[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: added
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she <t>added</t>, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `add`
    *   Target surface form: `added`
    *   Context sentence: "Ringers, she <t>added</t>, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"
    *   Broader context: The text discusses church bell ringers, their technique, and a quote from Dorothy L. Sayers describing the passion of ringing. The sentence in question introduces a further comment or description attributed to Sayers regarding the ringers' state of mind.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (add%2:30:00::):** "make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of".
        *   *Examples:* "We added two students to that dorm room", "She added a personal note to her letter".
        *   *Fit:* This usually implies physical addition or combining things. While one can metaphorically "add" words to a speech, the sentence structure here ("she added") is a standard reporting verb usage. This sense feels too broad and physical for a reporting verb context, though it covers "adding a note" in a letter.

    *   **Sense 2 (add%2:32:01::):** "state or say further".
        *   *Synonyms:* append, supply.
        *   *Examples:* "`It doesn't matter,' he supplied".
        *   *Fit:* The context is "Ringers, she <t>added</t>, are...". This is a classic quotative or reporting verb frame. Sayers (the subject) has already been quoted/mentioned previously ("Sayers described ringing as..."). Now, she is *saying something further*. The definition "state or say further" matches perfectly with the function of "added" in this narrative flow.

    *   **Sense 3 (add%2:40:00::):** "bestow a quality on".
        *   *Synonyms:* lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring.
        *   *Examples:* "Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company".
        *   *Fit:* This is about attribution of quality. The sentence is not saying she gave a quality to something; she is speaking.

    *   **Sense 4 (add%2:31:00::):** "make an addition by combining numbers".
        *   *Fit:* Mathematical context. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 5 (add%2:32:00::):** "determine the sum of".
        *   *Fit:* Mathematical context. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 6 (add%2:42:00::):** "constitute an addition".
        *   *Example:* "This paper will add to her reputation".
        *   *Fit:* Intransitive usage about contributing to an abstract entity (reputation). The target usage is transitive (or quotative) regarding a speech act.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is very general about combining or uniting. Example "She added a personal note to her letter" is somewhat close to speech, but "added" as a reporting verb (as in the target text) specifically means to continue speaking or to make a further remark.
    *   Sense 2 specifically defines this as "state or say further".
    *   The structure "she added, [quote]" or "she added, [clause]" is the standard realization of Sense 2. The subject "she" (Sayers) is performing a speech act that appends to her previous description.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    The word "added" here functions as a speech act verb indicating that the speaker is continuing or expanding upon a previous statement. This aligns exactly with Sense 2 ("state or say further").

    *   Sense 1 is physical/concrete addition or general increase.
    *   Sense 2 is linguistic/communicative addition ("say further").
    *   Sense 3 is attribution of quality.
    *   Sense 4/5 are mathematical.
    *   Sense 6 is intransitive contribution.

    The best fit is Sense 2.

5.  **Formatting Output:**
    The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: Phala


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: filled
Target surface form: filled
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "<t>filled</t> with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=filled%5:00:01:full:00 | definition=(usually followed by `with' or used as a combining form) generously supplied with | examples=theirs was a house filled with laughter; a large hall filled with rows of desks
2. sense_key=filled%3:44:00:: | definition=of purchase orders that have been filled
3. sense_key=filled%5:00:00:occupied:00 | definition=(of time) taken up | examples=well-filled hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output: sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

content: sense_index": 1}

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word is "filled" in the sentence: "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=filled%5:00:01:full:00 | definition=(usually followed by `with' or used as a combining form) generously supplied with | examples=theirs was a house filled with laughter; a large hall filled with rows of desks

2. sense_key=filled%3:44:00:: | definition=of purchase orders that have been filled

3. sense_key=filled%5:00:00:occupied:00 | definition=(of time) taken up | examples=well-filled hours

In the context, "filled with the solemn intoxication" is describing the ringers (people) being filled with an emotion/state (solemn intoxication). This is metaphorically similar to "a house filled with laughter" - something/someone being filled with an abstract quality or emotion.

Sense 1 talks about being "generously supplied with" and the examples show "filled with laughter" which is very similar to our context "filled with the solemn intoxication." This matches well - the ringers are filled/supplied with this feeling.

Sense 2 is about purchase orders being filled - completely irrelevant here.

Sense 3 is about time being taken up - not applicable here.

The best match is clearly sense 1. The ringers are "filled with" the solemn intoxication, just as the example shows "a house filled with laughter." Both are about being supplied with or characterized by an abstract quality.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Amazon Bedrock

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: filled
Target surface form: filled
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "<t>filled</t> with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=filled%5:00:01:full:00 | definition=(usually followed by `with' or used as a combining form) generously supplied with | examples=theirs was a house filled with laughter; a large hall filled with rows of desks
2. sense_key=filled%3:44:00:: | definition=of purchase orders that have been filled
3. sense_key=filled%5:00:00:occupied:00 | definition=(of time) taken up | examples=well-filled hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request**:
    *   Task: Fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD).
    *   Target lemma: filled
    *   Target surface form: filled
    *   Context: A paragraph describing church bell ringers, their concentration, and the physical mechanics of ringing. The specific sentence is: "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  sense_key=filled%5:00:01:full:00 | definition=(usually followed by `with' or used as a combining form) generously supplied with | examples=theirs was a house filled with laughter; a large hall filled with rows of desks
        2.  sense_key=filled%3:44:00:: | definition=of purchase orders that have been filled
        3.  sense_key=filled%5:00:00:occupied:00 | definition=(of time) taken up | examples=well-filled hours
    *   Constraint: Return only a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}` where X is 1, 2, or 3.

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   Sentence: "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"
    *   Syntactic structure: [Subject] are [Adjective] with [Object/NP].
    *   Semantic meaning: The ringers are experiencing or are characterized by "solemn intoxication". They are full of this feeling. It describes a state of being abundantly supplied with an emotion or quality.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**:
        *   Definition: "(usually followed by `with' or used as a combining form) generously supplied with"
        *   Examples: "a house filled with laughter", "a large hall filled with rows of desks".
        *   Fit: The context uses "filled with". The phrase "filled with the solemn intoxication" means the ringers are generously supplied with or experiencing that intoxication. This matches the definition and the usage pattern (followed by "with").

    *   **Sense 2**:
        *   Definition: "of purchase orders that have been filled"
        *   Context: Commercial transaction context (orders).
        *   Fit: Incorrect. The context is about people and emotions, not commerce.

    *   **Sense 3**:
        *   Definition: "(of time) taken up"
        *   Examples: "well-filled hours"
        *   Fit: Incorrect. The context is not about scheduling or time management.

4.  **Select the Best Sense**:
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly. It covers the construction "filled with [abstract noun/emotion]" just like the example "filled with laughter".

5.  **Format the Output**:
    *   The user requested: `{"sense_index": 1}` (since Sense 1 is the correct one).
    *   Note: In the previous turn (simulated in the prompt), I made a JSON formatting error (`sense_index": 1}` instead of `{"sense_index": 1}`). I must ensure strict JSON compliance this time.

