[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lose
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context in which "lose" is used in this passage.

The sentence is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

In this context, "lose" is referring to losing the other copy of a suppressor gene. The passage is discussing tumor-suppressor genes, which are inherited in two copies (one from each parent). For cancer to develop, both copies must be impaired. So a person born with one defective copy only needs to "lose" the other copy (through damage or mutation) for cancer to develop.

Let's look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense
   - This could fit, as the person ceases to have a functional copy of the gene.

2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win
   - This doesn't fit; there's no competition or game involved.

3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal
   - This refers specifically to losing a person, not applicable here.

4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again
   - This refers to misplacing something, not applicable to losing a gene copy.

5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of
   - This refers to physical possessions, not quite applicable to a gene.

6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight
   - This refers to visually losing track of something, not applicable here.

7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit
   - This is financial, not applicable here.

8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain
   - This refers to missing out on obtaining something, not quite the same as losing something you already have.

9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat
   - This doesn't fit the context at all.

10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind
    - This refers to missing something with senses or mind, not applicable.

11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage
    - This doesn't capture the specific meaning of losing a gene copy.

The most appropriate sense seems to be sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense." This aligns with the context of a person ceasing to have a functional copy of a suppressor gene, either through damage or mutation. The example given for this sense is "She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat," which shows losing something one previously had, similar to how a person loses the functionality of a gene copy they previously had.

So the best indexed sense for "lose" in this context is 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the **other** copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Meaning: The text discusses tumor-suppressor genes. Everyone has two copies (one from each parent).
    *   If a person has one defective copy (copy A), they only need to lose the remaining functional copy (copy B) to develop cancer.
    *   The word "other" refers to the second member of a pair, distinct from the first one mentioned.
    *   It contrasts one specific copy (the defective one) with the remaining one (the other one).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied`. Examples: "today isn't any other day", "highways and other public works".
        *   *Critique:* This is the general adjective sense used to designate the remaining one of a pair or a different one. In the context "lose the other copy", it refers to the one not already mentioned/impaired. The definition "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" fits well here. One copy is mentioned (defective); the "other" copy is the one not already mentioned (the functional one that needs to be lost). This is the standard determiner/adjective usage for "the other one".
    *   **Sense 2:** `recently past`. Examples: "the other evening".
        *   *Critique:* Temporal reference. "The other copy" is not a temporal reference. Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 3:** `belonging to the distant past`. Synonyms: early, former. Examples: "early inhabitants", "former generations".
        *   *Critique:* Temporal reference. Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 4:** `very unusual; different in character or quality...`. Examples: "a strange, other dimension".
        *   *Critique:* Qualitative/Adjectival meaning implying strangeness. "The other copy" is not strange; it's simply the alternate/second one. Incorrect.

3.  **Refine selection:**
    *   The core meaning here is the determiner/pronoun sense where "other" refers to the reciprocal or remaining item of a pair.
    *   WordNet 3.0 (and the provided schema) groups the "remaining one of a pair" meaning under Sense 1.
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 1 again: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied".
    *   If I have Copy A and Copy B. Copy A is defective. I mention Copy A. "The other copy" is Copy B. Copy B is "not the same one... already mentioned". This fits the definition logic used in WordNet. It distinguishes the entity from the one currently in focus.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the correct match. It captures the contrastive relationship between the defective copy and the remaining copy.

    *   Context: "...one defective copy... lose the other copy..."
    *   Sense 1 definition: "not the same one ... already mentioned".
    *   This fits perfectly.

5.  **Output formatting:** JSON object with index 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: DigitalOcean

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes.
    *   The specific sentence is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop."
    *   The context makes it clear that "copy" here refers to a gene. Genes are inherited in pairs (one from each parent).
    *   The phrase "inherited in two copies" and "lose the other copy" refers to the specific instance of the gene sequence present in the DNA.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (copy%1:10:00::):** "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)".
        *   Synonym: transcript.
        *   Context: Legal/school records.
        *   Fit: Incorrect. Genes are not written legal records.
    *   **Sense 2 (copy%1:06:00::):** "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing".
        *   Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress", "the clone was a copy of its ancestor".
        *   Concept: This sense covers the general notion of a duplicate or one of a set of identical/very similar things. In genetics, an allele or a specific instance of a gene is often called a "copy" because there are two versions (often similar/identical) of the same gene in a diploid organism.
        *   Fit: This seems the most applicable. A gene copy is a biological structure that is identical or similar to the corresponding gene from the other parent. It fits the "clone" example logic—biological duplication.
    *   **Sense 3 (copy%1:10:01::):** "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials".
        *   Synonym: written matter.
        *   Context: Publishing/printing.
        *   Fit: Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 4 (copy%1:10:02::):** "material suitable for a journalistic account".
        *   Examples: "catastrophes make good copy".
        *   Context: Journalism.
        *   Fit: Incorrect.

