[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wash_away
Target surface form: washed away
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly <t>washed away</t>. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:** "wash_away" (verb) in the form "washed away".
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Meaning: The positive effects of early schooling (the "difference" in performance) fade, disappear, or are negated over time. The "difference" is an abstract concept here (a gap or advantage). It is being eliminated or nullified.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `wash_away%2:30:01::`
        *   Definition: "eliminate"
        *   Examples: "wash away all the differences"
        *   Synonyms: (none listed in the prompt, but definition is clear)
        *   Fit: This sense refers to the abstract elimination of something (like differences). The example "wash away all the differences" is remarkably close to the context phrase "the difference is quickly washed away". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: `wash_away%2:30:00::`
        *   Definition: "remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent"
        *   Synonyms: wash, wash out, wash off
        *   Examples: "he washed the dirt from his coat"; "The nurse washed away the blood"
        *   Fit: This sense refers to physical cleaning with liquid. The context is about educational performance and abstract "differences". There is no physical cleaning involved.
4.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The context describes an abstract process where an advantage (difference in performance) disappears or is nullified.
    *   Sense 1 defines "eliminate" and gives the example "wash away all the differences". This matches the context's "difference is quickly washed away".
    *   Sense 2 defines physical cleaning, which is irrelevant here.
5.  **Formulate the Output:** The best sense is Sense 1.
6.  **Final JSON:** {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sum_up
Target surface form: sum up
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target lemma is "sum_up" and the surface form is "sum up".

Context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work..."

I need to determine the sense of "sum up" in this context.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

Analysis:
- The phrase is "Let us sum up what we do know about education..."
- Sense 1: "give a summary (of)" - This fits well. The speaker is about to provide a summary of what is known.
- Sense 2: "be a summary of" - This is used when something *is* a summary of something else (e.g., "The abstract summarizes the paper"). Here, the subject is "us" (Let us sum up), which doesn't fit the passive/stative meaning of "be a summary of". We are not *being* a summary; we are *giving* a summary.
- Sense 3: "determine the sum of" (mathematical addition) - This is about adding numbers. The context is about knowledge and education reforms, not mathematical addition.

The context indicates the author is presenting a summary or recapitulation of knowledge points. The agent (we/us) is performing the action of summarizing.

Sense 1 is the correct choice. It involves an agent giving a summary.
Sense 2 describes what a text/object does (abstract summarizes ideas).
Sense 3 is mathematical.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

The index for sense 1 is 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: `know`
    *   Context sentence: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work..."
    *   The phrase is "what we do know about...".
    *   The sentence structure implies possessing information or facts regarding a specific topic ("education", "education reforms"). It's about compiling facts/information that is verifiable or possessed by "us".

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (know%2:31:01::):** "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
        *   Examples: "I know that the President lied...", "I want to know who is winning...".
        *   Match: This sense focuses on possessing facts or information about a topic. The context talks about summing up facts regarding education reforms. This fits "possess knowledge or information about".

    *   **Sense 2 (know%2:31:03::):** "know how to do or perform something".
        *   Examples: "She knows how to knit".
        *   Match: The context isn't about a skill or ability to do something. It's about propositional knowledge.

    *   **Sense 3 (know%2:31:02::):** "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something...".
        *   Examples: "I know that I left the key...", "Galileo knew that the earth moves...".
        *   Match: This is very close to Sense 1, often overlapping. However, Sense 1 is more general "possess knowledge or information about", while Sense 3 often implies a deep conviction or being aware of a truth/fact (completive). "What we do know about education" fits better with "possessing information about" (Sense 1) than just being aware of a specific truth (Sense 3). Sense 1 covers the broader scope of having information on a subject matter.

    *   **Sense 4 (know%2:31:00::):** "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object".
        *   Examples: "She doesn't know this composer".
        *   Match: Not applicable. It's not about a person.

    *   **Sense 5 (know%2:31:04::):** "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions...".
        *   Examples: "I know the feeling!".
        *   Match: Not emotional or experiential in the visceral sense.

    *   **Sense 6 (know%2:31:06::):** "accept (someone) to be what is claimed...".
        *   Match: No.

    *   **Sense 7 (know%2:31:15::):** "have fixed in the mind" (memorization).
        *   Examples: "I know Latin".
        *   Match: No.

    *   **Sense 8 (know%2:35:00::):** "have sexual intercourse with".
        *   Match: No.

    *   **Sense 9 (know%2:31:11::):** "know the nature or character of".
        *   Match: No.

    *   **Sense 10 (know%2:31:12::):** "be able to distinguish...".
        *   Match: No.