    *   Correct index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: solemn
Target surface form: solemn
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the <t>solemn</t> intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=solemn%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises | synonyms=grave, sedate, sober | examples=a grave God-fearing man; a quiet sedate nature
2. sense_key=solemn%5:00:01:serious:00 | definition=characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions | synonyms=earnest, sincere | examples=both sides were deeply in earnest, even passionate; an entirely sincere and cruel tyrant

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "solemn" in the context: "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed."

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage is about church bell ringers
- The quote from Dorothy L. Sayers describes ringing as involving "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection"
- The "solemn intoxication" comes from "intricate ritual faultlessly performed"
- This is about a ritualistic, ceremonial practice done with great care and precision
- The atmosphere is serious, ceremonial, and ritualistic

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises"
- Synonyms: grave, sedate, sober
- Examples: "a grave God-fearing man", "a quiet sedate nature"
- This sense is about manner/character being dignified, somber, serious
- Fits well with the ritualistic, ceremonial context

Sense 2: "characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions"
- Synonyms: earnest, sincere
- Examples: "both sides were deeply in earnest, even passionate", "an entirely sincere and cruel tyrant"
- This sense is more about being dogmatic or having firm beliefs
- This seems less applicable here - the context isn't about opinions or beliefs being held firmly

The phrase "solemn intoxication" describes the feeling that comes from performing intricate ritual perfectly. This is about the dignified, ceremonial, somber quality of the ritual - not about holding opinions firmly.

Sense 1 fits better because:
- The context is about ritual performance
- Church bell ringing has a ceremonial, dignified quality
- "Solemn intoxication" suggests a serious, dignified state of being absorbed in the ritual
- The word relates to the gravity and dignity of the ritual, not to holding opinions

I should choose sense 1.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come
Target surface form: comes
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that <t>comes</t> of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: | definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: | definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: | definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: | definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: | definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: | definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: | definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: | definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: | definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: | definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: | definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: | definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: | definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: | definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: | definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: | definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "come" is being used in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"

Here, "comes" is used in the phrase "comes of" which means "results from" or "is derived from". The intoxication (a feeling or state) is being described as something that results from or is produced by the intricate ritual being performed faultlessly.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: - movement toward something - doesn't fit
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: - reaching a destination - doesn't fit
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: - come to pass; arrive, as in due course - doesn't quite fit
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: - reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position - doesn't quite fit
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: - to be the product or result; synonyms=follow; examples include "Understanding comes from experience" - This seems to fit well. The phrase "comes of" is similar to "comes from" and the concept of being a product or result fits the context.
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: - be found or available - doesn't fit
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: - come forth - doesn't fit
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: - be a native of - doesn't fit
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: - extend or reach - doesn't fit
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: - exist or occur in a certain point in a series - doesn't fit
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: - cover a certain distance - doesn't fit
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: - come under, be classified or included - doesn't fit
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: - happen as a result; examples include "Nothing good will come of this" - This also seems to fit! The phrase "come of" is explicitly mentioned here, and it means "happen as a result".
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: - add up in number or quantity - doesn't fit
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: - develop into - doesn't fit
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: - be received - doesn't fit
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: - come to one's mind; suggest itself - doesn't fit
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: - come from; be connected by a relationship - doesn't fit
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: - proceed or get along - doesn't fit
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: - experience orgasm - doesn't fit
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: - have a certain priority - doesn't fit

I've narrowed it down to two senses that could fit:

5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: - to be the product or result; synonyms=follow; examples: "Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience"
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: - happen as a result; examples: "Nothing good will come of this"

Looking more closely:

Sense 5 talks about being the product or result, with examples showing things that are produced or result from something else.

Sense 13 explicitly uses the phrase "come of" in its example, which matches our context ("comes of intricate ritual").

The phrase "comes of" specifically means "results from" or "is caused by" in this context. The solemn intoxication (a feeling) is the result of the intricate ritual being performed faultlessly.

Sense 13's definition "happen as a result" and its example "Nothing good will come of this" directly match our usage. The phrase "come of" is a fixed expression meaning to result from or be caused by something.

Therefore, sense 13 is the best fit for the target word in this context.

{"sense_index": 13}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ritual
Target surface form: ritual
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate <t>ritual</t> faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ritual%1:04:00:: | definition=any customary observance or practice | synonyms=rite
2. sense_key=ritual%1:04:01:: | definition=the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies
3. sense_key=ritual%1:04:02:: | definition=stereotyped behavior

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target lemma is "ritual" (noun). The context describes church bell ringing, specifically the methodical, skilled, and almost ceremonial nature of the activity.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "No one speaks... Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead..."
    *   "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing..."
    *   Quote from Dorothy L. Sayers: "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate **ritual** faultlessly performed."
    *   The quote compares the activity of change ringing to a ritual. It emphasizes "mathematical completeness," "mechanical perfection," and "intricate" actions performed "faultlessly."
    *   The context highlights a set of actions performed in a specific, prescribed way.

3.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `any customary observance or practice` (synonyms: rite).
        *   This is a very broad definition. It covers daily habits or general customs. While bell ringing is a practice, the specific context of "intricate ritual faultlessly performed" within a church setting implies something more formal and prescribed than just a general custom (like having tea at 4 PM). However, it is a strong contender because bell ringing is a customary observance in churches.

    *   **Sense 2:** `the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies`.
        *   The setting is a church ("belfry", "church bells", "St. Mary Abbot").
        *   The activity is part of the church function (ringing bells for services).
        *   Sayers describes it as "solemn intoxication."
        *   This definition specifically mentions "religious ceremonies." Bell ringing is intrinsically linked to religious ceremonies (calling people to worship, marking events). The description of the "intricate" nature fits the "prescribed procedure" aspect perfectly.

    *   **Sense 3:** `stereotyped behavior`.
        *   This sense usually refers to repetitive, often meaningless behaviors seen in animals or psychological conditions (like pacing). While the bell ringers are following a pattern, the context elevates this to an art form ("intricate", "faultlessly performed"), not a mindless or pathological "stereotyped behavior." This sense is inappropriate for this context.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 ("any customary observance or practice") is the hypernym (superordinate) of Sense 2 in many lexical hierarchies or at least covers the general ground.
    *   However, WordNet often distinguishes between the general custom (Sense 1) and the specific religious/solemn procedure (Sense 2).
    *   The text explicitly mentions "church bells," "belfry," and "solemn intoxication." The quote uses "ritual" to describe a complex, prescribed set of actions performed within a religious context (even if the ringers treat it more as a mathematical exercise, the setting and function are religious). The definition "prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies" captures the specific nuance of "intricate ritual" within a church belfry better than the generic "any customary observance."
    *   Sayers is drawing a parallel between the ringing and the solemnity of a religious rite. The specific mechanics described (360 degrees, mouth-up position, swapping places) constitute a "prescribed procedure."
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most precise fit for "intricate ritual" in the context of church bell ringing.