3.  **Evaluate Sense 2 vs. Specificity:**
    *   WordNet's sense inventory for "copy" doesn't seem to have a specific "genetics" sub-sense in this provided list.
    *   Sense 2 is the general "duplicate" sense. In biology, genes come in pairs (alleles), and each one is referred to as a "copy" because they are (usually) copies of each other or copies of the ancestral genetic information.
    *   The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" captures the essence of why genes are called copies in this context (replication, inheritance, pairs). The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is biologically related, reinforcing that Sense 2 covers biological duplicates.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1, 3, and 4 are related to text, documents, or journalism.
    *   Sense 2 is the physical/general object sense of a duplicate.
    *   The target word refers to a biological gene instance.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:**
    *   Target lemma: *cancer*.
    *   Context: A scientific text discussing genetics, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, malignant cells, and the development of the disease.
    *   Task: Choose the single best indexed sense from the provided list.
    *   Output format: JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." -> Topic: Genetics and disease.
    *   "...oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves." -> Reference to the disease.
    *   "...two types of cancer genes work in concert..." -> Reference to genes causing the disease.
    *   "...for a cancer to develop." -> Reference to the disease/malignant growth developing.
    *   Key phrases: "malignant", "tumor", "cell division", "diagnosis", "oncogenes".

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**
    *   *Sense 1:* definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease. This fits perfectly. The text discusses genes causing cells to become malignant, tumors, and the disease process.
    *   *Sense 2:* definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer. Incorrect. No astrological context.
    *   *Sense 3:* definition=a small zodiacal constellation... Incorrect. No astronomical context.
    *   *Sense 4:* definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac... Incorrect. No zodiac context.
    *   *Sense 5:* definition=type genus of the family Cancridae. Incorrect. This is biological taxonomy (crabs), not human pathology.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the only sense that matches the medical/biological context of disease found in the text.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The instruction asks for a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "...for a cancer to <t>develop</t>."
    *   Subject: "a cancer" (referring to the disease/medical condition).
    *   Action: The cancer comes into being or manifests itself within the body.
    *   Context clues: The text discusses genetic predispositions, tumor-suppressor genes, and oncogenes. It describes the process where a normal cell becomes malignant or a tumor grows. The phrase "cancer to develop" is an intransitive usage here (cancer is the thing doing the developing/coming into existence), not an agent causing it (though the genes allow it).

2.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   1. *make something new...* (Transitive: "Her company developed..."). Context is intransitive ("cancer to develop"). Incorrect.
    *   2. *work out...* (Transitive: "developed a new theory"). Incorrect.
    *   3. *gain through experience...* (Transitive: "develop a sense..."). Incorrect.
    *   4. *come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)...* (Transitive: "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains"). Wait. "The patient developed abdominal pains" is transitive (patient is the subject, pains is the object). The context sentence is "a cancer to develop". "Cancer" is the subject, but it's not "acquiring" an attribute like a beard. It is the condition arising. Sense 4 often applies to patients developing symptoms or diseases ("The patient developed cancer"). Here the phrasing is "for a cancer to develop". This implies the cancer itself is the entity arising/coming into being.
    *   5. *come into existence; take on form or shape* | synonyms=originate, arise... | examples=A new religious movement originated...; a love that sprang up...
        *   This fits the intransitive usage where an abstract entity or condition arises.
        *   Context: "a cancer to develop" = "a cancer to arise/come into existence".
        *   This seems like a strong candidate.
    *   6. *change the use of...* (develop land). Incorrect.
    *   7. *elaborate...* (theories). Incorrect.
    *   8. *create by training...* Incorrect.
    *   9. *be gradually disclosed...* Incorrect.
    *   10. *grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution...* | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower.
        *   This sense is about natural growth/evolution.
        *   Cancer is often described as "growing" or "developing" in the sense of cells proliferating. The example "A flower developed on the branch" is very similar structurally to "A cancer developed".
        *   Comparing Sense 5 and Sense 10:
            *   Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
            *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth...".
        *   In medical contexts, diseases "develop" often under Sense 4 (patient develops disease) or Sense 5/10 (disease develops/arises).
        *   Let's look closer at Sense 5 synonyms: originate, arise.
        *   Let's look closer at Sense 10 synonyms: evolve through natural growth.
        *   Cancer is a disease defined by cell growth. "For a cancer to develop" implies the progression from a few damaged cells to a tumor.
        *   Let's look at Sense 20: *happen* | synonyms=break, recrudesce. "Report the news as it develops". This is about events unfolding.
        *   Let's look at Sense 4 again. "The patient developed abdominal pains". Here, the *patient* is the subject. In "cancer to develop", *cancer* is the subject.
        *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy for `develop%2:30:06` (Sense 4). It says "come to have or undergo a change of". This usually requires a possessor subject (The patient developed a rash). "Cancer" isn't a possessor; it is the phenomenon.
        *   WordNet `develop%2:30:00` (Sense 10) gloss: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve...". Examples: "A flower developed...". This fits the idea of a biological entity growing/progressing. Cancer is a biological growth (pathological).
        *   WordNet `develop%2:42:00` (Sense 5) gloss: "come into existence...". Examples: "A new religious movement originated...".
        *   Usually, in medical texts, "cancer develops" implies the process of carcinogenesis (growth/progression). Sense 10 captures the "natural growth" aspect (though cancer is pathological, it mimics natural growth processes).
        *   However, Sense 5 "come into existence" is also very strong for "arise".
        *   Let's check standard WSD practices for medical domain.
        *   If a patient "develops cancer", it's often mapped to Sense 4 (undergo change).
        *   But here the text is "a cancer to develop".
        *   Is it "coming into existence" (Sense 5) or "growing/unfolding" (Sense 10)?
        *   Cancer is often viewed as a process (carcinogenesis) where cells grow and evolve. Sense 10 includes "evolve... natural growth". Cancer is often described as evolving. The example "A flower developed on the branch" is distinct from "A new religious movement originated".
        *   The flower example (Sense 10) involves a biological entity growing. Cancer is a biological entity.
        *   The movement example (Sense 5) involves an abstract social phenomenon arising.
        *   Therefore, Sense 10 seems more specific to biological growth/unfolding.
        *   Let's double check Sense 5. "come into existence". Is cancer coming into existence? Yes. Is it taking form? Yes.
        *   Let's check Sense 10 again. "grow, progress, unfold". Does cancer progress/unfold? Yes.
        *   Specificity: Sense 10 is "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 21. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

