[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word**: The target lemma is "student" and the surface form is "student".

2.  **Analyze the Context**:
    *   The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes..."
    *   Key phrases: "doctoral student", "Eric Fearon", "Dr. Vogelstein" (a researcher at Johns Hopkins Medical School).
    *   Eric Fearon is working with Dr. Vogelstein on research.
    *   "Doctoral student" implies someone working towards a PhD degree. They are enrolled in a program.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `student%1:18:00::` | Definition: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" | Synonyms: pupil, educatee.
        *   This sense refers to someone who is studying, taking classes, or working towards a degree within a school or university setting.
    *   **Sense 2**: `student%1:18:01::` | Definition: "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines" | Synonyms: scholar, scholarly person, bookman.
        *   This sense refers to an expert, a master, or a "scholar" in a broad sense. It usually implies the person has *already* completed their studies or is a learned individual, rather than someone currently enrolled as a candidate for a degree.

4.  **Compare Context to Senses**:
    *   Eric Fearon is described as a "doctoral student".
    *   A doctoral student is someone enrolled in a PhD program. They are a learner/researcher in training.
    *   Does Sense 2 fit? Sense 2 is synonymous with "scholar" or "learned person". While a doctoral student is scholarly, the specific phrase "doctoral student" emphasizes the status of being a candidate for a degree (enrolled) rather than a finished master of the discipline (though they are working toward mastery). The WordNet definition for Sense 2 emphasizes "mastery... gained," which implies the process is complete or the person is established.
    *   Does Sense 1 fit? Sense 1 is "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution". A doctoral student is certainly enrolled in an institution (Johns Hopkins Medical School). They are a learner (working under Dr. Vogelstein). The synonym "educatee" fits well. "Pupil" is a bit juvenile for a doctoral student, but the core definition of being enrolled and learning is correct.
    *   Let's look at standard usage. A "student" in a university setting, especially a graduate student, fits Sense 1. Sense 2 is usually used in phrases like "a student of history" (meaning an expert or enthusiast) or describing a great scholar, not typically a specific individual described as a "doctoral student" in a lab context.

    *   *Self-Correction/Refinement*: Sometimes WordNet senses are tricky. Let's check if Sense 2 is appropriate for "doctoral student". Sense 2 usually maps to "scholar". A PhD *candidate* is often called a scholar, but the primary definition of "student" here is the relation to the institution and the learning process. The text explicitly says "doctoral student". This clearly points to the role of a student within the university structure. Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct classification.

    *   *Sense 1 definition check*: "enrolled in an educational institution". Yes, Eric Fearon is a doctoral student at Johns Hopkins.
    *   *Sense 2 definition check*: "learned person... gained mastery". While Eric Fearon likely became a scholar later, in this context, he is introduced as a "doctoral student," implying he is in the process of learning and obtaining his degree, fitting the "learner" aspect of Sense 1.

5.  **Conclusion**: Sense 1 is the best fit. It captures the academic status of the individual (enrolled learner) rather than the status of an established expert (scholar).

6.  **Format Output**: The user wants a JSON object with the sense index.
    Sense 1 -> index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "began" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

Let me analyze the context:
- Subject: Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon (people/agents)
- Object: "months of tedious and often frustrating probing" (an activity/action)
- The meaning here is that they started/commenced this activity of probing the chromosomes.

Let me go through each sense:

1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
- This fits well. The researchers "began" (took the first steps in) months of probing. They started an action.

2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
- This is about something having a beginning point (spatial/temporal), not about agents starting an action. Not a good fit.

3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
- This is about causing something to start, like initiating a war or hostilities. The object here is "months of probing" which is more of an activity they're engaging in, not something they're causing to exist.

4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say; he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
- Not about speaking. Not relevant.

5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
- Not about being a first item in a series. Not relevant.

6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
- This is about events having a beginning point in time, not about agents initiating actions. Not a good fit.

7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
- Not about how something begins in a specified way. Not relevant.

8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
- This is about beginning something related to the object's function (like beginning to smoke a cigar, or beginning to eat soup). "Months of probing" doesn't have an inherent function in this way. Not relevant.

9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation
- Not used in the negative or about achieving in the least degree. Not relevant.

10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age
- About beginning to learn a language. Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"

Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon "began" (took the first steps in carrying out) months of probing. This matches the examples "We began working at dawn" - both involve agents starting an extended action/activity.

Sense 3 (set in motion, cause to start) is different - that's more about initiating or causing something external (like a war, hostilities). Here, they're not causing "months of probing" to exist; they're engaging in it themselves.