5.  **Final Decision:** Sense 2 is the best fit because it captures the religious context (church bells/belfry) and the prescriptive nature of the complex actions described ("intricate," "faultlessly performed," specific mechanics).

6.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 2}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: perform
Target surface form: performed
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly <t>performed</t>. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=perform%2:36:00:: | definition=carry out or perform an action | synonyms=execute, do | examples=John did the painting, the weeding, and he cleaned out the gutters; the skater executed a triple pirouette
2. sense_key=perform%2:41:02:: | definition=perform a function | examples=Who will perform the wedding?
3. sense_key=perform%2:36:01:: | definition=give a performance (of something) | examples=Horowitz is performing at Carnegie Hall tonight; We performed a popular Gilbert and Sullivan opera
4. sense_key=perform%2:41:00:: | definition=get (something) done | synonyms=do | examples=I did my job

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** perform
    *   **Target surface form:** performed
    *   **Context sentence:** "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"
    *   **Wider context:** The text discusses church bell ringers, the mechanics of bell ringing, and quotes Dorothy L. Sayers describing it as a ritual involving mathematical completeness.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `perform%2:36:00::` | definition="carry out or perform an action" | synonyms="execute, do" | examples="John did the painting...", "the skater executed a triple pirouette".
        *   *Analysis:* This is a very general sense of "doing" something. It focuses on the execution of an action. The example "the skater executed a triple pirouette" is somewhat relevant because bell ringing is a physical skill, but this sense seems to cover general tasks.

    *   **Sense 2:** `perform%2:41:02::` | definition="perform a function" | examples="Who will perform the wedding?".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is specific to carrying out a formal function or role (like a wedding ceremony). While bell ringing is part of a church function, the context here is specifically about the "ritual" aspect of the action itself, not a role like a priest or officiant.

    *   **Sense 3:** `perform%2:36:01::` | definition="give a performance (of something)" | examples="Horowitz is performing at Carnegie Hall tonight; We performed a popular Gilbert and Sullivan opera".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense relates to artistic performance, music, theater, concerts. Bell ringing in this context is described as an "intricate ritual" involving "solemn intoxication" and "mathematical completeness." It is treated as an art form or a ritualistic performance here. The quote specifically refers to a "ritual" being performed. A ritual is often acted out or performed in a way similar to a ceremony or artistic display.

    *   **Sense 4:** `perform%2:41:00::` | definition="get (something) done" | synonyms="do" | examples="I did my job".
        *   *Analysis:* This is about accomplishing a task or finishing work. "Faultlessly performed" in the context of an "intricate ritual" implies a quality of execution rather than just getting the job done.

3.  **Deep dive comparison:**

    *   The phrase is "intricate ritual faultlessly performed".
    *   Is it Sense 1 (execute an action)? Yes, one executes a ritual.
    *   Is it Sense 3 (give a performance)? One can also "perform" a ritual. In religious or ceremonial contexts, "perform" often overlaps with Sense 1 or Sense 2. However, WordNet Sense 3 is explicitly about artistic performance (music, opera).
    *   Let's look at the specific nature of bell ringing in the text. It is described as having "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." The ringers are "absorbed." It is compared to an "intricate ritual."
    *   Does Sense 3 fit? Bell ringing produces sound/music. The text compares it to a ritual. A ritual is "performed." Does WordNet distinguish between executing a ritual (Sense 1) and artistic performance (Sense 3)?
    *   Let's check the examples again.
        *   Sense 1 example: "skater executed a triple pirouette". This is a skilled physical action. Bell ringing is a skilled physical action.
        *   Sense 3 example: "Horowitz is performing..."; "We performed a... opera". These are public entertainments.
    *   The context is bell ringing. Is it a "performance" in the artistic sense? Or a "ritual" execution?
    *   "Ritual" usually falls under the sense of carrying out a prescribed order of ceremonies (Sense 1 or 2).
    *   However, let's look at the nuances. Sense 1 is "carry out or perform an action". This is the hypernym for specific actions. Sense 3 is "give a performance". Bell ringing is music. But the specific phrase is "ritual... performed".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1's example: "the skater executed a triple pirouette". This suggests that skilled physical execution falls under Sense 1.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again. It implies an audience or an artistic presentation. While bell ringers are in a tower, the Sayers quote frames it as a ritual. Rituals are usually "performed" in the sense of Sense 1 (carry out an action/rite) or Sense 2 (perform a function).
    *   However, let's check if there's a specific mapping for "ritual". In WordNet, `perform` is often used for rituals.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "carry out or perform an action". This is the most general sense.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "give a performance (of something)". The examples are strictly entertainment/music focused. While bell ringing is music, the text frames it here as a "ritual".
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3: A ritual is a set of actions. One performs a ritual (carries out the actions). This aligns with Sense 1 ("execute"). One does not typically "give a performance of a ritual" (unless acting). One *performs* the ritual (executes the steps).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 (carry out or perform an action) fits "performing a ritual" better than Sense 3 (giving a performance/entertainment).
    *   Let's check Sense 2: "perform a function". Example: "perform the wedding". A wedding is a ritual/function. Is bell ringing a function here? It's described as a "ritual". "Ritual" is closer to "function/ceremony" than general "action" or "performance".
    *   However, Sense 2's definition is "perform a function". The example "Who will perform the wedding?" implies officiating.
    *   Sense 1 includes "execute". "The skater executed a triple pirouette". This implies skilled execution. Bell ringing is described as skilled ("mechanical perfection", "faultlessly"). The quote focuses on the act of doing the ritual perfectly.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "execute, do".
    *   Let's look at Sense 4: "get (something) done". This is about accomplishment, not the quality of the action ("faultlessly").

    *   *Decision point:* Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Context: "intricate ritual faultlessly performed".
    *   If I say "He performed the ritual perfectly," which sense is it?
    *   WordNet Sense 3 (give a performance) usually implies an audience or entertainment.
    *   WordNet Sense 1 (carry out or perform an action) covers the execution of specific acts. The example "skater executed a triple pirouette" is key. That is a skilled movement. Bell ringing involves skilled movements ("pulls", "wrist", "swing").
    *   The quote frames the ringing as a ritual. Performing a ritual is an action. It is not necessarily a "performance" in the sense of a concert (Sense 3), though bells make music. The context emphasizes the *doing* of it ("mechanical perfection", "intricate ritual"). The Sayers quote explicitly calls it a ritual, not a concert. The emphasis is on the "intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly [executed/carried out]."
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit. It captures the execution of the action (the ritual).

