[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: base
Target surface form: based
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests <t>based</t> on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=base%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, ground, found | examples=base a claim on some observation
2. sense_key=base%2:42:04:: | definition=situate as a center of operations | examples=we will base this project in the new lab
3. sense_key=base%2:34:00:: | definition=use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes | synonyms=free-base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Already, scientists are developing tests **based** on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."
    *   Syntactic structure: "developing tests [participle phrase: based on ...]"
    *   Meaning: The tests are founded on, grounded in, or derived from the newly identified genes. The genes are the foundation/support for the tests.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `base%2:31:00::` | Definition: "use as a basis for; found on" | Synonyms: establish, ground, found | Example: "base a claim on some observation".
        *   Match check: The tests are "founded on" the genes. The genes are the basis. The phrase "base a claim on some observation" aligns perfectly with "developing tests based on the newly identified genes". The passive participle "based on" indicates the foundation or grounding of the subject (tests).
    *   **Sense 2:** `base%2:42:04::` | Definition: "situate as a center of operations" | Example: "we will base this project in the new lab".
        *   Match check: This refers to physical location or headquarters. "Tests based on the genes" does not mean the tests are located/situated at the genes. It refers to logical foundation, not location.
    *   **Sense 3:** `base%2:34:00::` | Definition: "use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes" | Synonyms: free-base.
        *   Match check: Clearly irrelevant to the context of cancer research and genetics.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct meaning. It captures the relationship where one thing (tests) is grounded in or derived from another (genes). The example "base a claim on some observation" is semantically very similar to "tests based on genes".

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X is the index number (1, 2, or 3).
    *   Selected sense is index 1.

provider: Phala


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly <t>identified</t> genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "identified" in the context: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly <t>identified</t> genes..."

Let me analyze the context:
- Scientists have discovered genes related to cancer
- These genes have been newly "identified"
- The scientists are developing tests based on these genes

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
- This is about recognizing/establishing identity of someone/something that already exists

2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
- This is about naming or giving identifying characteristics

3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
- This is about personal identification with others - clearly not applicable

4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
- This is about association - not applicable

5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
- This is about scientific identification/discovery of something

6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives
- This is about equating two things - not applicable

The context is about scientists discovering/identifying genes in a scientific/medical context. The genes were newly discovered and identified in a scientific sense.

Sense 5 mentions "identify as in botany or biology, for example" with synonyms like "discover" - this seems to match the scientific discovery context where genes are being identified through research.

Sense 1 could also apply - establishing the identity of something (the genes).

But sense 5 specifically mentions biology and has "discover" as a synonym, which matches the context of scientists discovering genes in a medical/biological research context.

I think sense 5 is the best fit because:
1. The context is medical/biological research
2. The genes were newly discovered/identified by scientists
3. Sense 5 explicitly mentions "identify as in botany or biology" with "discover" as a synonym

So the answer is sense_index:5

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Venice

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the <t>first</t> time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target lemma is "first", surface form "first". It functions as an adjective or adverb in the context.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the **first** time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."
    *   Phrase: "for the first time".
    *   Meaning: This is the initial instance of something happening (predicting cancer in healthy individuals). It hasn't happened before; this is the beginning instance of this capability.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `first%3:00:00::` | Definition: "preceding all others in time or space or degree" | Examples: "the first house on the right", "the first day of spring".
        *   Analysis: This is a general adjectival sense. "For the first time" fits the temporal aspect of "preceding all others in time". It denotes the initial occurrence.

    *   **Sense 2:** `first%5:00:00:ordinal:00` | Definition: "indicating the beginning unit in a series" | Synonyms: "1st".
        *   Analysis: This relates to ordinal numbers (first, second, third). While "first time" involves an ordinal concept, the WordNet definition specifically says "indicating the beginning unit in a series". "For the first time" acts more like an adverbial phrase of time denoting an initial event rather than labeling an item in a list (like "the first chapter").

    *   **Sense 3:** `first%5:00:02:opening:00` | Definition: "serving to set in motion" | Synonyms: "inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden".
        *   Analysis: This usually applies to events like "maiden voyage" or "inaugural address". "First time" *can* have this nuance, but usually "inaugural" implies a ceremonial start or a formal setting in motion. "For the first time" is a broader temporal marker.

    *   **Sense 4:** `first%5:00:01:opening:00` | Definition: "serving to begin" | Synonyms: "beginning" | Examples: "the beginning canto", "the first verse".
        *   Analysis: This is adjectival, modifying a noun (canto, verse). In the text, "first" modifies "time". Is it serving to begin the time? No, it's saying this specific instance of time precedes all others.

    *   **Sense 5:** `first%5:00:00:best:00` | Definition: "ranking above all others" | Synonyms: "foremost, world-class".
        *   Analysis: This implies quality or rank (e.g., "first class", "first in her class"). The text is not discussing rank or quality.