raw_output:
Looking at the context: "for a cancer to develop" - here, "cancer" is the subject that develops. The sentence describes cancer coming into existence or arising in a person's body.

Sense 5 captures this meaning perfectly: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms like "originate, arise, rise, spring up, grow." This matches the intransitive use where cancer itself originates or arises within the body.

Sense 4 involves transitive usage ("The patient developed abdominal pains") where a person acquires a condition, but in our context, "cancer" is the grammatical subject doing the developing.

{"sense_index": 5}

reasoning_content:
The target word is "develop" in the context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

In this context, "develop" is being used to describe cancer coming into existence or arising in a person. The sentence is about how cancer forms/originates in a person's body.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation - this doesn't fit, as cancer isn't a product being created intentionally.

2. work out - doesn't fit the context.

3. gain through experience - doesn't fit; cancer isn't gained through experience.

4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) - this could potentially fit, as the examples mention "The patient developed abdominal pains" which is similar to developing a disease. However, this seems more about physical features and attributes.

5. come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow - This fits well! Cancer "arising" or "coming into existence" in a person matches the context perfectly. The examples mention "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship" which shows things coming into being.

6. change the use of and make available or usable - doesn't fit.

7. elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses - doesn't fit.

8. create by training and teaching - doesn't fit.

9. be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest - doesn't quite fit.

10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment - This could also fit. The examples mention "A flower developed on the branch" which is similar to something growing/blooming. Cancer developing could be seen as growing through natural processes.

11. become technologically advanced - doesn't fit.

12. cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development - doesn't fit (transitive).

13. generate gradually - doesn't fit.

14. grow emotionally or mature - doesn't fit.

15. make visible by means of chemical solutions - doesn't fit.

16-21. These are specialized meanings that don't fit.

The main contenders are senses 5 and 10, and possibly 4.

Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms like "originate, arise" - this fits well with cancer developing/originating in a person.

Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" with examples like "A flower developed on the branch" - this also fits, as cancer develops through natural biological processes.

Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with examples like "The patient developed abdominal pains" - this could also fit since developing cancer is similar to developing a medical condition.

Looking more closely at sense 4: "The patient developed abdominal pains" - this is about developing a symptom or condition, which is similar to developing cancer. The definition mentions "physical features and attributes" which cancer could be considered.

Sense 5 with "originate, arise, spring up" seems very appropriate for cancer arising in a person.

Sense 10 talks about growing through natural growth and differentiation, which is also relevant to cancer developing.

I think sense 5 is the best fit because:
- The context is about cancer coming into existence/arising
- Synonyms like "originate, arise" perfectly describe cancer development
- The sense captures the idea of something coming into being

However, sense 4's example "The patient developed abdominal pains" is very close to "a cancer to develop" - both are about medical conditions developing.

Let me reconsider. Sense 4 is specifically about "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with examples like growing a beard or developing pains. This is about the subject acquiring or experiencing something physical/medical.

Sense 5 is "come into existence; take on form or shape" - this is more about the thing itself coming into existence rather than a person experiencing something.

In the context "for a cancer to develop", the subject is "cancer" - cancer is what develops. So cancer is coming into existence or arising. This matches sense 5 better.

Sense 10 also works because cancer "grows" or "develops" through biological processes, and the example "A flower developed on the branch" has a similar structure where something develops on/in something else.

But I think sense 5 is the clearest match: "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms "originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow" - this perfectly captures cancer originating or arising in a person's body.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 4 again. The definition is "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - this seems to be about a person coming to have something. But in our context, "cancer" is the subject of "develop", not the person. Cancer develops (comes into existence), rather than a person developing cancer.

So sense 5 seems most appropriate: "come into existence; take on form or shape"

Wait, I need to look at this more carefully. The sentence says "for a cancer to develop." Here "develop" is intransitive, and "cancer" is the subject. Cancer develops = cancer comes into existence/originates/arises.

Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - Cancer comes into existence.
Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - Cancer grows/evolves.

Both work, but sense 5 seems more directly about the initial coming into existence, which fits the context of cancer arising in a person.

Sense 4's examples are transitive uses where a person develops something: "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains." But our context has "cancer" as the subject developing, not a person developing cancer.

So I'll go with sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerging
Target surface form: Emerging
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. <t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word:** The target lemma is "emerging" (adjective/participle). The surface form is "Emerging". It modifies "genetic tests".

