[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: male
Target surface form: male
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=male%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation | examples=a male infant; a male holly tree
2. sense_key=male%5:00:02:masculine:01 | definition=characteristic of a man | synonyms=manful, manlike, manly, virile | examples=a deep male voice; manly sports
3. sense_key=male%5:00:01:male:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys | examples=the male lead; the male population

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target lemma is "male". The target surface form is "male".
2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   Sentence: "...the average **male** ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired..."
    *   Surrounding text discusses "male-dominated field", "male-only" groups, and contrasts "women" with "male" ringers.
    *   The specific usage describes a type of ringer: a "male ringer".
    *   This usage is adjectival (modifying "ringer").
    *   It refers to the biological sex or gender category of men/boys as opposed to women/girls.
    *   It is used to classify the person.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:

    *   **Sense 1**: `male%3:00:00::`
        *   Definition: "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation"
        *   Examples: "a male infant", "a male holly tree"
        *   Analysis: This is the biological definition. While humans are animals, and this applies biologically, WordNet often distinguishes between the biological attribution (Sense 1) and the sociological/compositional attribution (Sense 3). "Male infant" fits here. "Male ringer" could fit here biologically, but let's look at the others.

    *   **Sense 2**: `male%5:00:02:masculine:01`
        *   Definition: "characteristic of a man"
        *   Synonyms: "manful, manlike, manly, virile"
        *   Examples: "a deep male voice", "manly sports"
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to qualities or characteristics associated with men. "Male ringer" is not describing the *quality* of the ringer as "manly" or "virile" (in fact, the context describes them as "badly dressed... acne... beer-belly", which are arguably the opposite of "manly" in the positive sense, though they are men). This sense is incorrect because "male" here is a category, not a qualitative descriptor like "masculine".

    *   **Sense 3**: `male%5:00:01:male:00`
        *   Definition: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys"
        *   Examples: "the male lead", "the male population"
        *   Analysis: This sense focuses on the category of human men or boys. The examples "male lead" (a role filled by a man) and "male population" (demographic category) align perfectly with "male ringer" (a ringer who is a man). The context contrasts "male ringers" with "women ringers". This is a sociological/categorical usage rather than a strictly biological gamete-production usage (though they overlap, WordNet separates the 'composed of men' sense from the 'biological sex' sense).

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3**:
    *   Sense 1 is the biological root: "male infant", "male holly tree". It applies to plants and animals generally.
    *   Sense 3 is specific to human social/demographic contexts: "male lead", "male population".
    *   The context discusses a "field", "ringers" (people), "women", "men", "churches", "society". It is a social context.
    *   "Male ringer" denotes a ringer who belongs to the category of men.
    *   "Male population" (example for Sense 3) is very close semantically to "male ringer" (a subset of the population).
    *   "Male lead" (example for Sense 3) is a role for a man.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the specific WordNet entry for adjectives pertaining to the category of human males in social contexts.

5.  **Conclusion**: Sense 3 is the best fit. It captures the categorization of people (ringers) into the group of men/boys, distinguishing them from women, which fits the examples provided in the gloss ("the male lead", "the male population").

    *   Sense 1 is strictly biological/gametes (animals/plants).
    *   Sense 2 is qualitative/masculine.
    *   Sense 3 is categorical/demographic (composed of men).

    "Male ringer" = "Ringer who is a man". This matches Sense 3 ("composed of men or boys").

    Let's double-check the definition mapping.
    WordNet 3.0/3.1 structure:
    *   Adjective Satellite `male` (similar to `masculine`): characteristic of a man. (Sense 2 in list). Not this.
    *   Adjective `male`: for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys. (Sense 3 in list). Matches "male ringer".
    *   Adjective `male`: being the sex... (Sense 1 in list).

    Often, Sense 1 is the primary biological sense. However, in WSD tasks for WordNet, distinguishing between the biological attribution (Sense 1) and the "pertaining to men" attribution (Sense 3) is key.
    "Male ringer" implies a human male.
    "Male infant" (Sense 1 example).
    "Male lead" (Sense 3 example).
    "Male population" (Sense 3 example).
    "Male-dominated field" is mentioned earlier.
    The phrase "average male ringer" is comparing demographics or social groups.
    Usually, for humans in social roles (lead, ringer, population), Sense 3 is preferred if available because it pertains to "men or boys" specifically rather than the gamete-production definition which applies broadly to biology.
    Sense 3 examples: "the male lead", "the male population".
    "Male ringer" is semantically closer to "male lead" or "male population" than "male holly tree".

    Therefore, Sense 3 is the correct choice.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male <t>ringer</t> leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and form**: The target is "ringer" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the context**: The text discusses a group of people involved in "bell-ringing". It mentions "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women." It discusses the "Ancient Society of College Youths" and mentions "Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey." It explicitly mentions "bell-ringing group". The target sentence is "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired...".
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1: `ringer%1:18:02::` - "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)". Synonyms: toller, bell ringer.
    *   Sense 2: `ringer%1:18:01::` - "a person who is almost identical to another". Synonyms: dead ringer, clone.
    *   Sense 3: `ringer%1:18:00::` - "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses".
    *   Sense 4: `ringer%1:04:00::` - "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg".
4.  **Match context to senses**:
    *   The context is explicitly about people ringing church bells ("bell-ringing group", "belfry", "churches").
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly. The text talks about people performing the activity of ringing bells in churches.
    *   Sense 2 refers to a lookalike ("dead ringer"). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 3 refers to a sports term (a ringer in a team). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 4 refers to a specific score in the game of horseshoes. Not applicable here.
5.  **Determine the best sense index**: Sense 1 is the correct definition. The index is 1.
6.  **Format output**: The user requested a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. X is 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Novita

