[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Subject: "the bells".
    *   Action: "sound".
    *   Context: Church bells ringing, change-ringing, varying the order of ringing.
    *   Meaning: The bells emit noise/sound in a specific order.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (sound%2:39:06::):** "appear in a certain way". Example: "This sounds interesting."
        *   *Analysis:* This is a copular verb usage (linking verb). In the context, "the bells sound" is not followed by an adjective describing how they seem (e.g., "The bells sound beautiful"). It describes the act of producing sound. -> *Incorrect.*

    *   **Sense 2 (sound%2:39:00::):** "make a certain noise or sound". Synonyms: go. Example: "She went 'Mmmmm'; The gun went 'bang'".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense usually implies making a *specific* sound or vocalizing a specific utterance (often accompanied by the sound itself in quotes). While bells do make sound, this sense often focuses on the *nature* of the sound made or the emission of a specific signal sound (like "bang"). However, in the text, the bells aren't making a specific noise like "bang" or "Mmmmm", they are just ringing/resonating. It's close, but let's look at others.

    *   **Sense 3 (sound%2:39:03::):** "give off a certain sound or sounds". Example: "This record sounds scratchy".
        *   *Analysis:* This is often used as a linking verb ("sounds scratchy"), similar to Sense 1, describing the quality of the sound. However, looking at the definition "give off a certain sound or sounds", it can apply to instruments. But wait, "This record sounds scratchy" is definitely linking. In "the order in which the bells sound", "sound" is an intransitive action verb. The bells produce sound.

    *   **Sense 4 (sound%2:39:02::):** "announce by means of a sound". Example: "sound the alarm".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a transitive verb ("sound the alarm"). In the context, the bells are the subject ("the bells sound"), and there is no object. The bells aren't announcing something called "sound". They are just ringing. -> *Incorrect.*

    *   **Sense 5 (sound%2:30:00::):** "utter with vibrating vocal chords".
        *   *Analysis:* Bells don't have vocal chords. -> *Incorrect.*

    *   **Sense 6 (sound%2:39:01::):** "cause to sound". Example: "sound the bell; sound a certain note".
        *   *Analysis:* This is causative/transitive. "Sound the bell" means "make the bell ring". In the context, the subject is "the bells". The bells are not causing something else to sound; they are the things sounding. -> *Incorrect.*

    *   **Sense 7 (sound%2:30:00::):** "measure the depth of...".
        *   *Analysis:* Irrelevant. -> *Incorrect.*

3.  **Re-evaluating Sense 2 vs Sense 3 vs potentially Sense 6's intransitive usage (which might be missing or mislabeled in my head, but I must stick to the provided list).**

    Let's look closer at Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound".
    Let's look closer at Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds".

    Context: "...varying the order in which the bells **sound**..."
    Here, "sound" is an intransitive verb meaning "emit sound" or "resonate".

    Let's check the WordNet hierarchy/definitions provided again.
    Sense 2 definition: "make a certain noise or sound". Examples: "She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'". This suggests an agent or instrument making a specific, often short, noise.
    Sense 3 definition: "give off a certain sound or sounds". Examples: "This record sounds scratchy". This example is problematic because it's a linking verb.

    Let's check standard WordNet (3.0/3.1) definitions for `sound` (verb).
    1. appear in a certain way (Sense 1 here).
    2. make a certain noise or sound (Sense 2 here). "The gun went `bang'". "She went `Mmmmm'".
    3. give off a certain sound or sounds (Sense 3 here). "This record sounds scratchy". Note: WordNet 3.0 often mixes usage types. But "give off... sounds" fits the "emission" aspect better for an instrument.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 6 again. "cause to sound". Example: "sound the bell". This is clearly transitive. The text is intransitive ("bells sound").

    Let's go back to Sense 2. "make a certain noise or sound".
    If I say "The bell sounded", it means the bell made a noise. This fits Sense 2.
    The definition "make a certain noise or sound" is the generic intransitive meaning of producing sound.
    The example "The gun went 'bang'" shows the subject (gun) producing the sound.

    Is there a sense "emit sound"?
    Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound".
    Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds".

    Usually, Sense 3 in WordNet is associated with "sounds scratchy" (linking).
    Sense 2 in WordNet is associated with "The gun went bang" (intransitive action).

    In the sentence "the order in which the bells **sound**", the bells are performing the action of emitting sound. It is an action verb, not a linking verb. Therefore, Sense 3 (often linking/copular) is less likely than Sense 2 (action of making noise).

    Let's verify the distinctions.
    Sense 2 corresponds to WordNet 2:39:00 ("make a certain noise or sound"). This captures the event of the sound happening.
    Sense 3 corresponds to WordNet 2:39:03 ("give off a certain sound or sounds"). While the definition text "give off" sounds right for emission, the example "This record sounds scratchy" suggests it is the quality/attribute sense (copular). "The bells sound" is not describing *how* they sound (e.g., "The bells sound loud"), but *that* they sound (the act of ringing).

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the appropriate choice for the intransitive action of an inanimate object making a noise.

    Let's double-check Sense 6. "cause to sound". "Sound the bell".
    Text: "...the order in which the bells sound..."
    The ringers (agents) cause the bells (instruments) to sound.
    If the sentence were "the ringers sound the bells", it would be Sense 6.
    But the sentence is "the bells sound". The bells are the subject. The bells are making the sound.
    So it is NOT Sense 6.

    Let's double-check Sense 1. "appear in a certain way". "This sounds interesting".
    Context: "varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    Does "sound" mean "appear" here? No. It means to ring/resonate.

    Conclusion: It is between Sense 2 and Sense 3.
    Sense 2: Action. "make a certain noise or sound".
    Sense 3: Attribute/Linking (based on example). "give off a certain sound or sounds".

