[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: audacious
Target surface form: audacious
Context:
By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an <t>audacious</t> claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:bold:00 | definition=invulnerable to fear or intimidation | synonyms=brave, dauntless, fearless, hardy, intrepid, unfearing | examples=audacious explorers; fearless reporters and photographers
2. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:unashamed:00 | definition=unrestrained by convention or propriety; ; ; - Los Angeles Times; ; ; - Bertrand Russell | synonyms=barefaced, bodacious, bald-faced, brassy, brazen, brazen-faced | examples=an audacious trick to pull; a barefaced hypocrite
3. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:adventurous:00 | definition=disposed to venture or take risks | synonyms=daring, venturesome, venturous | examples=audacious visions of the total conquest of space; an audacious interpretation of two Jacobean dramas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *audacious*
    *   Context: "It was an *audacious* claim."
    *   The claim in question is: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."
    *   The setting is scientific research (medicine, cancer research). Dr. Knudson found a specific genetic mechanism in a rare eye tumor (retinoblastoma) and immediately extrapolated it to *all* cancers. This is a bold, sweeping generalization based on limited initial evidence.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `audacious%5:00:00:bold:00`
        *   Definition: invulnerable to fear or intimidation.
        *   Synonyms: brave, dauntless, fearless, hardy, intrepid, unfearing.
        *   Examples: audacious explorers; fearless reporters and photographers.
        *   Fit: This sense focuses on physical courage or bravery in the face of danger. Making a scientific claim isn't usually described as "brave" in the sense of fighting a war or exploring a jungle. While it took courage to stick his neck out, the primary meaning isn't fearlessness.

    *   **Sense 2:** `audacious%5:00:00:unashamed:00`
        *   Definition: unrestrained by convention or propriety.
        *   Synonyms: barefaced, bodacious, bald-faced, brassy, brazen, brazen-faced.
        *   Examples: an audacious trick to pull; a barefaced hypocrite.
        *   Fit: This sense has a negative connotation (shamelessness, rudeness, breaking rules of propriety). Dr. Knudson's claim wasn't "rude" or "improper" in a social sense. It wasn't a "trick." It was a scientific hypothesis.

    *   **Sense 3:** `audacious%5:00:00:adventurous:00`
        *   Definition: disposed to venture or take risks.
        *   Synonyms: daring, venturesome, venturous.
        *   Examples: audacious visions of the total conquest of space; an audacious interpretation of two Jacobean dramas.
        *   Fit: This sense focuses on taking intellectual risks, being bold in ideas or visions. The examples ("audacious visions", "audacious interpretation") align well with "audacious claim." Making a claim that applies a specific finding to the entirety of cancer medicine is a massive intellectual risk. It is "daring" in the realm of ideas. It fits the "venturesome" aspect of proposing a bold new theory.

3.  **Compare and Decide:**
    *   Is the claim "fearless"? Not really, it's an idea.
    *   Is the claim "brazen/shameless"? No, it's a scientific assertion.
    *   Is the claim "daring/risk-taking"? Yes. It's a bold generalization that could easily be proven wrong, risking his reputation. It aligns with "audacious visions" or interpretations.

    Sense 3 is the clear winner. It captures the boldness and risk-taking nature of the scientific claim without the physical bravery connotation of Sense 1 or the social impropriety connotation of Sense 2.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 3}`.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: claim
Target surface form: claim
Context:
By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious <t>claim</t>. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=claim%1:10:00:: | definition=an assertion of a right (as to money or property) | examples=his claim asked for damages
2. sense_key=claim%1:10:02:: | definition=an assertion that something is true or factual | examples=his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims
3. sense_key=claim%1:04:00:: | definition=demand for something as rightful or due | examples=they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day
4. sense_key=claim%1:07:02:: | definition=an informal right to something | synonyms=title | examples=his claim on her attentions; his title to fame
5. sense_key=claim%1:07:01:: | definition=an established or recognized right | synonyms=title | examples=a strong legal claim to the property; he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate
6. sense_key=claim%1:10:01:: | definition=a demand especially in the phrase | synonyms=call | examples=the call of duty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** claim (noun).
    *   **Context:** The sentence is "It was an audacious <t>claim</t>."
    *   **Preceding context:** Dr. Knudson analyzed eye tumors and found that the loss of both copies of a gene could lead to cancer. He said, "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."
    *   **Meaning in context:** The "claim" refers to Dr. Knudson's statement or proposition that his findings about retinoblastoma would apply to all cancers. He is asserting a scientific hypothesis or theory as true.

2.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `claim%1:10:00::` | Definition: "an assertion of a right (as to money or property)" | Examples: "his claim asked for damages".
        *   *Analysis:* This is about legal or property rights. Dr. Knudson isn't asking for money or property. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 2:** `claim%1:10:02::` | Definition: "an assertion that something is true or factual" | Examples: "his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims".
        *   *Analysis:* This fits perfectly. Dr. Knudson is asserting that his hypothesis ("what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers") is factual or valid. The modifier "audacious" describes the boldness of this scientific assertion. The example "his claim that he was innocent" mirrors the structure of "his claim that [scientific proposition]".

    *   **Sense 3:** `claim%1:04:00::` | Definition: "demand for something as rightful or due" | Examples: "they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day".
        *   *Analysis:* This implies a demand. Dr. Knudson is not demanding anything; he is stating a scientific conclusion. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `claim%1:07:02::` | Definition: "an informal right to something" | Synonyms: title | Examples: "his claim on her attentions; his title to fame".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to a right or title (metaphorical or literal). The context is about a scientific statement, not a right to attention or fame. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `claim%1:07:01::` | Definition: "an established or recognized right" | Synonyms: title | Examples: "a strong legal claim to the property...".
        *   *Analysis:* Similar to Sense 1 and 4, this is about legal rights/titles. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 6:** `claim%1:10:01::` | Definition: "a demand especially in the phrase" | Synonyms: call | Examples: "the call of duty".
        *   *Analysis:* This is related to the phrase "have a claim on" or similar, often mapped to "call" or "summons". Not relevant here.