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: badly
Target surface form: badly
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=badly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=severely, gravely, seriously | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured
2. sense_key=badly%4:02:00:: | definition=(`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well | synonyms=ill, poorly | examples=he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends
3. sense_key=badly%4:02:06:: | definition=evilly or wickedly | examples=treated his parents badly; to steal is to act badly
4. sense_key=badly%4:02:05:: | definition=in a disobedient or naughty way | synonyms=mischievously, naughtily | examples=he behaved badly in school; he mischievously looked for a chance to embarrass his sister
5. sense_key=badly%4:02:04:: | definition=with great intensity (`bad' is a nonstandard variant for `badly') | synonyms=bad | examples=the injury hurt badly; the buildings were badly shaken
6. sense_key=badly%4:02:03:: | definition=very much; strongly | synonyms=bad | examples=I wanted it badly enough to work hard for it; the cables had sagged badly
7. sense_key=badly%4:02:12:: | definition=without skill or in a displeasing manner | examples=she writes badly; I think he paints very badly
8. sense_key=badly%4:02:10:: | definition=in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage | synonyms=disadvantageously | examples=the venture turned out badly for the investors; angry that the case was settled disadvantageously for them
9. sense_key=badly%4:02:07:: | definition=unfavorably or with disapproval | synonyms=ill | examples=tried not to speak ill of the dead; thought badly of him for his lack of concern
10. sense_key=badly%4:02:08:: | definition=with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display | examples=they took their defeat badly; took her father's death badly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target: "badly" (adverb).
 badly dressed, decorated with acne..."
    *   The phrase is "badly dressed".
    *   Meaning: The male ringers are not dressed well. Their appearance/attire is poor or unsatisfactory.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:

    *   *Sense 1: to a severe or serious degree (severely, gravely, seriously)*. Examples: "badly frozen", "badly injured".
        *   Does "badly dressed" mean "gravely dressed"? No. It means "poorly dressed".

    *   *Sense 2: in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well (ill, poorly)*. Examples: "ill prepared".
        *   Does "badly dressed" fit here? Yes. "Badly" modifies "dressed". He dressed himself in a poor or unsatisfactory manner. The definition "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner" fits perfectly.

    *   *Sense 3: evilly or wickedly*. Examples: "treated his parents badly".
        *   Is the r naughty way*. Examples: "behaved badly in school".
        *   Is this about behavior/misconduct? No, it's about the quality of dressing.

    *   *Sense 5: with great intensity*. Examples: "hurt badly".
        *   Does he dress with intensity? No.

    *   *Sense 6: very much; strongly*. Examples: "wanted it badly".
        *   Does he dress very much? No.

    *   *Sense 7: without skill or in a displeasing manner*. Examples: "writes badly", "paints badly".
        *   This is very close to Sense 2. It emphasizes lack of skill or displeasing result. "Badly dressed" means the dressing was done poorly (lack of skill/taste) or the result is displeasing.
        *   Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 7.
            *   Sense 2: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner". Synonyms: "ill", "poorly".
            *   Sense 7: "without skill or in a displeasing manner".
            *   WordNet often distinguishes between performance tasks (writing, painting) and general states or preparations.
            *   However, "badly dressed" usually refers to the result (appearance) being poor. It's synonymous with "poorly dressed".
            *   Sense 7 examples are "writes badly", "paints badly". These are performance skills.
            *   Sense 2 examples are "ill prepared".
            *   Let's look at the "badly dressed" collocation. "He is badly dressed" = "He is poorly dressed".
            *   Sense 2 seems broader ("poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner"). Sense 7 focuses on "skill".
            *   Dressing well is often considered a skill/taste issue, but usually, when we say someone is "badly dressed", we mean the manner of their dress is poor/unsatisfactory. Sense 2's definition "in a poor... manner" is the standard definition for this context.
            *   Let's check WordNet 3.1 structure if possible (mentally).
            *   Sense 2 (badly%4:02:00::) is often the general "in a poor manner" sense.
            *   Sense 7 (badly%4:02:12::) is often restricted to specific skills like writing/painting.
            *   Context: "badly dressed". This is similar to "ill prepared" (Sense 2 example) or "badly built" (not listed, but similar).
            *   If I look at Sense 7's examples: "she writes badly; I think he paints very badly". These are specific artistic/mental skills.
            *   "Dressed" is an action/result. Is it a skill? Maybe.
            *   But "badly" in "badly dressed" is synonymous with "poorly".
            *   Let's check Sense 2 again. Synonyms: "ill", "poorly". Definition: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner".
            *   This fits "badly dressed" perfectly. Being "badly dressed" is being "improperly" or "unsatisfactorily" dressed.
            *   Sense 7 seems slightly too narrow ("without skill"). One can be "badly dressed" not because they lack the motor skill to put on clothes, but because they have poor taste (improper/ with disapproval*. No.

    *   *Sense 10: with unusual distress...*. No.

3.  **Final Decision between Sense 2 and Sense 7**:
    *   Sense 2 Definition: "(`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a manner"
    *   "Badly dressed" implies the state of dress is poor or unsatisfactory. It aligns with Sense 2's "ill prepared" example (past participle modified by the adverb). "Ill prepared" and "Badly dressed" are structurally identical (Adverb + Past Participle functioning as adjective).
    *   Sense 7 examples are verbs of creation/expression: "writes", "paints".
    *   Sense 2 example is "prepared" (participle).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct match for the participle "dressed".

    *   Let's double check the indices.
    *   1: severe/serious
    *   2: poor/improper manner (syn: ill, poorly) -> Matches "badly dressed" (meaning poorly dressed).
    *   3: evilly
    *   4: naughty
    *   5: great intensity
    *   6: very much
    *   7: without skill (writes, paints)
    *   8: disadvantageous
    *   9: unfavorably (think badly of)
    *   10: emotional distress (took defeat badly)

    The choice is clearly Sense 2.

    Sense 2's definition covers "poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner". The context describes men who are "badly dressed" (unsatisfactory appearance). The synonym "poorly" applies directly ("poorly dressed").

    Sense 7 focuses on skill ("writes badly"). While dressing is an action, "badly dressed" usually refers to the result being unsatisfactory (Sense 2), rather than a lack of dexterity (Sense 7). Also, the structural parallel with "ill prepared" (Sense 2) reinforces this.