    *   Let's double check if Sense 3 is intended. Bell ringing *is* music. "We performed a popular Gilbert and Sullivan opera" (Sense 3 example). Bell ringing changes are often considered musical performances. But the sentence *specifically* uses the word "ritual". A ritual is performed (executed). If the sentence was "The band performed the symphony," it would be Sense 3. Since it says "ritual... performed", it leans towards Sense 1 (execution of action/rite).
    *   Also, the example in Sense 1 "the skater executed a triple pirouette" maps well to the physical skill described in the paragraph ("huge bronze bells... swing madly", "wrist to advance or retard"). It is a physical execution of a maneuver.

    *   Let's consider if Sense 2 ("perform a function") applies. "Perform a function" usually means fulfilling a role or duty (e.g., the priest performs the wedding). The ringers are doing the ritual. While they have a function (ringing the bells), the focus is on the "intricate ritual" itself being done faultlessly.
    *   Most semantic annotated corpora (like SemCor/ONTONotes) tag "perform a ritual" or "perform an action" under the general "carry out" sense (often Sense 1 or its equivalents in other dictionaries). WordNet 3.0/3.1 structures:
        *   Sense 1: carry out or perform an action.
        *   Sense 3: give a performance.
    *   Performing a ritual is technically carrying out the actions of the ritual. It is not "giving a performance" of a ritual (which would mean acting like you are doing a ritual).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

    *   Refining the choice:
        *   Target: "ritual faultlessly performed".
        *   Gloss Sense 1: "carry out or perform an action".
        *   Gloss Sense 3: "give a performance (of something)".
        *   A ritual is an action/a rite. You carry it out. You execute it. Sense 1 fits perfectly.
        *   You do not "give a performance" of a ritual usually; you *do* the ritual. If the text said "The ringers performed a melody," it would be Sense 3. It says "ritual".

    *   Conclusion: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does <t>become</t> a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "become"
    *   Context sentence: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden...
    *   Phrase structure: "X does become Y".
    *   Meaning: The activity of ringing changes into or turns into an obsession for the people involved. It describes a process of changing state or condition, specifically taking on the quality of being an obsession.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `become%2:30:00::`
        *   Definition: enter or assume a certain state or condition
        *   Synonyms: go, get
        *   Examples: "He became annoyed...", "It must be getting more serious..."
        *   Analysis: This usually applies to subjects assuming a state (He became angry, She got tired). While "obsession" is a state/condition, the construction "become a bit of an obsession" feels slightly more like a transformation of the *subject* (Ringing) into a new identity (an obsession), rather than just entering a state like "annoyed". However, "enter or assume a state" is a very broad definition often used for "become + noun phrase" (e.g., "He became a doctor"). Let's look at Sense 2.

    *   **Sense 2:** `become%2:42:01::`
        *   Definition: undergo a change or development
        *   Synonyms: turn
        *   Examples: "The water turned into ice", "Her former friend became her worst enemy".
        *   Analysis: This sense focuses on transformation. "The water turned into ice" is a change of substance/state. "Her friend became her enemy" is a change of role/identity.
        *   In the context: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession." This implies that the activity of ringing transforms or develops into an obsession. It is a change of nature. This aligns well with the "turn" synonym ("Ringing turns into a bit of an obsession"). It fits the pattern of Subject (Entity/Activity) + become + Object (New Identity/Nature).

    *   **Sense 3:** `become%2:42:00::`
        *   Definition: come into existence
        *   Examples: "What becomes has duration"
        *   Analysis: This is a philosophical/abstract sense ("What becomes..."). It doesn't fit the specific sentence structure or meaning here.

    *   **Sense 4:** `become%2:42:03::`
        *   Definition: enhance the appearance of
        *   Synonyms: suit
        *   Examples: "Mourning becomes Electra"
        *   Analysis: This is the "suit" or "look good on" sense. Clearly not applicable here. "Ringing does suit a bit of an obsession" makes no sense.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 (enter or assume a state or condition) is often used for adjectives (became angry) or roles (became president).
    *   Sense 2 (undergo a change or development) is often used for transformations (water became ice).
    *   The phrase "become a bit of an obsession" involves a noun phrase with a quantifier. Is it assuming a state or undergoing a change/development?
    *   Let's look at the mapping in WordNet.
    *   "Become a doctor" -> usually Sense 1 (assume state/condition/role).
    *   "Become a problem" -> usually Sense 2 (undergo change/turn into).
    *   "Ringing becomes an obsession" is akin to "Ringing turns into an obsession". The ringing activity transforms into an obsession.
    *   Sense 1's examples are "He became annoyed" (adjective) and "It must be getting more serious" (adjective phrase).
    *   Sense 2's examples are "The water turned into ice" (noun phrase transformation) and "Her former friend became her worst enemy" (noun phrase transformation).
    *   The target context has a noun phrase complement ("a bit of an obsession").
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 fits better because it handles the transformation into a noun phrase entity/concept (obsession), similar to "becoming a worst enemy" or "turning into ice". Sense 1 is typically for adjectival complements or role assumption (becoming king, becoming clear). While one can "become a doctor" (Sense 1?), the specific nuance of "turning into" something abstract like an obsession aligns closer to Sense 2's definition of "undergo a change or development" and the synonym "turn".

    *   Let's double-check standard WSD annotation guidelines (like OntoNotes or SemCor behavior for 'become').
    *   "Become + Adjective" -> Sense 1 (enter a state).
    *   "Become + Noun (Role/Identity)" -> Often Sense 1 (assume a state/condition/role), but "Undergo a change" (Sense 2) is used for transformation of nature.
    *   However, looking at the specific WordNet 3.0/3.1 senses provided:
        *   Sense 1: "He became annoyed" (adj). "It must be getting more serious" (adj).
        *   Sense 2: "The water turned into ice" (noun). "Her former friend became her worst enemy" (noun).
    *   The context "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession" follows the noun complement structure of Sense 2. The meaning is transformation/change of nature ("turns into"). It is not assuming a professional role or a temporary state like "became angry". "Obsession" is a new nature/state that the activity transforms into.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Context: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession."
    *   Sense 2 definition: "undergo a change or development".
    *   Synonym: "turn". "Ringing turns into a bit of an obsession." This works perfectly.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "enter or assume a certain state or condition". Synonyms "go, get". "Ringing gets a bit of an obsession"? No. "Ringing goes a bit of an obsession"? No. "Ringing gets to be a bit of an obsession"? (Possible, but Sense 1 examples are adjectival).
    *   Sense 2 examples are noun-based transformations. This matches the syntax and semantics of the target sentence.

    Choice: Sense 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: obsession
Target surface form: obsession
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an <t>obsession</t>, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=obsession%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will | synonyms=compulsion | examples=her compulsion to wash her hands repeatedly
2. sense_key=obsession%1:09:00:: | definition=an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone | synonyms=fixation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses to determine which one best matches the usage of "obsession" in this passage.

Context analysis:
The passage discusses bell ringers who are described as being "totally absorbed" in their activity. The ringers watch the ropes carefully, time their pulls precisely, and skilled ringers can manipulate the timing of bell swings. The novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." Ringing is described as providing "the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed." Stephanie Pattenden admits that "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," and it's described as "a passion that usually stays in the tower."