3.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 2 is the definition of a statement asserting something to be true. The context is a scientist making a bold scientific assertion.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   The correct sense is index 2.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Parasail

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a <t>young</t> molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "young" describing Dr. Vogelstein, a molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School.

Let me analyze each candidate sense:

1. "(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth" - synonyms: immature - examples: young people
   - This refers to a person being literally young in age.

2. "(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity" - synonyms: new
   - This is about crops/produce, not applicable here.

3. "suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh" - synonyms: youthful, vernal
   - This is about having qualities of youth, like being energetic, not necessarily about chronological age.

4. "being in its early stage" - examples: a young industry; the day is still young
   - This is about things/abstract concepts being in early stages, not people.

5. "not tried or tested by experience" - synonyms: unseasoned, untested, untried
   - This is about being inexperienced.

The context is describing Dr. Vogelstein as a "young molecular biologist." This is describing a person in terms of their age/career stage.

The most appropriate sense would be sense 1 - it's describing a person in an early period of life/development. This is the literal meaning of "young" when applied to a person.

However, I could also consider whether it might imply sense 5 (inexperienced) - but the context doesn't suggest that Dr. Vogelstein is being described as untested or inexperienced. He believed Dr. Knudson was right and set out to conduct experiments - this doesn't suggest inexperience as a negative quality.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit - it's describing a living person (Dr. Vogelstein) in an early period of life/development/growth (a young molecular biologist, likely early in his career).

The answer is sense_index: 1.

provider: AtlasCloud


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, <t>believed</t> Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: *believe*
    *   Target surface form: *believed*
    *   Context snippet: "...Dr. Vogelstein... <t>believed</t> Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment..."
    *   Syntactic structure: Subject (Dr. Vogelstein) + Verb (believed) + Clause (Dr. Knudson was right).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `believe%2:31:00::` | Definition: accept as true; take to be true | Examples: "I believed his report", "We didn't believe his stories".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense focuses on accepting a proposition as true. The context says Dr. Vogelstein believed "Dr. Knudson was right". This fits perfectly with accepting a statement or proposition as true.

    *   **Sense 2:** `believe%2:31:04::` | Definition: judge or regard; look upon; judge | Synonyms: think, consider, conceive | Examples: "I think he is very smart", "I believe her to be very smart".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense often implies an opinion or judgment about a quality or characteristic (often with a raised subject or "believe X to be Y"). The context is "believed [that] Dr. Knudson was right". While similar to "thinking", the specific complement here is a truth-conditional claim ("Knudson was right"). Sense 1 is generally the default for believing *that* a specific proposition is true, whereas Sense 2 often has a nuance of "regard as" or "consider to be". "Believed Dr. Knudson was right" is very close to "Accepted as true that Dr. Knudson was right". Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 carefully.
        *   Sense 1 examples: "believed his report" (accept as true). "believed his stories".
        *   Sense 2 examples: "believe her to be very smart" (regard/judge).
        *   Context: "believed Dr. Knudson was right". Is this a judgment of character (Sense 2) or accepting a hypothesis (Sense 1)? Dr. Knudson made a claim ("audacious claim"). Dr. Vogelstein accepted this claim as valid/true. This aligns strongly with Sense 1. Sense 2 is often used for opinions on traits (smart, good, bad). "Right" here refers to the correctness of a scientific hypothesis.

    *   **Sense 3:** `believe%2:31:03::` | Definition: be confident about something | Synonyms: trust | Examples: "I believe that he will come back from the war".
        *   *Analysis:* This involves trust or confidence in a future outcome or a person. While Vogelstein has confidence, the core meaning here is accepting the validity of Knudson's scientific theory. "Trusting" implies reliance. "Accepting as true" implies intellectual assent. The context is about the validity of a scientific hypothesis, not necessarily trust in a person's character or a future event in the sense of "hope/trust".

    *   **Sense 4:** `believe%2:31:01::` | Definition: follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | Examples: "When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too".
        *   *Analysis:* Religious or ideological belief. Not applicable here.

    *   **Sense 5:** `believe%2:31:02::` | Definition=credit with veracity | Examples: "You cannot believe this man"; "Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense is about the credibility of a source. "Do you believe him?" vs "Do you believe *that* he is right?". The context is "believed Dr. Knudson was right". This is a propositional attitude. Sense 1 covers believing a report/story (proposition). Sense 5 focuses on the source. The text says Vogelstein believed [the claim that] Dr. Knudson was right. He accepted the proposition. Sense 1 is the broad "accept as true" for propositions.

3.  **Differentiating Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Context: "believed Dr. Knudson was right".
    *   Sense 1: "accept as true". Vogelstein accepted the truth of Knudson's hypothesis.
    *   Sense 2: "judge or regard". Examples: "I believe her to be very smart".
    *   The phrase "was right" is a factual claim about a hypothesis. Vogelstein isn't judging Knudson's general character (like "smart"), he is accepting the validity of Knudson's scientific finding. Therefore, Sense 1 is the primary fit. "Accept as true" is the most direct definition for believing someone's claim/hypothesis. The implicit "that" ("believed [that] Dr. Knudson was right") points to the content of the belief, fitting Sense 1's "take to be true".

    *   Let's look at the "synonyms" for Sense 2: "think, consider, conceive". If we swapped them: "Dr. Vogelstein *thought* Dr. Knudson was right." This works. "Dr. Vogelstein *accepted as true* [Sense 1] that Dr. Knudson was right." This also works.
    *   However, WordNet hierarchies usually separate "opinion/judgment" (Sense 2) from simple "acceptance of truth" (Sense 1).
    *   Example for Sense 1: "I believed his report." (Acceptance of a specific piece of information).
    *   Example for Sense 2: "I believe her to be very smart." (Evaluation/Judgment).
    *   Knudson's claim is a specific piece of information/hypothesis. Vogelstein accepted it as truth. Sense 1 is the most specific and accurate for the acceptance of a hypothesis/fact, rather than a judgment of quality.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 ("accept as true; take to be true") is the best fit for a scientist accepting the validity of another scientist's hypothesis.