So the answer is sense_index: 1

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: Together

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "months" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" - This refers to specific named months (January, February, etc.) or calendar months as divisions of a year. The example "he paid the bill last month" fits this.

Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days" - This refers to a duration/length of time, not a specific calendar division. The example "he was given a month to pay the bill" shows this usage.

In the context, "months of tedious and often frustrating probing" refers to a duration of time - multiple months spent doing this work. It's not referring to specific calendar months (like "January and February") but rather to a period of time measured in months. The phrase "months of [activity]" uses "months" as a time unit to describe how long something took.

This matches Sense 2 better - "a time unit of approximately 30 days" - because the context is about duration/length of time, not about specific calendar divisions.

So the answer is Sense 2.

provider: Parasail


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tedious
Target surface form: tedious
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00 | definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; ; ; ; ; ; - Edmund Burke; ; - Mark Twain | synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow | examples=a boring evening with uninteresting people; the deadening effect of some routine tasks
2. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00 | definition=using or containing too many words | synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy | examples=long-winded (or windy) speakers; verbose and ineffective instructional methods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "tedious" in the context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

Let me analyze the context:
- The work involves "months of probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage"
- It's described as "tedious and often frustrating"
- This is about scientific research work - repetitive, detailed examination of chromosomes
- The work was long and demanding

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

Sense 1: "so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness" - synonyms include "boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow"
- This fits well with scientific research that involves repetitive, detailed work that would be mentally wearisome
- Months of probing chromosomes would indeed be slow, irksome work that causes mental weariness

Sense 2: "using or containing too many words" - synonyms include "long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy"
- This refers to speech or writing that uses too many words
- This doesn't fit at all - the context is about laboratory work, not verbal expression

The context clearly refers to the scientific research being tedious in the sense of being boring, monotonous, mentally wearisome work - not about being verbose or wordy.

Sense 1 is the correct choice.

provider: Friendli


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses to determine which one best fits the usage of "often" in this passage.

The target sentence is: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

Actually, I need to find where "often" appears in the text. Let me look again:

"Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

Here, "often" modifies "frustrating" to indicate that the probing was frequently frustrating. This usage indicates frequency - the probing was frustrating many times during the months of work.

Let's examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee

This sense focuses on something happening many times at short intervals. The example "we often met over a cup of coffee" shows repeated actions at regular intervals.

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much

This sense emphasizes frequency or quantity, with synonyms like "much" and "a great deal."

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

This sense describes something that happens in many cases or instances, without necessarily emphasizing short intervals or quantities.

In the context "tedious and often frustrating probing," the word "often" indicates that the probing was frustrating on many occasions during their months of work. It's describing a characteristic that was frequently present rather than referring to specific repeated actions at short intervals.

The context doesn't suggest "short intervals" as in sense 1, nor is it about quantity in the same way sense 2 is used (which has examples like "I don't drink much"). Instead, it's describing that in many instances during their work, the probing was frustrating.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate because "often" is being used to indicate that the probing was frustrating in many cases or instances throughout their months of work. It's not about the frequency of specific events at short intervals (sense 1), nor is it synonymous with "much" in terms of quantity (sense 2).

Therefore, sense 3 is the best match for the usage of "often" in this context.

provider: Novita


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: searching
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=search%2:39:00:: | definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
3. sense_key=search%2:31:00:: | definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
4. sense_key=search%2:35:01:: | definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target:**
    *   Lemma: search
    *   Surface form: searching
    *   Context: "...began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   Subject: Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon (researchers).
    *   Action: "probing of the chromosomes".
    *   Goal/Object: "searching for signs of genetic damage".
    *   Nature of the action: Scientific investigation, trying to find something specific (genetic damage) within a specific location (chromosomes). It implies a process of trying to locate or discover something.

3.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `search%2:35:00::`
        *   Definition: try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of.
        *   Synonyms: seek, look for.
        *   Examples: Police searching for clues; searching for the missing man.
        *   Fit: This fits well. They are trying to locate/discover "signs of genetic damage". It captures the "try to find" aspect.

    *   **Sense 2:** `search%2:39:00::`
        *   Definition: search or seek.
        *   Synonyms: look.
        *   Examples: Looked all day... Look elsewhere...
        *   Fit: This is a more generic motion perception verb sense in WordNet (often associated with `look`). While "searching" can mean "looking", Sense 1 is more specific to the act of searching (trying to locate). Sense 2 is often used when "look" is the primary synonym. "Searching for signs" aligns better with "try to locate" (Sense 1) than just generic "looking".