    *   **Sense 11 (know%2:31:14::):** "perceive as familiar".
        *   Match: No.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
    *   Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt".
    *   Context: "sum up what we do know about education...".
    *   The context refers to a body of information or facts regarding education reforms. It is propositional knowledge. Sense 1's definition "possess knowledge or information about" is the most generic and fitting description for "knowing about" a subject matter. Sense 3's definition leans towards conviction or certitude about a specific proposition ("Galileo knew that..."). While one can "know that education reforms work," the phrasing "know about education" aligns perfectly with Sense 1's "possess knowledge or information about".
    *   Furthermore, the example for Sense 1 ("I know that the President lied") uses a 'that' clause, but the definition includes "specific piece of information". Sense 1 is the standard sense for cognitive possession of facts. The text is discussing facts and evidence ("We know that very early exposure..."). The target instance is "sum up what we do know". This implies collecting the facts.
    *   Sense 1 is the broad cognitive sense.
    *   Let's check the example for Sense 1 again. "I want to know who is winning the game" (possession of information). "I know that..." (fact).
    *   Let's check Sense 3 examples. "I know that I left the key..." (certainty of a past event). "Galileo knew..." (truth held).
    *   The phrase "what we do know" refers to the body of facts possessed.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

    *   sense_key: know%2:31:01::
    *   sense_index: 1

    The prompt asks for a JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form**: The target is "education" (noun).
2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   "Thus at the recent governors' conference on education..." -> Refers to a system or general topic.
    *   "What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years." -> Discussing the system of schooling.
    *   "Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program." -> Contrasting types of programs.
    *   "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work:" -> Here is the specific instance of the target word "<t>education</t>".
    *   The context discusses "education reforms", "schooling", "educational system", "first grade".
    *   The sentence "Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t>" refers to the field, the activity, and the system of instruction/schooling, rather than just the specific knowledge gained by one person (sense 2) or the abstract process of acquiring knowledge in a general sense (sense 3), though sense 3 is close. It's definitely not the federal department (sense 6) or social breeding (sense 5).
    *   The phrase "education reforms that do work" implies an active system or set of activities.
    *   The surrounding text discusses the "educational system", "schooling", and "formal education" (implied by grades).

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:
    *   Sense 1: `education%1:04:00::` - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill". Synonyms: instruction, teaching. This fits well with "education reforms", "schooling", and the general topic of how schools function. The text discusses the *process* and *activity* occurring in schools ("exposure to schooling", "educational system").
    *   Sense 2: `education%1:09:00::` - "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction". Example: "he had a very broad education". This refers to the possession of knowledge. The context asks about "education reforms". You don't reform the knowledge inside someone's head; you reform the activities/system of teaching them. So, sense 2 is less likely.
    *   Sense 3: `education%1:09:01::` - "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge". Example: "education is a preparation for life". This is very similar to sense 1, but often refers to the abstract process or the concept. However, the specific context of "governors' conference", "educational system", "reforms", and "schooling" aligns strongly with the *activity* or the *field of instruction* rather than just the internal cognitive process of acquiring knowledge.
    *   Sense 4: `education%1:04:01::` - "the profession of teaching". While governors discuss the profession, the context encompasses the system, the activities, and the reforms, which is broader than just the "profession".
    *   Sense 5: `education%1:07:01::` - "the result of good upbringing". Clearly incorrect context.
    *   Sense 6: `education%1:14:00::` - "the United States federal department". The context mentions a governors' conference *on* education, implying the topic, not the department itself (though the department deals with it, the word usually refers to the topic in this phrasing).

    *   *Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 3*:
        *   Sense 1 focuses on "activities of educating", "instruction", "teaching".
        *   Sense 3 focuses on the "gradual process of acquiring knowledge".
        *   The text discusses "extending the educational system", "educational program", "schooling". It treats education as an institutionalized activity or system.
        *   "Education reforms" usually refers to changes in how the activities of teaching/instruction are delivered (Sense 1).
        *   "What we do know about education": This often implies the field or the practice.
        *   Sense 1 synonyms are "instruction, teaching, pedagogy". The text mentions "educational system", "schooling", "first grade". These are the apparatus of Sense 1.
        *   Sense 3 examples ("education is a preparation for life") sound more philosophical. The text is practical/policy-oriented ("reforms", "programs", "system").
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 (activities/instruction) is the best fit for "education reforms" and the general topic discussed by governors regarding the system.

4.  **Refining the choice**:
    *   In WordNet, sense 1 (04:00) is often the most general concrete sense (activities).
    *   Sense 3 (09:01) is often the cognitive process sense.
    *   The context discusses the machinery of education (programs, schools, reforms).
    *   "Let us sum up what we do know about education..." followed by a discussion of "schooling", "first grade", "parents", "schools".
    *   This points to the systematic activity of instruction.

    *   Let's check the indexing.
        *   1: education%1:04:00:: (activities)
        *   2: education%1:09:00:: (knowledge acquired)
        *   3: education%1:09:01:: (gradual process)
        *   4: education%1:04:01:: (profession)
        *   5: education%1:07:01:: (breeding)
        *   6: education%1:14:00:: (department)

    *   Choice: Sense 1. It covers the activities and the system of instruction implied by "educational system", "schooling", "reforms".

    *   Wait, is there a sense for "the field of education"? Sense 4 is "the profession". Sense 1 is "activities".
    *   Often "education" in the context of "conference on education" or "education reforms" maps to Sense 1 in WSD datasets (like SemCor). The system is comprised of the activities.
    *   Sense 3 ("gradual process") is close, but "reforms" acts on the delivery mechanism (Sense 1) rather than the internal psychological process (Sense 3).

    *   Let's double check Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
        *   Sense 1 definition: "the activities of educating or instructing".
        *   Context: "education reforms", "educational system", "schooling".
        *   Reforming education means reforming the activities of instructing.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the strongest match.