    *   Target: "believed Dr. Knudson was right".
    *   Paraphrase: He accepted it as true that Dr. Knudson was right.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: right
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was <t>right</t>, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%3:00:00:: | definition=being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the east when facing north | examples=my right hand; right center field
2. sense_key=right%3:00:02:: | definition=free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth | synonyms=correct | examples=the correct answer; the correct version
3. sense_key=right%5:00:01:proper:00 | definition=socially right or correct | synonyms=correct | examples=it isn't right to leave the party without saying goodbye; correct behavior
4. sense_key=right%3:00:01:: | definition=in conformance with justice or law or morality | examples=do the right thing and confess
5. sense_key=right%3:00:04:: | definition=correct in opinion or judgment | synonyms=correct | examples=time proved him right
6. sense_key=right%5:00:00:appropriate:00 | definition=appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a person's character, needs | synonyms=proper | examples=everything in its proper place; the right man for the job
7. sense_key=right%3:00:03:: | definition=of or belonging to the political or intellectual right
8. sense_key=right%5:00:00:satisfactory:00 | definition=in or into a satisfactory condition | examples=things are right again now; put things right
9. sense_key=right%5:00:00:right-handed:00 | definition=intended for the right hand | synonyms=right-hand | examples=a right-hand glove
10. sense_key=right%5:00:02:proper:00 | definition=in accord with accepted standards of usage or procedure | synonyms=correct | examples=what's the right word for this?; the right way to open oysters
11. sense_key=right%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=having the axis perpendicular to the base | examples=a right angle
12. sense_key=right%5:00:00:outside:00 | definition=(of the side of cloth or clothing) facing or intended to face outward | examples=the right side of the cloth showed the pattern; be sure your shirt is right side out
13. sense_key=right%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
14. sense_key=right%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=precisely accurate | synonyms=veracious | examples=a veracious account

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text describes a scientific discovery about cancer genetics.
    *   Dr. Knudson made a claim: "what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."
    *   Dr. Vogelstein believed Dr. Knudson was [target] about this claim.
    *   Later, evidence supported Knudson's theory.
    *   The core meaning here is about the correctness of a person's opinion or judgment regarding a scientific hypothesis.

2.  **Evaluate the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** "being or located on or directed toward the side of the body..." -> Directional/locational. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 2:** "free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth" | Synonyms: correct | Examples: "the correct answer".
        *   This is close. It denotes correctness. However, the examples ("correct answer", "correct version") feel more factual or static. The context here involves a person's judgment or opinion being validated.
    *   **Sense 3:** "socially right or correct" -> Moral/social behavior. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 4:** "in conformance with justice or law or morality" -> Ethical/legal. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 5:** "correct in opinion or judgment" | Synonyms: correct | Examples: "time proved him right".
        *   This fits perfectly. The context is Dr. Vogelstein believing Dr. Knudson's *opinion/judgment* (that the gene theory applied to all cancers) was correct. The example "time proved him right" aligns well with the retrospective validation implied in the text ("believed Dr. Knudson was right... set out to repeat...").
    *   **Sense 6:** "appropriate for a condition or purpose..." -> Suitability. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 7:** "political or intellectual right" -> Political orientation. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 8:** "in or into a satisfactory condition" -> State of being. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 9:** "intended for the right hand" -> Handedness. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 10:** "in accord with accepted standards of usage or procedure" -> Procedure/usage. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 11:** "having the axis perpendicular to the base" -> Geometry. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 12:** "facing or intended to face outward" -> Clothing/cloth. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 13:** "most suitable or right for a particular purpose" -> Timing/suitability. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 14:** "precisely accurate" | Synonyms: veracious. -> Truthfulness of an account. Closer to Sense 2, but Sense 5 specifically targets "opinion or judgment," which matches "believed Dr. Knudson was right" (Knudson expressed a belief/claim/opinion).

3.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 5:**
    *   Sense 2: "free from error... conforming to fact or truth". Example: "the correct answer".
    *   Sense 5: "correct in opinion or judgment". Example: "time proved him right".
    *   The context is: "Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was [right]."
    *   Knudson expressed an opinion ("what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers").
    *   Vogelstein believed that Knudson's *judgment/opinion* was correct.
    *   Sense 5 is specifically tailored to the construction "someone is right" regarding their views/opinions. Sense 2 is more general factual correctness (like a math answer). The example for Sense 5 ("time proved him right") is very semantically similar to the context of a scientist's theory being supported.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 5 is the best fit because it explicitly covers being "correct in opinion or judgment," which applies to believing someone's scientific theory is correct.

5.  **Final Output Generation:**
    *   Target index: 5.

provider: Phala


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: set_out
Target surface form: set out
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and <t>set out</t> to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=set_out%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, start, set about | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=set_out%2:35:00:: | definition=lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line | synonyms=range, array, lay out | examples=lay out the clothes; lay out the arguments
3. sense_key=set_out%2:38:00:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set off | examples=The family took off for Florida

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Lemma and Context:**
    *   Lemma: `set_out`
    *   Context Sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."
    *   Preceding context: Dr. Knudson made a claim about gene loss causing cancer.
    *   Subject: Dr. Vogelstein.
    *   Action: "set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment".

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"
        *   Synonyms: get down, begin, get, start out, start, set about
        *   Examples: "We began working at dawn"; "Who will start?"
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to beginning a task, activity, or process. In the context, Dr. Vogelstein "set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment". He is initiating a research project/goal. The structure "set out to [verb phrase]" (set out to repeat) aligns perfectly with beginning a course of action to achieve a goal.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line"
        *   Synonyms: range, array, lay out
        *   Examples: "lay out the clothes"; "lay out the arguments"
        *   Analysis: This refers to arranging physical objects or abstract concepts (arguments). Dr. Vogelstein is not arranging experiments in a line; he is starting to do them. This doesn't fit.