Let's compare the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=obsession%1:16:00::
   Definition: "an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will"
   Synonyms: compulsion
   Example: "her compulsion to wash her hands repeatedly"

2. sense_key=obsession%1:09:00::
   Definition: "an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone"
   Synonyms: fixation

In this context, the word "obsession" is used to describe the ringers' intense interest and dedication to bell ringing. It's described as a "passion" that finds satisfaction in "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." The ringers are described as being "filled with the solemn intoxication" from performing intricate rituals faultlessly. Stephanie Pattenden admits that ringing "does become a bit of an obsession," but notes that "it is a passion that usually stays in the tower."

Let's compare this to the candidate senses:

Sense 1 focuses on "an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will." This doesn't seem to match the context well. The ringers aren't described as performing actions against their will, and the activities aren't described as trivial. The bell ringing is portrayed as a skillful, precise activity that requires concentration and expertise, not as something irrational or against their will.

Sense 2 focuses on "an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone." This aligns better with the context. The ringers are described as being "totally absorbed," having a "passion," and experiencing "solemn intoxication" from their intricate ritual. Pattenden admits it becomes "a bit of an obsession," suggesting it's a strong, possibly compulsive interest, but not necessarily an extremely unhealthy one.

The context suggests that the ringers have a deep, absorbing interest in bell ringing that could be characterized as a "fixation" or intense preoccupation, rather than an irrational compulsion to perform trivial actions against their will. The word "passion" is used multiple times to describe their interest, which aligns more closely with the idea of a preoccupation or fixation.

I believe Sense 2 is the better match for this context. The ringers' obsession with bell ringing is portrayed as a compulsive preoccupation with an activity they find deeply satisfying, rather than as an irrational drive to perform trivial or repetitive actions against their will.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: admit
Target surface form: admits
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "<t>admits</t> Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=admit%2:32:00:: | definition=declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of | synonyms=acknowledge | examples=He admitted his errors; She acknowledged that she might have forgotten
2. sense_key=admit%2:41:01:: | definition=allow to enter; grant entry to | synonyms=allow in, let in, intromit | examples=We cannot admit non-members into our club building; This pipe admits air
3. sense_key=admit%2:41:00:: | definition=allow participation in or the right to be part of; permit to exercise the rights, functions, and responsibilities of | synonyms=let in, include | examples=admit someone to the profession; She was admitted to the New Jersey Bar
4. sense_key=admit%2:40:00:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, take, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
5. sense_key=admit%2:42:06:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=allow | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
6. sense_key=admit%2:42:00:: | definition=give access or entrance to | examples=The French doors admit onto the yard
7. sense_key=admit%2:42:04:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, hold | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
8. sense_key=admit%2:42:03:: | definition=serve as a means of entrance | examples=This ticket will admit one adult to the show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine which sense of "admit" best fits.

The context is about church bell ringers and their passion for ringing. Stephanie Pattenden is being quoted as saying "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, admits Stephanie Pattenden..."

In this context, Stephanie is acknowledging or confessing that ringing becomes an obsession. She is declaring something to be true about her experience with ringing.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of" - synonyms: acknowledge - examples: "He admitted his errors; She acknowledged that she might have forgotten"

2. "allow to enter; grant entry to" - synonyms: allow in, let in, intromit - examples: "We cannot admit non-members into our club building"

3. "allow participation in or the right to be part of; permit to exercise the rights, functions, and responsibilities of" - synonyms: let in, include

4. "admit into a group or community" - synonyms: accept, take, take on

5. "afford possibility" - synonyms: allow - examples: "This problem admits of no solution"

6. "give access or entrance to" - examples: "The French doors admit onto the yard"

7. "have room for; hold without crowding" - synonyms: accommodate, hold

8. "serve as a means of entrance" - examples: "This ticket will admit one adult to the show"

In this context, Stephanie is "admitting" in the sense of acknowledging or confessing that ringing becomes an obsession. This matches sense 1: "declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of" with the synonym "acknowledge."

This is about acknowledging a fact or truth, not about allowing entry or participation.

The answer is sense_index 1.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: master
Target surface form: master
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, <t>master</t> of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=master%1:18:00:: | definition=an artist of consummate skill | synonyms=maestro | examples=a master of the violin; one of the old masters
2. sense_key=master%1:18:04:: | definition=a person who has general authority over others | synonyms=overlord, lord
3. sense_key=master%1:18:01:: | definition=a combatant who is able to defeat rivals | synonyms=victor, superior
4. sense_key=master%1:18:03:: | definition=directs the work of others
5. sense_key=master%1:18:06:: | definition=presiding officer of a school | synonyms=headmaster, schoolmaster
6. sense_key=master%1:06:00:: | definition=an original creation (i.e., an audio recording) from which copies can be made | synonyms=master copy, original
7. sense_key=master%1:18:07:: | definition=an officer who is licensed to command a merchant ship | synonyms=captain, sea captain, skipper
8. sense_key=master%1:18:05:: | definition=someone who holds a master's degree from academic institution
9. sense_key=master%1:18:02:: | definition=an authority qualified to teach apprentices | synonyms=professional
10. sense_key=master%1:06:01:: | definition=key that secures entrance everywhere | synonyms=passkey, passe-partout, master key

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "master"
    *   Context sentence: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.
    *   Role: The word "master" describes Stephanie Pattenden's role in relation to "the band at St. Mary Abbot". "Band" here refers to a group of bell ringers.
    *   Domain: Change ringing (church bells).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   1: `master%1:18:00::` - Artist of consummate skill (maestro). Context: "one of England's best female ringers" supports the skill aspect, but "master of the band" suggests a role/position, not just a descriptor of skill. However, in guilds or crafts, a "master" is a skilled person. Let's keep looking.
    *   2: `master%1:18:04::` - A person who has general authority over others (overlord, lord). This fits the authority aspect of leading a band.
    *   3: `master%1:18:01::` - A combatant who is able to defeat rivals (victor, superior). Not relevant.
    *   4: `master%1:18:03::` - Directs the work of others. This is a verb-like definition used as a noun, or a noun sense describing a manager/foreman. In campanology (bell ringing), the "band" has a leader. This sense is close to "manager".
    *   5: `master%1:18:07::` - Presiding officer of a school (headmaster). Not a school context.
    *   6: `master%1:06:00::` - An original creation (recording). Not relevant.
    *   7: `master%1:18:07::` - Officer commanding a merchant ship. Not a ship context.
    *   8: `master%1:18:05::` - Holds a master's degree. Not relevant to the role in the belfry.
    *   9: `master%1:18:02::` - An authority qualified to teach apprentices (professional). This relates to the guild system (apprentice -> journeyman -> master). In bell ringing, a "master" is often the person in charge of the band and the training. The gloss "authority qualified to teach apprentices" fits well with the context of a specific skilled practice like bell ringing, where knowledge is passed down or the band is organized.
    *   10: `master%1:06:01::` - Key. Not relevant.