    *   Final check:
        *   Context: "Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t>..."
        *   The paragraph discusses "educational system", "schooling", "first grade", "parents", "schools".
        *   This is the domain of organized instruction.
        *   Definition 1: "activities of educating or instructing".
        *   This fits the institutional/systemic context best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those <t>education</t> reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The context discusses "education" in terms of an educational system, educational programs, schooling, and "education reforms". The passage mentions "extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years", "exposure to schooling", and "education reforms that do work and do not work".
This points towards the system, process, or activities of educating, rather than the knowledge acquired (sense 2 or 3), the profession (sense 4), social upbringing (sense 5), or the department (sense 6).
Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity.
Wait, let me look at the context again: "governors' conference on education", "extending the educational system", "education reforms".
Is there a sense for the system of education? WordNet 3.0:
1: education%1:04:00:: (activities of educating...)
2: education%1:09:00:: (knowledge acquired...)
3: education%1:09:01:: (gradual process of acquiring knowledge)
4: education%1:04:01:: (profession of teaching...)
5: education%1:07:01:: (result of good upbringing...)
6: education%1:14:00:: (the United States federal department...)

Let's evaluate sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill".
Let's evaluate sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge".
"governors' conference on education" - this is usually about the school system, the activities/institutions of education.
"education reforms that do work" - reforms to the system, methods, activities of educating.
Sense 1 seems to be the closest fit for the organized activity/institution of education, as opposed to just the abstract process of acquiring knowledge (sense 3) or the body of knowledge (sense 2).

Wait, looking closely at the context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work".
"education reforms" implies reforms in the activities, methods, and institutions of teaching/instructing. Sense 1 ("activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill") encompasses the formal educational system and its activities. Examples for Sense 1: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed".

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice.

provider: SiliconFlow


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reforms
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target lemma:** reform
    *   **Target surface form:** reforms (plural noun)
    *   **Context:** The text discusses education, specifically "Governors' conference on education," "child-development policy," and "education reforms." The author is evaluating policies intended to improve the educational system. The phrase "education reforms" refers to changes made to the system to improve it or correct issues.
    *   **Sentence:** "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work..."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (reform%1:04:00::):** Definition: "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses". Example: "justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts".
        *   *Analysis:* This refers to the result or the specific instance of change implemented. It fits the context of changing education policy.
    *   **Sense 2 (reform%1:04:01::):** Definition: "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices". Example: "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians".
        *   *Analysis:* This emphasizes the "campaign" or the movement/proposal aspect. The example "reforms he proposed" aligns well with "reforms that do work". It suggests a set of measures or proposals intended to fix problems.
    *   **Sense 3 (reform%1:04:02::):** Definition: "self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice". Example: "the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform".
        *   *Analysis:* This is clearly wrong. The context is about institutional policy (education), not personal moral improvement.

3.  **Distinguish between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   The distinction in WordNet between Sense 1 ("a change") and Sense 2 ("a campaign") can be subtle for plural nouns ("reforms").
    *   Sense 1 focuses on the *change* itself (the outcome or the specific correction).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the *campaign* or the organized effort/proposals.
    *   The context mentions "education reforms that do work and do not work". This implies specific measures or changes implemented or proposed.
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 1 example: "justice was for sale before the reform..." (singular, specific change).
        *   Sense 2 example: "the reforms he proposed..." (plural, proposals/measures).
    *   The phrase "education reforms" usually refers to specific legislative or systemic changes (measures) proposed or enacted to improve the system. This aligns closely with the definition "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices" in the sense of a set of measures (often used in the plural "reforms"). However, Sense 1 is defined as "a change for the better...".
    *   Let's look closer at the WordNet hierarchy or usage.
    *   Often, "reforms" (plural) are treated as specific legislative acts or proposals. Sense 1 is "a change". Sense 2 is "a campaign".
    *   However, usually, when we talk about "education reforms", we are talking about the specific changes (Sense 1) or the movement (Sense 2).
    *   Let's check the mappings in other resources if possible mentally.
    *   If I look at the sentence "the reforms he proposed were too radical", the word acts as a proposal for change.
    *   In the target sentence: "those education reforms that do work...". This treats "reforms" as specific measures/changes.
    *   Sense 1: "a change for the better...".
    *   Sense 2: "a campaign...".
    *   Usually, specific measures are considered instances of "reform" (Sense 1) or "reforms" (plural of Sense 1).
    *   Wait, let's look at the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: "a change for the better...".
    *   Sense 2: "a campaign...".
    *   Is "education reform" usually a campaign? It's a movement. But "education reforms" (plural) are usually specific acts or changes (e.g., school choice, curriculum changes).
    *   If the text says "reforms that do work", it implies specific implementations of change.
    *   Does Sense 1 cover plural specific acts? Yes, a reform is a change. Reforms are changes.
    *   Does Sense 2 cover specific acts? It defines it as a "campaign". A campaign is a broader effort. You wouldn't usually say "this specific law is a campaign". You would say "this specific law is a reform" (Sense 1).
    *   However, sometimes WordNet distinguishes between the result (Sense 1) and the effort/proposal (Sense 2).
    *   Let's check the example for Sense 2: "the reforms he proposed". Here, "reforms" refers to the proposals. Proposals aren't changes yet, they are part of a campaign.
    *   In the target text, the author talks about "reforms that do work". If a reform "works", it has been implemented and had an effect. This sounds like the "change for the better" (Sense 1).
    *   However, "reforms" can also mean "measures of reform".
    *   Let's look at the Sense 1 definition again: "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses".
    *   Let's look at the Sense 2 definition again: "a campaign aimed to correct abuses".
    *   The target context mentions "reforms that do work". If they "work", they are likely the changes themselves.
    *   BUT, Sense 2's example "reforms he proposed" suggests Sense 2 is used for proposals/measures within a campaign context, often used in the plural.
    *   Let's check standard WSD practice for this lemma.
    *   Often, "reforms" (plural) in political contexts aligns with Sense 2 ("campaign" / "proposals" for change) or Sense 1 (the changes).
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and 2 again. Sense 1 emphasizes the *result* ("as a result of correcting"). Sense 2 emphasizes the *aim* ("aimed to correct").
    *   The text says "reforms that do work". This implies they are measures that have an effect.
    *   Often, Sense 2 is preferred for the general concept of specific reform measures proposed or enacted in a political context (like "agrarian reforms", "education reforms").
    *   Let's check the example similarity.
    *   Text: "education reforms that do work".
    *   Sense 2 Ex: "reforms he proposed".
    *   Sense 1 Ex: "reform of the law courts" (singular, abstract).
    *   Plural usage "reforms" often maps to Sense 2 in WordNet because Sense 1 is often defined singularly as the abstract process/result. However, WordNet does allow plurals for Sense 1.
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 2 again. "A campaign aimed to correct...". Is a specific policy a "campaign"? Maybe not.
    *   However, in many WSD datasets, the political/plural "reforms" (like "market reforms", "education reforms") often fall under Sense 2 because they are viewed as a set of measures (a campaign). Or they fall under Sense 1 if viewed as "changes".
    *   Let's reconsider Sense 1. "A change for the better...". Education reforms are changes.
    *   Let's reconsider Sense 2. "A campaign...". Is "school choice" a campaign? No, it's a policy. The "education reform movement" is a campaign. "Education reforms" are the policies.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 ("a change") fits the semantics of the word "reforms" (policies/changes) better than Sense 2 ("a campaign").
    *   Why does WordNet have Sense 2? "The reforms he proposed were too radical". Proposals. Maybe Sense 2 captures "reform proposals".
    *   But the text says "reforms that do work". A proposal that works becomes a change. A campaign that works is successful.
    *   Let's look at the ontology. Sense 1 -> act, deed, human action. Sense 2 -> campaign, cause, crusade, drive, effort, movement.
    *   Are "education reforms" actions/deeds (Sense 1) or movements/campaigns (Sense 2)?
    *   "Those education reforms" refers to specific policy actions (e.g., standardized testing, curriculum changes). These are acts/deeds/changes, not campaigns. The "Education Reform Movement" is the campaign. The specific "reforms" are the changes.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 seems more accurate for the specific instances of change mentioned in the text ("reforms that do work"). The author is evaluating specific changes.