    *   **Sense 6:** `first%3:00:03::` | Definition: "highest in pitch or chief among parts...".
        *   Analysis: Music specific. Irrelevant.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 closely:**
    *   Context: "for the first time".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "preceding all others in time". This fits perfectly. It marks the initial point in time when X happens.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "indicating the beginning unit in a series". While a "first time" is technically the first unit in a series of times, Sense 1 captures the fundamental definition of "first" regarding time and space, which is how "first time" is understood (the time preceding all other times).
    *   Let's look at WordNet (3.0/3.1) structure for `first`.
        *   `first%3:00:00::` is the adjective satellite or adverb often used in "first time". (Actually, in WordNet 3.0, `first` as an adjective has the synset `first.a.01` corresponding to the sense "preceding all others in time or space or degree").
        *   "For the first time" is an idiomatic expression. In WordNet, `for_the_first_time` is an adverb (`for_the_first_time.r.01`). However, I am disambiguating the specific word token `first`.
        *   If we look at the adjective senses:
            *   Sense 1 (`preceding all others...`) is the core sense. "The first time" = the time preceding all others.
            *   Sense 2 (`indicating the beginning unit...`) is often used for "first episode", "first chapter". It emphasizes the ordinal nature in a series.
    *   In the phrase "for the first time", "first" acts as an adjective modifying "time". It means the time that precedes all others (in the context of the event happening). Sense 1 is the broad, primary definition of "first" covering time, space, and degree. Sense 2 is more specific to ordinals in a series.
    *   Is "time" a series? Yes, but the definition of Sense 1 ("preceding all others in time") maps directly to the context "for the first time" (preceding all other times).
    *   Usually, Sense 1 is the default for general temporal usage unless it's specifically an ordinal label (like "Step 1: First, do this"). The example "the first day of spring" in Sense 1 is very close to "the first time".

    Let's check the mapping in standard WSD datasets (like SemCor) if possible (mental check).
    *   "First time" usually maps to the "preceding all others in time" sense.
    *   Sense 2 (`ordinal`) often maps to things like "the first floor", "the first game".
    *   Sense 1 covers "first time" examples in many dictionaries.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    Let's double check Sense 4: "serving to begin". "First time" doesn't mean "the time that serves to begin". It means "the initial instance".
    Let's double check Sense 3: "serving to set in motion". Not applicable.

    Decision: Sense 1 is the broad definition covering the temporal precedence meaning required by "first time".

    Let's verify the index mapping provided in the prompt.
    1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: (preceding all others in time...)
    2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 (indicating the beginning unit in a series)

    If I say "This is my first time here", I am saying no other time preceded this one. This aligns with Sense 1.
    If I say "The first test was hard, the second was easy", I am ordering a series. This aligns with Sense 2.
    The context is "predict... for the first time". It highlights the temporal priority (preceding all other times). Thus Sense 1 is the most appropriate semantic match.

    Wait, let's look at the WordNet hierarchy.
    In WordNet 3.0:
    *   `first#a#1` (preceding all others...) -> Adjective.
    *   `first#a#2` (indicating the beginning unit...) -> Adjective.
    *   `first#a#3` (serving to begin...) -> Adjective.
    *   `first#a#4` (serving to set in motion...) -> Adjective.
    *   `first#a#5` (ranking above all others...) -> Adjective.

    The prompt indices seem to follow a list.
    1. first%3:00:00:: -> preceding all others...
    2. first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 -> indicating the beginning unit...

    The phrase "for the first time" indicates the initial occurrence.
    Definition 1: "preceding all others in time". This matches "first time" (the time preceding all others).
    Definition 2: "indicating the beginning unit in a series".
    While "times" can be seen as a series, the phrasing "for the first time" is idiomatic for "initially".
    WN usage notes often associate "first" in "first time" with the sense of "preceding all others".
    Examples for Sense 1 include "the first day of spring".
    "The first time" is analogous to "the first day".
    Sense 2 examples often imply a countable list (1st, 2nd...). Although "first time" implies a count (1st time), the definition of Sense 1 "preceding all others in time" is explicit and fits the temporal nature of the context perfectly.

    Therefore, index 1 is the correct choice.

    One could argue for Sense 2 because "first time" implies an ordinal sequence (first time, second time). However, Sense 1 explicitly mentions "preceding all others in **time**". This explicit mention of the temporal domain makes it the superior fit for the phrase "first time".

    Result: Sense index 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first <t>time</t>, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: *time*
    *   Target surface form: *time*
    *   Context snippet: "...for the first <t>time</t>, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."
    *   Phrase: "for the first time".

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `time%1:11:00::` | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times.
    *   **Sense 2:** `time%1:28:05::` | definition=a period of time considered as a resource... | examples=take time to smell the roses...
    *   **Sense 3:** `time%1:28:00::` | definition=an indefinite period... | examples=he waited a long time...
    *   **Sense 4:** `time%1:28:06::` | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go.
    *   **Sense 5:** `time%1:03:00::` | definition=the continuum of experience...
    *   **Sense 6:** `time%1:11:01::` | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears...
    *   **Sense 7:** `time%1:28:03::` | definition=a reading of a point in time... | examples=do you know what time it is?...
    *   **Sense 8:** `time%1:28:04::` | definition=the fourth coordinate... (Physics sense).
    *   **Sense 9:** `time%1:07:01::` | definition=rhythm... (Music sense).
    *   **Sense 10:** `time%1:28:01::` | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned... (Prison sense).

3.  **Evaluate the Context against Senses:**
    *   The phrase is "for the first time". This indicates a specific occurrence or instance of an event happening.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1: "an instance or single occasion for some event". The examples are "this time he succeeded" and "he called four times".
    *   "For the first time" fits perfectly with the concept of counting instances or occasions. It marks a specific point in the sequence of events (the first instance).
    *   Sense 2 is about time as a resource (having time to do something). Not appropriate here.
    *   Sense 3 is about duration (waiting a long time). "For the first duration" doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 is about a suitable moment ("it is time to go"). Not appropriate here.
    *   Sense 5 is the abstract continuum. While true in a broad sense, the specific usage "for the first time" refers to a specific instance/occasion, not the continuum itself.
    *   Sense 6 refers to an experience (often positive or difficult). Not fitting.
    *   Sense 7 is clock time.
    *   Senses 8, 9, 10 are clearly irrelevant.

4.  **Refine the Decision:**
    *   The phrase "for the first time" means "on the first occasion" or "in the first instance".
    *   Sense 1 defines "time" as "an instance or single occasion for some event".
    *   This matches the context precisely. The prediction capability is happening on a specific occasion (the first one) in the history of science.

