[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target**: The target word is "cell" (lemma: cell, surface form: cell).
2.  **Analyze the Context**: The text discusses biology, genetics, cancer, and growth.
    *   Keywords: "genes", "radiation", "chemical", "cell division", "proteins", "malignant", "oncogenes", "cancerous cells", "organisms", "tissues".
    *   The specific sentence containing the target is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."
    *   Other mentions: "...accident in cell division...", "...cancerous cells...", "...control cell growth...".
    *   The context is clearly biological, referring to the building blocks of living organisms.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:
    *   Sense 1: "any small compartment" (e.g., honeycomb). Too generic. While biological cells are compartments, this sense usually refers to non-living structures.
    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...". This matches the context perfectly. It mentions biology, organisms, tissues. The text talks about "cell division", "malignant cells", "cell growth".
    *   Sense 3: "electric current... chemical reaction" (electric cell). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4: "political movement" (cadre). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 5: "mobile radiotelephone" (cellphone). Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 6: "monk or nun lives". Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 7: "prisoner is kept". Irrelevant.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 to Context**: The text discusses genes inside a cell, cell division, and cells turning malignant (cancer). This is the exact domain of Sense 2 (biological cell).

5.  **Select the Best Sense**: Sense 2 is the correct definition for "cell" in a biological/medical context.

6.  **Format Output**: The user requested a JSON object with the format {"sense_index": X}. The index for the biological sense is 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** `growth`
    *   **Target Surface Form:** `growth`
    *   **Context Sentence:** "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   **Broader Context:** The text discusses genes (tumor-suppressor genes), cell division, cancer, malignancy, and biological processes.
    *   **Specific Usage:** "control cell growth". The context is biological. It refers to the process where cells increase in number/size/complexity. It mentions "proliferating cells" earlier. It talks about "suppressing" growth to prevent malignancy.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `growth%1:22:00::` | Definition: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" | Synonyms: growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | Examples: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a biological process. It fits the context of "cell growth". The definition mentions "individual organism growing organically". While "cell growth" is part of organism growth, is it specific enough? The definition focuses on the "individual organism" level (ontogeny), but the example "osseous development" is tissue-specific. "Cell growth" is the fundamental biological process of cells increasing/multiplying. This seems like a strong candidate.

    *   **Sense 2:** `growth%1:22:01::` | Definition: "a progression from simpler to more complex forms" | Examples: "the growth of culture".
        *   *Analysis:* This is abstract/metaphorical (culture). Not applicable to biological cells.

    *   **Sense 3:** `growth%1:22:02::` | Definition: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" | Synonyms: increase, increment | Examples: "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a general sense of "increase". While cell growth involves increasing in number (proliferation), Sense 1 is specifically tagged with "(biology)". Sense 3 is more general (unemployment, population statistics). The biological context strongly favors Sense 1 over Sense 3.

    *   **Sense 4:** `growth%1:14:00::` | Definition: "vegetation that has grown" | Examples: "a growth of trees".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a collection of plants/things. Not the process inside a cell.

    *   **Sense 5:** `growth%1:11:01::` | Definition: "the gradual beginning or coming forth" | Synonyms: emergence, outgrowth.
        *   *Analysis:* Refers to appearance/emergence. Not the proliferative process.

    *   **Sense 6:** `growth%1:26:00::` | Definition: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the *result* or the *object* (the tumor itself). The text says "control cell growth" to prevent malignancy. While "growth" is often used as a noun for a tumor ("he has a growth"), here it refers to the *process* that needs to be controlled (suppressed) to prevent the pathology. If the text said "the doctor found a growth", this would be the sense. Here, it's the biological process of growing that needs regulation.

    *   **Sense 7:** `growth%1:17:00::` | Definition: "something grown or growing" | Examples: "a growth of hair".
        *   *Analysis:* Refers to a distinct entity (hair). Not the process.

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The context is "control cell growth".
    *   This refers to the biological process of cells dividing and expanding.
    *   Sense 1 is defined as "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...". While the definition emphasizes the whole organism, the tag "(biology)" and the nature of the process (unfolding of events, changing from simple to complex) fits "cell growth" (which is part of ontogeny/tissue development). The synonyms "development" and "growing" fit well.
    *   Sense 3 ("increase") is too generic and lacks the biological domain tag.
    *   Sense 6 ("abnormal proliferation/tumor") refers to the pathology noun, not the regulated process. The text is about the *regulation* of the natural process (which can go wrong), not the tumor itself.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice for the biological process of growing.