3.  **Deep dive into the specific context of "master of the band":**
    *   In English change ringing, the leader of a band of ringers is called the "Master" (often "Tower Master" or "Ringing Master").
    *   The role involves directing the ringing, selecting methods, and ensuring the bells are rung properly. They effectively "direct the work of others" (Sense 4) and are an "authority" (Sense 9).
    *   Let's look closely at Sense 9 (`master%1:18:02::`): "an authority qualified to teach apprentices". While the person is likely skilled enough to teach, the title "Master of the band" is an organizational leadership title.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 (`master%1:18:00::`): "an artist of consummate skill". While she is described as "one of England's best female ringers," the phrase "master of the band" is a title/position, not just a comment on her skill level (e.g., "she is a master of the violin").
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 (`master%1:18:04::`): "a person who has general authority over others". This fits the leadership role. However, synonyms "overlord, lord" feel feudal and too strong/hierarchical for a volunteer bell-ringing band.
    *   Let's look at Sense 4 (`master%1:18:03::`): "directs the work of others". This is a functional description. The "Ringing Master" directs the ringing.
    *   Let's look at Sense 9 (`master%1:18:02::`): This sense specifically links to the traditional guild structure or a skilled trade ("qualified to teach apprentices"). Bell ringing functions similarly to a guild.

    *Comparison:*
    *   Sense 1 is about skill level primarily (like "a chess master"). The text uses it as a title: "master of the band".
    *   Sense 9 is "authority qualified to teach apprentices". In ringing, the master leads the practice.
    *   Sense 4 "directs the work of others". This is very close to what a Ringing Master does.

    Let's check WordNet hierarchy or usage notes mentally.
    Sense 1 (maestro) is often used for musicians. A bell ringer is a musician of sorts. But "master of the band" is a specific office. A conductor is a "maestro". The Ringing Master is akin to a conductor/manager.

    However, let's look at Sense 1 again. Examples: "a master of the violin", "one of the old masters". These usually lack the "of the [group]" modifier specifying a group of people led. One is a master *of* an instrument or *of* an art. One is not usually "master of the orchestra" in the sense of "concertmaster" (which is a specific role, usually principal violin) or "maestro" (conductor). The phrase "master of the band" implies leadership *over people*.

    Sense 4 "directs the work of others" seems the most functional fit for "master of the band" if we consider the band as a working unit. A "Ringing Master" is an officer of a guild or society.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 9. "An authority qualified to teach apprentices". Synonyms: "professional". This feels slightly off for a specific title of a group leader.

    Let's reconsider Sense 1 "artist of consummate skill". Synonyms: "maestro". Could it be this? Is she the "best player" in the band, or the "leader"? The text says she is "one of England's best female ringers", establishing her skill. But "master of the band" is the specific terminology for the leader. In WordNet, Sense 1 focuses on the *skill* (consummate skill). Sense 4 focuses on the *function* (directing work).

    Usually, "Master of the Band" (Ringing Master) implies leadership. Sense 4 captures the "directing" aspect. Sense 2 captures "general authority". Sense 9 captures "teacher/expert".

    Let's look at the structure "master of the band".
    If I say "He is the master of the house", that's Sense 2 (authority/ownership).
    If I say "He is a master of the flute", that's Sense 1 (skill).
    Here, it is "master of the band". "Band" is a group of people. Therefore, it refers to authority over people.
    This points toward Sense 2 or Sense 4.
    Sense 2: "person who has general authority over others". Synonyms: overlord, lord. These imply ownership or feudal power.
    Sense 4: "directs the work of others". This is more neutral and fits a voluntary organization or work context.

    Wait, let's check if there is a specific WordNet sense for "head of a guild" or similar.
    Sense 9: "an authority qualified to teach apprentices". This is the guild sense. Bell ringing is traditional. The "Master" of a livery company is the head. The "Master" of a band of ringers is the head. Does Sense 9 fit? It emphasizes teaching apprentices.

    Let's look at Sense 1 again. Is there a sense of "Master" as "leader"?
    WordNet 3.1 (or similar versions) often group these.
    Let's look at the definitions provided strictly.

    Sense 1: "an artist of consummate skill". Synonyms: maestro.
    Sense 2: "a person who has general authority over others". Synonyms: overlord, lord.
    Sense 4: "directs the work of others".

    If I have to choose between 2 and 4 for "leader of a group":
    Sense 4 is distinct. It usually maps to "boss" or "manager".
    Sense 2 maps to "lord".

    However, consider the word "maestro" in Sense 1. A maestro leads an orchestra.
    But the gloss is "an artist of consummate skill".
    "Master of the band" -> She leads the band.
    Is she the "most skilled"? The text says she is "one of England's best", implying high skill. But the role "master of the band" is a leadership role.

    Let's try to find a parallel.
    "Master of the hounds" -> directs the hunt.
    "Master of a ship" -> Sense 7.
    "Master of a school" -> Sense 5.
    "Master of a band (music/ringing)" -> ?

    In campanology, the "Ringing Master" is the person in charge.
    Does WordNet Sense 4 "directs the work of others" capture this?
    Or is it Sense 9 "authority qualified to teach apprentices"? Ringers often train others.

    Let's look at Sense 1 again. "Maestro". A maestro directs a performance. Bell ringing is a performance.
    But the gloss "artist of consummate skill" defines a master *of an art*, not necessarily a leader of a group of people. The example is "master of the violin".

    Sense 4 "directs the work of others". This seems the most appropriate for a title like "Master of the band" where the band is the object governed. The band performs a task (ringing), and the master directs it.

    However, Sense 4 is defined as a verb phrase "directs the work of others" (used as a noun). It is often associated with "employer" or "manager".

    Let's consider Sense 9: "an authority qualified to teach apprentices". This is the "Craftsman/Guild Master" sense. Bell ringing is a craft. A "Master" in a guild is the head. This fits the cultural context of bell ringing (old tradition, guilds, apprentices).
    Gloss: "an authority qualified to teach apprentices".
    Does a Ringing Master teach apprentices? Yes.
    Is she the head of the band? Yes.

    Let's check the indexing in the prompt carefully.
    1. artist (maestro)
    2. authority over others (overlord)
    3. combatant
    4. directs work of others
    5. school head
    ...
    9. authority qualified to teach apprentices (professional)

    Decision process:
    "Master of the band" implies leadership.
    Sense 2 (overlord) is too strong/feudal.
    Sense 4 (directs work) is functional.
    Sense 9 (guild master/teacher) is cultural.

    Which is the "single best indexed sense"?
    "Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band..."
    She directs the ringing.
    The specific term in bell ringing is "Ringing Master".
    If we look at WordNet (or similar databases like ODE/WN which this list resembles), how is "Ringing Master" categorized?
    It is usually just "Master".

    Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 4.
    Sense 1 emphasizes skill. She has the skill, but the title denotes position.
    Sense 4 emphasizes direction.