5.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.

6.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: otherwise
Target surface form: otherwise
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an <t>otherwise</t> healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=otherwise%4:02:01:: | definition=in other respects or ways | examples=he is otherwise normal; the funds are not otherwise available
2. sense_key=otherwise%4:02:03:: | definition=in another and different manner | synonyms=differently, other than | examples=very soon you will know differently; she thought otherwise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: otherwise
    *   Target surface form: otherwise
    *   Context sentence: "...can predict whether an <t>otherwise</t> healthy individual is likely to get cancer."

2.  **Analyze the meaning in context:**
    *   The phrase is "an otherwise healthy individual".
    *   This means the individual is healthy in all other respects (or generally healthy), *except* for the potential presence of the genetic predisposition to cancer being discussed.
    *   It sets up a contrast between the specific condition (predisposition to cancer/genetic damage) and the general state of health. The person looks healthy, acts healthy, has no symptoms, etc., *other than* this hidden genetic factor.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `sense_key=otherwise%4:02:01::`
        *   Definition: "in other respects or ways"
        *   Examples: "he is otherwise normal", "the funds are not otherwise available"
        *   Match analysis: The example "he is otherwise normal" fits the structure "an otherwise healthy individual" perfectly. It describes a state of being that holds true in all aspects *except* the one being mentioned (or just generally). Here, the individual is healthy in all other respects, apart from the genetic risk. This sense is used to qualify a description by saying it applies generally or in other aspects.

    *   **Sense 2:** `sense_key=otherwise%4:02:03::`
        *   Definition: "in another and different manner"
        *   Synonyms: differently, other than
        *   Examples: "very soon you will know differently", "she thought otherwise"
        *   Match analysis: This sense usually implies a contrast in method or opinion. "She thought otherwise" means she thought differently. "You will know differently" means your knowledge will change. In the context of "an otherwise healthy individual," "otherwise" is not describing *how* the individual is healthy (in a different manner), but rather asserting that the quality "healthy" applies to them in *other respects*.

4.  **Compare and decide:**
    *   The usage here is the classic "otherwise ADJECTIVE" construction (otherwise healthy, otherwise normal, otherwise engaged).
    *   This construction maps to Sense 1: "in other respects or ways".
    *   The individual is healthy in other respects.
    *   Sense 2 is more about difference or alternative manner ("do it otherwise" = do it differently). Here, the individual is not "healthy in a different manner"; they are healthy *apart from* the specific issue.
    *   Sense 1 is clearly the correct choice.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

6.  **Final check:**
    *   Context: "predict whether an otherwise healthy individual..."
    *   Sense 1 def: "in other respects or ways".
    *   Sense 1 ex: "he is otherwise normal".
    *   Mapping: The person is healthy in other respects (has no symptoms, looks fine), but has this gene.
    *   Index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: healthy
Target surface form: healthy
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise <t>healthy</t> individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=healthy%3:00:00:: | definition=having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease | examples=a rosy healthy baby; staying fit and healthy
2. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially secure and functioning well | examples=a healthy economy
3. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:wholesome:00 | definition=promoting health; healthful; ; ; ; ; - C.B.Davis | synonyms=salubrious, good for you | examples=a healthy diet; clean healthy air
4. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:reasonable:00 | definition=exercising or showing good judgment | synonyms=intelligent, levelheaded, sound | examples=healthy scepticism; a healthy fear of rattlesnakes
5. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:considerable:00 | definition=large in amount or extent or degree | synonyms=goodly, goodish, hefty, respectable, sizable, sizeable | examples=it cost a considerable amount; a goodly amount

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "healthy"
    *   Target surface form: "healthy"
    *   Context: "...can predict whether an otherwise **healthy** individual is likely to get cancer."
    *   Key phrase: "otherwise healthy individual".
    *   The context discusses predicting cancer likelihood in a person who appears well but might carry a gene predisposing them to cancer.
    *   The contrast is between being "healthy" (not sick/having cancer) and "likely to get cancer" (or carrying damaged genes).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `healthy%3:00:00::` | Definition: having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease. | Examples: a rosy healthy baby; staying fit and healthy.
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the physical state of a person (or animal) being free from disease. The context talks about an "individual" (person) and the potential to "get cancer" (become unhealthy). The phrase "otherwise healthy" implies the person currently shows no signs of disease. This fits perfectly.
    *   **Sense 2:** `healthy%5:00:00:sound:00` | Definition: financially secure and functioning well. | Examples: a healthy economy.
        *   *Analysis:* This applies to economies or financial systems. The context is about a human individual. Mismatch.
    *   **Sense 3:** `healthy%5:00:00:wholesome:00` | Definition: promoting health; healthful. | Synonyms: salubrious, good for you. | Examples: a healthy diet; clean healthy air.
        *   *Analysis:* This applies to things like food, air, or lifestyle choices that promote health. An "individual" is not "promoting health" in this sense; an individual *has* health. Mismatch.
    *   **Sense 4:** `healthy%5:00:00:reasonable:00` | Definition: exercising or showing good judgment. | Synonyms: intelligent, levelheaded, sound. | Examples: healthy scepticism; a healthy fear.
        *   *Analysis:* This is metaphorical, regarding attitudes or mental states (skepticism, fear). The context is about physical health/disease (cancer). Mismatch.
    *   **Sense 5:** `healthy%5:00:00:considerable:00` | Definition: large in amount or extent or degree. | Synonyms: goodly, hefty. | Examples: a healthy amount.
        *   *Analysis:* This is an adjectival modifier for quantities. The target modifies "individual". Mismatch.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only sense that applies to the physical state of a human being being free from disease.
    *   The phrase "otherwise healthy individual" is a classic collocation using Sense 1, meaning a person who currently shows no symptoms of the disease being discussed (cancer).