2.  **Analyze the Context:** The text discusses cancer research, specifically oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. The sentence containing the target is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

    *   The "genetic tests" are being described as "Emerging".
    *   The next clause says these tests "will be able to spot...", implying they are coming into use now or in the near future.
    *   The context talks about "new findings" and "new age".
    *   These tests are starting to exist and be used. They are not fully mature or established yet (otherwise, they wouldn't be described as "emerging" in a "new age" context), but they are becoming available.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Sense Key: `emerging%5:00:00:future:00`
        *   Definition: "coming to maturity"
        *   Synonyms: "rising"
        *   Examples: "the rising generation"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense often implies a progression towards a mature state, often used for people or social groups (like a generation). Does it fit "genetic tests"? Not quite. Tests don't "mature" in the biological/social sense. "Rising generation" is a specific collocate.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Sense Key: `emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00`
        *   Definition: "coming into existence"
        *   Synonyms: "emergent"
        *   Examples: "an emergent republic"
        *   *Analysis:* This sense focuses on the beginning of existence or becoming noticeable/active. "Coming into existence" fits well with new technologies or scientific methods (like genetic tests) that are just starting to appear or be recognized. The synonym "emergent" is very close in meaning here. The example "emergent republic" parallels the idea of something new forming (a new political entity vs. a new medical technology).

4.  **Compare Senses against Context:**
    *   The phrase "Emerging genetic tests" refers to tests that are currently being developed and are starting to become available/known. They are "coming into existence" as a standard tool.
    *   Sense 1 ("coming to maturity") suggests something that already exists is growing up. While technologies do mature, the primary notion of "emerging" technology is that it is appearing on the scene (nascent).
    *   Sense 2 ("coming into existence") captures the innovative, newly forming nature of these tests. The text mentions "usher in... a new age", reinforcing the idea of something starting to be.

5.  **Decision:** Sense 2 is the better fit. The tests are nascent; they are coming into existence/application.

6.  **Format Output:** The user requested a JSON object with the index.
    *   Sense 1 is index 1.
    *   Sense 2 is index 2.

    Result: {"sense_index": 2}

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word**: The target is "genetic" in the phrase "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."

2.  **Analyze the context**: The text discusses oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, inheritance of genes, and the detection of cancer-susceptible individuals. The specific sentence mentions "genetic tests" that spot individuals prone to cancer due to defective gene copies. The tests are based on the science of genetics (analyzing genes/DNA).

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" (Synonyms: familial, hereditary, inherited).
        *   *Fit*: While the *condition* is hereditary, does the adjective "genetic" modify "tests" to mean "hereditary tests"? No. "Genetic tests" refers to the methodology/science used to analyze genes, not the transmission method itself. One performs a genetic test to *find* the inherited traits, but the test itself is not "familial".
    *   **Sense 2**: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" (Synonyms: genic, genetical).
        *   *Fit*: "Genetic tests" could be interpreted as tests relating to genes. This is a strong candidate. Tests *on* genes.
    *   **Sense 3**: "pertaining to or referring to origin".
        *   *Fit*: Unlikely. The tests aren't about the origin of the text or a generic origin; they are about specific biological sequences.
    *   **Sense 4**: "of or relating to the science of genetics" (Synonyms: genetical).
        *   *Fit*: "Genetic tests" usually refers to tests performed using the methods of the science of genetics. It refers to the branch of science. "Genetic testing" is a standard medical procedure falling under the science of genetics.

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 4**:
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the object: the gene itself. "Genetic code" (a property of the gene). "Genic combinations".
    *   Sense 4 focuses on the discipline/science. "Genetic research".
    *   In the phrase "genetic tests", does it mean "tests of genes" (Sense 2) or "tests using the science of genetics" (Sense 4)?
    *   Often, these overlap. However, "genetic tests" is a standard collocation referring to the *medical/scientific procedure*.
    *   Let's look at the examples provided in WordNet for Sense 4: "genetic research". "Genetic tests" is very similar to "genetic research" or "genetic counseling" — activities defined by the field.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 examples: "genic combinations", "genetic code". These are structural/biological entities or attributes.
    *   The context discusses "Emerging genetic tests". This is a scientific/medical application. It fits well with "of or relating to the science of genetics".
    *   However, looking closer at Sense 2 ("of or relating to... a gene"), a test *relating to a gene* is also a valid interpretation. A genetic test analyzes genes.
    *   Let's look at WordNet (3.0/3.1) hierarchy.
        *   `genetic%3:01:02::` (Sense 2 here) -> "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
        *   `genetic%3:01:00::` (Sense 4 here) -> "of or relating to the science of genetics".
    *   Is a "genetic test" defined by the object (genes) or the field (genetics)? Usually, adjectives ending in -ic often denote a field (physics -> physical, genetics -> genetic). But "genetic" is tricky because the noun is "gene" (or "genetics").
    *   Common usage: "Genetic engineering" (Sense 4/Science). "Genetic material" (Sense 2/Gene). "Genetic defect" (Sense 2/Gene or Sense 1/Hereditary?).
    *   "Genetic tests": These are tests performed within the framework of the science of genetics.
    *   Let's check the synonyms again.
        *   Sense 2: genic, genetical. "Genic test" sounds weird.
        *   Sense 4: genetical. "Genetical test" sounds plausible (though usually "genetic testing").
    *   Let's look at the distinction between Sense 2 and 4 in standard WSD tasks.
        *   "Genetic code" -> Sense 2 (relating to the gene).
        *   "Genetic research" -> Sense 4 (relating to the science).
        *   "Genetic tests": This is an activity/procedure. It falls under the umbrella of the science. Just like "genetic counseling" or "genetic engineering".
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 seems the most appropriate for "tests" as a scientific application/methodology.