    *   **Sense 3:**
        *   Definition: "leave"
        *   Synonyms: depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set off
        *   Examples: "The family took off for Florida"
        *   Analysis: This sense refers to physical departure or travel from one place to another. While "set out" can mean to start a journey, the context here is "set out *to repeat*". You don't "leave to repeat" an experiment in the sense of physically departing a location (though you might depart on a journey). The focus is on the *intention* and the *start of the activity*, not the act of leaving a specific physical location. "Set out to [do something]" is almost always Sense 1 (begin/undertake a task).

3.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The phrase "set out to [infinitive]" indicates the commencement of an endeavor or undertaking with a specific goal in mind.
    *   Sense 1 definition ("take the first step... in carrying out an action") matches this usage.
    *   Sense 3 is about physical departure. While one might "set out for Baltimore," here he "sets out to repeat an experiment." This is starting a task, not a journey.

4.  **Final Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.

5.  **Format Output:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: repeat
Target surface form: repeat
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to <t>repeat</t> the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=repeat%2:32:00:: | definition=to say, state, or perform again | synonyms=reiterate, ingeminate, iterate, restate, retell | examples=She kept reiterating her request
2. sense_key=repeat%2:36:00:: | definition=make or do or perform again | synonyms=duplicate, reduplicate, double, replicate | examples=He could never replicate his brilliant performance of the magic trick
3. sense_key=repeat%2:30:00:: | definition=happen or occur again | synonyms=recur | examples=This is a recurring story
4. sense_key=repeat%2:32:01:: | definition=to say again or imitate | synonyms=echo | examples=followers echoing the cries of their leaders
5. sense_key=repeat%2:41:00:: | definition=do over | synonyms=take over | examples=They would like to take it over again
6. sense_key=repeat%2:36:01:: | definition=repeat an earlier theme of a composition | synonyms=reprise, reprize, recapitulate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence is: "But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to <t>repeat</t> the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."
    *   Subject: Dr. Vogelstein (a scientist).
    *   Action: set out to <t>repeat</t>.
    *   Object: the Cavenee experiment.
    *   Goal: to see if the finding holds true for other cancers.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `repeat%2:32:00::` | definition: "to say, state, or perform again" | synonyms: reiterate, ingeminate, iterate, restate, retell.
        *   *Analysis:* This sense focuses on verbal utterance ("say", "state", "reiterate") or performance in a speech act context. While "perform" is mentioned, the examples and synonyms lean heavily towards speech. "Repeat an experiment" is doing/performing an action, not just saying something.

    *   **Sense 2:** `repeat%2:36:00::` | definition: "make or do or perform again" | synonyms: duplicate, reduplicate, double, replicate | examples: "He could never replicate his brilliant performance of the magic trick".
        *   *Analysis:* This sense focuses on actions, making, doing, or performing. The synonym "replicate" is crucial here. In scientific contexts, "repeating an experiment" is synonymous with "replicating an experiment." The example about the magic trick performance aligns with performing a procedure (an experiment) again. This fits the context of a scientist doing an experiment again.

    *   **Sense 3:** `repeat%2:30:00::` | definition: "happen or occur again" | synonyms: recur.
        *   *Analysis:* This is an intransitive sense (something happens on its own). The target usage is transitive ("repeat the experiment"). Dr. Vogelstein is the agent causing the action, not just watching it happen. So, this is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** `repeat%2:32:01::` | definition: "to say again or imitate" | synonyms: echo.
        *   *Analysis:* Again, focuses on speech or mimicry ("echo"). Not suitable for conducting a scientific experiment.

    *   **Sense 5:** `repeat%2:41:00::` | definition: "do over" | synonyms: take over.
        *   *Analysis:* "Do over" implies correcting a mistake or trying again from scratch because the first time failed. While "repeat" can mean "do over," the specific scientific nuance of "replicating" (Sense 2) is stronger. Also, the synonym "take over" seems odd for this specific context.

    *   **Sense 6:** `repeat%2:36:01::` | definition: "repeat an earlier theme of a composition" | synonyms: reprise, reprize, recapitulate.
        *   *Analysis:* Specific to music. Irrelevant.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 involves "state or perform again". It is often grouped with speech verbs.
    *   Sense 2 involves "make or do or perform again" with synonyms "duplicate, replicate".
    *   In scientific methodology, "repeating an experiment" is the act of **replication**. The Cavenee experiment is a procedure/methodology. Dr. Vogelstein is performing the procedure again to verify results.
    *   The presence of the synonym "replicate" in Sense 2 is the decisive factor. Scientists "replicate" experiments. Sense 2's example ("replicate his brilliant performance") supports the idea of performing a complex action again. Sense 1's synonyms (reiterate, retell) and examples (reiterating a request) are too focused on linguistic utterance. Even though Sense 1 mentions "perform", Sense 2 captures the specific nature of performing a task/procedure/experiment again (replication).

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the best fit. It describes the action of performing a task (an experiment) again to duplicate results.

    *   Index 1 corresponds to `repeat%2:32:00::`.
    *   Index 2 corresponds to `repeat%2:36:00::`.

    I need to select index 2.

    *Self-Correction/Double Check:* Is repeating an experiment "saying" or "doing"? It is "doing". Therefore, it falls under Sense 2 (make or do or perform again) rather than Sense 1 (say, state, or perform again - where perform seems to be used in the sense of a speech act or artistic performance, given the other synonyms). Sense 2 explicitly lists "replicate", which is the scientific standard term for this action.