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instructions ask for a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The selected sense is the first one listed.

5.  **Final check:**
    *   Context: "predict whether an otherwise healthy individual..."
    *   Definition Sense 1: "free from infirmity or disease".
    *   Match: Yes. The test predicts if someone who *seems* free from disease will get the disease.

    Result: Index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy <t>individual</t> is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "individual" in the context provided.

The context is about medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer. The specific sentence with "individual" is:
"Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy <t>individual</t> is likely to get cancer."

In this context, "individual" is referring to a human being who might be at risk for cancer. The phrase "otherwise healthy individual" is talking about a person who appears healthy but might have genetic markers for cancer risk.

Now, let's consider the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do

2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

The first sense specifically defines "individual" as a human being, with synonyms like "person", "someone", "somebody", etc. The second sense is more general, defining it as "a single organism" which could apply to any living organism, not just humans.

In the given context, the sentence is clearly talking about human beings who might get cancer, not just any organism. The medical context, the reference to getting cancer, and the quote from a human researcher all point to this being about human individuals.

So, the first sense (a human being) is the appropriate choice for this context.

The correct sense index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: likely
Target surface form: likely
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is <t>likely</t> to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is <t>likely</t> to get cancer."
    *   Syntactic frame: "... [subject] is <t>likely</t> to [infinitive verb phrase]."
    *   Meaning: The tests predict the probability/prospect of a healthy individual developing cancer in the future. It means "has a good chance of" or "is expected to".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `likely%3:00:00::`
        *   Definition: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about"
        *   Examples: "these services are likely to be available to us all before long", "she is likely to forget"
        *   Structure: Matches "is likely to [verb]".
        *   Fit: This fits the context perfectly. It expresses probability regarding a future event (getting cancer).

    *   **Sense 2:** `likely%3:00:04::`
        *   Definition: "likely but not certain to be or become true or real"
        *   Synonyms: "probable"
        *   Examples: "a likely result", "he foresaw a probable loss"
        *   Structure: Usually used as an attributive adjective modifying a noun ("a likely result") or as a predicative adjective describing a situation.
        *   Fit: While the meaning is close to Sense 1, the specific syntactic frame "is likely to get" aligns better with Sense 1's examples ("likely to be available", "likely to forget"). Sense 2 seems to map more to the adjective "probable" often used in "a likely [noun]" constructions or predicatively without the infinitive complement in WordNet's classification scheme often distinguishing between "likely to X" (eventive) and "a likely X" (property of a potentiality). Let's look closer at WordNet structure. Sense 1 usually handles the "likely to [verb]" construction. Sense 2 is often associated with the synonym "probable" and might be restricted in usage compared to Sense 1 in some dictionaries, though WordNet assigns the "probable" synonym to Sense 2 explicitly. However, Sense 1's examples ("likely to forget", "likely to be available") are structurally identical to the context sentence ("likely to get"). Sense 2's examples ("a likely result") are different.

    *   **Sense 3:** `likely%5:00:00:prospective:00`
        *   Definition: "expected to become or be; in prospect"
        *   Synonyms: "potential"
        *   Examples: "potential clients" -> "likely clients"?
        *   Fit: This refers to potentiality or suitability ("a likely candidate"). The context is about the probability of an event (getting cancer), not the suitability or potential status of the individual as a "likely candidate". The context is event-oriented, not attributive regarding the person's status as a prospective entity.

    *   **Sense 4:** `likely%5:00:00:credible:00`
        *   Definition: "within the realm of credibility"
        *   Examples: "not a very likely excuse"
        *   Fit: This refers to plausibility or believability of a statement or story. The context is about medical prediction, not believability.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Context: "is likely to get cancer".
    *   Sense 1 Examples: "likely to be available", "likely to forget". (Structural match).
    *   Sense 2 Examples: "a likely result". (Structural mismatch).
    *   WordNet distinctions often separate the "probable" meaning (often attributive or general) from the specific construction "likely to [verb]".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about". This perfectly describes "likely to get cancer".
    *   Sense 2 definition: "likely but not certain to be or become true or real". This is semantically close, but the examples provided in WordNet for Sense 2 are attributive ("a likely result"), whereas Sense 1 examples involve the infinitive clause ("likely to...").
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct index.

4.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 is the best fit based on the syntactic pattern "likely to [verb]" and the definition regarding the chance of an event coming about.

