[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: case
Context:
The trial judge, Jon C. Blue of State Superior Court, tersely rejected the claims in a ruling last week, saying that the news media were "carefully controlled" and that there was no evidence the jury was driven by passion. But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's <t>case</t>. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The text discusses legal proceedings, specifically the conviction of Dr. Sam Sheppard. It mentions "appeals courts," "conviction," "trial," "ruling," "murder," and "the time of Dr. Sheppard's case."
    The specific sentence is: "Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's <t>case</t>."

2.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target word is "case". In this context, it refers to the legal proceedings involving Dr. Sam Sheppard. It encompasses the trial, the investigation, the conviction, and the appeals.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (an occurrence of something):* Too general. While a legal case is an occurrence, this sense usually refers to "a case of the flu" or "a case of bad judgment."
    *   *Sense 2 (a special set of circumstances):* Also too general. "In that event..." "It may rain in which case..." This refers to a conditional circumstance.
    *   *Sense 3 (a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law...):* This looks very promising. Synonyms: "lawsuit," "suit," "cause." The context is explicitly about court proceedings, trials, and convictions. The "Sheppard case" refers to the legal action/battle.
    *   *Sense 4 (the actual state of things):* "That was not the case." Not relevant here.
    *   *Sense 5 (container):* Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 6 (container/box):* Not relevant.
    *   *Sense 7 (person under investigation):* "The cases that we studied..." This refers to people as subjects of a study. While Sheppard was investigated, "Dr. Sheppard's case" refers to the legal matter, not just him as a person.
    *   *Sense 8 (a problem requiring investigation):* "Perry Mason solved the case..." This is often used for detective work. However, the Sheppard context is heavily legalistic (appeals courts, conviction, trial). Sense 3 is more specific to the *legal proceeding* aspect, whereas Sense 8 focuses on the "problem" or "mystery" aspect (usually police/detective work). While Sense 8 fits "criminal case" in a detective sense, Sense 3 fits the formal legal proceeding context better.
    *   *Sense 9 (argument):* "He stated his case clearly." Not the usage here.
    *   *Sense 10-20:* Various physical objects or grammatical terms. Irrelevant.

4.  **Refine Choice between Sense 3 and Sense 8:**
    *   Sense 8: "a problem requiring investigation." Example: "Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir."
    *   Sense 3: "a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy." Synonyms: lawsuit, suit, cause.
    *   The text discusses "appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction," "notorious cases," "trial's fairness," "overturned the conviction."
    *   "Dr. Sheppard's case" here refers to the legal matter/suit being tried in court.
    *   WordNet sometimes distinguishes between "criminal case" (often sense 8 or a variation) and "civil suit." However, looking at the provided list:
        *   Sense 3 explicitly mentions "proceeding in a court of law."
        *   Sense 8 explicitly mentions "problem requiring investigation."
    *   In legal contexts (court, judge, appeals, conviction), "case" refers to the legal action.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: "lawsuit, suit, cause, causa". While "lawsuit" usually implies civil, "cause" is a legal term for a case.
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 3 again: "any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy." This fits a criminal trial as well in a broad sense (state seeks remedy, or individual seeks exoneration).
    *   Let's look at Sense 8: "a problem requiring investigation." This is often used for "police case."
    *   The context emphasizes the *legal proceeding* aspect: "coverage of notorious cases," "appeals courts," "trial's fairness."
    *   WordNet 3.1 (or similar versions) often has a sense for "case" defined as "a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law..." (Sense 3 here). It captures the *entity* of the legal struggle.
    *   Is there a better fit? "Dr. Sheppard's case" is the entire legal history (trial, appeal, etc.).
    *   Sense 3 seems the most accurate definition of a "legal case." Sense 8 ("problem requiring investigation") feels slightly more aligned with the detective/investigation phase, whereas the text is discussing the judicial process (appeals, rulings, convictions).
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit among the options provided.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Target: "Dr. Sheppard's case"
    *   Context: Appeals courts, convictions, rulings, Superior Court.
    *   Sense 3: "proceeding in a court of law." Matches perfectly.

6.  **Formatting:** Return JSON object `{"sense_index": 3}`.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general <t>reason</t> for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *reason*
    *   Target surface form: *reason*
    *   Context sentence: "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media..."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses the fairness of trials in the age of new media, citing the Sheppard case and potential appeals for Mr. Hayes. It suggests that the changes in media (instant communication) might warrant new rules to ensure fairness.

2.  **Analyze the usage in the sentence:**
    *   "There is a general reason for concern..."
    *   Syntactic frame: "There is [determiner] reason for [noun phrase/gerund]".
    *   Meaning: The sentence explains *why* there is concern. It points to a cause or justification for the feeling of concern. The "reason" is the existence of the impact of new media.

3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1: definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared...*
        *   This sense often fits "reason for [doing something]". "Reason for concern" is slightly different. Is "concern" an action? Not really. It's a state or feeling. However, "ground" is a strong synonym here ("There is ground for concern"). This sense focuses on *motive* or rational basis.

    *   *Sense 2: definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached...*
        *   This usually fits "the reason [that/why] X happened". The context is "reason *for* concern". While related, sense 2 focuses on the explanation of a phenomenon. Here, we are talking about a justification for a feeling/attitude.

    *   *Sense 3: definition=the capacity for rational thought...*
        *   Abstract concept. "Use your reason". Not applicable to "reason for concern".

    *   *Sense 4: definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment...*
        *   Abstract concept. Not applicable.