    *   *Refining Sense 1 vs Sense 3:*
        *   WordNet often distinguishes between the biological process (Sense 1) and the general magnitude change (Sense 3).
        *   "Cell growth" is a specific biological term. The text mentions "biological", "genes", "proteins", "cell division".
        *   Sense 1 is explicitly labeled `(biology)`.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the intended sense.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Target: "proteins needed to control cell growth".
    *   Sense 1: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...".
    *   Matches the biological domain. Matches the concept of a process (which can be suppressed/controlled).

    *   Let's double-check if Sense 6 could apply. Sense 6 is "an abnormal proliferation...". The text talks about *tumor-suppressor genes* preventing malignancy by controlling growth. If the growth were *already* abnormal, it would be a tumor. But "cell growth" here is the natural process (proliferation) that, if uncontrolled, becomes malignant. Thus, it refers to the natural biological process (Sense 1), not the pathological object (Sense 6).

    *   Result: Sense 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: The text discusses genes, radiation, cell division, malignant cells, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and the mechanism of disease development (cells becoming malignant, tumors spreading). Phrases like "cancerous cells," "cause cancer," "cancer genes," and "malignant" are prominent.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1 (`cancer%1:26:00::`): "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." Synonyms: `malignant neoplastic disease`. This is the medical definition of the disease.
    *   Sense 2 (`cancer%1:18:00::`): "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer". This refers to a person/astrological sign.
    *   Sense 3 (`cancer%1:17:00::`): "a small zodiacal constellation...". Astronomy context.
    *   Sense 4 (`cancer%1:15:00::`): "the fourth sign of the zodiac...". Astrology context.
    *   Sense 5 (`cancer%1:05:00::`): "type genus of the family Cancridae". Zoology/Taxonomy context (crabs).

3.  **Match context to senses:**
    *   The context is clearly biomedical/scientific, discussing cell biology, genetics, and pathology.
    *   Mentions of "malignant," "tumor," "genes," "radiation," and "chemical" directly align with the definition of Sense 1.
    *   There is no mention of zodiac signs, constellations, or crustaceans.

4.  **Select the best indexed sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct definition for the disease being discussed in the text.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "arise" in the context: "so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
The meaning here is "come into existence" or "originate".
Let's look at the candidate senses:
1. come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow
2. originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. rise to one's feet
4. result or issue
5. move upward
6. take part in a rebellion
7. get up and out of bed

Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Cancer arises = cancer comes into existence / originates.
Sense 2: "originate or come into being" - usually for things like questions, issues.
Sense 1 has synonyms like "originate, develop, grow", which fit the context of cancer developing/originating. "A new religious movement originated..." fits the emergence of a condition like cancer. Sense 1 is better for a disease or condition developing/originating than Sense 2 (which is bob up, come up, like a question).

Let's check WordNet 3.0 senses for "arise":
1: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow -- (come into existence; take on form or shape; "A new religious movement originated in that country"; "a love that sprang up from friendship"; "the idea for the book grew out of a short story"; "An interesting phenomenon uprose")
2: come up, bob up -- (originate or come into being; "a question arose")
Sense 1 seems appropriate for a disease like cancer to come into existence/take form.

So the best sense index is 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Target word: "copies" (plural noun).
    *   Sentence: "...tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. ... both <t>copies</t> must be impaired."
    *   Subject: Genetics, specifically genes (tumor-suppressor genes).
    *   Meaning in context: The text discusses biological inheritance. You inherit one instance of a gene from the mother and one from the father. These two instances are referred to as "copies". It refers to a genetic duplicate or instance of a specific gene sequence. It implies a replication or instance of the genetic information.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `copy%1:10:00::` | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers specifically to written records/legal documents. While genes are a "record" of sorts, this sense is too restricted to administrative/textual documents.
    *   **Sense 2:** `copy%1:06:00::` | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor.
        *   *Evaluation:* This is the general noun sense of "copy". It covers anything made to be similar/identical to another. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is very close to the biological context. Genes are "copies" in the sense that the one from the father is a copy of the father's gene, or simply that an organism has two copies (instances) of the same gene sequence (alleles). In genetics, "gene copy" refers to a specific instance of a gene (one of the two alleles). These are "things made to be similar or identical" (or rather, functionally identical units of genetic information). This seems the best fit.
    *   **Sense 3:** `copy%1:10:01::` | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter.
        *   *Evaluation:* Journalism/printing context. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 4:** `copy%1:10:02::` | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy.
        *   *Evaluation:* Journalism context. Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is specific to "written record" (transcript).
    *   Sense 2 is the general "thing made to be similar or identical".
    *   The context is about genes. Genes are physical objects (molecules of DNA) that are copies of each other (one from mom, one from dad, or duplicates during division). The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" fits the biological concept of a gene copy perfectly (a specific instance of a gene). Sense 1 is too specific to textual records.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 2 is the correct general noun definition.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense corresponds to index 2.