    The text describes the action of the bells ringing. "The order in which the bells make a noise".
    Sense 2 is the best fit for the action verb.

    Let's verify if there's any ambiguity about "sound" being transitive here.
    "...varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    Intransitive.

    Sense 2 definition: "make a certain noise or sound".
    This fits "bells sound".
    Example: "The gun went 'bang'". The gun makes a noise.
    Context: "bells sound". The bells make a noise.

    Sense 3 definition: "give off a certain sound or sounds".
    Example: "This record sounds scratchy".
    Here, "sounds" connects the subject to the adjective "scratchy". It describes the auditory quality.
    The target sentence does not describe the quality (like "The bells sound mournful"). It describes the occurrence of the sound.

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct index.

    Wait, let me look at the Synonyms provided for Sense 2. "go".
    "The bell goes". "The bells go". This is valid English usage (e.g., "There goes the bell").
    This confirms Sense 2 is the correct intransitive action sense.

    Final check:
    Target: "...the order in which the bells sound..."
    Meaning: ...the order in which the bells emit sound/ring.
    Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound. Matches.
    Sense 3: (linking) sounds scratchy. Mismatch.
    Sense 6: (transitive) sound the bell. Mismatch.

    Result: Sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** alter
    *   **Target surface form:** altering
    *   **Context Sentence:** "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without *altering* the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   **Context Analysis:** The sentence describes "change-ringing" in English churches. The ringers change the *order* of the bells. They do this *without* doing something to the "steady rhythm of the striking." So, they are keeping the rhythm steady; they are not *changing* or *modifying* the rhythm.
    *   **Syntactic Role:** The word "altering" is a gerund functioning as the object of the preposition "without". It takes a direct object "the steady rhythm of the striking". Therefore, it is a transitive verb usage (the ringers are the implied subject, rhythm is the object).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `alter%2:30:01::` | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city...
        *   *Analysis:* This is a transitive sense (cause to change). The context involves ringers (agents) preventing a change to the rhythm (object). The ringers are "varying the order" (causing a change there) but "without altering the rhythm" (not causing a change there). The fit is strong. The action is "making different" or "transforming" the rhythm, which they are trying to avoid.

    *   **Sense 2:** `alter%2:30:00::` | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather...
        *   *Analysis:* This is an intransitive sense ("become different"). The context requires a transitive verb because there is a direct object ("the steady rhythm"). The ringers are doing something *to* the rhythm (or rather, not doing something to it). Therefore, this intransitive sense is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `alter%2:36:00::` | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is highly specific to tailoring or physical adjustments of objects (usually clothing or buildings). While "make an alteration to" is broadly synonymous with "change", the usage in the text is about abstract qualities (rhythm) rather than fitting a garment. Sense 1 is the general transitive sense of causing change, whereas Sense 3 is a specific domain usage (tailoring/construction). The context is not about tailoring a rhythm; it's about changing the nature of the sound pattern.

    *   **Sense 4:** `alter%2:30:04::` | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
        *   *Analysis:* This is specific to texts/falsification. The context is about bell ringing. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `alter%2:29:00::` | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?
        *   *Analysis:* This is specific to veterinary surgery. Incorrect.

3.  **Differentiate Sense 1 and Sense 3 (the main contenders for transitive usage):**
    *   Sense 1 is the general causative sense: "cause to change; make different".
    *   Sense 3 is often tagged for "make an alteration to" in contexts of clothing or structural modification.
    *   In the text, the ringers are preventing a transformation of the rhythm. If they *were* to alter the rhythm, they would be making the rhythm different. This fits Sense 1 perfectly. It does not fit the specific "tailoring/adjustment" connotation of Sense 3.
    *   Synonyms for Sense 1: "change", "modify". The text says they are "varying the order... without [changing/modifying] the steady rhythm". This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The context requires a transitive verb meaning "cause to change" or "make different".
    *   Sense 2 is intransitive.
    *   Sense 3 is domain-specific (tailoring).
    *   Sense 4 and 5 are domain-specific (textual/veterinary).
    *   Sense 1 is the general transitive sense matching "cause to change".

    The correct sense is Sense 1.

5.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Baidu

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "steady" used to describe the "rhythm of the striking" of the bells.
The context says: "...without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
Sense 1: "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" - examples: "a steady beat; a steady job"
Sense 2: "not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall" - examples: "stocks are still firm"
Sense 3: "securely in position; not shaky" - examples: "held the ladder steady"
Sense 4: "marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable" - examples: "firm convictions"
Sense 5: "relating to a person who does something regularly" - examples: "a regular customer"
Sense 6: "not easily excited or upset" - examples: "steady nerves"

A "steady rhythm" closely matches Sense 1's example "a steady beat". The definition "not subject to change or variation" fits the rhythm not altering.
Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Sense index 1 corresponds to sense_key=steady%3:00:00::.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** "rhythm" in the context "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text is about English church bell ringing (change-ringing).
    *   It describes how bells are rung in a steady sequence.
    *   "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' ... a simple descending scale..."
    *   "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   The focus is on the timing/beat of the bells striking. It's about the musical timing or the regular recurrence of the sound production.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `rhythm%1:10:01::` | Definition: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" | Synonyms: beat, musical rhythm | Examples: "the piece has a fast rhythm..."
        *   *Evaluation:* This fits well. Bell ringing here is described as an "ancient art," "playing tunes," "descending scale." It involves music and timing. The "steady rhythm" refers to the beat/pulse of the bells striking.
    *   **Sense 2:** `rhythm%1:07:01::` | Definition: "recurring at regular intervals" | Synonyms: regular recurrence
        *   *Evaluation:* This is a broader, abstract sense. While the bells do recur at regular intervals, the specific context of "striking" and the art of change-ringing (music) leans towards the musical sense. However, "regular recurrence" captures the "steady" aspect. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2. Sense 1 is domain-specific to music. Sense 2 is abstract. Since bells striking in rounds is a musical performance, Sense 1 is a strong candidate. Is there a specific "musical rhythm" sense? Yes, Sense 1 is "musical rhythm".
    *   **Sense 3:** `rhythm%1:28:00::` | Definition: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs" | Synonyms: cycle, round | Examples: cycle of the seasons.
        *   *Evaluation:* Not fitting. It's not a time interval or a cycle in that sense.
    *   **Sense 4:** `rhythm%1:10:00::` | Definition: "the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements" | Synonyms: speech rhythm.
        *   *Evaluation:* Incorrect domain. This is about poetry/speech.
    *   **Sense 5:** `rhythm%1:04:00::` | Definition: natural family planning...
        *   *Evaluation:* Completely wrong domain.