    *   *Sense 5: definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice.*
        *   Let's look at the examples: "he had no cause to complain", "they had good reason to rejoice".
        *   Context: "There is a general reason for concern".
        *   "Concern" aligns semantically with "complain" or "rejoice" in the examples (emotional states/reactions).
        *   The definition "justification for something existing or happening" fits well. The *reason* justifies the *concern*. The synonym "cause" fits ("cause for concern" is a very common collocation). The synonym "grounds" fits ("grounds for concern").
        *   Comparison with Sense 1: Sense 1 is "motive for a belief or action". Sense 5 is "justification for something existing or happening". "Concern" is a state/feeling. Is it a belief? Not exactly. Is it an action? No. Is it "something existing"? A state of concern. Sense 5 seems slightly better because "justification" applies well to "reason for [noun]", whereas Sense 1 ("motive for action") applies well to "reason for [verb-ing]". The example for Sense 5 ("reason to rejoice") is structurally similar to "reason for concern" (reason for [noun/infinitive state]).
        *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy mappings if possible (mental check).
            *   Sense 1 (reason%1:16:00) -> motive.
            *   Sense 5 (reason%1:26:00 in WordNet 3.0 usually maps to 'justify' concepts, but here listed as 1:10:00 in the prompt list? No, wait, let me check the prompt's indices).
            *   Let's look at the indices in the prompt carefully.
            *   Sense 1: motive.
            *   Sense 5: justification.
            *   Actually, usually, "reason for concern" maps to the sense related to "grounds" or "cause".
            *   Sense 1 examples: "reason that war was declared".
            *   Sense 5 examples: "no cause to complain", "good reason to rejoice".
            *   "Reason to rejoice" / "Reason to complain" / "Reason for concern". These are very similar structures. They indicate a *justification* for the state/emotion.
            *   Therefore, Sense 5 is the strongest candidate.

    *   *Sense 6: definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying.*
        *   Example: "there is reason to believe". This is an epistemic usage (evidence).
        *   Context: "There is a general reason for concern".
        *   Is "concern" a conclusion? "I am concerned".
        *   Sense 6 usually implies logical deduction ("There is reason to believe X").
        *   Sense 5 implies justification for a reaction or state ("reason to rejoice", "reason for concern").
        *   Sense 5's definition "justification for something existing or happening" covers the "concern" (the state of being concerned). The synonym "cause" is the tell-tale sign. "Cause for concern" is the standard idiomatic paraphrase.

4.  **Refine choice between Sense 1 and Sense 5:**
    *   Sense 1: rational motive for a belief or action.
    *   Sense 5: justification for something existing or happening. Synonyms: cause, grounds.
    *   Context: "reason for concern".
    *   Phrase check: "There is cause for concern". "There are grounds for concern".
    *   Synonyms for Sense 5 include "cause" and "grounds".
    *   Synonyms for Sense 1 include "ground".
    *   However, Sense 1's examples ("reason that war was declared", "grounds for their declaration") suggest a motive driving an agentive action (declaration, war). War is an action taken by agents.
    *   Sense 5's examples ("cause to complain", "reason to rejoice") relate to justifications for reactions or states. "Concern" is a reaction/state, not an agentive action like declaring war.
    *   Therefore, Sense 5 fits the semantics of "reason for concern" better than Sense 1.

5.  **Verify Index:**
    *   Sense 5 definition: a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds.
    *   This matches the context perfectly.

6.  **Final Conclusion:**
    *   The phrase "reason for concern" means there is a justification or cause for the feeling of concern.
    *   Sense 5 explicitly lists "cause" and "grounds" as synonyms and "reason to rejoice" (a reaction) as an example.
    *   Sense 1 focuses on "motive" for "action".
    *   Sense 6 focuses on logical evidence ("reason to believe").
    *   Sense 5 is the best fit.

    Wait, let me double-check the numbering in the prompt provided.
    1. reason%1:16:00:: (motive)
    2. reason%1:10:01:: (explanation)
    3. reason%1:09:00:: (capacity)
    4. reason%1:26:00:: (sound judgment)
    5. reason%1:10:00:: (justification) -> The prompt says `sense_key=reason%1:10:00::` for definition "a justification...". Wait, let me check the prompt text again.
    Prompt Sense 5: `sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice`
    *   Note: WordNet 3.0 usually has "reason%1:26:00::" as "cause, grounds". But in this specific prompt list, Sense 4 is "sound judgment" and Sense 5 is "justification". I must follow the prompt's numbering.
    *   Prompt Sense 5: "justification for something existing or happening". Synonyms: "cause, grounds".
    *   This matches "reason for concern".

    Let's re-read Sense 1 in the prompt.
    Prompt Sense 1: `sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration`
    *   Is concern a belief? Maybe. "I am concerned" implies "I believe something bad might happen".
    *   Is concern an action? No.
    *   Sense 5's examples ("reason to rejoice", "cause to complain") are semantically much closer to "reason for concern" (emotional states/reactions) than Sense 1's examples ("reason war was declared" - conscious decision).
    *   Also, the synonym "cause" in Sense 5 links directly to the idiom "cause for concern".

    Decision: Sense 5.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concern
Target surface form: concern
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for <t>concern</t> about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concern%1:09:00:: | definition=something that interests you because it is important or affects you | examples=the safety of the ship is the captain's concern
2. sense_key=concern%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=care, fear | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=concern%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of sympathy for someone or something | examples=She felt strong concern for those less fortunate
4. sense_key=concern%1:09:01:: | definition=something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness | synonyms=worry, headache, vexation | examples=New York traffic is a constant concern; it's a major worry
5. sense_key=concern%1:14:00:: | definition=a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it | synonyms=business, business concern, business organization, business organisation | examples=he bought his brother's business; a small mom-and-pop business

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "concern" in the context: "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials.

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. something that interests you because it is important or affects you (e.g., the safety of the ship is the captain's concern)
2. an anxious feeling (e.g., care had aged him)
3. a feeling of sympathy for someone or something (e.g., She felt strong concern for those less fortunate)
4. something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness (e.g., New York traffic is a constant concern)
5. a commercial or industrial enterprise (e.g., he bought his brother's business)

In the context, "reason for concern about the impact of the new media", it implies an anxious feeling or worry about the impact. "Reason for concern" typically means reason for worry/anxiety.
Sense 2 is "an anxious feeling". "reason for an anxious feeling about..."
Sense 4 is "something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness". "reason for a source of unhappiness about..."