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

provider: Amazon Bedrock


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dressed
Target surface form: dressed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers
2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering
3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished
4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the senses carefully.

The context is:
"the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

The word "dressed" is used with "badly" as a modifier - "badly dressed" - meaning poorly clothed or not well-attired.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers

This sense refers to being clothed, especially in fine attire. The examples show "elegantly attired" and "neatly dressed workers." The phrase "often used in combination" suggests this works with modifiers like "badly dressed," "well dressed," etc.

2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering

This refers to medical treatment, not clothing. Not applicable.

3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished

This refers to lumber or stone, not people. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up

This sense specifically refers to fancy or formal clothing - synonyms like "dressed to the nines" and "dolled up" suggest this is about being dressed up fancy.

In the context, "badly dressed" means poorly clothed - the male ringers are not well-attired. The context contrasts with the idea of being well-dressed.

Sense 1 seems more appropriate because:
- It refers to being clothed, with the note "often used in combination"
- The examples include "neatly dressed workers" which parallels "badly dressed"
- Sense 4 is specifically about fancy/formal clothing, while the context is about general appearance/attire

The phrase "badly dressed" is a combination (as mentioned in sense 1), meaning poorly clothed or poorly attired. Sense 1 is the general sense of being clothed/attired, while sense 4 is specifically about being dressed up fancy.

Since "badly dressed" means the opposite of being well-attired, and sense 1 covers the general concept of being clothed (especially in fine attire, but can be modified by adverbs), sense 1 is the best fit.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 1 says "especially in fine attire" - this suggests a positive connotation. Sense 4 is also about fancy clothing. But "badly dressed" is the opposite - it's about poor attire.

Looking more carefully at sense 1: the definition says "dressed or clothed especially in fine attire" but also notes "often used in combination." The examples include "neatly dressed workers" which shows it can be used with various modifiers, not just for fine attire.

Sense 4's synonyms (dressed-up, dressed to the nines, etc.) all suggest a very positive, fancy state of dress, which doesn't fit "badly dressed."

I believe sense 1 is the correct answer because:
1. It's the general sense of being clothed/attired
2. It explicitly mentions "often used in combination" - which fits "badly dressed"
3. The examples show it can be modified (neatly dressed)

My answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: large
Target surface form: large
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a <t>large</t> beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=large%3:00:00:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=big | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 | definition=fairly large or important in effect; influential | examples=played a large role in the negotiations
3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 | definition=ostentatiously lofty in style | synonyms=bombastic, declamatory, orotund, tumid, turgid | examples=a man given to large talk; tumid political prose
4. sense_key=large%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=big, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
5. sense_key=large%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=big, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=large%5:00:00:comprehensive:00 | definition=having broad power and range and scope | examples=taking the large view; a large effect
7. sense_key=large%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=big, enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `large`
    *   Context: "...the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a **large** beer-belly..."
    *   The phrase is "a large beer-belly".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent". Synonyms: big. Examples: "a large city".
        *   This is the most basic, physical sense of size. A "beer-belly" is a physical object (a protruding stomach). "Large" here describes its physical size.

    *   **Sense 2:** "fairly large or important in effect; influential". Examples: "played a large role".
        *   This is metaphorical/abstract importance. A beer-belly isn't "influential". Not a fit.

    *   **Sense 3:** "ostentatiously lofty in style". Synonyms: bombastic, etc. Examples: "large talk".
        *   This refers to communication style. Not a physical belly. Not a fit.

    *   **Sense 4:** "generous and understanding and tolerant". Synonyms: magnanimous. Examples: "big of you".
        *   This is a personality trait. Not a fit.

    *   **Sense 5:** "conspicuous in position or importance". Synonyms: prominent. Examples: "big figure".
        *   This implies status. A belly is conspicuous physically, but usually "conspicuous in position" refers to social standing. While a belly is prominent, Sense 1 covers physical size directly. Sense 5 is usually about people or abstract entities, not body parts in this specific way (though one *could* argue prominence, physical size is the primary descriptor here).

    *   **Sense 6:** "having broad power and range and scope". Examples: "taking the large view".
        *   Abstract scope. Not a fit.

    *   **Sense 7:** "in an advanced stage of pregnancy". Synonyms: gravid.
        *   The subject is a male ringer. Not a fit.

3.  **Evaluate the best fit:**
    *   The phrase is "a large beer-belly".
    *   The belly is big in physical size.
    *   Sense 1 defines "above average in size". This fits perfectly.
    *   None of the other senses apply to the physical dimension of a body part.

4.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}".
    *   I selected Sense 1.

    *   Let's double-check the index numbering.
        *   1. sense_key=large%3:00:00:: ...
        *   2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 ...
        *   3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 ...
        *   ...

    *   Therefore, the index is 1.

    *   Wait, let me re-read the instruction: "WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."
    *   "Large beer-belly" -> physically big belly.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent".
    *   This is the standard adjectival sense for physical objects.

    *   Let's check if there's any ambiguity. Could it be Sense 5 "conspicuous"?
    *   Sense 5 examples: "a big figure in the movement". It usually means "important/prominent" in a social sense. A beer belly is not "important", it is physically large.
    *   Sense 1 is the core physical sense.

    *   Final decision: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unwashed
Target surface form: unwashed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently <t>unwashed</t> and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=common, plebeian, vulgar | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
2. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01 | definition=not cleaned with or as if with soap and water | examples=a sink full of unwashed dishes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: "unwashed"
    *   Target surface form: "unwashed"
    *   Context snippet: "...the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
    *   Syntactic role: Adjective modifying "male ringer" (implied) or part of a list of adjectives describing the state of the male ringers.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00`
        *   Definition: "of or associated with the great masses of people"
        *   Synonyms: "common", "plebeian", "vulgar"
        *   Examples: "the common people in those days suffered greatly", "behavior that branded him as common"
        *   Note: This is a metaphorical or sociopolitical meaning, often used in phrases like "the great unwashed". It refers to class or social status.