    *   **Sense 3:** `search%2:31:00::`
        *   Definition: inquire into.
        *   Synonyms: research, explore.
        *   Examples: Research the history... Searched for information...
        *   Fit: This refers to investigation or research. While they are researchers, the specific verb phrase here is "searching *for* signs of genetic damage". Sense 3 often relates to "searching a topic" (inquiring into). Here, they are hunting for specific physical markers (signs) on chromosomes. Sense 1 ("try to locate") fits the "searching for [object]" pattern slightly better than the abstract "inquire into" meaning, although there is overlap. However, looking at the examples: "research the history" vs "searching for signs". "Searching for" is usually Sense 1 (locating). "Searching into" or just "researching" would be Sense 3. The object is "signs of genetic damage", a specific discovery target, not a topic of inquiry in the broad sense of "research". Therefore, Sense 1 is stronger.

    *   **Sense 4:** `search%2:35:01::`
        *   Definition: subject to a search.
        *   Examples: Police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house...
        *   Fit: This is transitive usage where the location is the object ("searched the house", "searched the suspect"). In the text, the structure is "searching *for* signs...". This is an intransitive/prepositional usage. Sense 4 is not the right syntactic fit.

4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: "try to locate or discover".
    *   Sense 3: "inquire into" (research/explore).
    *   Context: "...probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   The action is a hunt for specific physical evidence. They are "seeking" or "looking for" signs.
    *   WordNet distinctions: Sense 1 includes "seek", "look for". Sense 3 includes "research", "explore".
    *   While the overall activity is research, the specific verb "searching for [X]" usually falls under the "try to locate" definition. "Searching for clues" (Sense 1 example) is very similar to "searching for signs".
    *   Sense 3 examples ("research the history") suggest a cognitive/investigative task regarding a topic.
    *   Sense 1 examples ("searching for clues") suggest finding physical or concrete items/indicators.
    *   "Signs of genetic damage" are akin to "clues".
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best match.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.

6.  **Formatting Output:**
    *   JSON format: `{"sense_index": 1}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: signs
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form:** "sign" (lemma), "signs" (plural noun).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   Sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Key phrase: "signs of genetic damage".
    *   Meaning: The scientists are looking for evidence or indications that genetic damage has occurred. They are examining chromosomes to find visible or detectable proof of this damage.
3.  **Evaluate candidate senses:**
    *   *Sense 1 (sign%1:10:05::):* "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)". Synonyms: mark. Examples: "he showed signs of strain", "signs of spring".
        *   Match: High. "Signs of genetic damage" fits perfectly with "perceptible indication". It parallels "signs of strain".
    *   *Sense 2 (sign%1:10:00::):* "a public display of a message". Examples: "posted signs in all the shop windows".
        *   Match: Low. This refers to physical signs like placards.
    *   *Sense 3 (sign%1:10:03::):* "any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message". Synonyms: signal.
        *   Match: Low. This refers to communication signals (waves, gestures), not physical evidence of damage on chromosomes.
    *   *Sense 4 (sign%1:06:01::):* "structure displaying a board...".
        *   Match: Low. Physical structure.
    *   *Sense 5 (sign%1:15:00::):* "(astrology) one of 12 equal areas...".
        *   Match: Low. Irrelevant context.
    *   *Sense 6 (sign%1:26:00::):* "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease". Examples: "no signs of asphyxiation".
        *   Match: Medium/High. This is a strong contender because it mentions "medicine" and "objective evidence". The context is medical research (cancer, chromosomes). However, the definition specifies "objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease". While genetic damage leads to disease, the specific phrase is "signs of genetic damage". Sense 1 is broader ("perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent"). Sense 1's example "signs of strain" is very similar to "signs of genetic damage". Sense 6 is usually used in the phrase "signs and symptoms" referring to clinical observation of a patient (e.g., fever, rash). Here, they are looking at chromosomes at a molecular level for evidence of damage. Sense 1 covers "clues" or "indications" of a phenomenon (damage) rather than clinical signs of a patient's condition.
        *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 6 more closely.
        *   Sense 1 definition: "perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent".
        *   Sense 6 definition: "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease".
        *   Context: "probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
        *   Is "genetic damage" a disorder or disease? No, it's a molecular cause. The disorder is cancer. They are looking for signs of the *damage* itself.
        *   Therefore, Sense 1 ("indication of something not immediately apparent") fits better than Sense 6 (evidence of a disorder). The "something" is the genetic damage (which is not immediately apparent without probing).
        *   Furthermore, WordNet sense 1 examples: "he showed signs of strain". This abstract usage aligns well with "signs of genetic damage". Sense 6 is more strictly clinical (signs of asphyxiation, signs of disease). While related, Sense 1 is the general sense of "evidence/indication".
    *   *Sense 7 (sign%1:24:00::):* "having an indicated pole...".
        *   Match: Low. Physics context.
    *   *Sense 8 (sign%1:11:00::):* "an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come".
        *   Match: Low. Prophetic/omen context.
    *   *Sense 9 (sign%1:10:01::):* "a gesture that is part of a sign language".
        *   Match: Low.
    *   *Sense 10 (sign%1:10:06::):* "a fundamental linguistic unit...".
        *   Match: Low. Linguistics theory.
    *   *Sense 11 (sign%1:10:04::):* "a character indicating a relation...".
        *   Match: Low. Math context.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit. It denotes a perceptible indication or clue. The scientists are looking for indications of damage.
    *   Note on Sense 6: In medical texts, "signs" often maps to Sense 6. However, Sense 6 refers specifically to "objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease". Here the text says "signs of genetic damage". Genetic damage is a biological process/state, not necessarily the disorder itself (cancer is the disorder). The probing looks for indications that the damage occurred. Sense 1 is "perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent". Genetic damage on chromosomes is not immediately apparent; the signs (deletions, changes) are the indications. Sense 1 is the hypernym and fits the specific phrase "signs of [abstract noun/phenomenon]" better than the strict medical definition of clinical signs. Sense 1's example "signs of strain" is semantically parallel to "signs of genetic damage".