Wait, look at the syntax: "reason for concern". This usually refers to the feeling of worry (Sense 2). "Concern" here is the abstract feeling of worry or anxiety.
Sense 4 is "something that causes anxiety" -> "New York traffic is a constant concern" (the traffic is the concern). Here, "concern" is the cause of anxiety. But "reason for concern" means "reason to be anxious", where "concern" represents the state of being anxious (Sense 2).
Let's check if Sense 2 fits: "an anxious feeling". "reason for [an anxious feeling] about..."
Let's check Sense 1: "something that interests you because it is important or affects you". "reason for [something that interests you] about..." - doesn't fit as well as the anxious feeling.

Actually, "concern" in "reason for concern" is usually mapped to the feeling of worry (Sense 2).
Let's re-read the WordNet senses for "concern" as a noun:
1: concern%1:09:00:: something that interests you because it is important or affects you
2: concern%1:12:01:: an anxious feeling (synonyms: care, fear)
3: concern%1:12:00:: a feeling of sympathy for someone or something
4: concern%1:09:01:: something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness (synonyms: worry, headache, vexation)
5: concern%1:14:00:: a commercial or industrial enterprise

"There is a general reason for concern about..."
If it were Sense 4, it would be "The new media is a concern."
Here it's "reason for concern". Concern is the anxious feeling itself. "There is a reason to feel anxious."
Sense 2: an anxious feeling.
So Sense 2 fits perfectly.

Wait, could it be Sense 4? "a source of unhappiness". "reason for a source of unhappiness" - no, that's redundant. "Reason for worry" (where worry is the feeling, synonymous with Sense 2, but wait, in WordNet 'worry' is a synonym for Sense 4).
Wait, let's look at the examples for Sense 4: "New York traffic is a constant concern". Here, the traffic is the concern (the cause).
For Sense 2: "care had aged him". "out of fear of public reaction". The feeling is the concern.
"There is a general reason for concern..." -> concern = the anxious feeling. Sense 2.

Let me double check the sense indexing:
1: concern%1:09:00::
2: concern%1:12:01::
3: concern%1:12:00::
4: concern%1:09:01::
5: concern%1:14:00::

Sense 2 is "an anxious feeling". Context: "reason for concern about the impact" -> reason to be anxious. This is exactly Sense 2.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the <t>impact</t> of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   **Sentence:** "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media in high-profile trials..."
    *   **Subject:** "impact of the new media".
    *   **Domain:** Legal context, high-profile trials, media influence, fairness of trials.
    *   **Meaning:** The sentence discusses how new media affects or influences the proceedings/outcome of trials. It's about the effect or influence of media coverage/communication on the judicial process.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `impact%1:11:00::` | definition=the striking of one body against another.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a physical collision. The context is abstract (media influence on trials). This doesn't fit.

    *   **Sense 2:** `impact%2:19:00::` (Note: The prompt index is 2, let's check the definition). Definition: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect". Synonyms: "wallop". Examples: "the book had an important impact on my thinking".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a strong effect or influence. The example "impact on my thinking" parallels "impact of the new media [on trials]". This fits the abstract notion of influence/consequence well.

    *   **Sense 3:** `impact%1:04:00::` | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment. Examples: "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense emphasizes the act of influencing or encroaching. The example "impingement of American values" suggests an intrusion or an influencing act. The context talks about the *impact* (result/effect) of new media. While "influencing strongly" is close, the specific synonyms "impingement, encroachment" suggest a slightly more negative or intrusive angle. However, let's look at the distinction between Sense 2 and Sense 3.
        *   Sense 2 focuses on the *consequence* or *effect* ("forceful consequence").
        *   Sense 3 focuses on the *act* or *process* of influencing ("influencing strongly" - noun of action).
        *   In the context "concern about the impact of the new media", the concern is about the *effect* the media has on the fairness of the trial. "The book had an important impact" (Sense 2 example) aligns very well with "media has an impact". Sense 3's example "impingement... on culture" suggests the act of impinging.
        *   Usually, when we talk about the "impact of X on Y", we refer to the effect (Sense 2). Sense 3 often implies a more specific type of influence involving encroachment (impingement). The context mentions "coverage... raise questions", "limiting instant communication", "make trials fairer". This is about the *effect* of the media presence. Sense 2 seems the broader, more standard definition for "strong effect".

    *   **Sense 4:** `impact%1:04:01::` | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples="the armies met in the shock of battle".
        *   *Analysis:* This is military/combat related. Not applicable here.

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect". Example: "impact on my thinking".
    *   Sense 3: "influencing strongly". Synonyms: "impingement, encroachment". Example: "impingement of American values".
    *   The sentence asks about the "impact of the new media". Is it the *effect* (Sense 2) or the *act of encroaching/influencing* (Sense 3)?
    *   The phrase "impact of the new media" is semantically very close to "impact on my thinking" (Sense 2). The synonyms for Sense 3 (impingement, encroachment) are quite specific and carry a nuance of intrusion that, while relevant to the broader article (media intrusion), isn't the primary definition of "impact" in this specific phrase structure. "Impact" here stands for the *consequence* or *influence* exerted.
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy/definitions more strictly.
    *   Sense 2 (often listed as 1 in WordNet proper, noun, 1:11:00 is usually physical, 1:22:00 or similar is usually abstract effect. Wait, the user provided custom indices).
    *   Let's look at the provided definitions again.
    *   Index 1: Physical collision.
    *   Index 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect". This captures the *result* of the media attention.
    *   Index 3: "influencing strongly" (synonyms: impingement, encroachment). This is an act.
    *   The context speaks of the "impact" as the subject of concern. "concern about the [effect] of the new media".
    *   Sense 2 fits "effect" perfectly. Sense 3 fits "influence/encroachment". While "impact" implies influence, the standard usage "impact of X" usually maps to the "strong effect" sense (Index 2) rather than the specific "impingement" sense (Index 3), unless the context specifically highlights the *encroachment* aspect. Here, the context is about fairness and communication rules. The media *has an impact* (effect).
    *   The example for Sense 2 ("the book had an important impact on my thinking") is structurally identical to the target ("impact of the new media [on trials]").
    *   The example for Sense 3 involves "impingement", which is a synonym provided. "Impact" is often a synonym for impingement, but in the phrase "the impact of new media", we are talking about the power/effect.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 2 is the best fit. It refers to a strong effect or influence, which is what the legal scholars are worried about regarding new media's effect on trial fairness.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: "concern about the impact of the new media" -> Concern about the effect.
    *   Sense 2 Definition: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect".
    *   Sense 2 Example: "impact on my thinking".
    *   This matches well. Sense 3 is too specific with "impingement/encroachment". Sense 1 is physical. Sense 4 is combat.