    *   **Sense 2:** `unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01`
        *   Definition: "not cleaned with or as if with soap and water"
        *   Synonyms: (None listed, but implied dirty, filthy)
        *   Examples: "a sink full of unwashed dishes"
        *   Note: This is the literal, physical meaning.

3.  **Map Context to Senses:**
    *   The sentence describes the "average male ringer" in a very negative, physical manner.
    *   List of complaints:
        *   "badly dressed" (clothing)
        *   "decorated with acne" (skin condition)
        *   "large beer-belly" (body shape)
        *   "frequently unwashed" (hygiene)
        *   "unbearably flatulent" (bodily function)
    *   The list focuses on physical appearance, hygiene, and bodily functions. It is a diatribe about personal habits and cleanliness.
    *   Does "unwashed" here refer to being lowborn/plebeian? No. While the tone is critical, the specific descriptors (acne, beer-belly, flatulence) are biological/hygienic. "Unwashed" fits this pattern of poor hygiene. The writer is insulting their cleanliness, not their social class (though there is a classist tone in the "Red-blooded, balanced male" letter, this specific retort is about physical grossness).
    *   Does "unwashed" here refer to not cleaned with soap and water? Yes. This fits perfectly with "badly dressed", "acne", and the general accusation of being dirty or unkempt.

4.  **Determine the Sense Index:**
    *   Sense 1 is the sociopolitical sense ("the great unwashed").
    *   Sense 2 is the literal hygiene sense.
    *   The context clearly indicates the literal hygiene sense.

5.  **Formulate Output:**
    *   The instruction says "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." (The number corresponds to the index in the list provided).
    *   The list provided has indices 1 and 2.
    *   Correct index: 2.

    Wait, let me double-check the indexing.
    Candidate senses:
    1. sense_key=... (lowborn)
    2. sense_key=... (dirty)

    The correct sense is "dirty". Therefore, the index is 2.

    Let's verify against the instruction: "Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense."
    Context: "badly dressed... acne... beer-belly... unwashed... flatulent".
    This cluster of words confirms the "dirty/hygiene" interpretation.
    Sense 1 (lowborn) is usually applied to a group ("the unwashed") or implies class status. Here it describes a specific physical state of a person in a list of physical complaints.

    Final decision: Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "women" in the passage.

The target word is "women" which appears in the sentence:
"Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

In this context, "women" refers to a person who wrote a letter. The sentence says "Another women wrote from Sheffield..." Here, the person is identified as a "woman" (though there appears to be a grammatical error - it should be "woman" not "women" since it's referring to a single person who wrote the letter).

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man)
This sense refers to an adult female person, which seems to fit the context. The passage is about a woman who wrote a letter.

2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man
This doesn't fit the context at all. The passage isn't discussing a woman in relation to a man in any romantic or domestic sense.

3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework
This doesn't fit either. The passage isn't discussing a woman employed for housework.

4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class
This refers to women collectively, not to an individual woman.

Based on the context, the target word "women" (which should be "woman" in this context) refers to an adult female person who wrote a letter to "The Ringing World" newspaper. This corresponds to the first sense: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)".

So the correct sense index is 1.

However, I notice there might be an issue with the grammatical form. The target is "women" (plural) but the context suggests it should be "woman" (singular). In this sentence, it appears to be used as a singular noun, which is grammatically incorrect but still refers to a single adult female person. So even though the surface form is "women" (plural), in this specific context it's being used to refer to a single woman, which aligns with sense 1.

Therefore, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: write
Target surface form: wrote
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women <t>wrote</t> from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=write%2:36:00:: | definition=produce a literary work | synonyms=compose, pen, indite | examples=She composed a poem; He wrote four novels
2. sense_key=write%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate or express by writing | examples=Please write to me every week
3. sense_key=write%2:36:02:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=publish | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career
4. sense_key=write%2:32:08:: | definition=communicate (with) in writing | synonyms=drop a line | examples=Write her soon, please!
5. sense_key=write%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate by letter | examples=He wrote that he would be coming soon
6. sense_key=write%2:36:04:: | definition=write music | synonyms=compose | examples=Beethoven composed nine symphonies
7. sense_key=write%2:36:01:: | definition=mark or trace on a surface | examples=The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper; Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet
8. sense_key=write%2:32:03:: | definition=record data on a computer | synonyms=save | examples=boot-up instructions are written on the hard disk
9. sense_key=write%2:36:03:: | definition=write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word) | synonyms=spell | examples=He spelled the word wrong in this letter
10. sense_key=write%2:36:10:: | definition=create code, write a computer program | examples=She writes code faster than anybody else

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "wrote" in the context:
"Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."

Let me analyze the context:
- A woman wrote a letter to "The Ringing World" newspaper
- She wrote "from Sheffield" - indicating her location
- The content of what she wrote is quoted: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

This is about someone communicating by writing a letter to a newspaper. Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=write%2:36:00:: - "produce a literary work" with synonyms "compose, pen, indite" and examples like "She composed a poem; He wrote four novels"
   - This is about creating literary works like poems or novels. Not really applicable here.

2. sense_key=write%2:32:00:: - "communicate or express by writing" with examples "Please write to me every week"
   - This could work - it's about communicating by writing.

3. sense_key=write%2:36:02:: - "have (one's written work) issued for publication" with synonyms "publish"
   - This is about publishing books, not applicable.

4. sense_key=write%2:32:08:: - "communicate (with) in writing" with synonyms "drop a line" and examples "Write her soon, please!"
   - This could also work - it's about communicating with someone via writing.

5. sense_key=write%2:32:01:: - "communicate by letter" with examples "He wrote that he would be coming soon"
   - This is specifically about communicating by letter. The context mentions a woman writing to a newspaper.

6. sense_key=write%2:36:04:: - "write music" with synonyms "compose"
   - Not applicable.

7. sense_key=write%2:36:01:: - "mark or trace on a surface"
   - Not applicable.