    *   Let's double check if Sense 2 is the standard "political reforms" sense.
    *   In SemCor or similar corpora, how is it tagged?
    *   Often, "reforms" in the sense of "proposed changes" or "legislative acts" is tricky.
    *   Let's try to interpret Sense 2 "campaign" more broadly. Could "reforms" mean "measures"? WordNet sometimes has specific definitions.
    *   If Sense 1 is "change for the better...", it implies the result is achieved ("as a result of..."). The text says "reforms that do work" (implying success) vs "do not work" (failure). If a reform fails, is it a Sense 1 reform? Sense 1 definition says "a change for the better *as a result of* correcting abuses". If it didn't work, was it a change for the better? Maybe not technically by that strict definition.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "a campaign *aimed to* correct...". This focuses on the intent. The "reforms that do not work" were *aimed* to correct abuses but failed.
    *   This distinction in definitions (Result vs. Aim) is crucial.
    *   Text: "reforms that do work and do not work".
    *   If the word covers both successful and unsuccessful attempts, Sense 2 ("aimed to correct") covers both. Sense 1 ("change for the better") technically only covers the successful ones (or presupposes success).
    *   Since the text groups them ("reforms that do work and do not work"), the term must cover intended changes regardless of success.
    *   Sense 2's definition ("aimed to correct") fits this better than Sense 1 ("change for the better... as a result").
    *   Also, Sense 2's example "reforms he proposed" fits the legislative/policy nature of "education reforms".
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the better fit because the context discusses reforms as proposals/measures with varying effectiveness, aligning with the "aimed to" aspect, and distinct from the "self-improvement" of Sense 3. The "campaign" gloss might be slightly misleading if interpreted strictly as a social movement, but "aimed to correct abuses" captures the legislative intent better than the result-oriented Sense 1 definition. Furthermore, the plural form "reforms" in political discourse often aligns with Sense 2 in WordNet annotations (often mapped to the proposal/campaign sense).

    *   Let's verify:
    *   Context: "education reforms".
    *   Sense 1: Result of correcting abuses (Success implied).
    *   Sense 2: Campaign/Proposal aimed to correct abuses (Intent implied).
    *   Context distinguishes between working and non-working reforms. The concept must encompass both success and failure.
    *   Sense 2 allows for failure ("aimed to"). Sense 1 ("change for the better") suggests success.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1. "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses".
    *   Let me re-read Sense 2. "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices".
    *   Is an "education reform" (singular) or "reforms" (plural) a campaign?
    *   Example Sense 2: "the reforms he proposed". This implies "reforms" = "proposals for change".
    *   The text discusses "reforms that do work". These are specific interventions.
    *   Common usage: "We need education reform." (Mass noun, campaign/movement - Sense 2?). "We implemented three reforms." (Count noun, specific changes - Sense 1?).
    *   However, the Sense 1 definition is very specific about the "result".
    *   If I say "The reform failed," Sense 1 is awkward because it wasn't a "change for the better". Sense 2 works because it was an "aim".
    *   The text explicitly mentions "reforms that do not work". This confirms that "reforms" here includes failed attempts.
    *   Only Sense 2 encompasses failed attempts via the definition "aimed to correct".
    *   Thus, Sense 2 is the logical choice based on the definitions provided.