    Final choice: Sense 2.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiment
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee <t>experiment</t> in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: *experiment*
    *   Target surface form: *experiment*
    *   Context snippet: "Dr. Vogelstein... set out to repeat the Cavenee <t>experiment</t> in cells from other cancers."
    *   Situation: Scientists (Knudson, Cavenee, Vogelstein) are doing scientific research on cancer genes. Vogelstein wants to "repeat" the "Cavenee experiment". This implies a specific scientific procedure or investigation that was previously conducted.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   Definition: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation"
        *   Synonyms: experimentation
        *   Focus: Scientific procedure, controlled test. Fits the context of medical/biological research (cancer, genes, chromosomes).

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   Definition: "the testing of an idea"
        *   Synonyms: experimentation
        *   Examples: "it was an experiment in living"; "not all experimentation is done in laboratories"
        *   Focus: Broader, abstract testing of ideas. While science tests ideas, the examples suggest a more general or philosophical usage ("experiment in living"). The specific context here is a laboratory setting involving cells and chromosomes.

    *   **Sense 3:**
        *   Definition: "a venture at something new or different"
        *   Examples: "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard"
        *   Focus: A personal trial or whim, not a rigorous scientific investigation.

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The context describes a specific scientific procedure ("repeat the Cavenee experiment") involving molecular biology ("cells from other cancers", "dual chromosome losses"). This is a controlled test or investigation.
    *   Sense 1 explicitly mentions "controlled test or investigation," which aligns perfectly with the scientific method described.
    *   Sense 2 is too broad and the examples don't fit the "laboratory" vibe as well as Sense 1 (even though the definition text says "not all... is done in laboratories", Sense 1 is the standard scientific definition).
    *   Sense 3 is clearly incorrect (growing a beard vs. cancer research).

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the correct choice for a scientific experiment in a medical research context.

5.  **Format Output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in <t>cells</t> from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form**: The target lemma is "cell" and the surface form is "cells".
2.  **Analyze the context**: The text discusses medical research, specifically cancer, genes, chromosomes, molecular biology, and laboratory experiments. Key phrases: "medicine", "cancer", "gene", "molecular biologist", "experiment", "chromosome losses". The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein... set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in *cells* from other cancers."
3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses**:
    *   Sense 1 (`cell%1:06:03::`): "any small compartment". Example: honeycomb. Too generic. Doesn't fit the biological context.
    *   Sense 2 (`cell%1:03:00::`): "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms...". Fits perfectly with biology, medicine, cancer research, and experiments conducted on biological material.
    *   Sense 3 (`cell%1:06:00::`): "a device that delivers an electric current...". Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4 (`cell%1:14:00::`): "a small unit serving as part of... a larger political movement". Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 5 (`cell%1:06:04::`): "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone...". Irrelevant context.
    *   Sense 6 (`cell%1:06:02::`): "small room in which a monk or nun lives". Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 7 (`cell%1:06:01::`): "a room where a prisoner is kept". Irrelevant.
4.  **Select the best sense**: Sense 2 is the biological definition of a cell. The context explicitly mentions "molecular biologist", "chromosome losses", and "cancer". The experiment is being conducted on biological cells.
5.  **Format the output**: The user requested a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

Final check: Does "cells" in "cells from other cancers" refer to biological cells? Yes. Does Sense 2 cover this? Yes. Is any other sense remotely plausible? No.

Result: `{"sense_index": 2}`.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from <t>other</t> cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and form:** The target lemma is "other" and the surface form is "other".
2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor." The preceding sentence provides the specific context: "...set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from <t>other</t> cancers."
    *   Dr. Vogelstein is studying cancers.
    *   Previously, the text mentions retinoblastoma.
    *   He wants to repeat the experiment in cells from "other" cancers.
    *   Meaning: Cancers different from the one already mentioned (retinoblastoma).
3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `other%3:00:00::` | Definition: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied". Examples: "today isn't any other day", "highways and other public works".
        *   Analysis: In the context "cells from other cancers", "other" means cancers distinct from retinoblastoma (already mentioned). This fits the definition perfectly. "Retinoblastoma" is the one mentioned, "other cancers" are the ones not the same as retinoblastoma.
    *   **Sense 2:** `other%5:00:00:past:00` | Definition: "recently past". Examples: "the other evening".
        *   Analysis: The context is not about time. It's about types of cancer. Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 3:** `other%5:00:02:past:00` | Definition: "belonging to the distant past". Synonyms: early, former.
        *   Analysis: The context is not about time/history. Incorrect.
    *   **Sense 4:** `other%5:00:00:strange:00` | Definition: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected".
        *   Analysis: While cancers are a specific type of disease, "other" here functions as a determiner/pronoun contrasting with the previously mentioned specific cancer, rather than an adjective describing the cancers as "strange" or "weird". The usage is standard enumeration/contrast, not qualitative judgment of oddness. Incorrect.
4.  **Determine the best match:** Sense 1 is the standard, general sense of "other" used to introduce additional items distinct from those previously mentioned.
5.  **Format output:** The user wants a JSON object `{"sense_index": X}`. The chosen sense is the first one in the list.

List index: 1.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other <t>cancers</t>. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancers`
    *   Context: The text discusses medical research, specifically retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, gene loss, chromosome losses, and "malignant growths". The specific sentence is: "...set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other **cancers**."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text mentions "retinoblastoma" (eye cancer).
    *   It mentions "Wilm's tumor" (kidney cancer).
    *   It talks about "malignant growth or tumor", "abnormal and uncontrolled cell division".
    *   The word "cancers" here refers to different types of diseases characterized by malignant tumors.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cancer%1:26:00::` - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease. This is the medical definition of the disease.
    *   **Sense 2:** `cancer%1:18:00::` - "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" | synonyms=Crab. This refers to a person (zodiac sign). Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 3:** `cancer%1:17:00::` - "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere..." This refers to the constellation. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 4:** `cancer%1:15:00::` - "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." This refers to the zodiac sign. Irrelevant.
    *   **Sense 5:** `cancer%1:05:00::` - "type genus of the family Cancridae" | synonyms=genus Cancer. This refers to a biological genus (crabs). Irrelevant.