8. sense_key=write%2:32:03:: - "record data on a computer"
   - Not applicable.

9. sense_key=write%2:36:03:: - "write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word)" with synonyms "spell"
   - Not applicable.

10. sense_key=write%2:36:10:: - "create code, write a computer program"
   - Not applicable.

So the main contenders are senses 2, 4, and 5:
- Sense 2: "communicate or express by writing"
- Sense 4: "communicate (with) in writing" with "drop a line"
- Sense 5: "communicate by letter"

The context shows someone writing to a newspaper (a letter to the editor). The phrase "wrote from Sheffield" indicates sending a letter/communication. Looking at the examples:

- Sense 2's example "Please write to me every week" is about writing to someone.
- Sense 4's example "Write her soon, please!" is also about writing to someone.
- Sense 5's example "He wrote that he would be coming soon" shows someone communicating information by letter.

The most specific match seems to be Sense 5: "communicate by letter" with the example "He wrote that he would be coming soon." The context shows a woman writing a letter to a newspaper to communicate her viewpoint. The example in sense 5 closely mirrors the structure in the context where someone wrote to convey information.

Let me reconsider Sense 2 vs Sense 5:
- Sense 2 is more general: "communicate or express by writing"
- Sense 5 is more specific: "communicate by letter"

Since the context is clearly about someone writing a letter (to a newspaper), Sense 5 seems more appropriate.

Actually, let me look at Sense 2 more carefully: "communicate or express by writing" with example "Please write to me every week"

And Sense 4: "communicate (with) in writing" with synonyms "drop a line" and example "Write her soon, please!"

Both Sense 2 and Sense 4 seem very similar - about communicating by writing to someone.

Sense 5: "communicate by letter" - This specifically mentions "letter" which fits the context of writing to a newspaper.

Looking at the structure: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that..."
This matches the example for Sense 5: "He wrote that he would be coming soon" - where someone wrote to communicate specific information.

I believe Sense 5 is the best match because:
1. It specifically mentions "communicate by letter"
2. The example structure closely matches the context
3. The context clearly involves writing a letter to a newspaper

Final answer: Sense5

provider: Together


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to <t>say</t> that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "say" in the context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."

Let me analyze this context:
- A woman wrote a letter
- The purpose was to express/state something - specifically about her 60 years of ringing experience and never knowing a lady to faint in the belfry
- She is communicating information, making a statement

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. say%2:32:00:: - express in words - synonyms: state, tell - examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her"
2. say%2:32:01:: - report or maintain - synonyms: allege, aver - examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"
3. say%2:32:03:: - express a supposition - synonyms: suppose - examples: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth"
4. say%2:32:42:00:: - have or contain a certain wording or form - synonyms: read - examples: "The passage reads as follows"
5. say%2:32:04:: - give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority - synonyms: order, tell, enjoin
6. say%2:32:02:: - speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way - synonyms: pronounce, articulate
7. say%2:32:07:: - communicate or express nonverbally
8. say%2:32:15:: - utter aloud - examples: "She said `Hello' to everyone in the office"
9. say%2:32:13:: - state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - examples: "I say let's forget this whole business"
10. say%2:32:08:: - recite or repeat a fixed text
11. say%2:32:09:: - indicate - examples: "The clock says noon"

The woman is writing to express something in words - she is stating a fact about her experience. This fits best with sense 1 (express in words).

Sense 2 (report or maintain/allege) has a connotation of claiming something that might be disputed, or making an allegation. The context here is more straightforward - she's simply stating what she has experienced, not alleging or maintaining a controversial position.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "express in words" - she wrote to express her observation/experience in words. The example "He said that he wanted to marry her" parallels well with "wrote... to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."

So my answer is sense_index: 1

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "year", and the surface form is "years". The specific context phrase is "60 years of ringing".

2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry...'". The phrase "60 years of ringing" refers to a duration of time spanning 60 calendar years. It indicates the length of her experience in the activity of bell-ringing.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Sense 1:**
    *   *Definition:* a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days.
    *   *Synonyms:* twelvemonth, yr.
    *   *Examples:* "she is 4 years old", "in the year 1920".
    *   *Analysis:* This sense refers to the standard unit of time measurement (calendar years). When someone says "60 years", they are counting 60 of these standard units. This fits the duration of a human life or an activity.

4.  **Evaluate Candidate Sense 2:**
    *   *Definition:* a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity.
    *   *Examples:* "a school year".
    *   *Analysis:* This refers to a specific *part* of a year or a specific type of year defined by an activity (like the academic year). The context is talking about a span of 60 full calendar years, not 60 "school years" or 60 "ringing seasons". Therefore, this is incorrect.

5.  **Evaluate Candidate Sense 3:**
    *   *Definition:* the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun.
    *   *Examples:* "a Martian year takes 687 of our days".
    *   *Analysis:* While technically a calendar year is the Earth's orbital period, this sense is usually reserved for astronomical contexts or distinguishing planetary years (e.g., "light years" or "Martian year"). In the context of a woman's lifespan/experience, "60 years" refers to the standard calendar unit (Sense 1), not the astronomical definition per se, though they are physically related. Sense 1 is the standard usage for counting time in human contexts.

6.  **Evaluate Candidate Sense 4:**
    *   *Definition:* a body of students who graduate together.
    *   *Synonyms:* class.
    *   *Examples:* "the class of '97", "she was in my year at Hoehandle High".
    *   *Analysis:* This refers to a group of people. The context refers to a duration of time ("60 years"), not a group of students. This is clearly incorrect.

7.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 is the general, common usage for counting time in human affairs (e.g., age, duration of experience).
    *   Sense 3 is the specific astronomical definition.
    *   The phrase "60 years of ringing" uses "year" as a unit of time measurement equivalent to the calendar year. This aligns perfectly with Sense 1's examples ("she is 4 years old") and definition.

8.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the meaning of "year" as a unit of 365/366 days used to measure duration.