    Selected Index: 2.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trial
Target surface form: trials
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile <t>trials</t>, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trial%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=test, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
2. sense_key=trial%1:09:00:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial run, test, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
3. sense_key=trial%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=test | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
4. sense_key=trial%1:04:02:: | definition=(law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law | examples=he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty; most of these complaints are settled before they go to trial
5. sense_key=trial%1:11:01:: | definition=(sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications | examples=the trials for the semifinals began yesterday
6. sense_key=trial%1:11:00:: | definition=an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event | synonyms=tribulation, visitation | examples=his mother-in-law's visits were a great trial for him; life is full of tribulations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Context sentence: "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile <t>trials</t>, said John J. Donohue III..."
    *   Surrounding context: The text talks about appeals courts, convictions, the United States Supreme Court, Dr. Sam Sheppard, fairness of a trial, murder, judges, courtrooms, and the determination of guilt/innocence.
    *   Key phrases: "coverage of notorious cases", "trial's fairness", "overturned the conviction", "govern ways of communicating from courtrooms", "high-profile trials", "limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer".
    *   Meaning in context: The word "trials" refers to legal proceedings where a case is heard and a verdict is reached. It is about the judicial process.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "the act of testing something" (synonyms: test, run). Example: experimental trials. -> This refers to scientific or mechanical testing. Not legal.
    *   Sense 2: "trying something to find out about it" (synonyms: trial run, test, tryout). Example: free trial. -> This refers to product trials or experimental attempts. Not legal.
    *   Sense 3: "the act of undergoing testing" (synonyms: test). Example: test of battle, trial of skill. -> This refers to endurance or skill testing. Not legal.
    *   Sense 4: "(law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law". Example: fair trial, go to trial. -> This is the legal definition. The context mentions courts, convictions, lawyers, judges, and fairness.
    *   Sense 5: "(sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications". Example: trials for the semifinals. -> This is sports-related.
    *   Sense 6: "an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event" (synonyms: tribulation). Example: visits were a great trial. -> This is metaphorical/emotional.

3.  **Match Context to Sense:**
    *   The context explicitly discusses legal contexts ("appeals courts", "Supreme Court", "conviction", "courtrooms", "guilt/innocence" implied by the Sheppard case).
    *   Sense 4 is the specific legal sense defined as "(law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law".
    *   The example in Sense 4 ("he had a fair trial") matches the phrase in the text ("questions about a trial's fairness").

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The target word "trials" refers to legal proceedings.
    *   Sense 4 is the correct definition.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user requested JSON format: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The correct index is 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: connecticut
Target surface form: Connecticut
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the <t>Connecticut</t> death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=connecticut%1:15:00:: | definition=a New England state; one of the original 13 colonies | synonyms=Nutmeg State, Constitution State, CT
2. sense_key=connecticut%1:17:00:: | definition=a river in the northeastern United States; flows south from northern New Hampshire along the border between New Hampshire and Vermont and through Massachusetts and Connecticut where it empties into Long Island Sound | synonyms=Connecticut River
3. sense_key=connecticut%1:15:01:: | definition=one of the British colonies that formed the United States

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Task: Fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   Target lemma: `connecticut`
    *   Target surface form: `Connecticut`
    *   Context: A text discussing legal appeals, the impact of media on trials, and a specific case involving Mr. Hayes. The relevant sentence is: "Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer." The target is in the preceding sentence: "...a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  State (New England state, one of the original 13 colonies).
        2.  River (flows through NH, VT, MA, CT).
        3.  Historical Colony (one of the British colonies).
    *   Output format: JSON `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "...a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty..."
    *   Phrase: "Connecticut death penalty".
    *   Meaning: This phrase refers to the legal system/capital punishment statutes of a specific jurisdiction.
    *   Jurisdictions (states) have death penalties; rivers do not. Historical colonies (past entities) do not have current death penalties being studied by a modern Stanford professor regarding the appeal of Mr. Hayes (a contemporary case).

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1 (`connecticut%1:15:00::`):* "a New England state..."
        *   Does a state have a death penalty? Yes.
        *   Is the context about a state jurisdiction? Yes, the Hayes case (likely Steven Hayes, the Cheshire, Connecticut home invasion case) was a major death penalty case in the state of Connecticut.
        *   Fit: Excellent.

    *   *Sense 2 (`connecticut%1:17:00::`):* "a river..."
        *   Does a river have a death penalty? No.
        *   Fit: Poor.

    *   *Sense 3 (`connecticut%1:15:01::`):* "one of the British colonies..."
        *   Does a historical colony have a death penalty being studied by a Stanford professor in the context of modern appeals courts? No. The entity referred to is the current political entity (the state).
        *   Fit: Poor (too historical).

4.  **Select Best Sense:**
    *   The text refers to the jurisdiction of the state of Connecticut.
    *   Sense 1 is the definition of the state.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants `{"sense_index": 1}`.