5.  **Construct JSON:**
    *   `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: get
Target surface form: get
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to <t>get</t> cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=get%2:40:00:: | definition=come into the possession of something concrete or abstract | synonyms=acquire | examples=She got a lot of paintings from her uncle; They acquired a new pet
2. sense_key=get%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=become, go | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
3. sense_key=get%2:30:02:: | definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=let, have | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
4. sense_key=get%2:30:03:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
5. sense_key=get%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, come | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
6. sense_key=get%2:35:03:: | definition=go or come after and bring or take back | synonyms=bring, convey, fetch | examples=Get me those books over there, please; Could you bring the wine?
7. sense_key=get%2:39:00:: | definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, have | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
8. sense_key=get%2:33:00:: | definition=take vengeance on or get even | synonyms=pay back, pay off, fix | examples=We'll get them!; That'll fix him good!
9. sense_key=get%2:40:01:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
10. sense_key=get%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
11. sense_key=get%2:35:09:: | definition=succeed in catching or seizing, especially after a chase | synonyms=catch, capture | examples=We finally got the suspect; Did you catch the thief?
12. sense_key=get%2:29:01:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, produce, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
13. sense_key=get%2:29:00:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, take | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia
14. sense_key=get%2:32:03:: | definition=communicate with a place or person; establish communication with, as if by telephone | examples=Bill called this number and he got Mary; The operator couldn't get Kobe because of the earthquake
15. sense_key=get%2:30:01:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=make | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
16. sense_key=get%2:32:08:: | definition=move into a desired direction of discourse | synonyms=drive, aim | examples=What are you driving at?
17. sense_key=get%2:31:09:: | definition=grasp with the mind or develop an understanding of | synonyms=catch | examples=did you catch that allusion?; We caught something of his theory in the lecture
18. sense_key=get%2:35:00:: | definition=attract and fix | synonyms=catch, arrest | examples=His look caught her; She caught his eye
19. sense_key=get%2:35:10:: | definition=reach with a blow or hit in a particular spot | synonyms=catch | examples=the rock caught her in the back of the head; The blow got him in the back
20. sense_key=get%2:31:03:: | definition=reach by calculation | examples=What do you get when you add up these numbers?
21. sense_key=get%2:40:14:: | definition=acquire as a result of some effort or action | examples=You cannot get water out of a stone; Where did she get these news?
22. sense_key=get%2:40:13:: | definition=purchase | examples=What did you get at the toy store?
23. sense_key=get%2:39:13:: | definition=perceive by hearing | synonyms=catch | examples=I didn't catch your name; She didn't get his name when they met the first time
24. sense_key=get%2:39:09:: | definition=suffer from the receipt of | synonyms=catch | examples=She will catch hell for this behavior!
25. sense_key=get%2:39:14:: | definition=receive as a retribution or punishment | synonyms=receive | examples=He got 5 years in prison
26. sense_key=get%2:38:15:: | definition=leave immediately; used usually in the imperative form | synonyms=scram, buzz off, fuck off, bugger off | examples=Scram!
27. sense_key=get%2:38:12:: | definition=reach and board | examples=She got the bus just as it was leaving
28. sense_key=get%2:37:12:: | definition=irritate | synonyms=get under one's skin | examples=Her childish behavior really get to me; His lying really gets me
29. sense_key=get%2:37:11:: | definition=evoke an emotional response | examples=Brahms's `Requiem' gets me every time
30. sense_key=get%2:36:14:: | definition=apprehend and reproduce accurately | synonyms=catch | examples=She really caught the spirit of the place in her drawings; She got the mood just right in her photographs
31. sense_key=get%2:36:00:: | definition=earn or achieve a base by being walked by the pitcher | synonyms=draw | examples=He drew a base on balls
32. sense_key=get%2:35:12:: | definition=overcome or destroy | examples=The ice storm got my hibiscus; the cat got the goldfish
33. sense_key=get%2:31:10:: | definition=be a mystery or bewildering to | synonyms=perplex, vex, stick, puzzle, mystify, baffle | examples=This beats me!; Got me--I don't know the answer!
34. sense_key=get%2:30:12:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
35. sense_key=get%2:29:11:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, have | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
36. sense_key=get%2:29:08:: | definition=make children | synonyms=beget, engender, father, mother, sire, generate | examples=Abraham begot Isaac; Men often father children but don't recognize them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `get`
    *   Context snippet: "...predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to <t>get</t> cancer."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses medical discoveries, genes, and cancer development. It talks about predicting if a healthy person will "get" cancer.

2.  **Analyze the meaning of "get" in this specific sentence:**
    *   "get cancer"
    *   The structure is "get" + [disease/illness].
    *   The meaning is to contract, develop, or become ill with a disease.
    *   It implies a change of state from healthy to sick.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `get%2:40:00::` (come into the possession of something concrete or abstract): "Get a painting". Doesn't fit "cancer" as a possession in the typical sense.
    *   2. `get%2:30:00::` (enter or assume a certain state or condition): "He became annoyed". This is close (change of state), but "get cancer" has a specific nuance of acquiring an illness, not just becoming a state.
    *   3. `get%2:30:02::` (cause to move...): "Get his squad on the ball". Causative. Not relevant here.
    *   4. `get%2:30:03::` (receive a specified treatment): "Movie received a good review". Not relevant.
    *   5. `get%2:38:00::` (reach a destination): "Arrive home". Not relevant.
    *   6. `get%2:35:03::` (go or come after...): "Fetch books". Not relevant.
    *   7. `get%2:39:00::` (go through mental or physical states or experiences): "Get an idea", "experience vertigo". "Get cancer" is an experience/undergoing of a condition. This is a strong contender.
    *   8. `get%2:33:00::` (take vengeance): "We'll get them!". Not relevant.
    *   9. `get%2:40:01::` (achieve a point or goal): "Got 4 goals". Not relevant.
    *   10. `get%2:32:00::` (cause to do...): "Induced me to buy". Not relevant.
    *   11. `get%2:35:09::` (succeed in catching...): "Catch the suspect". Not relevant.
    *   12. `get%2:29:01::` (come to have or undergo a change of physical features...): "Grew a beard". "Develop abdominal pains". This is very close. "Develop" or "grow" relates to the onset of the disease.
    *   13. `get%2:29:00::` (be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness): Synonyms: `contract, take`. Examples: "He got AIDS", "She came down with pneumonia".
        *   This definition specifically mentions "be stricken by an illness".
        *   The examples ("He got AIDS") match the context ("get cancer") perfectly.
        *   This seems to be the specific medical sense of "get".
    *   35. `get%2:29:11::` (undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)): Synonyms: `suffer, sustain, have`. Examples: "She suffered a fracture".
        *   This is also very close. However, sense 13 specifically defines "fall victim to an illness" and uses "He got AIDS" as an example. "Get cancer" is very similar to "get AIDS".
        *   Sense 13 focuses on the onset/contraction ("be stricken", "fall victim").
        *   Sense 35 focuses on undergoing/suffering the event/injury ("suffered a fracture").
        *   In the context "predict whether... is likely to get cancer", the prediction is about whether the person will *contract* or *develop* the disease in the future, rather than "suffering" a specific injury event. "Get cancer" usually implies the onset/contraction of the disease.
        *   Let's look at the sense hierarchy. Sense 12 ("develop") is also close ("patient developed abdominal pains").
        *   Sense 13 ("be stricken by an illness", "contract") is the standard definition for "get" + [disease name] in WordNet.
        *   Comparison:
            *   Sense 12: "develop" (process).
            *   Sense 13: "contract", "fall victim to" (event of getting it).
            *   Sense 35: "suffer", "sustain" (enduring).
        *   The sentence discusses the probability of occurrence. "Likely to get cancer" = "Likely to contract cancer".
        *   Sense 13's example "He got AIDS" is structurally identical to "get cancer".