Wait, let me double check the indices provided in the prompt text.
The list is:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: ...
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: ...
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: ...
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: ...

My choice is Sense 2.

Let's re-read the definition for Sense 2 carefully: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing".
Context: "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies...".
The "copies" here refer to the individual instances of the gene. While they aren't "made" in the same way a dress copy is made (fabrication), in biology, copies are the result of replication. The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" is the standard WordNet definition for a physical copy. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" strongly supports this sense for biological contexts.

Is there any ambiguity?
Sense 1 is "reproduction of a written record". Genes are sometimes described as a "blueprint" or "record", but "transcript" is the synonym listed there. A gene is not a transcript (mRNA is a transcript).
Sense 2 is the standard physical copy.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

JSON Output: `{"sense_index": 2}`

provider: DeepInfra


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Contextual clues: "genes", "damaged", "defective copy", "tumor-suppressor gene".
    *   The target word "impaired" refers to the state of the gene copies.
    *   Specifically, the text says that if genes are damaged (by radiation, chemical, etc.), their function (making growth-suppressing proteins) stops working.
    *   The sentence says "Either copy can make the proteins... so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired." This implies that "impaired" here means damaged or rendered non-functional in their specific biological utility (controlling cell growth).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "diminished in strength, quality, or utility"
        *   Example: "impaired eyesight"
        *   Fit: This sense is broad. It covers a reduction in function or utility. In the context of genes, their "utility" or "quality" is their ability to produce proteins. If they are damaged, their utility is diminished or destroyed. This fits the general notion of something becoming worse or non-functional.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "mentally or physically unfit"
        *   Synonyms: "afflicted"
        *   Fit: This sense is typically applied to living beings (people or animals) regarding their health or mental state. For example, "visually impaired", "hearing impaired", or "physically impaired". It describes a state of disability or unfitness of an organism. Genes are not "mentally or physically unfit" in the sentient sense, nor are they "afflicted" in the way a person is. While a gene can be "defective", applying the label "physically unfit" (usually reserved for whole organisms) is a mismatch in semantic category.

3.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   The target "impaired" is applied to "gene copies" (inanimate biological structures).
    *   Sense 2 applies to animate beings (people) regarding physical or mental faculties. Using Sense 2 for a gene would be a category error (personification or metaphorical stretch not supported by the specific definition "mentally or physically unfit").
    *   Sense 1 applies to general attributes: strength, quality, or utility. A gene's function (utility) is certainly diminished or destroyed when damaged. The example "impaired eyesight" shows this word being used for biological function, even if the example is a human sense. The core definition "diminished in... utility" covers the functional loss of the gene.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the notion of functional degradation without incorrectly attributing "physical fitness" (a human/organism trait) to a molecular sequence.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Sentence: "...both copies must be impaired."
    *   Meaning: Both copies must be damaged/dysfunctional.
    *   Sense 1: "diminished in... utility". Matches. The utility of the gene is lost.
    *   Sense 2: "mentally or physically unfit". Does not match a gene.

    Selection: Sense 1.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Context**:
    *   **Target lemma**: person
    *   **Target surface form**: person
    *   **Context**: The text discusses genetics, cancer, oncogenes, and tumor-suppressor genes. It explains how genes are inherited from parents and how defects in these genes lead to cancer. The specific sentence containing the target is: "A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is especially prone to cancer..."
    *   **Meaning in Context**: The word "person" refers to a living human being, an individual who can inherit genes, be born, and develop diseases like cancer.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**:
        *   Definition: a human being
        *   Synonyms: individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul
        *   Examples: "there was too much for one person to do"
        *   Fit: This matches perfectly. The text talks about a human being who inherits genes and is prone to cancer. "Individual" is a synonym listed here, which fits the scientific/formal tone of the text ("such cancer-susceptible individuals").

    *   **Sense 2**:
        *   Definition: a human body (usually including the clothing)
        *   Examples: "a weapon was hidden on his person"
        *   Fit: This sense refers to the physical body, often used in legal or specific locative contexts ("on his person"). The context here refers to the whole entity (the human) being born and living, not just the physical body as an object. While biology is involved, the sentence focuses on the person as an entity inheriting traits, which falls under the general "human being" sense.

    *   **Sense 3**:
        *   Definition: a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns...
        *   Examples: "stop talking about yourself in the third person"
        *   Fit: This is a linguistic/grammatical definition. The context is biological/medical. This is clearly incorrect.