4.  **Final Verification:**
    *   Target: reforms.
    *   Context: "education reforms that do work and do not work".
    *   Sense 1: Requires "change for the better" (Success).
    *   Sense 2: Requires "aimed to correct" (Intent).
    *   Since the text refers to reforms that might not work, Sense 2 is the only definition compatible with the non-successful instances.
    *   Sense 3: Personal morality. Incorrect.

    *   Choice: Sense 2.

provider: Baidu


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work..."
    *   Topic: Education reforms, policies, programs (like child development policy).
    *   Subject: "education reforms".
    *   Meaning: The sentence discusses whether reforms succeed in producing the desired effect (improving education).
    *   Contrast: "do work and do not work" suggests a binary outcome of success/failure or effectiveness.

2.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**

    *   *Sense 1 (exert oneself):* Refers to people laboring. Reforms don't "exert themselves" or labor. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 2 (be employed):* Refers to having a job. Reforms aren't employed. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 3 (have an effect or outcome):*
        *   Definition: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected".
        *   Synonyms: "act".
        *   Examples: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought"; "How does your idea work in practice?"
        *   Fit: This fits perfectly. We are talking about whether reforms produce the desired outcome. "Reforms that work" means reforms that are effective.
    *   *Sense 4 (perform as expected when applied / function):*
        *   Definition: "perform as expected when applied".
        *   Synonyms: "function, operate".
        *   Examples: "The washing machine won't go..."; "Does this old car still run well?"
        *   Fit: This is close, often used for mechanisms or systems. However, Sense 3 ("have an effect or outcome") is more specific to the abstract nature of "reforms" or "ideas" having an effect, whereas Sense 4 is often associated with machinery or physical systems functioning mechanically. The example for Sense 3 ("How does your idea work in practice?") is very similar to "education reforms". Let's compare 3 and 4. Sense 3 emphasizes the *outcome/effect*. Sense 4 emphasizes the *functioning/operation*. In the context of policy reforms, we are interested in their *effectiveness* or outcome. Sense 3 is the standard definition for abstract entities like plans, ideas, or reforms succeeding.
    *   *Sense 5 (shape material):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 6 (exercise):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 7 (proceed along a path):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 8 (operate in a place):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 9 (proceed towards a goal):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 10 (move agitatedly):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 11 (cause to happen):* Transitive usage. Here "work" is intransitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 12 (cause to work):* Transitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 13 (cultivate):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 14 (behave when handled):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 15 (influence):* Transitive usually ("work on"). Here intransitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 16 (operate in or through):* Transitive usually. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 17 (cause to operate):* Transitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 18 (provoke):* Transitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 19 (gratify):* Transitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 20 (make something):* Transitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 21 (move into):* Transitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 22 (make uniform):* Transitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 23 (exploit):* Transitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 24 (solve):* Transitive. Incorrect.
    *   *Sense 25 (ferment):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 26 (spoil):* Irrelevant.
    *   *Sense 27 (arrive at condition):* Irrelevant.

3.  **Refine decision between Sense 3 and Sense 4:**
    *   Context: "education reforms that do work".
    *   Sense 3 Definition: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected".
    *   Sense 4 Definition: "perform as expected when applied".
    *   WordNet (and general usage) often distinguishes "The plan works" (Sense 3 - succeeds/produces result) from "The car works" (Sense 4 - functions).
    *   The example for Sense 3 is "How does your idea work in practice?". Reforms are abstract ideas/plans.
    *   The example for Sense 4 is "The washing machine won't go...". This implies mechanical operation.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit for abstract entities like reforms, policies, or ideas producing a desired result.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 3.

5.  **Formatting:** Return JSON object.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "work" in the context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"

The sentence is talking about education reforms that "work" - meaning they are effective, they produce the desired results.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. work%2:41:02:: - exert oneself by doing mental or physical work - This doesn't fit because it's about a person working hard.

2. work%2:41:00:: - be employed - This doesn't fit because it's about being employed, not about reforms being effective.

3. work%2:41:03:: - have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?

This seems to fit! The context is about education reforms that "work" - meaning they have an effect or outcome, particularly the desired one (successful education reforms). The example "How does your idea work in practice?" is similar to asking if education reforms work.

4. work%2:35:02:: - perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run - This could also potentially fit as it's about performing as expected, but this seems more mechanical/functional (like a machine).

5. work%2:36:00:: - shape, form, or improve a material - Not relevant.

6. work%2:29:00:: - give a workout to - Not relevant.

7. work%2:38:00:: - proceed along a path - Not relevant.

8. work%2:41:04:: - operate in a certain place, area, or specialty - Not relevant.

9. work%2:41:05:: - proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity - Not relevant.

10. work%2:38:02:: - move in an agitated manner - Not relevant.