4.  **Disambiguate between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Context: "varying the order... without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   The text discusses "playing tunes", "descending scale", "change-ringing". These are musical terms.
    *   Sense 1 (musical rhythm/beat) is defined as the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music.
    *   Sense 2 (regular recurrence) is defined generally.
    *   In WordNet (and general usage), when "rhythm" refers to the beat or pulse in a musical or quasi-musical context (like bells striking in a sequence), it corresponds to the "musical rhythm" sense (Sense 1). The phrase "steady rhythm of the striking" refers to the beat/tempo maintained by the ringers.
    *   Let's check the synonyms. Sense 1 synonyms are "beat, musical rhythm". Sense 2 is "regular recurrence".
    *   If I say "the rhythm of the striking", I am talking about the beat.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

    *   Index 1: `rhythm%1:10:01::` (musical rhythm)
    *   Index 2: `rhythm%1:07:01::` (regular recurrence)
    *   Index 3: `rhythm%1:28:00::` (cycle)
    *   Index 4: `rhythm%1:10:00::` (speech rhythm)
    *   Index 5: `rhythm%1:04:00::` (rhythm method)

    The context clearly relates to music/sound production ("playing tunes", "descending scale"). The "steady rhythm" is the beat kept by the bell ringers.

    Result: Sense1.

provider: Venice


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "striking" in the context of bell ringing. Let me analyze the context:

The passage is about English change-ringing with church bells. The sentence containing the target word is: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>."

In this context, "striking" refers to the bells sounding/being rung - the physical act of the bells making contact and producing sound. The rhythm of the striking refers to the timing/pattern of when the bells are rung.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. "the physical coming together of two or more things" - synonyms: contact, impinging
2. "the act of contacting one thing with another" - synonyms: hit, hitting

Both senses are about contact/hitting. The question is which one better fits the context of bells being rung.

In bell ringing, the "striking" refers to when the clapper inside the bell hits the bell to produce sound. So it's about one thing (the clapper) contacting another thing (the bell).

Sense 1 emphasizes "physical coming together" - this is more about the moment of contact itself.
Sense 2 emphasizes "the act of contacting one thing with another" - this is more about the action of hitting.

In the context of "the steady rhythm of the striking," we're talking about the regular pattern of bells being hit/sounded. The focus is on the action of the bells being struck to produce sound - the hitting action that creates the rhythm.

I think sense 2 fits better because:
- It's about "the act of contacting one thing with another" (clapper hitting bell)
- The synonyms "hit, hitting" align with how bells are described as being "rung" or "struck"
- The context talks about the rhythm of the striking, which refers to the pattern/timing of the hits

Sense 1 seems more like a static moment of contact coming together, while sense 2 is more about the act/action of hitting, which better captures the ongoing rhythmic nature of bell striking in this passage.

I'll go with sense2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variation
Target surface form: variation
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01:: | definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00:: | definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance | examples=any variation in his routine was immediately reported
3. sense_key=variation%1:10:00:: | definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. sense_key=variation%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
5. sense_key=variation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard | examples=he patented a variation on the sandal
6. sense_key=variation%1:25:00:: | definition=the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north | synonyms=magnetic declination, magnetic variation
7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
8. sense_key=variation%1:19:00:: | definition=(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9. sense_key=variation%1:18:00:: | definition=(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration | synonyms=mutant, mutation, sport
10. sense_key=variation%1:04:02:: | definition=(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure | synonyms=pas seul
11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard | examples=who is responsible for these variations in taxation?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
Looking at this context about change-ringing (bell ringing), the word "variation" refers to a specific instance of a bell-ringing pattern. The text explicitly equates "variation" with "change" when it states "Each variation, or change, can occur only once."

In change-ringing, each variation/change is a specific ordering or sequence in which the bells are struck - a discrete instance of a particular arrangement of the bells. The ringers memorize these patterns, and each one can only occur once.

Sense 1 ("an instance of change") fits best here. The variation is an instance - one specific pattern/ordering of the bells being rung. The other senses don't match: it's not an activity deviating from a norm (sense 2), not a musical theme variation (sense 3), not a version of something (sense 4), not an artifact (sense 5), and not a process (sense 7).

{"sense_index": 1}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "variation" in the context of change-ringing (bell ringing). Let me analyze the context:

The context is about change-ringing, which is a method of ringing church bells. The text describes how ringers vary the order in which bells sound. Each "variation" or "change" can occur only once according to the rules.

In this context, a "variation" refers to a specific ordering or arrangement of the bells being rung. It's a specific pattern in which the bells are rung - one instance of the bells being rung in a particular order.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" - This could fit, but it's very general. The "variation" here is not about rate or magnitude, but a specific pattern.

2. "an activity that varies from a norm or standard" - This doesn't quite fit. The variation here is not an activity that deviates from a norm.

3. "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished" - This is about musical variations. Change-ringing is somewhat musical in nature, but this definition is about variations in musical composition, not about bell-ringing patterns.

