive by a physical sensation, e.g., coming from the skin or muscles".
        *   Sense 6 gloss: "undergo passive experience of".
        *   "I felt the aftershock" is an act of perception via the body. It describes the sensory input. Sense 3 captures the mechanism (skin/muscles -> physical sensation) which matches the phenomenon of an earthquake/aftershock perfectly.
        *   Sense 6's example "felt the effects of inflation" is about experiencing a situation/consequence, not necessarily a raw physical sensation. Although "felt their way" is there, that specific example is usually mapped to the "groping" sense (Sense 11 or similar) or a specific musical metaphor. Sense 6 seems to be a "catch-all" for undergoing things, but Sense 3 is the standard definition for perceiving physical forces (wind, earthquake, vibration).

    *   Let's check WordNet mappings for "feel the earthquake" or similar.
        *   "Feel the cold" -> Sense 3.
        *   "Feel the pain" -> Sense 3 (or Sense 4 depending on grammar, but perception of pain is 3).
        *   "Feel the wind" -> Sense 3.
        *   "Feel the aftershock" -> Perception of a physical force.
        *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again. "undergo an emotional sensation". Synonym: *experience*. "I have felt many aftershocks" could be interpreted as "I have experienced many aftershocks".
        *   Is "aftershock" an emotional sensation? No.
        *   Is Sense 1 restricted *only* to emotions? The gloss says "undergo an emotional sensation OR be in a particular state of mind". The examples are strictly emotional/mental ("resentful", "regret").
        *   Sense 3 examples: "felt the wind", "felt an object".
        *   "Aftershock" is a physical event/object of perception. It is much closer to "wind" than "regret".
        *   Therefore Sense 3 is better than Sense 1.

    *   Final check: Sense 3 vs Sense 6.
        *   Sense 3 is "perceive".
        *   Sense 6 is "undergo".
        *   If I say "I felt the earthquake", the focus is on my sensory perception of the ground moving. This is Sense 3.
        *   If I say "I felt the loss", the focus is on the internal experience/undergoing. That's Sense 1 or 6.
        *   Because an aftershock is a physical shaking, Sense 3 (perceive by physical sensation) is the correct granularity.

    *   One complication: Sense 6 "undergo passive experience of". Does "feeling an aftershock" count as a passive experience? Yes. But Sense 3 is defined as "perceive by a physical sensation...". Feeling an earthquake is *the* quintessential example of proprioception (muscles/inner ear) listed in Sense 3's gloss ("coming from the skin or muscles").
    *   Sense 6's examples are "effects of inflation" (abstract) and a musical metaphor.
    *   Sense 3's examples are "wind" and "object brushing arm" (physical).
    *   Aftershock is physical. Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: back
Target surface form: back
Context:
I couldn't decide if I should come home to Marin, because my house is on stilts. I decided to brave the storm. There was a horrible smell of gas as I passed the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. I could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco. I have felt many aftershocks. My <t>back</t> is still in knots and my hands are still shaking. I think a few of the aftershocks might just be my body shaking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=back%1:08:00:: | definition=the posterior part of a human (or animal) body from the neck to the end of the spine | synonyms=dorsum | examples=his back was nicely tanned
2. sense_key=back%1:06:00:: | definition=the side that goes last or is not normally seen | synonyms=rear | examples=he wrote the date on the back of the photograph
3. sense_key=back%1:15:02:: | definition=the part of something that is furthest from the normal viewer | synonyms=rear | examples=he stood at the back of the stage; it was hidden in the rear of the store
4. sense_key=back%1:18:00:: | definition=(football) a person who plays in the backfield
5. sense_key=back%1:08:01:: | definition=the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord | synonyms=spinal column, vertebral column, spine, backbone, rachis | examples=the fall broke his back
6. sense_key=back%1:06:03:: | definition=the protective covering on the front, back, and spine of a book | synonyms=binding, book binding, cover | examples=the book had a leather binding
7. sense_key=back%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a garment that covers the back of your body | examples=they pinned a `kick me' sign on his back
8. sense_key=back%1:06:01:: | definition=a support that you can lean against while sitting | synonyms=backrest | examples=the back of the dental chair was adjustable
9. sense_key=back%1:04:00:: | definition=(American football) the position of a player on a football team who is stationed behind the line of scrimmage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target word is "back" used as a noun.
2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "My back is still in knots and my hands are still shaking."
    *   The speaker is describing physical sensations in their body after an earthquake (mentioned earlier in the text: "horrible smell of gas", "fire in the Marina District", "aftershocks").
    *   The phrase "My back is still in knots" refers to the physical body part. Specifically, the upper body or the area along the spine where muscles can tense up ("knots").
3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   *Sense 1:* "the posterior part of a human (or animal) body from the neck to the end of the spine". Example: "his back was nicely tanned". This fits perfectly. "Back in knots" refers to the muscles in the back of the torso.
    *   *Sense 2:* "the side that goes last or is not normally seen". Example: "he wrote the date on the back of the photograph". This refers to the side of an object, not a body part. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 3:* "the part of something that is furthest from the normal viewer". Example: "he stood at the back of the stage". Positional/locational sense, not a body part. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 4:* "(football) a person who plays in the backfield". Incorrect context.
    *   *Sense 5:* "the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton...". Synonyms: spine, backbone. While "back" can mean the spine, the phrase "in knots" usually refers to muscles in the general back area (Sense 1 covers the whole posterior body part including muscles), whereas Sense 5 specifically denotes the skeletal structure (vertebral column). If someone says "my back hurts," they usually mean the body part (Sense 1), not just the specific column of bones (Sense 5), though Sense 5 is a hypernym or part of Sense 1 in some ontologies, WordNet distinguishes the body part (Sense 1) from the spine (Sense 5). "My back is in knots" refers to muscular tension in the posterior torso. Sense 1 is the best fit for the general body part.
    *   *Sense 6:* "the protective covering on the front, back, and spine of a book". Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 7:* "the part of a garment that covers the back of your body". Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 8:* "a support that you can lean against while sitting". Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 9:* "(American football) the position of a player...". Incorrect.
4.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 is clearly the correct choice. It refers to the human body part. The phrase "back in knots" is a somatic symptom (muscle tension) located in the posterior torso.
5.  **Format the output:** The instructions require a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. Since Sense 1 is the correct one, I need to output `{"sense_index": 1}`.