4.  **Matching Context to Sense:**
    *   The context discusses medical conditions ("retinoblastoma", "Wilm's tumor", "kidney cancer").
    *   The phrase "cells from other cancers" refers to different types of the disease defined in Sense 1.
    *   Sense 1 is clearly the correct meaning.

5.  **Determine the Index:**
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

6.  **Format Output:**
    *   Return JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: teams
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research <t>teams</t> in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma:** "team" (noun), plural form "teams".
2.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses..."
    *   Subject: Research teams.
    *   Domain: Scientific research, medical/biological context (cancer research, molecular biology).
    *   Action: Reporting scientific findings.
    *   Composition: Groups of people working together on scientific inquiry.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)" | synonym: squad.
        *   Note: The parenthetical "(especially in sports)" is a specific domain qualifier often found in WordNet to distinguish it from general groups, but the core definition "cooperative unit" fits a group of researchers working together. WordNet often defines general groups under specific headers or relies on the "especially" clause to mark the prototypical usage. In many WSD frameworks, "team" for a research group maps to the general sense of a group working together, which is usually Sense 1 in WordNet (despite the "sports" bias in the gloss).
    *   Sense 2: "two or more draft animals that work together to pull something"
        *   Context mismatch: The text talks about scientists (Dr. Vogelstein, etc.), not animals pulling carts or plows.
4.  **Compare Context vs. Senses:**
    *   The context refers to groups of human researchers collaborating on a project.
    *   Sense 2 is for animals. Eliminated.
    *   Sense 1 is for cooperative units. While the gloss mentions sports, the core concept of a "cooperative unit" applies to research groups. This is the standard mapping for "team" in non-sports contexts (business team, research team, etc.) within WordNet hierarchies unless a specific "team%1:14:02" (not listed here) exists for work groups. Given only two options, Sense 1 is the correct human grouping sense. The "especially in sports" is a prototypicality marker, not an exclusive restriction in most WSD tasks unless there is a specific "work group" sense available (which is not provided here).
5.  **Determine the winner:** Sense 1 is the correct choice for a group of people working together.
6.  **Format output:** JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to <t>report</t> dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Target word: "report"
    *   Sentence: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to <t>report</t> dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
    *   Subject: "His [Dr. Vogelstein's] was one of two research teams".
    *   Action: "to report dual chromosome losses".
    *   Content/Object: "dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer..."
    *   Nature of the event: Scientific discovery/research findings being announced or published.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `report%2:32:00::` | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account.
        *   *Evaluation:* This is a very general sense. While technically true that they are giving an account, scientific reporting usually involves a formal announcement of findings. "Describe" is a synonym, but let's see if there is a more specific fit.

    *   **Sense 2:** `report%2:32:04::` | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=The team reported significant advances in their research.
        *   *Evaluation:* This fits perfectly. The context involves research teams finding "dual chromosome losses". It is the result of an investigation. The example "The team reported significant advances in their research" aligns very closely with "research teams... to report dual chromosome losses".

    *   **Sense 3:** `report%2:32:03::` | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock.
        *   *Evaluation:* Incorrect context.

    *   **Sense 4:** `report%2:32:01::` | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal.
        *   *Evaluation:* Incorrect context. This implies whistle-blowing or informing on someone/something to a higher power/authority figure for administrative purposes, not scientific publication/announcement.

    *   **Sense 5:** `report%2:32:13::` | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China...
        *   *Evaluation:* This is journalistic reporting (covering a beat). While scientists publish papers, "reporting" in this context refers to the act of announcing findings, not the profession of journalism or "covering" a story as a correspondent.

    *   **Sense 6:** `report%2:32:02::` | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor.
        *   *Evaluation:* Incorrect context.

3.  **Comparison:**
    *   Sense 1 is too broad ("give an account").
    *   Sense 2 specifically mentions "announce as the result of an investigation... or finding". The context is about research teams publishing/announcing scientific findings. The example provided for Sense 2 ("The team reported significant advances in their research") is semantically almost identical to the context sentence ("research teams... to report dual chromosome losses").

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the best fit.

5.  **Formatting:** The output must be a JSON object `{"sense_index": 2}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dual
Target surface form: dual
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report <t>dual</t> chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dual%5:00:00:multiple:00 | definition=consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs | synonyms=double, duple | examples=an egg with a double yolk; a double (binary) star
2. sense_key=dual%5:00:02:multiple:00 | definition=having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities; ; - R.W.Emerson; -Frederick Harrison | synonyms=double, twofold, treble, threefold | examples=a double (or dual) role for an actor; the office of a clergyman is twofold; public preaching and private influence
3. sense_key=dual%5:00:00:plural:00 | definition=a grammatical number category referring to two items or units as opposed to one item (singular) or more than two items (plural) | examples=ancient Greek had the dual form but it has merged with the plural form in modern Greek

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The target word is "dual" in the phrase: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
    *   The sentence describes a scientific finding where specific losses (of chromosomes/genes) occurred.
    *   Earlier in the text, it mentions: "the loss of both copies of the same gene".
    *   In the specific sentence, "dual chromosome losses" refers to the loss of *two* copies (or two specific instances/parts) related to the chromosome mechanism involved in the cancer (Knudson's two-hit hypothesis).
    *   The core meaning here is "two" or "two parts/components".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   *Definition:* consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs.
        *   *Synonyms:* double, duple.
        *   *Examples:* an egg with a double yolk; a double (binary) star.
        *   *Fit:* This sense emphasizes the number two, specifically components or parts. The text talks about "loss of both copies" (which is two copies). The phrase "dual chromosome losses" implies losses involving two parts (the two copies of the gene/chromosome segment). This fits well. It refers to the specific mechanism of losing *two* things (the pair of alleles).