4. "something a little different from others of the same type" - This could potentially fit. Each variation is a different arrangement/ordering of the bells. But this is too general.

5. "an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard" - This doesn't fit. The variation here is not an artifact.

6. "the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north" - This is clearly not relevant.

7. "the process of varying or being varied" - This is a process, not an instance. In the context, "each variation" refers to a specific instance/pattern, not the process.

8. "(astronomy) any perturbation..." - Not relevant.

9. "(biology) an organism..." - Not relevant.

10. "(ballet) a solo dance..." - Not relevant.

11. "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard" - This describes an act, not an instance.

Looking more carefully at the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

The text equates "variation" with "change" - each specific ordering/pattern of the bells is called a "change" (which is the technical term in change-ringing). So a "variation" here is a specific instance - one particular ordering of the bells.

Sense 1 ("an instance of change") seems to be the closest match. The variation is an instance - one specific pattern/ordering of the bells. The synonym "fluctuation" doesn't quite fit, but the core definition "an instance of change" does apply.

Actually, let me reconsider. The gloss says "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change". The first part "an instance of change" fits - each variation is an instance where the order changes. But the second part about rate or magnitude doesn't fit. And the synonym "fluctuation" suggests continuous change, not discrete instances.

However, in change-ringing, each "change" (also called a "variation" in this text) is indeed an instance of changing the order of the bells. It's one specific arrangement. So sense 1 still seems like the best fit despite the imperfect match with "fluctuation."

Let me also consider sense 7: "the process of varying or being varied." This is a process, not a discrete instance. But the context says "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" - this suggests a countable instance, not an ongoing process. So sense 7 doesn't fit as well.

Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type" - Each variation is indeed different from other variations. This could work, but it's very broad and doesn't capture the specific meaning in change-ringing.

I think sense 1 is the best fit. The variation is "an instance of change" - a specific pattern/ordering in which the bells are struck. Each one is an instance, and the change refers to the change in the order of the bells.

Let me finalize: The context is about change-ringing. A "variation" (also called a "change") is a specific ordering of the bells. It's an instance - one specific arrangement. Sense 1's "an instance of change" captures this best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occur
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "occur"
    *   Sentence context: "Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state."
    *   Wider context: The text discusses change-ringing (bells). It explains that ringers vary the order in which bells sound. Each variation is called a "change".
    *   The sentence in question says that each variation ("change") can occur only once according to the rules.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `occur%2:30:00::` | Definition: "come to pass" | Synonyms: happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out. | Meaning: An event takes place or happens.
    *   **Sense 2:** `occur%2:31:00::` | Definition: "come to one's mind; suggest itself" | Synonyms: come. | Meaning: A thought arises in someone's mind.
    *   **Sense 3:** `occur%2:42:03::` | Definition: "to be found to exist" | Examples: "sexism occurs in many workplaces", "precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil". | Meaning: Something exists or is present in a specific place/time/condition.

3.  **Evaluate each sense against the context:**
    *   *Sense 2 evaluation:* Does "Each variation... can occur only once" mean the variation suggests itself to the mind? No. This is not about cognition or ideas popping into heads.
    *   *Sense 1 evaluation:* Does "Each variation... can occur only once" mean the variation happens/takes place? Yes. The bell ringers perform a sequence. A specific permutation (change) *happens* (is rung) during the performance. The rules state a specific permutation must not be repeated. So, the event of ringing that specific variation happens only once.
    *   *Sense 3 evaluation:* Does "Each variation... can occur only once" mean the variation exists in a place? This sense is usually used for natural phenomena (minerals, plants) or abstract concepts existing in a corpus/environment (e.g., "errors occur in the text"). While one could argue the variation "exists" in the sequence, the context here is an action/event—the ringing of the bells. The variations are events that are performed. They "come to pass" (Sense 1). However, let's look closer at Sense 3. WordNet Sense 3 is often "exist". Does a variation "exist" in a sequence? Or does it "happen" in a sequence?
    *   Let's look at the phrase "occur only once".
        *   If I say "The word 'the' occurs only once in this paragraph," that is Sense 3 (existence/frequency).
        *   If I say "The accident occurred only once," that is Sense 1 (happen).
    *   In the text: "Ringers... begin varying the order... Each variation... can occur only once". The variations are distinct patterns of ringing. The ringers are performing the changes. The changes are being rung.
    *   Is the focus on the *event* of ringing (happening) or the *presence* of the pattern in the sequence?
    *   Sense 1 ("come to pass", "happen") fits well with an activity like ringing bells. The ringing of the variation happens.
    *   Sense 3 ("to be found to exist"). WordNet examples for Sense 3 are "sexism occurs in many workplaces", "precious stones occur...". This usually implies presence/occurrence in a spatial or distributed sense.
    *   However, let's consider the nuance of "occur" in the context of permutations/sequences. In mathematics or logic, we often say "the number 5 occurs in the set" (Sense 3/Exist). But here, the "change" is a dynamic event performed by ringers.
    *   "Each variation... can occur only once." The variation is an event (the ringing of a specific sequence). Events "happen". Therefore, Sense 1 is the primary candidate.
    *   Let's check the WordNet hierarchy. Sense 1 (`occur%2:30:00`) falls under "act, behave" or "happen". Sense 3 (`occur%2:42:03`) falls under "be" (exist).
    *   The context is a dynamic activity ("varying the order", "ringing"). The variations are actions performed. Thus, they "happen" or "come to pass".
    *   Contrast this with a static text: "The letter 'A' occurs once in this word." Here it is Sense 3.
    *   Contrast with: "The event occurred yesterday." Here it is Sense 1.
    *   The text says: "Ringers... begin varying the order... Each variation... can occur only once." This refers to the execution of the variation.
    *   However, one might argue that "occur" here means "appear in the sequence".
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: "come to pass".
    *   Sense 3: "to be found to exist".
    *   In the context of change-ringing, the variations are unique events rung in a sequence. The constraints of the method require that a change (a specific order of bells) happens only once. This is describing an event taking place.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. The variation *happens* (is rung).