    *   *Counter-argument for Sense 1*: The text talks about heredity ("inherited in two copies", "born with one defective copy"). However, the adjective "genetic" modifies "tests". A "hereditary test" isn't a standard phrase; a "genetic test" is the tool used to find the hereditary condition. So Sense 1 is wrong for the collocation "genetic tests".

    *   *Counter-argument for Sense 2*: While the test involves genes, the phrase "genetic test" is an application of the science. If I say "blood test", the adjective refers to the substance. If I say "clinical test", it refers to the setting. "Genetic" here refers to the domain of study (genetics). In WordNet, "genetic research" is the example for Sense 4. "Genetic tests" is analogous to "genetic research" in terms of the adjective's semantic role (relating to the field/discipline).

    *   Let's double check the definitions.
        *   Sense 2: "of or relating to ... a gene".
        *   Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics".
    *   A "genetic test" is a test defined by the science of genetics. If it were Sense 2, it implies the test is "genic" (relating to the gene itself). While true, the functional definition is usually attributed to the science (Sense 4).
    *   Let's look at the mapping provided in the prompt.
        *   Index 2 corresponds to "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
        *   Index 4 corresponds to "of or relating to the science of genetics".
    *   Most NLP datasets (like SemCor) tag "genetic testing/engineering" with the "science of genetics" sense (often mapped to Sense 4 here).
    *   Example: "Genetic engineering" -> science of genetics. "Genetic code" -> gene.
    *   "Genetic tests" is a method/procedure. It belongs to the domain of genetics.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 (index 4) is the best choice.

    *   Wait, let me re-read the indices.
        *   Candidate sense 1: inheritable.
        *   Candidate sense 2: relating to a gene.
        *   Candidate sense 3: origin.
        *   Candidate sense 4: science of genetics.
    *   The prompt asks to choose the indexed sense.
    *   Context: "Emerging genetic tests".
    *   Sense 4 definition: "of or relating to the science of genetics". Example: "genetic research".
    *   "Genetic tests" is semantically very close to "genetic research".
    *   Sense 2 definition: "of or relating to ... a gene".
    *   Is a "genetic test" a "test of a gene" or a "test of the science of genetics"? It is a test *using* the science of genetics.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4.

    *   Let's check if there's ambiguity with Sense 2.
        *   Phrase: "Genetic material". This is Sense 2 (material of genes).
        *   Phrase: "Genetic algorithm". This is Sense 4 (based on genetics science principles).
        *   Phrase: "Genetic counselor". Sense 4 (counselor in the science field).
        *   Phrase: "Genetic test". Sense 4 (test in the science field).
    *   It seems Sense 4 is the standard for methodologies and professions related to the field.

    *   Decision: Sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `able`
    *   Context sentence: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   Context phrase: "able to spot"
    *   Subject: "Emerging genetic tests" (an inanimate object/methodology).
    *   Action: "to spot" (identify/detect).
    *   Meaning: The tests have the capacity, means, or capability to perform the detection.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `able%3:00:00::`
        *   Definition: (usually followed by `to`) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something.
        *   Examples: "able to swim", "she was able to program her computer".
        *   Fit: This is a very broad sense often used in constructions like "be able to [verb]". It encompasses having the capacity or means. In the context of "tests will be able to spot", the tests have the *means* or *capacity* to spot individuals. The definition mentions "means or skill or know-how or authority". While "tests" don't have "skill/know-how" in the human sense, they possess the functional *means* to achieve the result.

    *   **Sense 2:** `able%5:00:00:competent:00`
        *   Definition: have the skills and qualifications to do things well.
        *   Synonyms: capable.
        *   Examples: "able teachers", "a capable administrator".
        *   Fit: This sense refers to competence or skill in people (teachers, administrators). It acts as an adjective modifying a person (attributive use mostly). The target word is used in a predicative construction ("will be able to") referring to a test. This sense doesn't fit well.

    *   **Sense 3:** `able%5:00:00:capable:00`
        *   Definition: having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity.
        *   Examples: "able to learn", "human beings are able to walk on two feet".
        *   Fit: This definition focuses on "inherent physical or mental ability". While "capacity" is mentioned, the examples strongly suggest biological ability (walking, learning). Tests are tools/methods, not biological entities with inherent physical/mental abilities. However, Sense 1 also covers "means". Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 3. Sense 1 is the standard "be able to" sense for general capability/means to do something. Sense 3 seems more about innate potential.

    *   **Sense 4:** `able%5:00:00:fit:01`
        *   Definition: having a strong healthy body.
        *   Synonyms: able-bodied.
        *   Examples: "an able seaman".
        *   Fit: Clearly incorrect. This is about physical fitness/health.