    *   Double check sense indices provided in the prompt.
        *   Sense 1: State.
        *   Sense 2: River.
        *   Sense 3: Colony.
    *   Selected: Sense 1.

6.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   Construct JSON.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
But that is not likely to be the last word on the issue. For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a <t>report</t> that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "report"
    *   Target surface form: "report"
    *   Context: "...Professor Donohue ... wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced."
    *   Key phrase: "wrote a report that said..."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group". Synonyms: study, written report. Examples: "this accords with the recent study..."
    *   Sense 2: "the act of informing by verbal report". Synonyms: account. Examples: "he heard reports...", "by all accounts..."
    *   Sense 3: "a short account of the news". Synonyms: news report, story. Examples: "11 o'clock news".
    *   Sense 4: "a sharp explosive sound". (Gunfire).
    *   Sense 5: "a written evaluation of a student's scholarship". (Report card).
    *   Sense 6: "an essay (especially one written as an assignment)". Synonyms: composition, paper. Examples: school work.
    *   Sense 7: "the general estimation... reputation".

3.  **Evaluate the context against the senses:**
    *   The context describes a law professor (John J. Donohue III) who studied the Connecticut death penalty and *wrote* a document describing his findings ("that said it was arbitrarily enforced").
    *   This fits perfectly with Sense 1. It is a "written document describing the findings" of a professor/group (study). The verb "wrote" strongly implies a written document, ruling out verbal report (Sense 2) and sound (Sense 4). It is clearly not a student's report card (Sense 5) or a generic school essay (Sense 6). It is not a news snippet (Sense 3), though related, the context implies a formal document produced by a study, often cited in legal/academic contexts.
    *   The synonym "study" in Sense 1 aligns well with "studied the Connecticut death penalty".

4.  **Differentiate Sense 1 vs Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 3 is "a short account of the news" (news report, story). While the results might be news, the object being referred to is a document produced by a professor studying a specific legal topic. This makes it a formal finding/study/document, fitting Sense 1 much better than a news blurb (Sense 3).

5.  **Differentiate Sense 1 vs Sense 6:**
    *   Sense 6 is a school assignment. This is clearly a professional academic/legal report, not a student homework assignment.

6.  **Confirm the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the best fit: a written document describing findings (of a study on the death penalty).

7.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appeal
Target surface form: appeals
Context:
For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some <t>appeals</t> judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer. The Twitter issue is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for years, delaying an execution.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appeal%1:10:00:: | definition=earnest or urgent request | synonyms=entreaty, prayer | examples=an entreaty to stop the fighting; an appeal for help
2. sense_key=appeal%1:07:00:: | definition=attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates | synonyms=appealingness, charm | examples=his smile was part of his appeal to her
3. sense_key=appeal%1:04:00:: | definition=(law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower court's judgment or the granting of a new trial | examples=their appeal was denied in the superior court
4. sense_key=appeal%1:10:02:: | definition=request for a sum of money | synonyms=solicitation, collection, ingathering | examples=an appeal to raise money for starving children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `appeal`
    *   Target surface form: `appeals`
    *   Context sentence: "Professor Donohue said some **appeals** judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses "appeals courts", "conviction", "United States Supreme Court", "overturned", "trial's fairness", "legal proceedings".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   Sense 1: `appeal%1:10:00::` - Definition: "earnest or urgent request". Examples: "an appeal for help". This refers to a plea or asking for something.
    *   Sense 2: `appeal%1:07:00::` - Definition: "attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates". Synonyms: charm. This refers to the quality of being attractive.
    *   Sense 3: `appeal%1:04:00::` - Definition: "(law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court...". This is the legal sense of the word.
    *   Sense 4: `appeal%1:10:02::` - Definition: "request for a sum of money". Examples: fundraising. This refers to soliciting donations.

3.  **Map context to senses:**
    *   The text is about legal proceedings ("appeals courts", "conviction", "trial").
    *   The phrase is "appeals judges".
    *   In this context, "appeals" acts as an attributive noun (a noun functioning as an adjective) modifying "judges". "Appeals judges" are judges who preside over or review *appeals* (legal proceedings where a lower court decision is reviewed).
    *   Even though it modifies "judges", the core meaning comes from the noun "appeal" referring to the legal process.
    *   Sense 3 defines "appeal" as a legal proceeding.
    *   Therefore, "appeals judges" are judges of the legal proceeding known as an "appeal".

4.  **Verification:**
    *   Does Sense 1 fit? "Earnest request judges"? No, it refers to the court/process type.
    *   Does Sense 2 fit? "Attractiveness judges"? No.
    *   Does Sense 3 fit? "Legal proceeding judges"? Yes. Judges of the appeals court. This matches the earlier mention of "appeals courts".
    *   Does Sense 4 fit? "Fundraising judges"? No.

5.  **Conclusion:**
    The context is clearly legal. The word refers to the process of reviewing a court decision. This corresponds exactly to Sense 3.

6.  **Formulate Output:**
    The user wants a JSON object with the sense_index.
    Sense 3 is the correct definition.
    Output: `{"sense_index": 3}`

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: judge
Target surface form: judges
Context:
For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals <t>judges</t> might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer. The Twitter issue is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for years, delaying an execution.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=judge%1:18:00:: | definition=a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice | synonyms=justice, jurist
2. sense_key=judge%1:18:01:: | definition=an authority who is able to estimate worth or quality | synonyms=evaluator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "judge", and the surface form is "judges" (plural noun).
2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Professor Donohue said some appeals <t>judges</t> might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer."
    *   Keywords: "appeals", "courtrooms", "trials", "fairer", "Professor Donohue" (law professor), "conviction", "Supreme Court".
    *   The surrounding text discusses the legal system, specifically appeals courts, overturning convictions, and the fairness of trials.
    *   The "judges" in question are those who sit on appeals courts and make decisions regarding the fairness of trials and the enforcement of laws (like the death penalty).
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `judge%1:18:00::` | Definition: "a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice" | Synonyms: justice, jurist.
    *   **Sense 2:** `judge%1:18:01::` | Definition: "an authority who is able to estimate worth or quality" | Synonyms: evaluator.
4.  **Match context to senses:**
    *   The context is explicitly about the legal system ("appeals courts", "courtrooms", "trials").
    *   The "judges" referred to are legal officials (appeals court judges).
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice". The synonyms "justice" and "jurist" fit the context of "appeals judges" (often called "justices" in higher courts).
    *   Sense 2 refers to a general evaluator (like a judge at a talent show or a wine tasting). This does not fit the legal context at all.
5.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.
6.  **Format the output:** The user requested a specific JSON format `{"sense_index": X}` where X corresponds to the numbered list.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.
    *   Sense 2 is index 2.