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   *Definition:* having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities.
        *   *Synonyms:* double, twofold, treble, threefold.
        *   *Examples:* a double (or dual) role for an actor; the office of a clergyman is twofold...
        *   *Fit:* This sense is about *qualities* or *aspects* being different (e.g., a dual role as father and judge). The context is about a specific biological count (two losses). It is not about dissimilar qualities. It's about the physical loss of two copies. This is a poor fit.

    *   **Sense 3:**
        *   *Definition:* a grammatical number category referring to two items...
        *   *Examples:* ancient Greek had the dual form...
        *   *Fit:* This is a linguistic/grammatical definition. The context is biology/medicine, not grammar. This is an incorrect fit.

3.  **Synthesize and Select:**
    *   The context describes the "loss of both copies" (two hits).
    *   "Dual chromosome losses" means losses consisting of two parts (the pair of alleles).
    *   Sense 1 fits "consisting of or involving two parts or components".
    *   Sense 2 fits "dissimilar aspects" (abstract qualities), which doesn't match the concrete biological count.
    *   Sense 3 is grammatical.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user wants a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome <t>losses</t> for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Context sentence: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome <t>losses</t> for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
    *   Previous sentence: "It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."
    *   Subject matter: Genetics, cancer research, chromosomes.
    *   Specific usage: "dual chromosome losses".
    *   Meaning in context: The biological phenomenon where specific genetic material (chromosomes or parts of chromosomes) is missing or deleted from the cell.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `loss%1:21:01::` | Definition: "something that is lost" | Examples: "the car was a total loss".
        *   Analysis: This refers to a physical object or an entity that is gone. While genes/chromosomes are entities, "losses" here refers to the *act* or *event* of them being lost/deleted, or the state of missing them, rather than the chromosomes themselves being "losses" (like a lost car). However, "loss of livestock" is an example. Let's keep looking.

    *   **Sense 2:** `loss%1:22:00::` | Definition: "gradual decline in amount or activity" | Examples: "weight loss", "loss of business".
        *   Analysis: This implies a reduction in quantity over time. While genetic material is reduced, "chromosome losses" in cytogenetics usually refers to the specific event of a chromosome failing to segregate or being deleted, rather than a "gradual decline" in the sense of "weight loss".

    *   **Sense 3:** `loss%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of losing someone or something" | Examples: "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock".
        *   Analysis: This focuses on the *act* or *event* of losing.
        *   Text: "report dual chromosome losses".
        *   In genetics, "loss of heterozygosity" or "chromosome loss" describes the *event* where the genetic material is lost.
        *   The previous sentence says "loss of both copies...". The target sentence says "dual chromosome losses".
        *   This fits well. The scientists are reporting the *occurrence* (act) of chromosomes being lost.

    *   **Sense 4:** `loss%1:07:00::` | Definition: "the disadvantage that results from losing something" | Synonyms: deprivation.
        *   Analysis: Not applicable. The context is scientific observation, not social disadvantage.

    *   **Sense 5:** `loss%1:11:01::` | Definition: "the experience of losing a loved one".
        *   Analysis: Not applicable (medical context).

    *   **Sense 6:** `loss%1:21:00::` | Definition: "the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue".
        *   Analysis: Financial context. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 7:** `loss%1:11:00::` | Definition: "military personnel lost by death or capture".
        *   Analysis: Military context. Not applicable.

    *   **Sense 8:** `loss%1:11:02::` | Definition: "euphemistic expressions for death".
        *   Analysis: Not applicable.

3.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 3.**
    *   Sense 1: "something that is lost".
    *   Sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something".

    *   Sentence: "report dual chromosome losses".
    *   Are they reporting "two things that were lost" (Sense 1)?
    *   Or are they reporting "two events/instances of losing" (Sense 3)?
    *   In genetics, "loss" (noun) often collocates with the material lost (e.g., "gene loss", "chromosome loss"). The term refers to the biological process/event.
    *   Example from Sense 1: "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt". Here "loss" represents the quantity of livestock lost (the thing lost).
    *   Example from Sense 3: "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock". Here "loss" refers to the event of him not winning.
    *   In the text: "loss of both copies...". This is an event/process.
    *   "dual chromosome losses". Does "losses" refer to the missing chromosomes themselves? Or the events of losing them?
    *   In cytogenetics, "chromosome loss" is a mechanism. "Dual chromosome losses" implies two separate instances or types of loss events (likely losing one copy of chromosome A and one copy of chromosome B, or losing specific alleles).
    *   Let's look at the WordNet hierarchy (implied by the sense keys).
        *   `1:21:01` (Sense 1) -> noun possession (something possessed that is lost). This implies the object itself.
        *   `1:04:00` (Sense 3) -> noun act (the action of losing).
    *   Context: "showed that the loss of both copies... could lead to..." This frames it as an event/mechanism.
    *   "report dual chromosome losses". The scientists are observing the phenomenon. "Loss" in biology (like "heat loss", "blood loss", "weight loss") often hovers between the process (act) and the amount.
    *   However, Sense 2 defines "gradual decline". Chromosome loss is usually a distinct event (non-disjunction or deletion) in cancer genetics, not necessarily a gradual decline like weight loss.
    *   Sense 1 ("something that is lost") vs Sense 3 ("the act of losing").
    *   If I say "I reported the losses", I might mean the missing items.
    *   But here, they report "losses" as a phenomenon.
    *   Let's check the examples for Sense 1 again: "the car was a total loss". This treats the car as a "loss".
    *   Let's check the examples for Sense 3 again: "his loss was a shock". This treats the losing event as the "loss".
    *   In "chromosome losses", are the chromosomes the "losses"? No. The chromosomes are the objects. The "loss" is the event of them disappearing from the genome.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 ("the act of losing... something") is a strong candidate because it defines the event. The "loss" of the gene is the biological process/event being studied.