3.  **Determine the Best Sense**:
    *   Sense 1 is the standard, general definition of "person" as a human being or individual.
    *   The context describes a human entity with a genetic history and health outcomes.
    *   Sense 2 is too specific to the physical body/object aspect.
    *   Sense 3 is irrelevant (grammatical).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format the Output**:
    *   The user requested a specific JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.
    *   I need to map the chosen sense (Sense 1) to the index 1.

5.  **Final Verification**:
    *   Sentence: "A person who is born with..." -> "A human being who is born with..."
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a human being". Matches.
    *   Index: 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target lemma: bear
    *   Target surface form: born (passive participle of "bear" in this context)
    *   Sentence context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."
    *   Meaning in context: This refers to the biological process of coming into existence/exiting the womb with a specific condition (having a defective gene). It's about the state of being brought into life.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `bear%2:42:01::` | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature. -> Too general. "Born" implies a specific biological event, not just possession.
    *   2. `bear%2:29:01::` | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday! -> This is the active sense (transitive). "My wife bore twins." However, the target form is "born" (passive). "A person who is born..." means "A person who is caused to be born" or "brought into existence". The passive form "born" corresponds to the active sense of giving birth (by the mother). WordNet often maps passive adjectives/participles back to the transitive verb sense that generates them. Sense 2 is the specific sense for giving birth/being born.
    *   3. `bear%2:31:00::` | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant... -> Incorrect meaning.
    *   4. `bear%2:35:00::` | definition=move while holding up or supporting... -> Incorrect meaning.
    *   5. `bear%2:36:00::` | definition=bring forth... -> This is usually used for plants/fruits ("The tree bore apples"). While semantically related to "bringing forth", sense 2 is specifically for animals/humans giving birth.
    *   6. `bear%2:40:02::` | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts... -> Incorrect meaning.
    *   7. `bear%2:42:14::` | definition=contain or hold... -> Incorrect meaning.
    *   8. `bear%2:40:01::` | definition=bring in... -> Incorrect meaning.
    *   9. `bear%2:29:02::` | definition=have on one's person... -> Incorrect meaning.
    *   10. `bear%2:41:00::` | definition=behave in a certain manner... -> Incorrect meaning.
    *   11. `bear%2:40:00::` | definition=have rightfully... -> Incorrect meaning.
    *   12. `bear%2:35:01::` | definition=support or hold in a certain manner... -> Incorrect meaning.
    *   13. `bear%2:29:00::` | definition=be pregnant with... -> "She is bearing his child". This is the state of pregnancy, not the event of birth itself (the passive participle "born" usually maps to the event of birth, though the line can be thin). However, "born" is the past participle of the action of giving birth (sense 2).

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 13:**
    *   Sense 2: "cause to be born" / "give birth". Examples: "My wife had twins yesterday!"
    *   Sense 13: "be pregnant with". Examples: "She is bearing his child".
    *   The text says "A person who is born...". This is the passive voice of "to bear" (meaning "to give birth to"). The mother bears the child (Sense 2/13). The child *is born* (passive of Sense 2).
    *   In WordNet, the passive participle "born" usually maps to the transitive sense "give birth" (Sense 2). Even though the gloss says "cause to be born", this is the sense that encompasses the creation/birth event.
    *   Let's check the mapping for "born". "Born" is the past participle of "bear".
    *   If I look at Sense 2 examples: "My wife had twins yesterday!" (Active usage of the verb meaning to give birth).
    *   If I look at the phrase "He was born", it implies the action of Sense 2 was performed on him.
    *   Sense 5 (bring forth) is for plants/produce.
    *   Sense 2 (cause to be born/give birth) is for mammals/humans.

    Let's re-read Sense 2 carefully. Gloss: "cause to be born". Synonyms: "give birth, deliver, birth, have". This describes the *mother's* action.
    Context: "A person who is born..."
    The target is the lemma "bear", surface form "born".
    The meaning is the passive state resulting from the action of Sense 2.
    Therefore, the sense index should correspond to the biological birth sense. Sense 2 is the standard WordNet sense for human birth.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    The context describes a human being coming into existence via birth. "Born" is the past participle of "bear" used in this specific biological sense.
    Sense 2 (`bear%2:29:01::`) covers the act of giving birth ("cause to be born"). The passive "is born" relates directly to this sense.
    Sense 5 is for fruit/produce.
    Sense 13 is for being pregnant (carrying).
    The specific act of exiting the womb / start of life matches Sense 2.

    Selection: Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The context is about genetics, specifically "tumor-suppressor genes" and "oncogenes". The target word is "copy".
    *   Sentence 1: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   Sentence 2: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."
    *   Sentence 3: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."