4.  **Confirming Sense Index:**
    *   Sense 1 is `occur%2:30:00::`.
    *   Sense 2 is `occur%2:31:00::`.
    *   Sense 3 is `occur%2:42:03::`.
    *   The numbering in the prompt is 1, 2, 3.
    *   So I need index 1.

    Let's double check Sense 3. Is it possible the author means "appear"?
    If the sentence were "The number 3 occurs only once in this list," Sense 3 would be appropriate.
    Here the sentence is "Each variation... can occur only once".
    A variation is an instance of a pattern. Does the pattern *happen* or *exist* in the sequence?
    Given the active nature of "ringing", "striking", "varying", "started off", "come to pass" (Sense 1) is the standard mapping for dynamic events. The variation is an event.
    Example for Sense 1: "The meeting took place...".
    Example for Sense 3: "precious stones occur...".
    Change-ringing is an exercise, an event. The changes are components of the event.
    Therefore: Sense 1.

    Wait, let me pause. WordNet Sense 3 is defined as "to be found to exist". Is a variation "found to exist"? Or does it "come to pass"?
    The synonym for Sense 1 is "happen".
    The sentence: "Each variation... can happen only once."
    The sentence: "Each variation... can be found to exist only once."
    "Happen" sounds much more natural for a bell-ringing performance. You perform the variation. It happens. You don't just find it existing there. It is an activity.

    Final Decision: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "only"
    *   Context sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses change-ringing of bells. Rules state that a specific variation (change) can happen *once* and not again.

2.  **Analyze the meaning in context:**
    *   The phrase "can occur only once" means it can happen one single time and no more. It implies exclusivity or limitation. It restricts the occurrence to a single instance.
    *   Does it mean "merely"? "Can occur merely once"? Yes, but it emphasizes uniqueness/exclusivity of the instance more than just "just".
    *   Does it mean "exclusively" or "solely"? "Can occur exclusively once" or "solely once"? This fits well. The rule prohibits repetition.
    *   Let's look at the candidate senses.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1: sense_key=only%4:02:02::**
        *   Definition: "and nothing more"
        *   Synonyms: merely, simply, just, but
        *   Examples: "I was merely asking"
        *   Fit: "Each variation can occur *just* once." This is a plausible substitution. "It happens just once." It implies limitation.

    *   **Sense 2: sense_key=only%4:02:01::**
        *   Definition: "without any others being included or involved"
        *   Synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone
        *   Examples: "was entirely to blame", "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children"
        *   Fit: "Each variation can occur *exclusively* once" or "*solely* once". This conveys the strong restriction that it cannot happen again. It is restricted to that one instance.

    *   **Sense 3: sense_key=only%4:02:00::**
        *   Definition: "with nevertheless the final result"
        *   Examples: "He arrived only to find his wife dead"
        *   Fit: No, this is not a resultative clause.

    *   **Sense 4: sense_key=only%4:02:04::**
        *   Definition: "in the final outcome"
        *   Examples: "These news will only make you more upset"
        *   Fit: No, this refers to eventual effect/outcome, not frequency/count restriction.

    *   **Sense 5: sense_key=only%4:02:05::**
        *   Definition: "except that"
        *   Examples: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better"
        *   Fit: No, this is a conjunction usage ("but"). Here it is an adverb modifying "once".

    *   **Sense 6: sense_key=only%4:02:03::**
        *   Definition: "never except when"
        *   Synonyms: only if, only when
        *   Examples: "call me only if your cold gets worse"
        *   Fit: No, this is conditional.

    *   **Sense 7: sense_key=only%4:02:06::**
        *   Definition: "as recently as"
        *   Examples: "I spoke to him only an hour ago"
        *   Fit: No, this is temporal distance.