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 13: "be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness". Synonyms: "contract". Example: "He got AIDS".
    *   This fits "get cancer" perfectly. It is the specialized medical sense for acquiring a disease.

5.  **Double check:**
    *   Sense 12 ("develop")? "The patient developed abdominal pains" describes symptoms appearing. Cancer is a disease, often spoken of as "developing", but the idiom "get cancer" aligns strongly with "contracting".
    *   Sense 7 ("experience")? Too broad. "Get an idea" is different from "get cancer".
    *   Sense 2 ("become")? "Get serious", "get mad". Adjectives usually follow. Cancer is a noun.
    *   Sense 13 is the specific entry for `get` + [illness].

6.  **Formulate the output:**
    *   The target is "get cancer".
    *   Sense 13 definition: "be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness".
    *   Sense 13 examples: "He got AIDS".
    *   This is the exact match.

    Index: 13.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get <t>cancer</t>. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about medical scientists, genes, damaged cells, chaotic growth of cells, tumors, colon cancer. This clearly refers to the disease "cancer" - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.

Sense 1: cancer%1:26:00:: - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division - this is the correct sense.
Sense 2: astrology person
Sense 3: zodiacal constellation
Sense 4: zodiac sign
Sense 5: type genus of family Cancridae

The answer is sense 1.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: set
Target surface form: set
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting <t>set</t> of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=set%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used | examples=a set of books; a set of golf clubs
2. sense_key=set%1:14:02:: | definition=(mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols | examples=the set of prime numbers is infinite
3. sense_key=set%1:04:00:: | definition=several exercises intended to be done in series | synonyms=exercise set | examples=he did four sets of the incline bench press
4. sense_key=set%1:06:00:: | definition=representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to identify the location of a dramatic production | synonyms=stage set | examples=the sets were meticulously authentic
5. sense_key=set%1:14:01:: | definition=an unofficial association of people or groups | synonyms=circle, band, lot | examples=the smart set goes there; they were an angry lot
6. sense_key=set%1:09:01:: | definition=a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way | synonyms=bent | examples=the set of his mind was obvious
7. sense_key=set%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting something in position | examples=he gave a final set to his hat
8. sense_key=set%1:28:00:: | definition=a unit of play in tennis or squash | examples=they played two sets of tennis after dinner
9. sense_key=set%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization | synonyms=hardening, solidifying, solidification, curing | examples=the hardening of concrete; he tested the set of the glue
10. sense_key=set%1:18:00:: | definition=evil Egyptian god with the head of a beast that has high square ears and a long snout; brother and murderer of Osiris | synonyms=Seth
11. sense_key=set%1:11:00:: | definition=the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon | examples=before the set of sun
12. sense_key=set%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way | synonyms=readiness | examples=the subjects' set led them to solve problems the familiar way and to overlook the simpler solution; his instructions deliberately gave them the wrong set
13. sense_key=set%1:06:01:: | definition=any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals | examples=the early sets ran on storage batteries

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "set" in the phrase "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries."

Let me analyze the context:
- The speaker is talking about discoveries related to cancer genes
- "set of discoveries" refers to a collection/group of discoveries
- These discoveries are about identifying genes that can cause cancer

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. set%1:14:00:: - "a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used" - examples: "a set of books; a set of golf clubs" - This seems appropriate. The discoveries are a group of related findings that belong together.

2. set%1:14:02:: - "(mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols" - This is mathematical, not applicable here.

3. set%1:04:00:: - "several exercises intended to be done in series" - Not applicable, this is about exercise.

4. set%1:06:00:: - "representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to identify the location of a dramatic production" - Not applicable, this is about theater/movie sets.

5. set%1:14:01:: - "an unofficial association of people or groups" - Not applicable, this is about groups of people.

6. set%1:09:01:: - "a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way" - Not applicable, this is psychological.

7. set%1:04:01:: - "the act of putting something in position" - Not applicable.

8. set%1:28:00:: - "a unit of play in tennis or squash" - Not applicable.

9. set%1:22:00:: - "the process of becoming hard or solid" - Not applicable.

10. set%1:18:00:: - "evil Egyptian god" - Not applicable.

11. set%1:11:00:: - "the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon" - Not applicable.

12. set%1:09:00:: - "being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way" - Not applicable, this is psychological.

13. set%1:06:01:: - "any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals" - Not applicable.

The best match is sense 1: "a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used." The phrase "a set of discoveries" refers to a collection/group of related discoveries that belong together. This fits perfectly with the example "a set of books" - both are collections of things of the same kind.

So the answer is sense_index: 1

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target**: The target lemma is "discovery" (plural "discoveries"). The specific instance is in the phrase: "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>", says Bert Vogelstein...