9.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: never
Target surface form: never
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have <t>never</t> known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=never%4:02:00:: | definition=not ever; at no time in the past or future | synonyms=ne'er | examples=I have never been to China; I shall never forget this day
2. sense_key=never%4:02:01:: | definition=not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances | examples=never fear; bringing up children is never easy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: "never"
    *   Context: A woman writes a letter saying "I have *never* known a lady to faint in the belfry."
    *   Context details: This is a response to a claim about the frequency of women fainting. The speaker is asserting that in her 60 years of experience, this event has not happened.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `never%4:02:00::`
        *   Definition: "not ever; at no time in the past or future"
        *   Examples: "I have never been to China"; "I shall never forget this day"
        *   Synonyms: ne'er
    *   **Sense 2:** `never%4:02:01::`
        *   Definition: "not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances"
        *   Examples: "never fear"; "bringing up children is never easy"

3.  **Compare context with senses:**
    *   The sentence is "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
    *   This fits the grammatical structure "have [past participle]" (Present Perfect tense), which is exemplified in Sense 1 ("I have never been to China").
    *   The meaning is temporal: "At no time in the past (in my 60 years)".
    *   Sense 2 usually functions as an intensifier or an imperative/adverbial comment on difficulty or assurance ("never fear", "it is never easy"). It often doesn't fit the perfect tense construction as naturally as Sense 1. "I have not-at-all known a lady to faint" doesn't make as much semantic sense as "At no time have I known...".

4.  **Evaluate fit:**
    *   Sense 1 refers to time (at no time). The context is about the frequency/occurrence of an event over a span of time (60 years).
    *   Sense 2 refers to degree/certainty/circumstance (not at all, certainly not). While one *could* argue "never" emphasizes the negation, the primary function in "I have never known..." is to negate the occurrence across the timeline of the speaker's experience.

5.  **Decision:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the temporal negation ("at no time in the past").

6.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

    Result: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: known
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never <t>known</t> a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully:

"I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."

The speaker is saying that in her 60 years of ringing, she has never experienced or witnessed a lady fainting in the belfry.

Let me look at each sense:

1. know%2:31:01:: - be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about
   Examples: "I know that the President lied to the people"; "I want to know who is winning the game!"
   This is about being aware of facts or information.

2. know%2:31:03:: - know how to do or perform something
   Examples: "She knows how to knit"; "Does your husband know how to cook?"
   This doesn't fit - not about skills.

3. know%2:31:02:: - be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt
   Examples: "I know that I left the key on the table"; "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"
   This is about being certain of truths.

4. know%2:31:00:: - be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object
   Examples: "She doesn't know this composer"; "Do you know my sister?"
   This is about familiarity with people or objects.

5. know%2:31:04:: - have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations
   Synonyms: experience, live
   Examples: "I know the feeling!"; "have you ever known hunger?"
   This is about experiencing something firsthand.

6. know%2:31:06:: - accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority
   This doesn't fit.

7. know%2:31:15:: - have fixed in the mind
   Examples: "I know Latin"; "This student knows her irregular verbs"
   This is about memorized knowledge.

8. know%2:31:35:: - have sexual intercourse with
   This doesn't fit.

9. know%2:31:11:: - know the nature or character of
   Example: "we all knew her as a big show-off"
   This doesn't quite fit.

10. know%2:31:12:: - be able to distinguish, recognize as being different
    Example: "The child knows right from wrong"
    This doesn't fit.

11. know%2:31:14:: - perceive as familiar
    Example: "I know this voice!"
    This doesn't fit.

Now, let me focus on the most relevant senses: 1 and 5.

The sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."

This could mean:
- I have never been aware of/witnessed a lady fainting (sense 1)
- I have never experienced seeing a lady faint (sense 5)

Sense 5 is about "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" with synonyms like "experience" and examples like "I know the feeling!" and "have you ever known hunger?"

The context here is about witnessing/being aware of an event happening. The speaker has never seen or been aware of a lady fainting in the belfry during her 60 years of ringing.

This is closer to sense 1 (being aware of a fact/information) than sense 5 (experiencing emotions/sensations firsthand). The speaker isn't talking about experiencing the fainting herself, but about being aware of such an event happening.

However, let me reconsider. The construction "have never known X to happen" is a common English idiom meaning "have never witnessed/experienced X happening."

Sense 5 has "experience" as a synonym and talks about "firsthand knowledge of states, situations..." - this could include witnessing events. The example "have you ever known hunger?" suggests experiencing something.

But wait, the examples in sense 5 are about internal experiences (feelings, hunger), not about witnessing external events.

Sense 1 has examples like "I know that the President lied to the people" - which is about being aware of facts/information.

Actually, let me think about this more carefully. The phrase "I have never known a lady to faint" means "I have never witnessed/observed/experienced a lady fainting." This is about having experienced/seen something happen in one's lifetime.

Looking at sense 5 again: "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" - "situations" could include witnessing events.

The synonym "experience" for sense 5 strongly supports this interpretation. "I have never experienced witnessing a lady faint" = "I have never known a lady to faint."

Sense 1 is more about propositional knowledge - knowing facts or information about something. The examples are all propositional ("I know that...", "I want to know who...").

In contrast, "I have never known a lady to faint" is about experiential knowledge - having witnessed something.

Therefore, sense 5 seems to be the best fit.

Wait, let me reconsider once more. Looking at the WordNet structure:

Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information
Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations

The phrase "known a lady to faint" could be parsed as:
- Known [the fact that] a lady fainted (sense 1)
- Experienced [the situation of] a lady fainting (sense 5)

The construction "know someone to do something" often means to have witnessed or been aware of someone doing something. In this context, the speaker has 60 years of experience in bell-ringing, and during that time, she has never witnessed a lady fainting in the belfry.

Given the synonym "experience" in sense 5 and the example "have you ever known hunger?", which is about firsthand experience, I believe sense 5 is the best fit.

Actually, wait. Let me look at this more carefully. The example "have you ever known hunger?" is about experiencing hunger yourself. Similarly, "I know the feeling!" is about experiencing a feeling yourself.