11. work%2:36:01:: - cause to happen or to occur as a consequence - Not directly relevant.

12. work%2:41:01:: - cause to work - Not relevant.

13. work%2:36:09:: - prepare for crops - Not relevant.

14. work%2:42:10:: - behave in a certain way when handled - Not relevant.

15. work%2:41:10:: - have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon - This is close but the examples are about influencing people, not about programs/policies being effective.

16. work%2:41:11:: - operate in or through - Not relevant.

17. work%2:41:12:: - cause to operate or function - Not relevant.

18. work%2:39:10:: - provoke or excite - Not relevant.

19. work%2:37:10:: - gratify and charm, usually in order to influence - Not relevant.

20. work%2:36:12:: - make something, usually for a specific function - Not relevant.

21. work%2:35:14:: - move into or onto - Not relevant.

22. work%2:35:00:: - make uniform - Not relevant.

23. work%2:34:10:: - use or manipulate to one's advantage - Not relevant.

24. work%2:31:13:: - find the solution to (a problem or question) - Not relevant.

25. work%2:30:14:: - cause to undergo fermentation - Not relevant.

26. work%2:30:13:: - go sour or spoil - Not relevant.

27. work%2:30:10:: - arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" with examples like "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?"

This matches the context perfectly - education reforms that "work" means they have the desired effect/outcome.

Sense 4 could also potentially work ("perform as expected when applied"), but the examples are more about mechanical devices (washing machines, cars), whereas sense 3's examples (voting process, ideas in practice) are more abstract and closer to policy/reforms.

Therefore, the answer is sense_index: 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parental
Target surface form: Parental
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "<t>Parental</t> involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "parental" and the surface form is "Parental". It's an adjective.

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses education policy, specifically a child-development policy for children under five.
    *   The specific phrase is "Parental involvement".
    *   The sentence says: "Parental involvement is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools..."
    *   The context refers to the role of fathers and mothers (parents) in the educational process.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `parental%3:01:00::` | definition="designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced". This is a biological/genetic sense, often used in the context of hybridization (P generation, F1 generation).
    *   **Sense 2:** `parental%3:00:00::` | definition="relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent" | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples="parental guidance". This is the general sense referring to the social or familial role of a parent.

4.  **Compare context to senses:**
    *   The context talks about parents participating in school matters ("Parental involvement", blaming schools). This relates to the social role of parents.
    *   Sense 1 refers to biology/genetics (hybrid offspring). This does not fit the context of a governors' conference on education and school policy.
    *   Sense 2 refers to "relating to... a parent". The phrase "Parental involvement" perfectly matches the example "parental guidance" and the definition. It describes the involvement characteristic of parents.

5.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 2 is clearly the correct choice.

6.  **Format the output:** The user wants a JSON object with the key "sense_index".
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

    Wait, the instructions say "Choose the single best indexed sense... Do not answer with a WordNet sense key... Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."
    The candidate senses are listed as 1 and 2.
    Therefore, I need to return {"sense_index": 2}.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involvement
Target surface form: involvement
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental <t>involvement</t> "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, participation, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00:: | definition=a connection of inclusion or containment | examples=he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen
3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=interest | examples=an interest in music
4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00:: | definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour
5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=participation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Sentence: "-- 'Parental <t>involvement</t>' is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
    *   Broader Context: The text discusses education reform, specifically Governor Bill Clinton's proposal for child development policy. It mentions extending the educational system and discusses what works vs. what doesn't.
    *   Phrase "Parental involvement": In the context of education, this refers to parents participating in the schooling process (attending meetings, helping with homework, engaging with the school system).
    *   Tone: The author is critical ("is a bad idea").

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `involvement%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of sharing in the activities of a group" | Synonyms: engagement, participation, involution.
        *   *Fit:* "Parental involvement" usually means parents participating in school activities or their child's education. This fits well with the "act of sharing in activities" definition. The synonym "participation" is very strong here.

    *   **Sense 2:** `involvement%1:24:00::` | Definition: "a connection of inclusion or containment".
        *   *Fit:* This usually applies to being implicated in a crime ("involvement in the accident") or medical spread ("involvement of the liver"). "Parental inclusion/containment" doesn't make sense in this educational context.

    *   **Sense 3:** `involvement%1:09:00::` | Definition: "a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something" | Synonyms: interest.
        *   *Fit:* While parents might have an "interest" in education, "parental involvement" is a specific term of art in education policy referring to active participation, not just passive curiosity or concern. Sense 1 is more active and specific to the colocation "parental involvement".

    *   **Sense 4:** `involvement%1:26:00::` | Definition: "a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship".
        *   *Fit:* Definitely not.