*Self-Correction/Refinement on Sense 5 vs Sense 1:*
Sense 1: "the posterior part of a human ... body".
Sense 5: "the series of vertebrae ... spine, backbone".
When people say "my back is in knots", they are referring to the muscles of the back, which are part of the posterior body part (Sense 1). They are not referring strictly to the vertebral column (Sense 5). Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct disambiguation for "body part" vs "skeletal structure".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hand
Target surface form: hands
Context:
I couldn't decide if I should come home to Marin, because my house is on stilts. I decided to brave the storm. There was a horrible smell of gas as I passed the Chevron refinery before crossing the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. I could also see the clouds across the bay from the horrible fire in the Marina District of San Francisco. I have felt many aftershocks. My back is still in knots and my <t>hands</t> are still shaking. I think a few of the aftershocks might just be my body shaking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hand%1:08:00:: | definition=the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb | synonyms=manus, mitt, paw | examples=he had the hands of a surgeon; he extended his mitt
2. sense_key=hand%1:18:00:: | definition=a hired laborer on a farm or ranch | synonyms=hired hand, hired man | examples=the hired hand fixed the railing; a ranch hand
3. sense_key=hand%1:10:00:: | definition=something written by hand | synonyms=handwriting, script | examples=she recognized his handwriting; his hand was illegible
4. sense_key=hand%1:09:00:: | definition=ability | examples=he wanted to try his hand at singing
5. sense_key=hand%1:15:00:: | definition=a position given by its location to the side of an object | examples=objections were voiced on every hand
6. sense_key=hand%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=deal | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=hand%1:09:01:: | definition=one of two sides of an issue | examples=on the one hand..., but on the other hand...
8. sense_key=hand%1:06:00:: | definition=a rotating pointer on the face of a timepiece | examples=the big hand counts the minutes
9. sense_key=hand%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of length equal to 4 inches; used in measuring horses | examples=the horse stood 20 hands
10. sense_key=hand%1:18:02:: | definition=a member of the crew of a ship | examples=all hands on deck
11. sense_key=hand%1:18:01:: | definition=a card player in a game of bridge | synonyms=bridge player | examples=we need a 4th hand for bridge
12. sense_key=hand%1:10:01:: | definition=a round of applause to signify approval | examples=give the little lady a great big hand
13. sense_key=hand%1:05:01:: | definition=terminal part of the forelimb in certain vertebrates (e.g. apes or kangaroos); - Springfield (Mass.) Union | examples=the kangaroo's forearms seem undeveloped but the powerful five-fingered hands are skilled at feinting and clouting
14. sense_key=hand%1:04:00:: | definition=physical assistance | synonyms=helping hand | examples=give me a hand with the chores

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "My back is still in knots and my hands are still shaking." The speaker is describing physical symptoms of stress or fear (after an earthquake/aftershocks). They mention their back and their *hands* shaking.

2.  **Analyze the target lemma:** "hand" (surface form: "hands").

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `hand%1:08:00::` - "the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb". Synonyms: manus, mitt, paw. Examples: surgeon's hands. This refers to the physical body part at the end of the arm.
    *   Sense 2: `hand%1:18:00::` - "a hired laborer on a farm or ranch". (Metaphorical/Role). Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3: `hand%1:10:00::` - "something written by hand" (handwriting). Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4: `hand%1:09:00::` - "ability" (try his hand). Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5: `hand%1:15:00::` - "a position given by its location to the side". Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 6: `hand%1:14:00::` - "the cards held in a card game". Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 7: `hand%1:09:01::` - "one of two sides of an issue". Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 8: `hand%1:06:00::` - "a rotating pointer on the face of a timepiece". Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 9: `hand%1:23:00::` - "a unit of length". Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 10: `hand%1:18:02::` - "a member of the crew of a ship". Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 11: `hand%1:18:01::` - "a card player in a game of bridge". Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 12: `hand%1:10:01::` - "a round of applause". Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 13: `hand%1:05:01::` - "terminal part of the forelimb in certain vertebrates (e.g. apes or kangaroos)". The context involves a human ("I"), so this specific biological sense for non-human vertebrates is less appropriate than Sense 1, although humans have hands.
    *   Sense 14: `hand%1:04:00::` - "physical assistance". Doesn't fit.

4.  **Compare the best fit:** Sense 1 is the standard definition of the human body part ("extremity of the superior limb"). The context mentions "hands... shaking" as a physiological reaction to stress/fear. This is the literal body part.

5.  **Verify against constraints:** "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms."
    *   Context: "my hands are still shaking". This requires the physical body part.
    *   Definition: "extremity of the superior limb".
    *   Examples: "he had the hands of a surgeon". Fits perfectly.

6.  **Select the index:** Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

7.  **Format output:** `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Together