But in our sentence, the speaker is not talking about fainting herself - she's talking about witnessing others faint. Is this still "firsthand knowledge of situations"?

I think so. Having firsthand knowledge of a situation can include witnessing events. The key word is "situations" in the definition of sense 5.

Sense 5: "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations"

Witnessing an event is having firsthand knowledge of that situation/event. So sense 5 still seems appropriate.

However, I should also consider whether sense 1 might be more appropriate. Sense 1 is about "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information." Being aware that a lady fainted could fall under this.

But the construction "have never known X to happen" is more experiential than just being aware of information. It implies personal experience/witnessing, not just being told about something.

I'll go with sense 5.

Hmm, but let me reconsider again. The phrase "have never known X to happen" is a common idiom. Does it map better to sense 1 or sense 5?

Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information
- This could include being aware that X happened (or in this case, never happened)

Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations
- This emphasizes firsthand experience

The context emphasizes the speaker's 60 years of personal experience. She's saying that in all her time in belfries, she has never personally witnessed a lady faint. This experiential aspect points to sense 5.

Additionally, the synonym "experience" in sense 5 is a strong indicator that this sense is meant to cover experiential knowledge.

I'll go with sense 5.

Actually, let me reconsider one more time. I want to be more careful about the semantics here.

The sentence: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."

This could be paraphrased as:
- "I have never witnessed a lady faint in the belfry."
- "I have never been aware of a lady fainting in the belfry."

The sense 5 examples are:
- "I know the feeling!" (experiencing an emotion)
- "have you ever known hunger?" (experiencing a physical sensation)

These are about direct personal experience of internal states.

The sense 1 examples are:
- "I know that the President lied to the people" (knowing a fact)
- "I want to know who is winning the game!" (wanting information)

These are about propositional knowledge.

Our sentence is about witnessing an external event. It's not exactly like sense 5 examples (internal states), but it's also not exactly like sense 1 examples (propositional knowledge).

However, the definition of sense 5 includes "situations" - "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations." Witnessing an event is having firsthand knowledge of a situation.

Also, the synonym "experience" in sense 5 suggests that this sense covers experiential knowledge broadly, not just internal experiences.

Sense 1 seems more about knowing facts/information, which is more abstract and could be acquired indirectly (e.g., being told something). Sense 5 is about firsthand/experiential knowledge, which must be acquired directly.

"I have never known a lady to faint" implies direct witnessing/experience, not indirect knowledge. Therefore, sense 5 is the better fit.

Final answer: sense 5 (sense_index: 5)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lady
Target surface form: lady
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a <t>lady</t> to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: | definition=a polite name for any woman | examples=a nice lady at the library helped me
2. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: | definition=a woman of refinement | synonyms=dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman | examples=a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady
3. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: | definition=a woman of the peerage in Britain | synonyms=noblewoman, peeress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "lady" in a specific context.

**Target word:** lady
**Context:**
"They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a **lady** to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

**Candidate senses:**
1. `lady%1:18:02::`: a polite name for any woman. (Example: "a nice lady at the library")
2. `lady%1:18:01::`: a woman of refinement. (Synonyms: dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman. Example: "chauffeur opened the door... for the grand lady")
3. `lady%1:18:00::`: a woman of the peerage in Britain. (Synonyms: noblewoman, peeress)

**Analysis:**
The sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
The speaker is a woman ringer from Sheffield writing to a newspaper about bell-ringing. She is contrasting the behavior of women (referred to as "lady" here) against the accusations made by the "Red-blooded, balanced male" earlier.
Earlier in the text, the word "women" is used multiple times ("galling to women", "no woman has filed", "frequency of women fainting", "one woman ringer", "Another women [sic] wrote").
In the specific target sentence, the speaker says "I have never known a lady to faint...". She uses "lady" as a general term for an adult female human participating in ringing. Is she implying social class? Or just being polite?
The context is bell-ringing in Britain. The "Ancient Society of College Youths" is mentioned. However, the specific speaker is just a ringer from Sheffield.
The phrase "known a lady to faint" suggests a generic reference to women in that context.
Is she talking about a noblewoman (Sense 3)? Unlikely. Bell ringers are a hobby group; while there might be noblewomen, the general discussion is about gender inclusion (male-only vs women).
Is she talking about a woman of refinement (Sense 2)? Maybe, but the context is a dispute about competency and behavior. The earlier writer accuses "women" of fainting. This writer refutes it. Using "lady" here seems to be a polite synonym for "woman".
Let's look at Sense 1: "a polite name for any woman". The example "a nice lady at the library" fits the usage pattern of "a [adjective] lady" or just "a lady" doing a common activity.
The speaker is likely using "lady" simply to mean "woman" but perhaps slightly more polite or formal in tone, or perhaps specifically highlighting the behavior expected of a woman. However, looking at the contrast with "women" earlier ("frequency of women fainting"), she might be using "lady" to emphasize that women are perfectly capable/dignified, or simply as a standard noun for "woman".
Let's look at the specific nuance.
Sense 1 definition: "a polite name for any woman".
Sense 2 definition: "a woman of refinement".
Does the context require "refinement"? The writer mentions "badly dressed, decorated with acne...". She is criticizing the men. She is defending the women. "I have never known a lady to faint". If she meant "refined woman", she might say "I have never seen a proper lady faint". But in British English, "lady" is very often used just as a polite synonym for "woman" (Sense 1).
Sense 3 (peerage): Definitely not. There is no indication of nobility specific to this sentence.