    *   **Sense 5:** `involvement%1:26:01::` | Definition: "the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.)" | Synonyms: participation.
        *   *Fit:* This is very similar to Sense 1. Let's distinguish.
        *   Sense 1 gloss: "the act of sharing in the activities of a group". Examples: "engagement in class activities".
        *   Sense 5 gloss: "the condition of sharing in common with others". Synonyms: participation.
        *   In WordNet (assuming a standard mapping or Princeton WordNet structure), Sense 1 (often associated with wn:10023504-n or similar depending on version) usually maps to 'engagement', 'participation', 'involution'. Sense 5 (often wn:11375653-n) maps to 'participation', 'involvement'.
        *   However, looking closely at the provided definitions:
            *   Sense 1 emphasizes "the *act* of sharing in the activities of a group". The example mentions students' engagement in class activities.
            *   Sense 5 emphasizes "the *condition* of sharing in common".
        *   "Parental involvement" is an action or process (participating in the school life). It fits the "act of sharing in activities" description found in Sense 1 better than the abstract "condition" in Sense 5.
        *   Also, Sense 1 includes "engagement" as a synonym, which fits the educational context well (parental engagement).
        *   Let's check the "sense_key" formats provided.
            *   Sense 1: `involvement%1:04:00::`. In many WordNet versions, this is the 'participation' sense.
            *   Sense 5: `involvement%1:26:01::`. This is also a 'participation' sense but often denotes a state or condition (like "partnership").
        *   Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 1: "the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities". This is semantically parallel to "Parental involvement [engagement/participation] in schools". The target sentence discusses parents' role in the educational system (a group activity).
        *   Sense 3 ("interest") is too passive. "Parental involvement" implies doing something (attending PTA, helping with homework), which aligns with "act of sharing in the activities of a group".

3.  **Selection:**
    *   Sense 1 captures the active participation in a group setting (the school/educational system) that is implied by the specific phrase "Parental involvement". The example provided for Sense 1 regarding "students' engagement in class activities" is structurally analogous to "Parental involvement" in education.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

4.  **Final Output Formulation:**
    *   JSON object: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: DigitalOcean


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bad
Target surface form: bad
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
2. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
3. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
5. sense_key=bad%3:00:09:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
7. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | examples=so-called bad grammar
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | examples=led a very bad life
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** bad
    *   **Context Sentence:** "-- 'Parental involvement 'is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
    *   **Contextual Meaning:** The author is arguing against "Parental involvement" as a policy or idea. They characterize it as undesirable, ineffective, or counterproductive in this specific context because parents blame schools. The word "bad" modifies "idea".
    *   **Broader Context:** The text discusses education policy, specifically Gov. Clinton's proposal and the author's critique of existing reforms. The author is listing things they know about reforms. They are stating that "Parental involvement" is a negative or poor idea.

2.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `having undesirable or negative qualities`
        *   *Examples:* "a bad report card", "his sloppy appearance made a bad impression".
        *   *Fit:* An idea can definitely have undesirable or negative qualities. Calling an idea "bad" usually means it is not good, it is flawed, or it will lead to negative outcomes. This is a very general sense.
    *   **Sense 2:** `very intense`
        *   *Examples:* "a bad headache", "in a big rage".
        *   *Fit:* Does "bad idea" mean "very intense idea"? No. Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 3:** `feeling physical discomfort or pain`
        *   *Examples:* "my throat feels bad".
        *   *Fit:* An idea cannot feel pain. Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 4:** `(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition`
        *   *Fit:* Metaphorical usage? Not really standard for "idea". Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 5:** `feeling or expressing regret or sorrow`
        *   *Fit:* Does the idea feel regret? No. Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 6:** `not capable of being collected`
        *   *Fit:* Financial context. Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 7:** `below average in quality or performance`
        *   *Examples:* "a bad chess player", "a bad recital".
        *   *Fit:* An idea can be of low quality. However, usually "bad idea" suggests it is undesirable or wrong, rather than just "below average". Let's compare with Sense 1. Sense 7 is often used for skill/performance ("bad player"). Sense 1 covers general negative qualities ("bad impression", "bad report card").
    *   **Sense 8:** `nonstandard`
        *   *Examples:* "so-called bad grammar".
        *   *Fit:* Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 9:** `not financially safe or secure`
        *   *Fit:* Financial context. Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 10:** `physically unsound or diseased`
        *   *Fit:* Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 11:** `capable of harming`
        *   *Examples:* "bad air", "smoking is bad for you".
        *   *Fit:* A bad idea could be harmful. But "bad idea" is a very common collocation usually falling under the general sense of "unpleasant, undesirable, poor quality".
    *   **Sense 12:** `characterized by wickedness or immorality`
        *   *Fit:* The idea isn't "evil". It's just a poor policy choice. Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 13:** `reproduced fraudulently`
        *   *Fit:* Not applicable.
    *   **Sense 14:** `not working properly`
        *   *Examples:* "a bad telephone connection".
        *   *Fit:* An idea doesn't "malfunction" in the mechanical sense.

3.  **Refine Selection (Sense 1 vs. Sense 7 vs. General Semantics):**

    *   **Sense 1:** "having undesirable or negative qualities".
        *   This is the catch-all sense for adjectives describing nouns where the negativity is general. A "bad idea" is an idea that possesses negative qualities (it doesn't work, it causes trouble).
    *   **Sense 7:** "below average in quality or performance".
        *   While a bad idea is likely below average quality, Sense 7 examples ("bad chess player", "bad recital") focus on skill or execution. "Idea" is an abstract noun representing a proposal. A proposal is usually "good" or "bad" based on its desirability or potential outcome, fitting Sense 1's "negative qualities" better than Sense 7's "performance" metric.

    Let's look closely at Sense 1 again.
    *   Definition: `having undesirable or negative qualities`
    *   Examples: `a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression`
    *   Context: "Parental involvement is a bad idea."
    *   Reasoning: The author thinks the idea has negative qualities (specifically, parents blaming schools). Therefore, it is undesirable. This matches Sense 1 perfectly.