    The context refers to the genetic concept of gene copies (alleles). We have two copies of each gene (one from mom, one from dad). This is a biological entity, specifically a unit of genetic information.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `copy%1:10:00::` - Definition: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)". Synonyms: "transcript". This refers to documents/records. Not relevant to genetics.
    *   Sense 2: `copy%1:06:00::` - Definition: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress", "the clone was a copy of its ancestor". This is the most general sense of "copy" as a duplicate or replica. In biology, genes are "copied" during replication, and an allele is often referred to as a "copy" of a gene because one comes from each parent (replicas of the gene locus, though potentially with variations). The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" fits the biological/replication theme well. While WordNet might not have a specific "genetic copy" sense listed here, this sense (a thing made to be similar/identical) encompasses the biological usage where a gene copy is a duplicate instance of the gene.
    *   Sense 3: `copy%1:10:01::` - Definition: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials". Synonyms: "written matter". This is about publishing/printing. Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4: `copy%1:10:02::` - Definition: "material suitable for a journalistic account". Examples: "catastrophes make good copy". Journalism context. Irrelevant.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The text discusses genes being inherited in "two copies". This refers to the biological duplication or the presence of duplicate instances of the gene.
    *   Sense 1 is too specific to legal/school records.
    *   Sense 3 and 4 are related to writing/journalism.
    *   Sense 2 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing") is the general category that fits the biological usage of "gene copy". In genetics, a copy of a gene is an instance of that gene sequence (often identical or very similar). The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" in Sense 2 shows that this sense is used for biological contexts (cloning).

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice among the options provided. Even though the gloss is general ("a thing made to be similar..."), it covers the concept of a genetic copy (an allele considered as a duplicate instance).

4.  **Format the output:** The user requested a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    The index is 1-based?
    Candidate senses list:
    1. ...
    2. ...
    3. ...
    4. ...

    Yes, usually indices in these tasks correspond to the list number.
    Sense 2 is the answer.

    Let's double check.
    Is there any other interpretation? "Transcript" (Sense 1) is used in biology (mRNA transcript), but the context says "inherited in two copies". This refers to the DNA/gene itself (the allele), not the mRNA transcript. The DNA is copied/replicated. Sense 2 fits "duplicate/replica".

    Conclusion: Sense 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target lemma is "copy" and the surface form is "copy".
2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text is about genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes.
    *   The specific sentence is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer..."
    *   The broader context mentions: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   Meaning here refers to one of the two specific instances of a gene inherited from a parent (one from the mother, one from the father). It refers to a biological duplicate or version of a gene.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (copy%1:10:00::):** Definition: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)". Synonyms: "transcript".
        *   *Fit:* No. This refers to written records/legal documents.
    *   **Sense 2 (copy%1:06:00::):** Definition: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor".
        *   *Fit:* This is the general sense of a duplicate or a thing similar/identical to another. In biology, genes come in pairs (alleles), often referred to as "copies" of the gene. While "clone" is mentioned in the example, the general concept of "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" fits the biological context of having two versions of the same gene (one from each parent). It captures the essence of a duplicate or counterpart.
    *   **Sense 3 (copy%1:10:01::):** Definition: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials". Synonyms: "written matter".
        *   *Fit:* No. This refers to publishing/printing.
    *   **Sense 4 (copy%1:10:02::):** Definition: "material suitable for a journalistic account". Examples: "catastrophes make good copy".
        *   *Fit:* No. This is journalism jargon.

4.  **Evaluate the Best Fit:**
    *   The context involves genetics. We have two "copies" of a gene.
    *   Sense 1 is too specific to written records.
    *   Sense 3 and 4 are publishing/journalism terms.
    *   Sense 2 is the general noun sense of "copy" meaning a duplicate or thing similar to another. Even though the WordNet definition implies "made to be similar" (active creation), the example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" bridges the gap to biological reproduction. In genetics, a "gene copy" is a standard term for one of the pair of genes. It fits the "similar or identical to another thing" definition best among the choices.

    Let's double-check if there's a specific biological sense missing or if Sense 2 covers it.
    WordNet 3.1 often groups specific instances under the general definition.
    "One copy can make the proteins... both copies must be impaired."
    These are things (genes) that are identical/similar to each other (alleles).
    Sense 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   Target JSON format: {"sense_index": X}.
    *   Selected index: 2.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "damaged" in the provided context.