3.  **Distinguish between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 definition: "(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something".
    *   Sense 3 definition: "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity".
    *   WordNet organization:
        *   Sense 1 is often the main entry for the predicative use "able to".
        *   Sense 3 specifically mentions "inherent... capacity" and examples like walking on two feet.
    *   In the context "genetic tests will be able to spot", the tests are gaining the functional means (via technology/development) to perform an action. They are not exercising an inherent biological capacity (like walking).
    *   The construction "be able to" is explicitly mentioned in Sense 1's definition.
    *   Sense 1 is the standard dictionary definition for the modal-like usage of "able to" indicating capability or possibility. Since the subject is an inanimate object ("tests"), it fits "having the necessary means" best. It does not fit "inherent physical or mental ability" (Sense 3) nor "skills/qualifications" (Sense 2).

    *   *Self-Correction/Verification:* In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), the general "be able to" usage corresponds to the first sense (often Sense 1 in WordNet 3.0/3.1 mappings). The subject being a "test" implies functional capability/means.
    *   Sense 1 is the broadest definition covering "means to do something".
    *   Sense 3 restricts it to "inherent physical or mental ability". "Tests" do not have "mental ability" or "physical ability" in the biological sense.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    *   The phrase is "able to spot".
    *   Subject: Genetic tests.
    *   Meaning: The tests have the capability/means to detect.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "having the necessary means... to do something". This matches perfectly.

    *   Output format: JSON `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individuals
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:** The target lemma is "individual" with the surface form "individuals". It appears in the phrase "cancer-susceptible individuals".

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and cancer development.
    *   It mentions a person born with defective copies of a suppressor gene.
    *   It specifically mentions "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan" as examples of the beneficiaries.
    *   The sentence containing the target is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   The "individuals" referred to here are people (humans) who are at risk of cancer. The previous sentences talk about "A person who is born with...".

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition="a human being" | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples="there was too much for one person to do". This sense specifically refers to humans.
    *   **Sense 2:** definition="a single organism". This sense is broader. It could apply to any biological organism (plants, animals, bacteria, etc.).

4.  **Evaluate Fit:**
    *   The context is clearly about human medicine (cancer diagnosis, "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan").
    *   The preceding sentence explicitly uses the word "person" ("A person who is born with...").
    *   "Cancer-susceptible individuals" in this context refers to human patients or potential patients.
    *   While humans are organisms (making Sense 2 technically true in a broad biological sense), Sense 1 is the specific hyponym for humans. In WSD, the most specific sense that matches the context is preferred.
    *   The text distinguishes between normal and cancerous cells, but the "individuals" being spotted by genetic tests are human beings.
    *   Sense 1 synonyms (person, someone) align perfectly with the context of "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan".

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice. It captures the specific meaning of "individual" as a human being in a medical/social context, rather than just a biological specimen.

6.  **Format Output:** The user wants a JSON object with the index.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

    Result: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believe
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "believe" in a specific context.
I need to select the best sense from a provided list of 5 candidates.

**Context Analysis:**
Sentence: "...ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
Subject: "some scientists"
Object clause: "is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis"
Meaning: The scientists hold an opinion or view that this new age is arriving/happening. They are accepting this proposition as true based on their expertise or observation of the "new findings".

**Candidate Sense Analysis:**

1.  **Sense 1: believe%2:31:00::**
    *   Definition: "accept as true; take to be true"
    *   Examples: "I believed his report", "We didn't believe his stories..."
    *   Fit: This is a strong candidate. Scientists accept the proposition "this is a new age..." as true. It fits the general structure of "believing that X is Y".

2.  **Sense 2: believe%2:31:04::**
    *   Definition: "judge or regard; look upon; judge"
    *   Synonyms: think, consider, conceive
    *   Examples: "I think he is very smart", "I believe her to be very smart"
    *   Fit: This is also a very strong candidate. The context is "believe [something] is [something]".
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1 focuses on accepting a statement/report as true (epistemic acceptance). "I believed his report."
        *   Sense 2 focuses on holding an opinion or judgment about the nature of something. "I believe her to be very smart." The sentence structure in the text is "believe [clause] is a new age...".
        *   WordNet (Princeton) often distinguishes between "accept as true" (mental acceptance of a fact) and "judge/regard" (opinion/estimation).
        *   The sentence structure "believe ... is ..." resembles the examples for Sense 2 ("believe her to be...").
        *   However, the core meaning here is that they *think* or *hold the opinion* that this *is* the case.
        *   Let's look at the context again: "scientists believe [that this] is a new age".
        *   Is it accepting a fact (Sense 1) or expressing a judgment/viewpoint (Sense 2)?
        *   Often, "believe X is Y" maps to Sense 2 in fine-grained WSD tasks (like OntoNotes or similar mappings), especially if it's an opinion or estimation rather than trusting testimony. Scientists are *judging* that the evidence points to a new age. They are *considering* it to be a new age.
        *   Sense 1 examples ("believed his report") imply accepting the veracity of a source. Sense 2 examples ("believe her to be very smart") imply a mental judgment about a state of affairs.
        *   The text says "scientists believe ... is a new age". This is a judgment/estimation.

3.  **Sense 3: believe%2:31:03::**
    *   Definition: "be confident about something"
    *   Synonyms: trust
    *   Fit: Not about confidence or trust in a person/outcome.

4.  **Sense 4: believe%2:31:01::**
    *   Definition: "follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer"
    *   Fit: Religious context, not applicable.

5.  **Sense 5: believe%2:31:02::**
    *   Definition: "credit with veracity"
    *   Examples: "You cannot believe this man"
    *   Fit: This is about believing a person/source. The object here is a clause ("...is a new age"), not a person.