    Is there a sense for "Head of a group/society"?
    Sense 2 says "general authority over others". This is the broad definition of "Head".
    But the examples/synonyms (overlord, lord) are very specific.

    Let's look at Sense 1's synonym "maestro". Maestro means "master" in Italian, used for conductors and distinguished musicians. A Ringing Master is like a conductor.
    However, the gloss "artist of consummate skill" focuses on the *quality* of the person, not the *role* of leadership. One can be a master of the violin (Sense 1) without leading a band.

    Sense 4 "directs the work of others". A Ringing Master directs the ringers.
    Let's look at Sense 9. "An authority qualified to teach apprentices".
    This fits the "Master" title in traditional contexts (Masonic Master, Lodge Master, Guild Master).
    Bell ringing has this traditional structure.

    However, Sense 4 seems the most direct definition of the *function* performed by someone called "Master" in a working group context if we ignore the guild aspect. But "master of the band" sounds like a title of office.

    Let's consider the provided synonyms for Sense 4. There are none listed in the prompt output, only the definition. (Actually, looking at the prompt format: `synonyms=` is sometimes empty or missing).
    Sense 4: `synonyms=` (empty in display? no, other senses have them. Sense 4 has `synonyms=`).

    Sense 1: `synonyms=maestro`.
    Sense 2: `synonyms=overlord, lord`.
    Sense 9: `synonyms=professional`.

    "Maestro" (Sense 1) is a very strong candidate because a Ringing Master is a musical director. Even though the gloss focuses on skill, the synonym "maestro" bridges the gap to the role of a conductor/leader in a musical context.
    BUT, the gloss "artist of consummate skill" is the primary key. Is "master of the band" referring to her as an artist of consummate skill? Or her rank? "Master of the band" is a rank/office.

    Let's look at Sense 9 again. "An authority qualified to teach apprentices".
    In the context of bell ringing: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession... master of the band".
    The definition "directs the work of others" (Sense 4) fits the action of a ringing master (calling "go", correcting errors).

    Let's try to find the specific WordNet sense for "master of ceremonies" or "leader".
    WordNet 3.0:
    1. maestro, master -- (an artist of consummate skill; "a master of the violin"; "one of the old masters")
    ...
    3. overlod, lord, master -- (a person who has general authority over others)
    ...
    5. master -- (directs the work of others)
    ...

    Wait, usually WordNet indices vary.
    Let's stick to the provided list.
    List:
    1. artist (maestro)
    2. authority (overlord)
    4. directs work

    If I check how "Ringing Master" is defined in dictionaries, it is "The person in charge of a band of ringers".
    "Person in charge" maps to Sense 2 or Sense 4.
    Sense 2 synonyms "overlord, lord" are very specific (feudal).
    Sense 4 "directs the work of others". This seems the best fit for "person in charge/manager".

    Let's reconsider Sense 1. If the author meant "She is a master (expert) of the band's repertoire", they might say "master of the bells" or similar. "Master of the band" is an established title for the leader.
    Does "maestro" fit? A conductor is a maestro. A conductor "directs".
    However, if I have to follow the gloss strictly:
    Gloss 1: "an artist of consummate skill".
    Gloss 4: "directs the work of others".

    The Ringing Master directs the ringers. The function is direction.
    Therefore Sense 4 seems better than Sense 1 (skill focus) or Sense 2 (dominion focus).

    Let's check Sense 9 again. "An authority qualified to teach apprentices".
    This is the "Master Craftsman" sense.
    Ringing is a skill. Apprentices exist in ringing.
    Is the title "Master of the band" derived from the Guild Master sense?
    Yes, historically.
    Does it fit the definition? "Authority qualified to teach apprentices". A Ringing Master is an authority.
    But Sense 4 "directs the work of others" describes the daily activity of a Ringing Master during a peal or practice. They manage the band.

    Let's compare Sense 4 and Sense 9.
    Sense 4 is very broad (manager).
    Sense 9 is specific to skilled trades (professional).
    Bell ringing is a skilled trade/hobby.
    However, Sense 9's synonym "professional" seems weak. Ringers are usually volunteers.
    Sense 4 fits "manager/leader".

    Let's look at the Sense 1 synonym "maestro".
    In music, the leader is the Maestro.
    If WordNet maps "maestro" to Sense 1, and the gloss is "artist of consummate skill", it conflates the skill with the title of honor.
    Is "Master of the band" a title of honor for skill, or a functional title for leadership?
    It is a functional title. You can be the Master of the band without being the absolute best ringer (though usually you are experienced). You direct.

    Therefore, Sense 4 ("directs the work of others") is the functional definition.
    Sense 2 ("general authority") is the relational definition.

    Between 2 and 4:
    Sense 2 examples/synonyms imply ownership or feudal power.
    Sense 4 is a bare definition.

    Let's look at Sense 9 again.
    Definition: "an authority qualified to teach apprentices".
    This implies the role of a mentor/senior expert.
    "Master of the band" implies the role of a manager/director.

    Let's search for "master of the band" usage.
    "The master of the band" is the ringing master.
    Duties: arrange ringing, lead practices, ensure maintenance.
    This involves directing work/activity.

    Let's look at Sense 4 vs Sense 1 again.
    Often in WSD, if a word is used as a title, and Sense 1 (Maestro) is available, it is chosen for musical contexts.
    But the gloss for Sense 1 is purely about skill ("consummate skill").
    The gloss for Sense 4 is purely about function ("directs the work").
    The context emphasizes the activity: "Skilled ringers use their wrists...", "Ringers... are filled with the solemn intoxication...".
    The target sentence: "master of the band".
    She directs the band.
    I will bet on Sense 4 because "directs the work of others" is the core semantic component of a leader/manager role, distinct from the skill level (Sense 1) or feudal power (Sense 2).

    Wait, let me double check Sense 9.
    WordNet 3.0 Sense 6 (often): "master, professional - an authority qualified to teach apprentices".
    This is the "Master Plumber", "Master Electrician" sense.
    Is a Ringing Master a "Master Ringer" in the guild sense?
    Yes.
    But is "Master of the band" the same as "Master Ringer"?
    "Master of the band" is an office.
    "Master Ringer" is a status.
    Stephanie holds the office.
    The office entails directing.
    Sense 4 captures the office function.

    Let's look at Sense 1 again.
    Example: "a master of the violin".
    Stephanie is "master of the band".
    Structure: "master of [Object]".
    Object in Sense 1 example: "violin" (instrument/art).
    Object in context: "band" (group of people).
    This syntactic difference is crucial.
    "Master of the violin" = Expert in violin.
    "Master of the band" = Leader of the band.
    Leader of the band -> Sense 4 (Directs work) or Sense 2 (Authority).
    Sense 2 has synonyms "overlord, lord".
    Sense 4 has no synonyms listed (implied manager).
    "Directs the work of others" is the definition of a manager/leader.

    Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit.