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   The text discusses medical scientists finding genes related to cancer.
    *   "uncover a handful of genes"
    *   "discovery of these genes" (mentioned earlier as an act or the result).
    *   "newly identified genes"
    *   "Bert Vogelstein... has just found a gene..."
    *   The quote: "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>..."
    *   Bert Vogelstein found a gene. Other scientists found genes.
    *   "Discoveries" here refers to the *things* found (the genes, the insights, the specific scientific results). It is a countable noun in this specific sentence ("a set of discoveries").

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `discovery%1:04:00::` | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering.
        *   *Analysis*: Can "discoveries" mean acts of finding? Yes. Example: "The discoveries made during the expedition were arduous." However, in the phrase "a set of discoveries", while it could refer to acts, it usually refers to the *products* of those acts. The context highlights "newly identified genes" and "found a gene". These are the *things* found.
        *   *Fit*: Possible, but less likely than a concrete result. "A set of acts of finding" is awkward compared to "a set of things found".

    *   **Sense 2**: `discovery%1:10:00::` | definition=something that is discovered.
        *   *Analysis*: This fits perfectly. The genes are "something that is discovered". "A set of discoveries" implies a collection of specific findings (the genes themselves).
        *   *Fit*: High. The grammatical structure "a set of [plural noun]" strongly suggests concrete entities or results (the genes).

    *   **Sense 3**: `discovery%1:09:00::` | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find.
        *   *Analysis*: This is close. Is a gene a "productive insight"? It leads to one. "Breakthrough" is a synonym. The text mentions "new strategies", "predict", "uncover genes".
        *   *Distinction*: Sense 2 is "something that is discovered" (e.g., a new planet, a gene). Sense 3 is "a productive insight" (e.g., Newton's laws, a sudden realization). While finding a gene is a breakthrough, the specific object of "discovery" in the text is the *gene* itself ("found a gene"). Is the gene an insight? No, the gene is a biological entity. The *understanding* of it is the insight. The text says "discovery of these genes". The genes are the objects discovered.
        *   *Comparison*: Sense 2 covers physical entities or facts discovered. Sense 3 focuses on the intellectual leap/breakthrough. While the situation is a breakthrough, the word "discoveries" in "set of discoveries" referring to "genes" points to the objects found (Sense 2) rather than just the abstract insight (Sense 3). However, WordNet boundaries can be tricky. Let's look at the definition again.
        *   Sense 2: "something that is discovered".
        *   Sense 3: "a productive insight".
        *   The text says "found a gene". The gene is the thing found. Therefore, Sense 2 is the most literal and accurate definition for the referent (the genes).

    *   **Sense 4**: `discovery%1:10:01::` | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...
        *   *Analysis*: Irrelevant to medical science context.

4.  **Refine Decision between Sense 2 and Sense 3**:
    *   Context: "Bert Vogelstein... has just found a gene... 'It's a super-exciting set of discoveries'".
    *   The "discoveries" are the genes. Genes are physical (biological) entities.
    *   Definition 2: "something that is discovered".
    *   Definition 3: "a productive insight" (synonyms: breakthrough, find).
    *   Often, scientific discoveries are treated as Sense 3 (breakthroughs). However, if I find a specific rock, it is a discovery (Sense 2). If I find a specific gene, it is a discovery (Sense 2).
    *   If the text said "The discovery that smoking causes cancer," that is an insight/fact (Sense 3 or 2 depending on granularity).
    *   But here, the object is "genes". Genes are "things".
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the primary fit.
    *   Wait, let's check the Sense 3 synonyms: "breakthrough, find". A "find" is often used for objects (archeological find).
    *   Let's check WordNet hierarchies or usage.
    *   WordNet 3.1 distinctions:
        *   1:04:00 (act) vs 1:10:00 (entity/event/result).
        *   Sense 3 (1:09:00) is under "insight" (1:09:00).
        *   Sense 2 (1:10:00) is under "communication" (sometimes) or just entity? Actually, in WN 3.0, discovery%1:09:00 is a "breakthrough, find". discovery%1:10:00 is "something that is discovered".
    *   Is a gene an insight? No. It's an entity.
    *   Is the *finding* of the gene a breakthrough? Yes.
    *   Does "discoveries" in "set of discoveries" refer to the breakthrough events or the genes found?
    *   "We found a gene. It is a discovery."
    *   Sense 2 seems strictly "the object found".
    *   Sense 3 seems to be "the breakthrough event/result".
    *   However, looking at "set of discoveries", these are the specific items identified. "These genes... discovery of these genes".
    *   The text explicitly links "discovery" to "genes".
    *   Genes = something that is discovered.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    Let's double check Sense 3. "A productive insight". Is the gene the insight? No. The *identification* leads to insight. The gene is the object.
    Therefore, Sense 2 is correct.

    Index assignment:
    1. discovery%1:04:00:: (act)
    2. discovery%1:10:00:: (something discovered)
    3. discovery%1:09:00:: (insight/breakthrough)
    4. discovery%1:10:01:: (law)

    Choice: Index 2.

    *Self-Correction/Verification*: Is it possible "discoveries" here refers to the acts? "A set of acts of discovering"? No, it refers to the findings. Is it a "breakthrough"? Finding a gene is a breakthrough, but Sense 2 ("something that is discovered") is more hypernymic and includes physical objects like genes, whereas "insight" is cognitive. Since the genes are the referents, Sense 2 wins.

    Wait, I need to check the mapping of the provided JSON output indices.
    The prompt lists them 1, 2, 3, 4.
    1 = act
    2 = something discovered
    3 = insight
    4 = law

    My choice is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "<t>says</t> Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "says" in the context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, " says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher...