**Target Lemma:** damage
**Target Surface Form:** damaged
**Context:** A scientific text discussing oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. The specific sentence is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life..."
**Candidate Senses:**
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

**Analysis:**

1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The subject is biological genes (specifically, a copy of a suppressor gene).
    *   The sentence structure is passive-like or relative: "...in whom one copy is damaged..."
    *   The underlying structure is: Something damages one copy (transitive), or the copy suffers damage (ergative/middle voice, though here it's a passive participle functioning as an adjective or part of a passive construction).
    *   The context implies that the gene copy undergoes harm/impairment.
    *   Let's look at the grammar: "one copy is damaged".
    *   If I rewrite it as an active sentence: "Something damages the copy." This fits the pattern of Sense 1 (inflict damage upon).
    *   Sense 2 examples: "These fine china cups damage easily." This is an intransitive/ergative use where the subject undergoes the damage spontaneously or generally, often implying a property of the object (fragility).
    *   In the context sentence, "is damaged" describes a state or an event where the copy undergoes damage. Is it an action inflicted upon it (passive voice) or a property of it damaging easily (middle/ergative)?
    *   "One copy is damaged early in life." This implies an event happens to the copy. It is an instantiation of "X damages the copy".
    *   Let's check the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon". This is the transitive use. "The snow damaged the roof." -> "The roof was damaged by the snow." This matches the context "one copy is damaged [by something]".
        *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage". The example "These fine china cups damage easily" suggests a generic susceptibility or a middle voice usage where no agent is explicitly acting, but rather the object is prone to damage.
    *   In the text, a specific copy of a gene gets impaired. It's not saying "This gene damages easily" (as a general property). It's saying a specific instance of damage occurs. Even if interpreted as "suffer damage", the core mechanism in this context is that an external factor (or internal error) inflicts damage on the gene.
    *   However, looking at WordNet (and common mapping practices like OntoNotes or similar corpora):
        *   Usually, the passive participle "is damaged" maps to the transitive sense (Sense 1). The "victim" of the action is the subject. The "inflicting" happens *to* it.
        *   Sense 2 in WordNet is often classified as "intransitive" or "middle". "The cars damage easily."
    *   The sentence "one copy is damaged" is a passive construction of the transitive verb "to damage". Therefore, it corresponds to Sense 1 (inflict damage upon). The gene copy is the object of the underlying active verb "damage".

    *   Let's double check Sense 2. Does "suffer or be susceptible to damage" fit? If I say "The gene suffers damage", yes. But usually, "damage" as a verb in English is predominantly transitive (Subject damages Object). Sense 2 is a rarer ergative usage.
    *   Context: "one copy is damaged early in life".
    *   Reconstruction: [Something] damages one copy early in life.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1's definition "inflict damage upon".

    *   Let's verify Sense 2 again. Examples: "These fine china cups damage easily."
    *   Does the text say "This gene damages easily"? No. It says a specific copy *is damaged*. This implies an event where damage is inflicted.

    *   Conclusion: The sense is the transitive sense applied to the patient in a passive construction. This maps to Sense 1.

2.  **Select the index:**
    *   Sense 1 = index 1.
    *   Sense 2 = index 2.

    *   Result: Sense 1.

**Final check:**
*   Sense 1 definition: "inflict damage upon".
*   Context: "one copy is damaged" -> Damage is inflicted upon one copy.
*   Sense 2 definition: "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
*   Context match: While the gene *suffers* damage, the verb sense "damage" usually requires an agent in the active voice to fit Sense 1. The passive form "is damaged" strongly correlates with the transitive sense (Sense 1). If the text said "Soft wood damages easily," that would be Sense 2. Here, a specific event of impairment occurs, likely inflicted by environmental factors or replication errors.

Therefore, Sense 1 is thecorrect choice.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Form**:
    *   Target lemma: *early*
    *   Target surface form: *early*
    *   Part of speech: Adverb (based on the context "damaged early in life").

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   Sentence segment: "...or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life..."
    *   Meaning: The damage to the gene copy happens at a young age or at the beginning of the person's life span.
    *   The phrase is "early in life". This refers to a period of time relative to a timeline (a person's life).

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**:
        *   Definition: "during an early stage"
        *   Synonyms: "early on"
        *   Examples: "early on in her career"
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to a position within a process, timeline, or development. "Early in life" fits "during an early stage" (of life). "Early on in her career" is semantically very similar to "early in life" (both refer to the beginning of a duration/process).

    *   **Sense 2**:
        *   Definition: "before the usual time or the time expected"
        *   Synonyms: "ahead of time", "too soon"
        *   Examples: "she graduated early"; "the house was completed ahead of time"
        *   Analysis: This sense implies anticipation or doing something before a scheduled deadline. "Graduating early" means finishing before the standard 4 years. "Damaged early in life" doesn't mean the damage happened before it was expected or scheduled (cancer isn't scheduled). It means it happened *when* the person was young (at an early stage of their life).