4.  **Distinguish between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 ("merely", "just") usually minimizes the action or state. "He is only a child." "It's only a scratch."
    *   Sense 2 ("exclusively", "solely") usually singles something out, restricting others. "He is the only child." "Members only."
    *   In the sentence "Each variation ... can occur only once", the meaning is that it is limited to one occurrence. It happens *exclusively* one time (and not two or three). Or it happens *no more than* once.
    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 2: "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children". This is about restriction/scope.
    *   Let's look at the example for Sense 1: "I was merely asking". This is about minimizing importance.
    *   "Can occur only once": Is the focus on minimizing ("merely once") or restriction ("solely/exclusively once")?
    *   Usually, "only once" falls under Sense 2 in many dictionaries because it restricts the frequency to that single instance, excluding others. It acts like "solely". "He is the only one" uses the adjective form of Sense 2 logic.
    *   However, "just" (Sense 1) is also very close. "It happens just once."
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchy/usage.
    *   WordNet 3.0 distinctions for "only" (adv):
        *   only%4:02:01:: (exclusively, solely, alone) -> "without any others being included or involved".
        *   only%4:02:02:: (merely, simply, just, but) -> "and nothing more".
    *   If I say "I did it only once", do I mean "I did it *nothing more* than once" or "I did it *without others (times)* being included"? The latter seems semantically more precise for frequency. The set of occurrences is restricted to one.
    *   Sense 2 examples: "was entirely to blame" (he alone), "a school devoted entirely to..." (exclusively).
    *   Sense 1 examples: "I was merely asking" (nothing more).
    *   When a rule states something can happen "only once", it implies it is limited to that single instance and *excludes* subsequent instances. This aligns with the definition of Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (no other occurrences involved).
    *   Let's try to verify against standard WSD practices for "only + number/frequency".
    *   "He has only one leg." -> Is this merely (Sense 1) or solely (Sense 2)? Usually, "only" with numbers is treated as "no more than" (Sense 1 often captures "no more than" in general dictionaries, but let's check WordNet's specific gloss).
    *   WordNet Sense 1 gloss: "and nothing more". Example: "I was merely asking".
    *   WordNet Sense 2 gloss: "without any others being included or involved". Example: "was entirely to blame".
    *   If I say "It costs only five dollars", I am limiting the price. This feels like "nothing more than". This would be Sense 1.
    *   If I say "Members only", I am excluding others. This is Sense 2.
    *   "It happens only once." Is this limiting the count (nothing more than once) or excluding other times (solely once)?
    *   This is a tricky boundary in WordNet.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 1 examples: "it is simply a matter of time". This acts as a softener or minimizer.
        *   Sense 2 examples: "entirely to blame".
    *   The phrase "fit only for foreigners" appears earlier in the text: "The less complicated version... is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners." Here, "only" clearly means "exclusively" (Sense 2).
    *   But the target instance is "can occur **only** once".
    *   Does "only" mean "nothing more" or "exclusively" here?
    *   If I say "I saw him only once", I am restricting the frequency.
    *   Let's look at a similar usage in a corpus or WordNet examples for these specific synsets.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "without any others being included or involved". This fits "can occur [without other occurrences] once".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "and nothing more". "Can occur [and nothing more] than once". This also fits grammatically.
    *   However, "merely" (Sense 1) sounds weird with "once". "It can occur merely once" suggests a minimization of the event. "It can occur solely once" suggests a strict rule/restriction. The context is a rule ("the rules state"). Rules usually establish exclusions. Therefore, the "excluding others" (Sense 2) meaning is stronger here. The rule says: It happens once, and *no other times are involved*. This matches Sense 2's definition "without any others being included".
    *   Let's double check Sense 1. "I was merely asking." "It's just a scratch." These minimize the significance. "It happens only once" isn't necessarily minimizing the significance (though it could be), but in the context of a complex game/rule system ("change-ringing"), it's defining the permitted scope. The scope is *restricted* to one instance.
    *   Comparing synonyms:
        *   Sense 1: merely, simply, just, but.
        *   Sense 2: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone.
    *   Substitution: "Each variation can occur **solely** once." (Works, sounds formal/rule-based).
    *   Substitution: "Each variation can occur **exclusively** once." (Works, emphasizes uniqueness).
    *   Substitution: "Each variation can occur **just** once." (Works, colloquial).
    *   Substitution: "Each variation can occur **merely** once." (A bit awkward, suggests it's a small amount).
    *   Substitution: "Each variation can occur **simply** once." (Awkward).
    *   The synonyms for Sense 2 (solely, exclusively) fit the context of rules and restrictions better than the synonyms for Sense 1 (merely, simply). "Solely" and "exclusively" capture the essence of "one time and no more".
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "once" in the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

In the context "Each variation, or change, can occur only once", the word "once" means "on one occasion" or "one time" (i.e., no variation can be repeated).
Sense 1 matches this perfectly ("on one occasion", "one time").
Sense 2 means "as soon as".
Sense 3 means "formerly".

Therefore, the correct sense index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rule
Target surface form: rules
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rule%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
2. sense_key=rule%1:09:01:: | definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula | examples=the convention of not naming the main character; violence is the rule not the exception
3. sense_key=rule%1:10:00:: | definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
4. sense_key=rule%1:10:01:: | definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice | synonyms=linguistic rule
5. sense_key=rule%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
6. sense_key=rule%1:28:00:: | definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power | examples=during the rule of Elizabeth
7. sense_key=rule%1:26:00:: | definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion | examples=France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa; the rule of Caesar
8. sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: | definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
9. sense_key=rule%1:10:03:: | definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order | examples=the rule of St. Dominic
10. sense_key=rule%1:09:02:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
11. sense_key=rule%1:09:04:: | definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems | synonyms=formula | examples=he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs; he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
12. sense_key=rule%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths | synonyms=ruler

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "rules" in the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

Let me analyze the context:
- This is about change-ringing, which is a method of ringing church bells in England
- The text describes how bell ringers vary the order in which bells sound
- "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state" - this refers to the rules that govern how change-ringing works
- These are specific directions/procedures for how this activity (change-ringing) should be conducted

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=rule%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
- This is about behavior, personal habits, or social regulations. Not quite right for rules of a technical activity.

2. sense_key=rule%1:09:01:: | definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula
- This is about norms and patterns. Not right for this context.

3. sense_key=rule%1:10:00:: | definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
- This could work - it's about guides for action. But let me check others.

4. sense_key=rule%1:10:01:: | definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice
- This is specifically for linguistics. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=rule%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle
- This is about principles/generalizations. Not quite right for specific rules of an activity.

6. sense_key=rule%1:28:00:: | definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power
- This is about ruling/reigning. Not applicable.

7. sense_key=rule%1:26:00:: | definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion
- This is about political dominion. Not applicable.

8. sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: | definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted
- This is specifically about rules for games or sports. Change-ringing is described as an "exercise" and has rules about how it should be conducted. This seems like the closest fit - while change-ringing isn't exactly a "game" or "sport" in the traditional sense, it is a structured activity with specific rules about how it's conducted, similar to a game.

9. sense_key=rule%1:10:03:: | definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order
- This is for religious orders. Not applicable.

10. sense_key=rule%1:09:02:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system
- This is about natural phenomena. Not applicable.

11. sense_key=rule%1:09:04:: | definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems
- This is for mathematics specifically. Not applicable.

12. sense_key=rule%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge
- This is a physical ruler. Not applicable.