    Therefore, the output should be `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the <t>idea</t> that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer. The Twitter issue is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for years, delaying an execution.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The sentence is: "Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the <t>idea</t> that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer."
    *   The "idea" here is a proposition or a concept being presented to the judges.
    *   The specific content of the idea is "that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer".
    *   The judges are considering this concept/proposition.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `idea%1:09:00::` | Definition: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" | Synonyms: "thought" | Examples: "it was not a good idea"; "the thought never entered my mind".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a cognitive unit, a thought, or a concept. The context describes a specific proposition (limiting communication = fairer trials). This fits the definition of "content of cognition". Is it the "main thing they are thinking about"? The judges are "intrigued by" it, meaning they are thinking about it. The example "it was not a good idea" is very close to how "idea" is used in general abstract propositions.

    *   **Sense 2:** `idea%1:09:01::` | Definition: "your intention; what you intend to do" | Synonyms: "mind" | Examples: "he had in mind to see his old teacher"; "the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is about intent or purpose (the "idea" of the game = the goal). The target context is not about the judges' or Professor Donohue's intention. It is about a specific proposition or legal argument. This doesn't fit.

    *   **Sense 3:** `idea%1:09:03::` | Definition: "a personal view" | Examples: "he has an idea that we don't like him".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense implies a subjective belief or opinion held by a person ("he has an idea that..."). In the context, the "idea" is a proposal or a hypothesis ("limiting instant communication... might make trials fairer"). While a judge might hold a view, the phrasing "intrigued by the idea that..." frames the idea as an external proposition or concept being considered, rather than a pre-existing personal view/belief of the subject. However, the example "he has an idea that we don't like him" suggests a suspicion or belief. The context "intrigued by the idea that..." suggests a hypothesis or concept (Sense 1) rather than a subjective suspicion or opinion (Sense 3).
        *   *Refinement:* Let's look at Sense 1 vs Sense 3. Sense 1 is "content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about". It covers concepts, thoughts, and notions. Sense 3 is "a personal view". The sentence discusses a legal argument or a potential principle. "The idea that limiting instant communication... might make trials fairer." This is a proposition. It functions similarly to "the thought/concept that...". It fits Sense 1 better because it is the *content* of a proposal/argument, not necessarily a "personal view" (though it could become one). Usually, "intrigued by the idea" treats the idea as an object of thought (Sense 1).

    *   **Sense 4:** `idea%1:09:02::` | Definition: "an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth" | Synonyms: "estimate, estimation, approximation" | Examples: "a rough idea how long it would take".
        *   *Analysis:* This is about estimation/guesswork (e.g., "I have no idea how much it costs"). The context is about a legal principle/argument. This doesn't fit.

    *   **Sense 5:** `idea%1:10:00::` | Definition: "(music) melodic subject...".
        *   *Analysis:* Domain specific to music. Context is law. Incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3 closely:**
    *   Sense 1: "content of cognition... thought". Example: "it was not a good idea".
    *   Sense 3: "a personal view". Example: "he has an idea that we don't like him".
    *   In the text: "intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication... might make trials fairer".
    *   Is it a personal view? Professor Donohue is suggesting it. The judges might adopt it. It is presented as a concept or proposition. The word "idea" here is synonymous with "proposition" or "thought".
    *   Sense 3 ("personal view") usually implies a belief held by the subject ("I have an idea that X is true"). Here, the structure is "intrigued by the idea that...". The idea exists as a concept (Sense 1) which the judges are evaluating.
    *   Sense 1 is the most general and common sense for "idea" meaning a thought, concept, or suggestion. "The idea that X" is a very common construction for Sense 1 (concept/proposition). For instance, "The idea that the earth is round." That is a concept/fact, not a "personal view" in the sense of opinion/suspicion (Sense 3 example: "he has an idea that we don't like him" = he suspects/believes).
    *   The context involves a legal argument. Arguments are composed of ideas (concepts/propositions). Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct fit.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   Sense 1 covers the "content of cognition" and "thought". The sentence discusses a specific thought/proposition regarding trial fairness.
    *   Sense 3 is too specific to "personal view/opinion/suspicion".
    *   Sense 1 is the best fit for a proposal or hypothesis being considered.

5.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   Must return JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: communication
Target surface form: communication
Context:
For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant <t>communication</t> from courtrooms might make trials fairer. The Twitter issue is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for years, delaying an execution.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=communication%1:10:01:: | definition=the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information | synonyms=communicating | examples=they could not act without official communication from Moscow
2. sense_key=communication%1:03:00:: | definition=something that is communicated by or to or between people or groups
3. sense_key=communication%1:24:00:: | definition=a connection allowing access between persons or places | examples=how many lines of communication can there be among four people?; a secret passageway provided communication between the two rooms