    *   **Sense 3**:
        *   Definition: "in good time"
        *   Synonyms: "betimes"
        *   Examples: "he awoke betimes that morning"
        *   Analysis: This is an archaic or literary sense often meaning "early in the morning" or "in due time". It doesn't fit the scientific/biological context of "early in life".

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   Sense 2 is about punctuality or anticipation (before the expected time).
    *   Sense 1 is about chronological position within a duration (during the beginning part).
    *   The phrase "early in life" corresponds to the beginning of the duration of life.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct fit. The damage occurs during an early stage of life.

5.  **Final Decision**:
    *   Sense 1 captures the meaning of "during an early stage" (of life).
    *   Sense 2 would imply the damage happened too soon (which is not the intended meaning here; the timing relative to expectation isn't the point, but rather the position on the timeline of life).

6.  **Format Output**:
    *   JSON object: {"sense_index": 1}

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "life" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence talks about a person who has a defective gene copy from birth or has one damaged early in life
- "early in life" refers to the period from birth onwards, during a person's lifetime
- It's referring to the timespan of a person's existence

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. life%1:26:01:: - "a characteristic state or mode of living" - Examples: social life, city life - This is about the type/quality of life, not the time period.

2. life%1:09:00:: - "the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities" - Examples: coping with complexities of life - This is more abstract about life experiences.

3. life%1:26:02:: - "the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living" - Examples: new life in Australia, live his own life - This is about someone's life journey/trajectory.

4. life%1:26:00:: - "the condition of living or the state of being alive" - This is about being alive as a condition/state.

5. life%1:28:00:: - "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)" - Synonyms: lifetime, lifespan - Examples: battery had a short life, he lived a long and happy life - This refers to the duration/span of life.

6. life%1:28:01:: - "the period between birth and the present time" - Examples: I have known him all his life - This is about the period from birth to now.

7. life%1:28:02:: - "the period from the present until death" - Examples: emperor for life - This is about the future period.

8-14: These don't seem to fit - a living person, energy/animation, living things collectively, organic phenomenon, biography, motive for living, prison sentence.

Now, the phrase "early in life" refers to the early part of someone's existence/lifetime. This is about the time period of existence from birth.

Looking at sense 5 (life%1:28:00): "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)" - This refers to the lifespan/lifetime, the entire duration of life.

Looking at sense 6 (life%1:28:01): "the period between birth and the present time" - This is more specifically about the time from birth until now.

The phrase "early in life" refers to the early portion of one's lifetime/existence. It's about the time period from birth through the early years. This seems to best match sense 5, which refers to "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)" with synonyms "lifetime, lifespan."

Sense 6 is more specific about "birth to the present time" which doesn't quite fit because "early in life" doesn't necessarily mean from birth to now - it refers to a specific early period within one's lifetime.

So the best match is sense 5: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)" - synonyms include "lifetime, lifespan" - and the example "he lived a long and happy life" shows this sense being used to talk about periods within life.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   **Sentence:** "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is *especially* prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   **Meaning:** The context compares the susceptibility to cancer of people with one defective gene copy versus people with two normal copies. The person with the defect is *more* prone to cancer than the average person (or than someone without the defect). It highlights a greater degree of susceptibility.
    *   **Syntactic role:** Adverb modifying an adjective phrase ("prone to cancer").

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   *Definition:* to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common
        *   *Synonyms:* particularly, peculiarly, specially
        *   *Examples:* "he was particularly fussy about spelling"; "a particularly gruesome attack"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense emphasizes a "greater extent" or "degree". The target sentence says the person is *especially* prone, meaning their proneness is at a greater degree than normal. This fits perfectly.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   *Definition:* in a special manner
        *   *Synonyms:* specially
        *   *Examples:* "a specially arranged dinner"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense usually implies something done for a specific purpose or in a specific way (e.g., "specially designed"). It doesn't quite fit the comparative degree meaning required by "especially prone". "In a special manner prone" is awkward and less accurate than "to a greater extent prone".

3.  **Compare Context vs. Senses:**
    *   The sentence expresses that the risk (proneness) is higher/stronger for this specific group of people.
    *   Sense 1 captures the intensifying/comparative nature ("distinctly greater extent").
    *   Sense 2 captures a manner of action ("special manner"), which is less applicable to an adjective like "prone" in this specific scientific context comparing degrees of risk.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. The person is prone to a *distinctly greater extent* than is common.