    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 1 again. "loss of livestock". Here, "loss" is the aggregate of the lost animals. "Weight loss" (Sense 2) is a decline.
    *   In the specific phrase "chromosome loss", it refers to the failure of a chromosome to segregate properly. It is an event.
    *   If I have "two losses", do I have two missing chromosomes? Or two events?
    *   "Dual chromosome losses" usually means loss of chromosome A and loss of chromosome B (two events).
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 (Act) is the most appropriate definition for a scientific event/process description.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "gradual decline". Cancer progression involves accumulating mutations, but specific chromosomal deletions are discrete events (often clonal expansion after a loss event). So "gradual decline" fits "weight loss" better than "chromosome loss" in the cytogenetic sense of deletion/aneuploidy.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "something that is lost".
    If I lose my keys, the keys are "something that is lost". But I wouldn't usually say "I reported the losses" meaning "I reported the keys". I would say "I reported the loss of the keys".
    The phrase "report dual chromosome losses" sounds like "report [two instances of the event of] chromosome loss".
    The usage matches Sense 3: The *act* of losing.
    Sentence: "the loss of both copies...".
    Sentence: "dual chromosome losses".
    The context emphasizes the mechanism/action (loss leading to cancer).
    Therefore, the sense meaning "the act of losing" (Sense 3) fits best.

    Let's double check the indexing.
    Candidate 1: `loss%1:21:01::` (something that is lost)
    Candidate 2: `loss%1:22:00::` (gradual decline)
    Candidate 3: `loss%1:04:00::` (the act of losing)

    In the text: "the loss of both copies". This is the act/process.
    "dual chromosome losses". These are instances of the act/process.
    Contrast with Sense 1: "The car was a total loss" (The car is the thing).
    Contrast with Sense 3: "His loss was a shock" (The losing event).
    The genetic context describes a biological mechanism/event.
    Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

    One potential confusion: Is it Sense 1 because it's a "loss" of material?
    Example in Sense 1: "loss of livestock".
    Example in Sense 3: "loss of someone or something".
    The distinction in WordNet between `1:04:00` (act) and `1:21:01` (possession/entity) can be subtle for abstract things.
    However, "chromosome loss" is defined in biology dictionaries as "the failure of a chromosome..." (an event/process) or "the absence of...".
    "Dual chromosome losses" refers to two events/occurrences.
    If it were Sense 1, it would imply the chromosomes themselves are the losses. While one could argue that, the previous context "the loss of both copies... could lead to" strongly frames it as a causative act/event.
    Furthermore, Sense 3 is the hypernym for the general concept of "losing something". Sense 1 is the specific result (the thing lost).
    In scientific reporting ("report losses"), one reports the events/phenomena.
    Thus, Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: childhood
Target surface form: childhood
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare <t>childhood</t> cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=childhood%1:28:00:: | definition=the time of person's life when they are a child
2. sense_key=childhood%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of a child between infancy and adolescence | synonyms=puerility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "childhood" used in the phrase "childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."

Let me analyze the context:
- "childhood cancer" - this refers to a cancer that occurs during childhood
- Wilm's tumor is a type of cancer that affects children (typically young children)

Now let me look at the two senses:

1. "the time of person's life when they are a child" - This refers to the period/time of life
2. "the state of a child between infancy and adolescence" - This refers to a state/condition, with synonym "puerility"

In the context "childhood cancer," the word "childhood" is being used as an attributive noun (functioning like an adjective) to describe when the cancer occurs. It's describing that this cancer occurs during the time period of childhood.

The key distinction here:
- Sense 1 emphasizes the "time" or "period" of someone's life
- Sense 2 emphasizes the "state" of being a child

When we say "childhood cancer," we're talking about a cancer that occurs during the time/period of childhood - not about the state of being a child. The cancer is characterized by when it occurs (during the childhood period), not by any state.

Therefore, sense 1 ("the time of person's life when they are a child") is the better fit for this context. "Childhood cancer" means a cancer that occurs during the time of a person's life when they are a child.

My answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood <t>cancer</t> of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context clearly discusses cancer as a medical condition - "malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division". The passage talks about retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, and lung cancer, all of which are types of malignant neoplastic disease.

Sense 1 (cancer%1:26:00::) is the correct sense - it refers to the medical condition of cancer, defined as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" with synonym "malignant neoplastic disease".

The other senses refer to:
- Sense 2: A person born under the astrological sign Cancer
- Sense 3: The constellation Cancer
- Sense 4: The zodiac sign Cancer
- Sense 5: The genus Cancer (crabs)

The target word in context is clearly referring to the disease, so sense 1 is correct.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor."
    *   Structure: "...a rare childhood cancer of the kidney [called] Wilm's tumor."
    *   Meaning: The sentence explains that "Wilm's tumor" is the name of the "rare childhood cancer of the kidney" being discussed. The word "called" is used to assign a specific name to a medical condition.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1:* `call%2:32:02::` | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader.
        *   Analysis: This fits perfectly. "Wilm's tumor" is a proper name (eponym). The structure "entity called name" matches the definition "assign a specified proper name to". Synonyms include "name".

    *   *Sense 2:* `call%2:32:00::` | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful.
        *   Analysis: This is for ascribing qualities or using common nouns as insults/descriptions (e.g., "He called me a fool"). "Wilm's tumor" is not a quality or a common noun ascription in this sense; it's a specific medical diagnosis/name.

    *   *Sense 3:* Telephone. Incorrect context.
    *   *Sense 4:* Shout. Incorrect context.
    *   *Sense 5:* Order/request to come. Incorrect context.
    *   *Sense 27:* `call%2:31:05::` | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful.
        *   Analysis: This is for opinions/estimations. This is about a fact (the name of the disease), not an opinion on the quality of the cancer.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 is for proper names ("Wilm's tumor").
    *   Sense 2 is for common nouns reflecting a quality or insult ("lazy", "a bastard").
    *   "Wilm's tumor" is a proper noun (named after the surgeon Max Wilms).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Target: "called"
    *   Object: "Wilm's tumor" (Proper name).
    *   Definition of Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
    *   Match: Perfect match.

5.  **Construct Output:**
    *   Format: JSON object `{"sense_index": 1}`.