So the main contenders are:
- Sense 3: prescribed guide for conduct or action (prescript)
- Sense 8: directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted

Sense 8 seems more specific and appropriate because:
- Change-ringing is described as a structured activity/exercise with specific procedures
- It has rules that define how it should be conducted
- While not exactly a "game" or "sport," it's similar in nature - a structured activity with rules about how to perform it correctly
- The example "he knew the rules of chess" parallels "the rules state" in our context

Sense 3 is more general (prescribed guide for conduct or action), but Sense 8 is more specific to the context of an activity/game/sport with defined procedures.

The context clearly describes change-ringing as an "exercise" with specific procedures and patterns that must be followed. The rules state that "each variation, or change, can occur only once" - this is a rule defining how the activity is conducted, similar to rules of a game.

I'll go with Sense 8 (index 8) as the best fit.

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=state%2:32:01:: | definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit | examples=I submit to you that the accused is guilty
3. sense_key=state%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express | examples=Can you express this distance in kilometers?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "state"
    *   Target surface form: "state"
    *   Context sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>."
    *   Full context: The text describes the rules of change-ringing (bell ringing). It explains how bells are rung in a specific order and then varied. The specific sentence says that the rules dictate/convey a specific condition (each variation can occur only once).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `state%2:32:00::`
        *   Definition: "express in words"
        *   Synonyms: "say, tell"
        *   Examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you"
        *   Analysis: This is the most general sense of "state" in a communicative context. It means to say something or declare something. The subject here is "the rules". Rules "state" conditions. Rules are inanimate objects (texts), but they function as a medium of communication. This sense fits the idea of a document or a set of principles declaring a fact.

    *   **Sense 2:** `state%2:32:01::`
        *   Definition: "put before"
        *   Synonyms: "submit, put forward, posit"
        *   Examples: "I submit to you that the accused is guilty"
        *   Analysis: This sense implies a formal presentation of an idea or argument, usually by a person (a lawyer, a proposer) to an audience. It's often used in contexts like "state your case" or "submit a proposal". The subject here is "the rules". Rules don't usually "put forward" or "submit" an argument in the way a person does. They *declare* what is required.

    *   **Sense 3:** `state%2:32:02::`
        *   Definition: "indicate through a symbol, formula, etc."
        *   Synonyms: "express"
        *   Examples: "Can you express this distance in kilometers?"
        *   Analysis: This sense is about representing data or values (like stating a theorem, stating a formula, stating a distance). While the rules of bell-ringing might be seen as a formula, the sentence "Each variation... can occur only once, the rules state" is describing a regulation/prohibition, not a mathematical representation or symbolic conversion.

3.  **Evaluate the fit:**
    *   The sentence is "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>."
    *   This is a classic usage of "state" meaning to declare, assert, or set forth (usually a rule, law, or fact).
    *   Synonyms for this usage in a general context: "say", "declare", "specify".
    *   Sense 1 synonyms are "say, tell". "The rules say..." is a very common paraphrase. "The rules state..." is synonymous with "The rules say...".
    *   Sense 2 is about "submitting" or "positing". "The rules submit..." doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3 is about symbols/formulas. "The rules indicate through a symbol..." doesn't fit the context of a regulation regarding behavior/sequence.

    *   Comparison with Sense 1: "express in words". Rules are written words. They express the regulation in words. This is the standard definition for how rules or laws "state" things.

4.  **Select the best index:**
    *   Sense 1 matches the meaning of declaring or asserting a fact/condition.
    *   Sense 2 implies an agent putting forward an argument.
    *   Sense 3 implies symbolic representation.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: Ringers
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. <t>Ringers</t> memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The text discusses "change-ringing" in England. It describes the physical and mental requirements, the order of bells ("rounds"), and the variations ("changes"). It explicitly mentions "ringers" in the sentence: "Then, at a signal, the **ringers** begin varying the order in which the bells sound..." and later "Ringers memorize patterns of changes...". The context is clearly about people playing church bells.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with synonyms "toller, bell ringer". This fits the context perfectly. The text is about people ringing church bells (specifically change-ringing).
    *   **Sense 2:** "a person who is almost identical to another" with synonyms "dead ringer, clone". This does not fit the context of bell ringing.
    *   **Sense 3:** "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses". While change-ringing involves competition-like rules, the context is about the act of ringing bells, not deception in a contest.
    *   **Sense 4:** "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit...". This refers to an object or action in a game, not a person, and is unrelated to church bells.

3.  **Match context to sense:**
    *   The text mentions "carillons", "bells", "change-ringing", "churches".
    *   The target word refers to the people performing the action ("ringers begin varying the order", "Ringers memorize patterns").
    *   Sense 1 defines a ringer as "a person who rings church bells".
    *   The match is exact.

4.  **Formulate the output:** The instruction asks for a JSON object with the key "sense_index". Since Sense 1 is the correct definition, the index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: method
Target surface form: methods
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "<t>methods</t>, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=method%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)
2. sense_key=method%1:04:00:: | definition=an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed | synonyms=method acting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:**
    *   Lemma: "method"
    *   Surface form: "methods"
    *   Context: The text discusses change-ringing (ringing church bells in patterns). It explains that ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods", which have specific names. It mentions the systematic nature of these patterns (each variation occurs only once, following rules).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `method%1:09:00::` | Definition: "a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)".
    *   **Sense 2:** `method%1:04:00::` | Definition: "an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed" | Synonyms: "method acting".

3.  **Compare Context with Senses:**
    *   The context describes bell-ringing patterns. The text says: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods'..."
    *   Sense 2 is about acting (Stanislavsky). This is clearly unrelated to bell ringing.
    *   Sense 1 is about a "way of doing something" or a "systematic way" with "orderly logical arrangement". The text describes specific patterns (Kent Treble Bob Major) with rules (each variation can occur only once). These patterns are methods of ringing the bells. They fit the description of a systematic way of doing something (ringing changes).