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses the impact of media coverage on high-profile trials, specifically comparing the 1966 Sheppard case to a modern case involving Mr. Hayes.
    *   The relevant sentence is: "Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant <t>communication</t> from courtrooms might make trials fairer."
    *   The phrase "instant communication" refers to the activity of sending information out of the courtroom instantly (e.g., via Twitter, mentioned in the next sentence: "The Twitter issue...").
    *   The previous sentence mentions "ways of communicating from courtrooms".
    *   The core meaning here is the *act* or *process* of conveying information (tweets, reports, live updates) from the courtroom to the outside world.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `communication%1:10:01::` | definition: "the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information" | synonyms: "communicating" | examples: "they could not act without official communication from Moscow".
        *   This sense focuses on the *activity* or *process*. The phrase "limiting instant communication" fits perfectly. You limit an activity/process. You limit the *act* of sending information instantly.
    *   **Sense 2:** `communication%1:03:00::` | definition: "something that is communicated by or to or between people or groups".
        *   This sense refers to the *message* or the *content* (the 'something'). While "limiting instant communication" could grammatically refer to the messages (the tweets themselves), the context emphasizes the *act* of broadcasting live from the courtroom ("ways of communicating", "impact of new media"). Limiting the *activity* is the regulatory focus, not just blocking specific messages. However, usually, count nouns (like "a communication") refer to this sense, whereas mass nouns refer to Sense 1. Here, "communication" is used as a mass noun (without an article). "Limiting instant communication" suggests restricting the flow/activity.
    *   **Sense 3:** `communication%1:24:00::` | definition: "a connection allowing access between persons or places" | examples: "how many lines of communication...", "secret passageway".
        *   This sense refers to a channel, link, or physical connection. This doesn't fit "instant communication" in the context of tweeting or broadcasting news. It's not about a physical passageway or a static "line of communication" in the military sense, but the dynamic act of sending data.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 (Activity): "limiting instant communication" = limiting the act of communicating instantly.
    *   Sense 2 (Message): "limiting instant communication" = limiting the specific instant messages.
    *   Context clues: "ways of communicating" (verb) -> "communication" (noun). The text contrasts the "carnival atmosphere" caused by the news media activity. The issue is the *live* nature of modern media (Twitter). The *act* of reporting instantly is what creates the potential for unfairness.
    *   Syntactic cue: "Communication" is a mass noun here. Sense 2 usually manifests as "a communication" (countable) or plural "communications". Sense 1 is the abstract mass noun usage.
    *   The example for Sense 1 ("official communication from Moscow") implies an act or instance of conveying info. The target phrase "instant communication" parallels this usage pattern (adjective + mass noun).

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 captures the *activity* of conveying information, which is what "instant communication" via Twitter represents. It is the act of broadcasting that needs to be limited according to the text.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trial
Target surface form: trials
Context:
For decades, appeals courts have recognized that coverage of notorious cases can raise questions about a trial's fairness. In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make <t>trials</t> fairer. The Twitter issue is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for years, delaying an execution.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trial%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=test, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
2. sense_key=trial%1:09:00:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial run, test, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
3. sense_key=trial%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=test | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
4. sense_key=trial%1:04:02:: | definition=(law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law | examples=he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty; most of these complaints are settled before they go to trial
5. sense_key=trial%1:11:01:: | definition=(sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications | examples=the trials for the semifinals began yesterday
6. sense_key=trial%1:11:00:: | definition=an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event | synonyms=tribulation, visitation | examples=his mother-in-law's visits were a great trial for him; life is full of tribulations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: trial
    *   Target surface form: trials
    *   Context snippet: "...Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make **trials** fairer. The Twitter issue is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers..."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses "appeals courts," "conviction," "murder," "Supreme Court," "Sheppard v. Maxwell," "lawyers," "death penalty," "courtrooms." It explicitly contrasts the atmosphere of a legal proceeding with media coverage.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `trial%1:04:00::` - Definition: "the act of testing something" (scientific/technical testing). Examples: "experimental trials," "flip of the coin."
    *   Sense 2: `trial%1:09:00::` - Definition: "trying something to find out about it" (product trial/pilot). Examples: "ten days free trial," "trial of progesterone."
    *   Sense 3: `sense_key=trial%1:04:03::` - Definition: "the act of undergoing testing" (endurance/skill). Examples: "test of battle," "trial of skill."
    *   Sense 4: `trial%1:04:02::` - Definition: "(law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law" (legal proceeding). Examples: "fair trial," "go to trial."
    *   Sense 5: `trial%1:11:01::` - Definition: "(sports) a preliminary competition..." (sports). Example: "trials for the semifinals."
    *   Sense 6: `trial%1:11:00::` - Definition: "an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event" (hardship). Examples: "visits were a great trial."

3.  **Map context to senses:**
    *   The context mentions "appeals courts," "conviction," "courtrooms," "lawyers," and "judges."
    *   The specific sentence refers to making "trials fairer" by limiting communication from courtrooms.
    *   This clearly refers to a legal proceeding where innocence or guilt is determined.
    *   Sense 4 fits perfectly: "(law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law". The example "he had a fair trial" matches the phrase "make trials fairer" in the text.

4.  **Select the best index:**
    *   Sense 4 is the legal sense. The text is entirely about legal proceedings.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instructions ask for a JSON object with the key "sense_index".
    *   The correct index is 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: issue
Target surface form: issue
Context:
In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer. The Twitter <t>issue</t> is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for years, delaying an execution. The defense lawyers also claim, for example, that Mr. Hayes may have been prejudiced when Judge Blue declined to allow them to test potential jurors' reactions by showing them grisly crime-scene photographs during jury selection.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01:: | definition=an important question that is in dispute and must be settled | examples=the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues
2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=number | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, matter | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
4. sense_key=issue%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity) | synonyms=issuing, issuance | examples=a new issue of stamps; the last issue of penicillin was over a month ago
5. sense_key=issue%1:21:01:: | definition=supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government | synonyms=military issue, government issue
6. sense_key=issue%1:21:00:: | definition=the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property | synonyms=return, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff | examples=the average return was about 5%
7. sense_key=issue%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
8. sense_key=issue%1:18:00:: | definition=the immediate descendants of a person | synonyms=offspring, progeny | examples=she was the mother of many offspring; he died without issue
9. sense_key=issue%1:11:00:: | definition=the becoming visible | synonyms=emergence, egress | examples=not a day's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins
10. sense_key=issue%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening that permits escape or release | synonyms=exit, outlet, way out | examples=he blocked the way out; the canyon had only one issue
11. sense_key=issue%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of issuing printed materials | synonyms=publication

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "issue"
    *   Context sentence: "The Twitter <t>issue</t> is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for years, delaying an execution."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses legal proceedings, specifically an appeal for a murder conviction (Hayes). It mentions the "new media" (Twitter), the impact of communications from courtrooms, and how lawyers are outlining various points of contention. The "Twitter issue" refers to the legal question/problem/subject of using Twitter in courtrooms and its impact on trial fairness.