    Let's check if there are other specific senses for "bad" regarding "wrong" or "incorrect".
    WordNet usually groups "incorrect" under specific domains or the general "negative qualities".
    Sense 11 is "capable of harming". The author thinks it is a bad idea because parents blame schools. This is undesirable, but "harmful" is a bit specific. Sense 1 covers "undesirable".

    Comparison:
    Sense 1 is the general adjectival sense. "A bad idea" is a standard phrase meaning the idea is undesirable or poor.
    Sense 7 is specific to quality/performance (often of agents or artistic outputs).
    Sense 11 is specific to harm (often physical or health).

    The most accurate and schematic sense that fits "bad idea" is Sense 1. A bad idea is one that has undesirable qualities.

4.  **Final Decision:**
    Sense 1 fits best. It captures the general negative evaluation of the noun "idea".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad <t>idea</t>. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "idea" in the context: "Parental involvement is a bad idea."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is discussing education reform
- The author is expressing an opinion that "Parental involvement is a bad idea"
- This is about a policy proposal or approach being evaluated as good or bad
- The author is making a judgment about whether parental involvement in education is a good or bad concept/proposal

Now let me look at each sense:

1. "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" - synonyms: thought. Examples: "it was not a good idea"
   - This sense refers to a thought, concept, or notion that can be evaluated as good or bad
   - The example "it was not a good idea" matches the structure "is a bad idea"
   - This fits well - the author is saying parental involvement (as a policy/concept) is a bad thought/proposal

2. "your intention; what you intend to do" - synonyms: mind. Examples: "he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces"
   - This doesn't fit well. The sentence isn't about intention.

3. "a personal view" - examples: "he has an idea that we don't like him"
   - This is more like a belief or opinion someone holds
   - Not quite right - the author isn't saying "parental involvement is a personal view"

4. "an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth" - synonyms: estimate, estimation, approximation
   - This doesn't fit at all - not about calculation or estimation

5. "(music) melodic subject of a musical composition" - synonyms: theme, melodic theme, musical theme
   - This is music-related, doesn't fit

The best fit is sense 1. The phrase "a bad idea" is a common collocation meaning a thought, concept, or proposal that is not good. The author is evaluating the concept/proposal of "parental involvement" as being a bad thought/approach. The example in sense 1 ("it was not a good idea") directly parallels "is a bad idea" in the text.

So the answer is sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: Parents
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. <t>Parents</t> are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   **Target Lemma:** parent
    *   **Target Surface Form:** Parents
    *   **Context:** The text discusses education policy, specifically involving "Governors," "Gov. Clinton," "pre-kindergarten years," "child-care program," "educational program," "first grade," and "Parental involvement."
    *   **Specific Sentence:** "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school."
    *   **Key Contextual Clues:** "educational limitations of their children," "children's education," "involved with their children." The text discusses human social structures, education systems, and the relationship between adults (parents) and their offspring (children) in a school setting.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (parent%1:18:00::):** Definition: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian."
        *   *Semantic Domain:* Human relationships, family, social roles.
        *   *Fit:* This fits perfectly. The text talks about adults who have children in school, blaming schools for their children's limitations. These are human parents (fathers/mothers/guardians).
    *   **Sense 2 (parent%1:03:00::):** Definition: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained."
        *   *Semantic Domain:* Biology, botany, zoology.
        *   *Fit:* This does not fit. The context is a political/educational opinion piece about human schools and human children. It does not discuss biological reproduction in a scientific context (e.g., "the parent plant").

3.  **Compare and Select:**
    *   The context is clearly about human parents raising children and interacting with the education system.
    *   Sense 1 describes human parents/guardians.
    *   Sense 2 describes biological progenitors in a general biological sense.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Format Output:**
    *   The user requested a JSON object: `{"sense_index": X}`.
    *   Since Sense 1 is the correct choice, the index is 1.

    Wait, let me double-check the indexing. The prompt lists candidates with numbers:
    1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: ...
    2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: ...

    So the index is 1.

5.  **Final Construction:**
    *   JSON: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are <t>too</t> likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The target word is "too".
    *   Sentence: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
    *   The phrase is "too likely". "Likely" is an adjective describing a probability or tendency. "Too" modifies "likely".
    *   The sentence implies that the probability/tendency is higher than it should be. It's a negative judgment on the degree of likelihood. The author is criticizing "Parental involvement" because parents have a tendency (which is excessive in the author's view) to blame schools.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `too%4:02:00::` | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big.
        *   This fits "too likely". It suggests an excessive degree of likelihood.
    *   **Sense 2:** `too%4:02:01::` | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too.
        *   This is the additive/adverbial sense (meaning "also"). This does not fit "Parents are *also* likely...". The context is clearly about the *degree* of likelihood being problematic, not about an additional attribute of parents.

3.  **Compare Context to Senses:**
    *   In "Parents are too likely...", "too" modifies the adjective "likely".
    *   Does it mean "Parents are also likely"? No, the syntax doesn't support an additive meaning here (usually placed at the end of a clause or set off by commas, though end position is standard for this sense).
    *   Does it mean "Parents are excessively likely"? Yes. The author argues against parental involvement in schools because parents tend to blame schools too much. This fits the "exceeding proper limits" definition.

4.  **Conclusion:** The correct sense is Sense 1.

5.  **Format Output:** The user requested a specific JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.

provider: Parasail