Let's analyze the context. Bert Vogelstein is expressing a statement, reporting a fact or expressing his opinion in words. He is quoting/expressing something. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein.
This matches sense 1: express in words (state, tell), examples: He said that he wanted to marry her.
Or sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver). "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war."
Or sense 8: utter aloud. "She said `Hello' to everyone in the office"
Or sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. "I say let's forget this whole business"

Wait, look at the earlier sentence: "Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."
Here, "Scientists say..." is used to report or maintain something, which might be sense 2 (report or maintain).
But the target word is the one with `<t>says</t>`.
""It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "<t>says</t> Bert Vogelstein..."
Here, Bert Vogelstein is uttering a statement, expressing in words. Sense 1 is "express in words" (state, tell). Is there a better fit?
Sense 1: express in words. Synonyms: state, tell.
Sense 2: report or maintain. Synonyms: allege, aver.
Sense 8: utter aloud. Examples: She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office.
Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare.

In quotative contexts like `"[Quote]" says X`, the verb "say" usually just introduces the spoken words, meaning "express in words" (sense 1).
Sense 1's examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her". It is the general verb for expressing in words.
Sense 2's examples: "He said it was too late to intervene" - implies asserting or maintaining a claim.
Sense 8's examples: "She said `Hello'" - this is more for simple vocalizations or greetings, usually intransitive or with a very short direct object.
The current context is expressing a full statement/quote. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein. This aligns best with sense 1.

Let's double check sense 1 vs sense 9.
Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. Example: "I say let's forget this whole business".
Sense 1: express in words. "He said that he wanted to marry her".
The quote "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries" is a statement, expressing words. Sense 1 is the most general and standard for introducing direct speech. Sense 9 is more specifically about opining or declaring.

Let's review sense 1 vs 2.
Sense 2: "report or maintain" -> usually used when stating a fact or claim indirectly, like "Scientists say the discovery..."
Wait, the target is the second "says"! "says Bert Vogelstein". This is a direct quotation. Direct quotation of an opinion/statement.
Sense 1 covers expressing in words, introducing direct speech (He said that he wanted to marry her). Sense 1 is the best fit for the quotative use.

Let's check the synonyms for sense 1: state, tell. "states Bert Vogelstein" works perfectly.

I will choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just <t>found</t> a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "found" in the context: "Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer."

This means discovering something through research or study. Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. find%2:40:02:: - come upon, as if by accident; meet with (happen, chance, bump) - Not by accident.
2. find%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice) - Could fit, but usually about detecting something present.
3. find%2:40:00:: - come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (regain) - Not lost.
4. find%2:32:00:: - establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (determine, find out, ascertain) - Sounds like establishing a fact, not necessarily a new discovery of a gene.
5. find%2:31:10:: - come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds (feel) - No.
6. find%2:39:01:: - perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, see) - No.
7. find%2:40:01:: - get something or somebody for a specific purpose (line up, get hold, come up) - No.
8. find%2:36:00:: - make a discovery, make a new finding (discover) - Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This fits "found a gene" perfectly, as a new discovery.
9. find%2:31:09:: - make a discovery (discover) - Examples: "She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover". This is more about discovering a fact or truth, not a physical entity like a gene.
10. find%2:40:03:: - obtain through effort or management - No.
11. find%2:32:01:: - decide on and make a declaration about (rule) - No.
12. find%2:30:00:: - receive a specified treatment (abstract) - No.
13. find%2:39:05:: - perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place - No.
14. find%2:40:15:: - get or find back; recover the use of (recover, retrieve, regain) - No.
15. find%2:38:10:: - succeed in reaching; arrive at - No.
16. find%2:30:13:: - accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation (find oneself) - No.

Comparing 8 and 9:
Sense 8: make a discovery, make a new finding. Examples: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". "Found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer" is very similar to "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". Both are scientific discoveries of a physical/ontological entity.
Sense 9: make a discovery. Examples: "She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover". This is discovering a fact/truth.

The context is about a researcher discovering a gene. Sense 8 is the best fit.

Sense index for 8 is 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: Only
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "<t>Only</t> a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the different senses to determine which one best fits the usage of "Only" in this sentence.

The sentence is:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

Let me go through each sense:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but
   This sense means "nothing more than" or "just." In our context, "Only a decade ago" doesn't quite fit this meaning because it's not saying "merely a decade ago" or "simply a decade ago."

2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone
   This sense means exclusively or solely. In our context, "Only a decade ago" isn't saying "exclusively a decade ago" or "solely a decade ago."

3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result
   This sense is about something happening with a final result. The examples show "He arrived only to find his wife dead" - indicating a sequence where something happens with an unexpected or contrary result. In our context, there's no such contrast or final result being expressed.

4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome
   This sense is about final outcomes, with an example like "These news will only make you more upset." In our context, "Only a decade ago" isn't expressing anything about a final outcome.

5. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=except that
   This sense is used to introduce an exception, like "It was the same story; only this time she came out better." In our context, there's no exception being introduced.

6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when
   This sense is conditional, like "call me only if your cold gets worse." In our context, "Only a decade ago" isn't expressing any condition.

7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as
   This sense has an example "I spoke to him only an hour ago" which closely matches our context "Only a decade ago." This usage indicates that something happened at a time that is surprisingly recent.

Based on this analysis, sense 7 (definition=as recently as) seems to be the best fit for the target word in this context. The sentence is emphasizing that it was just a decade ago that cancer was a "black box" about which scientists knew nothing at the molecular level, and this is being presented as a relatively short time ago, highlighting how quickly understanding has advanced.

The answer is sense_index 7.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: decade
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a <t>decade</t> ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "decade" in the context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."
This context clearly refers to a period of 10 years ("a decade ago").
Candidate sense 1: a period of 10 years.
Candidate sense 2: the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system.
The best sense is sense 1.