    Wait, let me check the sense indices provided in the prompt.
    1. master%1:18:00:: (artist)
    2. master%1:18:04:: (authority)
    3. master%1:18:01:: (combatant)
    4. master%1:18:03:: (directs work)

    Note the WordNet sense keys and definitions provided.
    Sense 2: "a person who has general authority over others".
    Sense 4: "directs the work of others".

    In many WordNet versions, "directs the work of others" is actually defined as "an employer, a boss". Or it describes the noun "master" in the context of "Master and Servant" acts (legal).
    Does a Ringing Master employ the ringers? No. They are volunteers.
    Does she have "general authority"? Yes.
    Does Sense 2 fit? "A person who has general authority over others".
    The synonyms "overlord, lord" are the problem. They make Sense 2 sound archaic or oppressive.
    However, "master" as "one in charge" is the core meaning.

    Let's consider Sense 9 "an authority qualified to teach apprentices".
    This sense often applies to "Past Master", "Master of a Lodge".
    In a Lodge, the Master has authority.
    The definition focuses on "teaching apprentices".
    Does the text mention teaching?
    "Skilled ringers use their wrists...". It discusses performance.
    "Master of the band".

    Let's try to decide between 4 and 9.
    Sense 4: Directs work.
    Sense 9: Teaches apprentices.

    While a Master might teach, the immediate context of a "band" performing (or practicing to perform) involves direction and coordination ("watch the other ropes", "time their pulls"). The Master coordinates this.
    The definition "directs the work of others" (Sense 4) aligns with the role of coordinating a group activity.

    One more check: Sense 1 "maestro".
    Is a "band" considered an entity one has skill *over*? No, one leads it.
    "Master of the band" = Leader.
    Sense 4 seems the intended sense for "leader/director".

    Let's look at the Sense 4 definition again: "directs the work of others".
    Is bell ringing "work"?
    "Skilled ringers...". It is described as a "passion", "obsession". Not paid work.
    Maybe Sense 4 is too industrial?

    What about Sense 2? "Person who has general authority over others".
    Despite the synonyms "overlord, lord", the definition itself is broad.
    "General authority" fits a club president or band leader.

    Let's check Sense 9 again. "Authority qualified to teach apprentices".
    Synonym: "professional".
    Bell ringers are rarely professionals (paid). They are hobbyists/enthusiasts.
    So Sense 9's synonym "professional" is a mismatch.

    So Sense 4 ("directs work") or Sense 2 ("general authority").
    Sense 2's definition is "general authority". This fits "Master of the band" perfectly semantically, even if the synonyms are intense. "Master" fundamentally means one having authority or control.
    Sense 4's definition is "directs the work". Does she direct the work? Yes, she leads the ringing.

    Which is better?
    "Master of the band" is a title.
    In WordNet, Sense 2 is the standard noun sense for "The Master" (head of a house, etc).
    However, Sense 4 specifically covers the aspect of management.
    Let's look at the example for Sense 1: "master of the violin".
    Is there an example for Sense 2 or 4?
    Sense 2 synonyms: overlord, lord.
    Sense 4 synonyms: (none).

    Actually, let's reconsider Sense 1.
    Is "Master" used in the sense of "Head of a musical body"?
    "Drum major"? No.
    "Concertmaster" (first violin)? No.
    "Ringing Master".
    If we check WordNet usage for "master", Sense 1 is "consummate skill".
    Sense 2 is "authority".

    In a similar WSD task for "Master of the Queen's Music", it would be Sense 1 (Artist) or a specific title sense.
    But here it is "Master of the band".
    She directs the band.
    I am leaning towards Sense 4 because it captures the functional aspect of directing the group (the "work" of ringing), which is the specific duty of a Ringing Master.

    Let's look at Sense 9 one last time. "Authority qualified to teach apprentices".
    If the context highlighted her training of new ringers, Sense 9 would be perfect.
    But the context highlights the *performance* and the *skill/obsession*. The mention of her role is just to identify her.
    However, the *title* itself "Master of the band" implies the one in charge.
    Being in charge = directing the activity.
    Sense 4: "directs the work of others".

    Let's verify Sense 4's existence in WordNet.
    In WordNet 3.0: `master` (noun)
    1. maestro, master -- (an artist of consummate skill...)
    2. overlord, lord, master -- (a person who has general authority over others)
    3. victor, master, superior -- (a combatant...)
    4. master -- (directs the work of others)
    5. headmaster, schoolmaster, master -- (presiding officer of a school)
    6. original, master, master copy -- (an original creation...)
    7. master -- (an officer who is licensed to command a merchant ship)
    8. master -- (someone who holds a master's degree...)
    9. maestro, master -- (an authority qualified to teach apprentices) -- Wait, "maestro" is also a synonym here? In some versions.

    My provided list:
    Sense 1: artist (synonyms=maestro).
    Sense 9: authority qualified to teach apprentices (synonyms=professional).

    Okay, if Sense 4 is "directs the work of others", and Sense 2 is "general authority".
    Sense 2's synonyms "overlord, lord" make it sound like "Master of the House".
    Sense 4 sounds like "The Master of a work crew".
    A band of ringers is like a crew performing a task.

    I will choose Sense 4.
    Reasoning: "Master of the band" denotes the person who leads and directs the group during performances and practices. While Sense 1 (maestro) relates to music, the gloss "artist of consummate skill" focuses on personal proficiency, whereas the phrase "master of the band" designates a functional leadership role. Sense 2 (overlord) implies a feudal or ownership relationship. Sense 9 (teaching apprentices) focuses on pedagogy, which is secondary to the role of directing the ringing in this performance-focused context. Sense 4 ("directs the work of others") best captures the role of the leader/manager of the group.

    Wait, looking closer at Sense 1. Synonym "maestro".
    In Italian, "Maestro" means master/teacher/conductor.
    In English, "Maestro" usually means a distinguished musician or conductor.
    A Ringing Master *is* the conductor of the bells.
    Is "master of the band" a usage of Sense 1?
    If the definition was "a conductor or leader of a musical group", it would be perfect.
    But the definition is "an artist of consummate skill".
    Can one be a "master of the band" meaning "an artist of consummate skill of the band"? No, that's ungrammatical. You are a master *of an art*, not a master *of a group* of people if you mean Sense 1.
    Sense 1 applies to "Master of the violin" (Art).
    Sense 4 applies to "Master of the band" (Group/Work).
    Therefore Sense 4 is the correct syntactic and semantic match.

    One counter-argument: "Schoolmaster" (Sense 5) is "Master of a school".
    "Shipmaster" (Sense 7) is "Master of a ship".
    "Ringmaster" (circus)?
    "Postmaster"?
    "Stationmaster"?
    These are all compounds, but "Master of the band" functions similarly.
    These roles involve directing operations/people.
    Sense 4 "directs the work of others" covers this functional aspect.
    Sense 2 "general authority" covers the status.
    Sense 4 is more specific to the activity (directing work).

    I will go with Sense 4.

provider: Parasail