So it's between Sense 1 and Sense 2.
WordNet Sense 2 ("woman of refinement") usually implies a specific social station or high moral character/behavior distinct from just any woman.
WordNet Sense 1 ("polite name for any woman") captures the usage where "lady" acts as a synonym for "woman" in polite speech.
Given the contrast with the word "women" used in the previous sentence ("frequency of women fainting"), the substitution of "lady" might be stylistic or an attempt to sound more dignified. However, usually, in general contexts where "woman" and "lady" are interchangeable, Sense 1 is the correct choice. Sense 2 usually requires the context to specifically highlight status or refinement (e.g., "She's a real lady", "ladies who lunch", etc.).
Here, "I have never known a lady to faint" essentially means "I have never known a woman to faint". It is the standard usage of "lady" as a polite counterpart to "woman".
Therefore, Sense 1 seems the best fit.

Let's double check Sense 1 examples vs Context.
Sense 1 Example: "a nice lady at the library helped me" -> Standard usage for an adult female.
Context usage: "known a lady to faint" -> Standard usage for an adult female.

Sense 2 Example: "chauffeur opened the door... for the grand lady" -> Specific focus on status/grandeur.
Context: Does the speaker imply refinement? She is defending women against fainting. While fainting might be considered "unrefined" or "delicate", using "lady" doesn't necessarily restrict the group to "refined women". It refers to the whole set of female bell ringers. The group "women" is the set being discussed. The word "lady" is used to refer to a member of that set. It acts as a generic term.

In British English, the distinction between "woman" and "lady" is often strictly politeness (Sense 1) rather than social class (Sense 2 or 3), though Sense 2 exists for "gentlewoman" contexts.
Given the instructions to use the schematic glosses:
Sense 1: "a polite name for any woman". This fits the usage in "I have never known a lady to faint" where she could have easily said "woman" but chose the polite form (or the form found in the idiom "lady/gentleman").
Sense 2: "a woman of refinement". This seems too specific. The writer isn't saying "I haven't seen a refined woman faint, but unrefined ones might". She is saying "No female bell ringer has fainted".

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct index.

Index check:
1. lady%1:18:02:: (polite name) -> Sense 1
2. lady%1:18:01:: (refinement) -> Sense 2
3. lady%1:18:00:: (peerage) -> Sense 3

Wait, let me check the order provided in the prompt.
Candidate senses list:
1. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: ... (polite name)
2. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: ... (refinement)
3. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: ... (peerage)

Wait, usually WordNet orders senses by frequency. "Woman" (generic) is usually the most frequent. "Refinement" is less frequent. "Peerage" is least frequent.
However, in WordNet 3.0/3.1:
Sense 1 is usually the most common.
Let's look at the sense keys provided.
lady%1:18:02:: is "polite name for any woman".
lady%1:18:01:: is "woman of refinement".
lady%1:18:00:: is "woman of peerage".

Usually WordNet sense keys are numbered differently, but I must follow the "Candidate senses" list numbering provided in the prompt.
Prompt list:
1. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: | definition=a polite name for any woman
2. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: | definition=a woman of refinement
3. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: | definition=a woman of the peerage in Britain

So I need to select the *first* sense in the list provided by the user.
The first sense listed is "a polite name for any woman".
This aligns with my analysis.

Final check:
Context: "I have never known a lady to faint..."
Meaning: I have never known a woman to faint.
This matches "a polite name for any woman".

Output format: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: belfry
Target surface form: belfry
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the <t>belfry</t>. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belfry%1:06:01:: | definition=a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building | synonyms=campanile
2. sense_key=belfry%1:06:00:: | definition=a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** belfry
    *   **Target surface form:** belfry
    *   **Context:** The text discusses bell-ringing groups, the exclusion of women, and letters to a newspaper called "The Ringing World." It mentions specific locations (St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey) and specific activities (ringing peals, fainting in peals, making tea). The key sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the **belfry**." It contrasts fainting with men dying there.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `belfry%1:06:01::` | definition=a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building | synonyms=campanile
    *   **Sense 2:** `belfry%1:06:00::` | definition=a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 (Free-standing tower/campanile):**
    *   The definition emphasizes that it "usually stands alone unattached to a building".
    *   The context mentions St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. While these buildings have towers, the bells are housed *in* the church towers, which are attached to the main building structure. They are not typically "campaniles" in the strict sense of free-standing towers (like the Leaning Tower of Pisa).
    *   Furthermore, the context talks about people being *in* the belfry to ring bells ("fainting in peals," "unbearably flatulent in peals," "faint in the belfry"). While one can be in a campanile, the sense of it being a specific room/space where the action of ringing happens is more pertinent than the architectural classification of it being a free-standing structure.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2 (Room where bells are hung):**
    *   The definition is "a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung".
    *   The context is about bell ringers (people). Bell ringers stand in the bell chamber or the ringing chamber (often below the bells themselves, but "belfry" is often used metonymically for the place where the bells and ringers are active, or specifically the chamber containing the bells).
    *   The quote says "faint in the belfry". This implies a location *inside* a structure where the activity takes place.
    *   St. Paul's and Westminster Abbey have bell chambers/rooms within their towers. These are integral parts of the cathedral, not free-standing campaniles.
    *   The interaction involves people doing an activity (ringing, fainting, being flatulent) within a space. "Room... where bells are hung" fits the spatial context of people occupying that space during the activity much better than "free-standing tower."

5.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Sense 1 describes a specific architectural type (freestanding tower). The context involves cathedrals (attached structures) and the interior space where people interact with bells.
    *   Sense 2 describes the interior space (room) where bells are hung.
    *   In campanology (bell ringing), the "belfry" refers to the chamber containing the bells (and often by extension the ringing chamber below it).
    *   The context explicitly mentions "fainting in the belfry," referring to the physical location where the ringers are situated.
    *   Sense 2 is the standard definition for the part of a church tower where bells are housed. Since St. Paul's and Westminster Abbey are mentioned, and they are not free-standing towers, Sense 1 is incorrect based on the "usually stands alone" constraint. Sense 2 fits the "room at the top of a tower" description perfectly.

6.  **Final Selection:** Sense 2 is the correct choice.

7.  **Formatting the output:** The user requested only a JSON object like `{"sense_index": X}`.

    *   Sense 1 index: 1
    *   Sense 2 index: 2

    Result: `{"sense_index": 2}`

provider: AtlasCloud