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   Format: JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** cancer
    *   **Target surface form:** cancer
    *   **Context:** The text discusses genes (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes), cells becoming malignant, cell division, and the development of tumors. It mentions "cancerous cells," "cause cancer," "cancer genes," and "cancer diagnosis."
    *   **Sentence with target:** "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cancer%1:26:00::` - Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease". This refers to the medical disease/pathology.
    *   **Sense 2:** `cancer%1:18:00::` - Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer..." Synonyms: "Crab". This refers to a person (astrology).
    *   **Sense 3:** `cancer%1:17:00::` - Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation..." This refers to astronomy/astrology.
    *   **Sense 4:** `cancer%1:15:00::` - Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." This refers to astrology.
    *   **Sense 5:** `cancer%1:05:00::` - Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae..." This refers to biology/taxonomy (crabs).

3.  **Match context to senses:**
    *   The context is entirely about the biological disease involving malignant tumors, genes, and cell growth.
    *   The sentence mentions "malignant," "tumor-suppressor gene," "cell growth."
    *   The usage "prone to cancer" clearly refers to the disease state.
    *   Sense 1 is the only sense that fits the medical context.

4.  **Determine the best indexed sense:**
    *   Sense 1 matches perfectly.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** only
    *   **Context Sentence:** "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   **Syntactic role:** Adverb modifying "lose" (or the verb phrase "lose the other copy").
    *   **Meaning in context:** The sentence explains a condition for cancer development. The person already has one defective copy. For cancer to happen, they just need to lose the other copy. The word "only" here emphasizes that this is the *single* or *solitary* additional requirement needed to reach the result. It implies "nothing more than" or "simply" this action is required. It limits the requirement to this specific event.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `definition=and nothing more` | `synonyms=merely, simply, just, but` | `examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time`.
        *   *Analysis:* The target sentence says "he need only lose the other copy". This is very close to "he need just lose the other copy" or "he need merely lose the other copy". It implies that losing the other copy is the *one thing* required to complete the condition. It fits the "nothing more" aspect – he doesn't need to lose three copies, or lose the copy and eat bad food; he needs *only* (and nothing more than) to lose the other copy. This seems like a strong candidate.

    *   **Sense 2:** `definition=without any others being included or involved` | `synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone` | `examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children`.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense usually emphasizes exclusion or restriction to a specific subject/object (e.g., "only you", "solely responsible"). In the context "he need only lose...", is it saying he needs to lose the copy *exclusively*? Or is it saying he needs *nothing else* but to lose the copy? The phrase "need only" often functions similarly to "merely" or "just". Sense 2 feels a bit too strong on the exclusivity of the action regarding external involvement, whereas Sense 1 captures the minimizing aspect ("and nothing more"). "He need solely lose the other copy" sounds awkward compared to "He need merely lose the other copy".

    *   **Sense 3:** `definition=with nevertheless the final result` | `examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round`.
        *   *Analysis:* This is the "only to [verb]" construction indicating an ironic or subsequent result. The context is not using this construction. It is not "He need only to lose...". It is "need only lose" (bare infinitive).

    *   **Sense 4:** `definition=in the final outcome` | `examples=These news will only make you more upset`.
        *   *Analysis:* This usually implies a negative progression or counter-expectation. "It will only make things worse". The context is describing a requirement, not an outcome of this type.

    *   **Sense 5:** `definition=except that` | `examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better`.
        *   *Analysis:* This is a conjunction usage. "Only" here means "but" or "however". The target is an adverb modifying a verb. Not a match.

    *   **Sense 6:** `definition=never except when` | `synonyms=only if, only when` | `examples=call me only if your cold gets worse`.
        *   *Analysis:* This relates to conditional constraints. While the context describes a condition ("for cancer to arise..."), the word "only" itself is not acting as the conditional marker "only if". It is modifying the verb "lose".

    *   **Sense 7:** `definition=as recently as` | `examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago`.
        *   *Analysis:* Temporal usage. Not applicable here.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 closely:**
    *   Context: "he need only lose the other copy".
    *   Paraphrase: He needs to do nothing more than lose the other copy.
    *   Sense 1 synonyms: merely, simply, just. "He need merely lose..." / "He need just lose..." -> Perfect fit.
    *   Sense 2 synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely. "He need solely lose..." -> Plausible but "solely" usually modifies adjectives or emphasizes that *no one else* is involved. "He is solely responsible". In "he need only lose", the emphasis is on the *minimal nature* of the requirement. This aligns with Sense 1 ("and nothing more") rather than Sense 2 (exclusivity). The construction "need only [verb]" is a classic idiomatic pattern corresponding to "need merely [verb]".

4.  **Conclusion:**
    The usage signifies that a single action is sufficient, implying nothing more is needed. This matches Sense 1's definition "and nothing more" and synonyms "merely, simply, just".

    *   Sentence: "...he need only lose the other copy..."
    *   Substitution: "...he need *just* lose the other copy..."
    *   Definition match: "and nothing more" (he needs to lose it and do nothing more).

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.