2.  **Analyze candidate senses:**
    *   1. `issue%1:09:01::`: "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled". Examples: "the issue could be settled by requiring public education...", "politicians never discuss the real issues".
        *   *Fit:* Very strong. The text talks about a legal dispute, arguments by lawyers, and something that needs to be resolved or ruled upon by courts. The "Twitter issue" is a point of legal contention.
    *   2. `issue%1:10:00::`: "one of a series published periodically" (like a magazine issue).
        *   *Fit:* No. The text is about legal arguments, not a publication volume.
    *   3. `issue%1:09:00::`: "some situation or event that is thought about". Synonyms: topic, subject, matter.
        *   *Fit:* Good. It is a topic/subject of debate. However, sense 1 ("important question... in dispute and must be settled") feels more precise for a legal context involving appeals and arguments. The distinction between sense 1 and sense 3 in WordNet can be subtle. Sense 1 usually implies a problem to be solved or a dispute to be resolved. Sense 3 is broader (topic/subject).
        *   *Comparison:* The sentence says the issue is "likely to be argued for years." This implies a dispute or a matter to be settled/decided. The phrase "The Twitter issue" refers to the specific legal question regarding Twitter's impact on the trial. Sense 1 captures the "dispute/settlement" aspect better than sense 3.
    *   4. `issue%1:04:01::`: "the act of providing an item...". Synonyms: issuing, issuance.
        *   *Fit:* No.
    *   5. `issue%1:21:01::`: "supplies... issued by the government".
        *   *Fit:* No.
    *   6. `issue%1:21:00::`: "income or profit...".
        *   *Fit:* No.
    *   7. `issue%1:19:00::`: "phenomenon that follows...". Synonyms: consequence, result.
        *   *Fit:* No. While Twitter might cause consequences, the word "issue" here is used to denote the subject matter of the appeal, not a result.
    *   8. `issue%1:18:00::`: "immediate descendants".
        *   *Fit:* No.
    *   9. `issue%1:11:00::`: "the becoming visible".
        *   *Fit:* No.
    *   10. `issue%1:06:00::`: "an opening...".
        *   *Fit:* No.
    *   11. `issue%1:04:00::`: "the act of issuing printed materials".
        *   *Fit:* No.

3.  **Refining the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled". Gloss includes "dispute" and "settled". The context is a legal appeal ("appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction", "argued for years"). The "Twitter issue" is a point of legal contention.
    *   Sense 3: "some situation or event that is thought about". Synonyms: topic, subject. While it is a subject, the legal context strongly favors the specific meaning of a "matter in dispute" (a legal issue).
    *   In linguistics/legal terminology, an "issue" is a matter of law or fact in dispute between parties.
    *   The example for Sense 1: "politicians never discuss the real issues" aligns well with "lawyers said... might be intrigued by the argument". It's a substantive point of debate.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the most precise definition for the target word in this specific legal context.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 (`issue%1:09:01::`) is the best fit. It refers to the legal question regarding Twitter use in the courtroom, which is in dispute and needs to be settled by the courts.

5.  **Formatting output:**
    *   Return JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
In a landmark 1966 ruling, the United States Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Cleveland osteopath, Dr. Sam Sheppard, for the murder of his wife, saying in its decision, Sheppard v. Maxwell, that there was a "carnival atmosphere at trial" because of the news media. The crime is believed by some to have been the inspiration for the television show and the movie "The Fugitive." Some lawyers said appeals courts reviewing Mr. Hayes's conviction half a century later might be intrigued by the argument that new rules could be necessary to govern ways of communicating from courtrooms unimagined at the time of Dr. Sheppard's case. "There is a general reason for concern about the impact of the new media" in high-profile trials, said John J. Donohue III, a Stanford Law School professor who studied the Connecticut death penalty and wrote a report that said it was arbitrarily enforced. Professor Donohue said some appeals judges might be intrigued by the idea that limiting instant communication from courtrooms might make trials fairer. The Twitter issue is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for <t>years</t>, delaying an execution. The defense lawyers also claim, for example, that Mr. Hayes may have been prejudiced when Judge Blue declined to allow them to test potential jurors' reactions by showing them grisly crime-scene photographs during jury selection.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "years" in the context: "The Twitter issue is just one of many outlined by Mr. Hayes's lawyers that are likely to be argued for <t>years</t>, delaying an execution."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence says arguments about these issues are "likely to be argued for years"
- This refers to a duration or period of time
- It's not referring to a calendar year or school year
- It's not referring to a class of students graduating
- It's using "years" to indicate a long period of time (multiple years)

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
- This is the basic unit of time - a year as 365/366 days

2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
- This is for things like school years, fiscal years, etc.

3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
- This is the astronomical definition

4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
- This is about a graduating class

In the context "argued for years", the word is being used to indicate a duration of time - specifically multiple calendar years. The phrase "for years" is a common expression meaning "for a long time" or "for multiple years."

This matches sense 1 - the basic definition of a year as a period of 365/366 days. When we say "for years" we mean for multiple periods of 365 days each.

Sense 2 is not appropriate because this isn't about a particular activity portion of a year like a school year.
Sense 3 is the astronomical definition, which is more technical.
Sense 4 is about graduating classes, which doesn't fit at all.

The best sense is 1.