**Narrowing down between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**

*   **Sense 1 (accept as true):** Very broad. Covers believing statements.
*   **Sense 2 (judge/regard/think):** More specific to holding a view or opinion.
*   The context involves scientists interpreting data ("Emerging genetic tests... ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age"). This is an intellectual judgment.
*   WordNet distinctions: Sense 1 is often used for "believe that [clause]" or "believe [noun phrase source]". Sense 2 is often used for "believe [object] to be [complement]" or "believe [clause]" where the content is a subjective evaluation.
*   However, the text has a specific syntactic structure: "believe ... is ...". It's a reduced relative clause structure: "...what some scientists believe [that this] is a new age..."
*   Let's check standard WSD mappings or behavior for "I believe X is Y".
    *   Example for Sense 2: "I believe her to be very smart." -> "I regard her as very smart."
    *   Text: "scientists believe [it] is a new age." -> "scientists regard [it] as a new age."
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1 examples: "I believed his report." -> "I accepted his report as true."
    *   Does "scientists believe [it] is a new age" mean "scientists accept the truth of the statement 'it is a new age'"? Yes.
    *   But does it mean "scientists judge it to be a new age"? Yes.
    *   Usually, when "believe" is used to express an opinion or conclusion drawn by the subject (rather than trusting an external report), Sense 2 is the preferred fine-grained sense. It is synonymous with "think" or "consider". The text says scientists *think* this constitutes a new age.

Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: "think, consider, conceive".
"Scientists *think* this is a new age."
"Scientists *consider* this to be a new age."
This works very well.

Let's look at Sense 1 again. "accept as true".
"Scientists accept as true that this is a new age."
This also works, but Sense 2 captures the nuance of *judgment* and *opinion* better in a scientific context where a hypothesis is being advanced, rather than a fact being reported by someone else which is merely accepted.

In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "believe" in the sense of "I believe that..." or "I believe X is Y" (expressing an opinion) is often tagged with the "think/consider" sense (Sense 2 here), while "believe a story/person" is Sense 1 (or Sense 5 depending on the object).

Let's try to verify the specific WordNet sense definitions provided.
Sense 1: `believe%2:31:00::` -> "accept as true; take to be true". Examples: "I believed his report".
Sense 2: `believe%2:31:04::` -> "judge or regard; look upon; judge". Examples: "I think he is very smart".

The context is about scientists' opinion on the significance of the new tests. They are *judging* that these tests usher in a new age.
The synonym "think" fits perfectly: "what some scientists think is a new age".
The synonym for Sense 1 is less explicit in the prompt, but implies simple acceptance.
Between "accept as true" and "judge/regard/think", "judge/regard/think" (Sense 2) feels more appropriate for a scientist drawing a conclusion or holding a theoretical view, rather than just believing a statement they were told.

Let's double check Sense 5.
Sense 5: "credit with veracity". Example: "believe this man".
Context: Scientists believe [a clause].
Sense 5 usually requires a sentient being as a direct object (believe him, believe the man). The object here is "what... is a new age". So Sense 5 is out.

Back to Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
The sentence structure "believe [X] is [Y]" is the classic pattern for Sense 2 (judging/regarding).
Sense 1 usually takes a that-clause ("believe that X is Y") or a noun phrase referring to a fact/report ("believe the report").
In the text: "believe ... is ...". The subject scientists are the ones making the judgment.
If the sentence were "Scientists believe the report about the new age," Sense 1 would be better.
Since the sentence is "Scientists believe [this] is a new age," they are exercising judgment/consideration.
Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

Let's check the index.
1. believe%2:31:00:: (accept as true)
2. believe%2:31:04:: (judge or regard)
3. believe%2:31:03:: (confident/trust)
4. believe%2:31:01:: (faith)
5. believe%2:31:02:: (credit veracity)

I will select Sense 2.

Wait, let me reconsider if Sense 1 covers "believe that..." clauses. WordNet is messy.
Sense 1 definition: "accept as true; take to be true".
Sense 2 definition: "judge or regard; look upon; judge".
If I say "I believe it is raining," am I accepting it as true or judging it to be so?
If I say "I believe him to be a fool," I am judging/regarding (Sense 2).
The text: "...scientists believe [it] is a new age..."
This implies a judgment on the current state of medical science.
"Think" is a synonym provided for Sense 2. "Scientists think it is a new age."
This makes Sense 2 the strongest candidate.

Let's check if there is any ambiguity regarding Sense 5 (credit with veracity).
Sometimes WordNet splits "believe a person" (Sense 5) and "believe a statement" (Sense 1).
But here the object is a situation/clause being evaluated.
Sense 2 is the "opinion" sense.
Sense 1 is the "mental acceptance of fact" sense.
In fine-grained WSD, "judgments" or "opinions" usually fall under the "think/consider" sense (Sense 2), whereas "trusting facts" falls under Sense 1.
Since scientists are forming an opinion/conclusion based on evidence, Sense 2 is appropriate.

Let's verify the numbering.
The user lists:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: ...
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: ...
...
I need to return the index corresponding to the list provided by the user.