4.  **Determine the Best Fit:**
    *   The bell-ringing context fits Sense 1 perfectly. It refers to specific, named patterns/sequences for doing an activity. Sense 2 is irrelevant.

5.  **Formulate the Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the index of the best sense.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.
    *   JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: names
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding <t>names</t> like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%1:10:00:: | definition=a language unit by which a person or thing is known | examples=his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing
2. sense_key=name%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's reputation | examples=he wanted to protect his good name
3. sense_key=name%1:14:00:: | definition=family based on male descent | synonyms=gens | examples=he had no sons and there was no one to carry on his name
4. sense_key=name%1:18:00:: | definition=a well-known or notable person | synonyms=figure, public figure | examples=they studied all the great names in the history of France; she is an important figure in modern music
5. sense_key=name%1:04:00:: | definition=by the sanction or authority of | examples=halt in the name of the law
6. sense_key=name%1:10:01:: | definition=a defamatory or abusive word or phrase | synonyms=epithet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:**
    *   Target lemma: name
    *   Target surface form: names
    *   Context sentence: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods, 'which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses change-ringing (bell ringing).
    *   Patterns of changes are called "methods".
    *   These methods have "odd-sounding names".
    *   Examples of these names are given: "Kent Treble Bob Major" and "Grandsire Caters".
    *   These are labels or identifiers for specific patterns/methods.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `name%1:10:00::` | definition=a language unit by which a person or thing is known | examples=his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing.
        *   *Analysis:* "Kent Treble Bob Major" is a language unit (a phrase) by which a specific thing (a method of bell-ringing) is known. This fits perfectly.

    *   **Sense 2:** `name%1:26:00::` | definition=a person's reputation.
        *   *Analysis:* The context is not about the reputation of the methods. It's about their identifiers.

    *   **Sense 3:** `name%1:14:00::` | definition=family based on male descent | synonyms=gens.
        *   *Analysis:* The context is not about genealogy or family lines.

    *   **Sense 4:** `name%1:18:00::` | definition=a well-known or notable person | synonyms=figure, public figure.
        *   *Analysis:* "Kent Treble Bob Major" is not a person.

    *   **Sense 5:** `name%1:04:00::` | definition=by the sanction or authority of.
        *   *Analysis:* This usually appears in phrases like "in the name of". Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 6:** `name%1:10:01::` | definition=a defamatory or abusive word or phrase | synonyms=epithet.
        *   *Analysis:* The names might be "odd-sounding", but they are not abusive or defamatory. They are the proper terms for the methods.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the standard definition of a "name" as a label for an entity. The entities here are abstract methods of bell-ringing.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   Return JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: series
Target surface form: series
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A <t>series</t> of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams | examples=the visiting team swept the series
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other | examples=the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection | examples=the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers; his coin collection included the complete series of Indian-head pennies
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `series`
    *   Target surface form: `series`
    *   Context sentence: "A **series** of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal' and takes about three hours."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses change-ringing (bell ringing). It mentions "rounds," "changes" (variations in the order of bells), and "methods" (patterns of changes). The target sentence defines a "peal" as a collection of about 5,000 changes (variations).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (series%1:14:00::):* Definition: "similar things placed in order or happening one after another". Examples: "investigating a series of bank robberies".
        *   Analysis: The context talks about a sequence of "changes" (variations in bell ringing order). These changes happen one after another. They are similar things (sound variations) happening in sequence. This fits well.

    *   *Sense 2 (series%1:10:01::):* Definition: "a serialized set of programs". Synonyms: "serial". Examples: "comedy series".
        *   Analysis: The context is about bell ringing, not TV or radio programs. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 3 (series%1:10:00::):* Definition: "a periodical that appears at scheduled times". Synonyms: "serial, serial publication".
        *   Analysis: The context is not about magazines or journals. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 4 (series%1:11:00::):* Definition: "(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams". Examples: "visiting team swept the series".
        *   Analysis: While change-ringing is a physical activity, it's not described here as a sports competition between teams in the specific sense of a "World Series". It's a sequence of sounds. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 5 (series%1:24:00::):* Definition: "(electronics) connection of components...".
        *   Analysis: Not electronics. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 6 (series%1:14:01::):* Definition: "a group of postage stamps...".
        *   Analysis: Not stamps or coins. Incorrect.

    *   *Sense 7 (series%1:09:00::):* Definition: "(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence...".
        *   Analysis: While mathematics might be involved in the method, "5,000 changes" refers to a count of events/sequences, not the mathematical sum of a sequence.

3.  **Refine the choice:**
    *   The text describes a sequence of events (bell changes) happening one after another.
    *   Sense 1 captures the general notion of "similar things placed in order or happening one after another".
    *   The example for Sense 1 is "a series of bank robberies" (events happening in time).
    *   The context is "A series of 5,000 or so changes". These changes are events happening one after another in time (taking about three hours).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct general sense for a sequence of events or items.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The chosen sense corresponds to the first item in the list provided (index 1 based on the numbering in the prompt, usually 1-based index in the JSON key).
    *   Wait, let's double-check the prompt structure. It usually asks for the index number.
    *   Candidate 1: `series%1:14:00::`.
    *   Candidate 2: `series%1:10:01::`.
    *   Candidate 3: `series%1:10:00::`.
    *   Candidate 4: `series%1:11:00::`.
    *   Candidate 5: `series%1:24:00::`.
    *   Candidate 6: `series%1:14:01::`.
    *   Candidate 7: `series%1:09:00::`.

    The correct definition is "similar things placed in order or happening one after another". This corresponds to Sense 1.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Context: "A series of 5,000 or so changes".
    *   Sense 1: "similar things placed in order or happening one after another".
    *   Match: Yes. A peal is a long sequence of changes.

    Result: Sense 1.