Decision: Sense 2.
Reasoning: The target "believe" is used to express the scientists' opinion or judgment that the situation constitutes a new age. The synonyms "think" and "consider" fit perfectly ("what some scientists think is a new age"). The structure "believe [complement] is [complement]" aligns with the examples for Sense 2 ("I believe her to be very smart"), whereas Sense 1 examples focus on accepting reports or stories. Sense 2 captures the nuance of forming a judgment.

Therefore, the index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "new" in the phrase "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

Let me analyze the context. The passage discusses recent advances in genetic testing for cancer prediction. It talks about emerging genetic tests that will usher in a "new age" of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=new%3:00:00::** - "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This could work, suggesting an age that has recently begun.

2. **sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00** - "original and of a kind not seen before" - This suggests something novel or unprecedented in nature.

3. **sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00** - "lacking training or experience" - This doesn't fit at all. An "age" can't be inexperienced.

4. **sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00** - "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" - This could work, suggesting an age without precedent.

5. **sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00** - "other than the former one(s); different" - This could work, suggesting a different age from before.

6. **sense_key=new%3:00:09::** - "unaffected by use or exposure" - This doesn't fit.

7. **sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00** - "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new" - This has a negative connotation of being unnecessarily new, which doesn't fit the positive context.

8. **sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01** - "in use after medieval times" - This doesn't fit.

9. **sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01** - "used of a living language; being the current stage in its development" - This doesn't fit.

10. **sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02** - "(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development" - This doesn't fit.

11. **sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00** - "unfamiliar" - This doesn't quite fit.

Now let me think more carefully about what "new age" means in this context. The passage says "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis." This suggests that genetic tests will bring about a previously unseen era or period in cancer diagnosis.

The key question is whether "new age" means:
- An age that has just begun (sense 1)
- An age that is unprecedented/novel in character (senses 2 or 4)
- An age that is different from the previous one (sense 5)

Given the context of "emerging genetic tests" and "ushering in," the phrase suggests something that is beginning now or recently. The emphasis is on the novelty and the fact that it's just starting.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate because the focus is on the temporal aspect - this age is just beginning to dawn. The tests are "emerging" and will "usher in" this new age, suggesting the recent beginning of something.

However, sense 4 ("having no previous example or precedent or parallel") could also work because this age of predictive diagnosis may be unprecedented - no such age existed before.

Sense 2 ("original and of a kind not seen before") also captures the novelty aspect.

Let me reconsider. The phrase "new age" in common usage often implies something unprecedented, a previously unseen era. When we say "ushering in a new age," we typically mean bringing about something that hasn't existed before - not just something recent, but something fundamentally different.

Sense 4 seems to capture this well: "having no previous example or precedent or parallel." This age of predictive cancer diagnosis would be unprecedented.

But sense 1 could also work: "not of long duration; having just come into being." This captures that it's just beginning.

Let me look at the examples:
- Sense 1 examples: "a new law; new cars" - These are things that are recently made/enacted.
- Sense 4 examples: "a time of unexampled prosperity" - This is more like an era or period that is unprecedented.

The phrase "new age" is more like "a time of unexampled prosperity" - it's describing an era or period. Sense 4 seems more appropriate.

Actually, let me reconsider once more. Sense 4 says "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" with synonyms like "unexampled." The example is "a time of unexampled prosperity."

But in the context, is the "age of predictive cancer diagnosis" truly without precedent? Cancer diagnosis existed before, but now it's becoming predictive. So it's a new phase, a new development - not entirely without precedent, but a new stage.

Sense 1 says "not of long duration; having just come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." This might be more appropriate - the age of predictive diagnosis is just beginning, it's a recent development.

Actually, I think sense 2 might be the best fit: "original and of a kind not seen before" with synonyms "fresh, novel." This captures that predictive cancer diagnosis is a new kind of diagnosis, original in nature.

Hmm, let me think about this more carefully. The context talks about:
- "Emerging genetic tests"
- These will "usher in" a "new age of predictive cancer diagnosis"

The key is what "new" modifies - it's "age." So what makes this age new?

Reading the context more carefully, the passage is describing how genetic tests will change cancer diagnosis from reactive (diagnosing after cancer develops) to predictive (identifying susceptibility before cancer). This is a fundamentally different approach - a "new age" in the sense of a novel, unprecedented kind of diagnosis.

I think sense 4 ("having no previous example or precedent or parallel") best captures this - an age without precedent, where prediction becomes possible.

Actually, looking again at sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before" - this also captures the novelty. The example "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem" shows something original and unseen before.

Both sense 2 and sense 4 seem to capture the novelty/unprecedented nature. The difference is:
- Sense 2 emphasizes being "original and of a kind not seen before"
- Sense 4 emphasizes "having no previous example or precedent or parallel"

I think sense 4 is stronger because "age" suggests a period or era, and the example "a time of unexampled prosperity" parallels "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

Final answer: sense 4.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 1 again. The definition is "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." The examples are "a new law; new cars."

The phrase "new age" could mean an age that has just begun. But the context says these tests "will be able to" spot such individuals, "ushering in" a new age - suggesting the age is about to begin, it's in the near future. So the "new age" isn't just recently begun; it's about to begin.

Actually, that supports sense 2 or 4 - the age will be novel/unprecedented when it begins.

I'll go with sense 4: "having no previous example or precedent or parallel." This captures that the age of predictive cancer diagnosis will be unprecedented when these tests become available.