    Let's double check Sense 6 again. If the text said "clinical signs of Wilm's tumor", Sense 6 would be correct. But it says "signs of genetic damage". "Genetic damage" is the underlying phenomenon being investigated. Sense 1 covers "clues". This fits the detective/scientific investigation context ("searching for signs").

    Final selection: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and context:**
    *   Target: "genetic" (adjective).
    *   Context: The text discusses Dr. Vogelstein's research into cancer causes. It mentions molecular biology, chromosome losses, cancer suppressor genes, Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, polyps, malignant cells, and "genetic damage". The specific phrase is "signs of genetic damage" and "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions". The context focuses on the molecular level (genes, chromosomes, deletions) causing physical changes (cancer progression).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00` -> "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". Synonyms: familial, hereditary, inherited. Examples: inherited disease.
        *   *Fit:* Does "genetic damage" here mean damage that is inherited? While the text mentions Dr. Knudson's "two-hit hypothesis" (often associated with hereditary retinoblastoma), the context here specifically discusses "dual chromosome losses" occurring in somatic cells (cancers) and the probing of chromosomes for signs of damage. While heredity is a part of the broader biological picture, the specific phrase "genetic damage" in this scientific context refers to damage *to the genes/DNA*, not necessarily the quality of being passed down from parents (though it *can* be, the primary meaning in molecular biology contexts like this is usually about the material itself). However, let's look at Sense 2.
    *   Sense 2: `genetic%3:01:02::` -> "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". Synonyms: genic, genetical. Examples: genic combinations; genetic code.
        *   *Fit:* This sense relates directly to genes as biological units/material. "Genetic damage" in molecular biology means damage to the genes or DNA structure. "Genetic deletions" refers to deletions of genes or parts of chromosomes. This fits perfectly with "chromosomes", "genes", "molecular biologist".
    *   Sense 3: `genetic%3:01:01::` -> "pertaining to or referring to origin". Examples: genetic history reconstructs the origins...
        *   *Fit:* This is an older or more specific usage (often etymological or developmental). It doesn't fit the biological context of DNA/chromosomes.
    *   Sense 4: `genetic%3:01:00::` -> "of or relating to the science of genetics". Synonyms: genetical. Examples: genetic research.
        *   *Fit:* "Genetic research" is a phrase used in the text conceptually, but the specific target is "genetic damage" and "genetic deletions". "Genetic damage" is not damage *of the science* of genetics; it is damage *to the genes*. Therefore, Sense 2 is more precise than Sense 4.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 vs Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 emphasizes inheritance. Is the "genetic damage" described here strictly inherited?
        *   The text says: "cascade of genetic damage might be occurring... probing of the chromosomes... uncovering... genetic deletions".
        *   These deletions happen in tumors (somatic mutations usually, though germline mutations exist). The phrase "genetic damage" describes the physical lesion in the DNA/gene, regardless of whether it was inherited or acquired.
        *   In common scientific usage, "genetic damage" refers to the molecular entity (Sense 2).
        *   Synonyms for Sense 1: hereditary, inherited. One wouldn't usually say "hereditary damage" in this specific context; one would say "hereditary predisposition". The damage itself is "genetic" (pertaining to genes).
        *   Synonyms for Sense 2: genic. "Genic damage" (or "genetic damage" in this sense) means damage to the genes. This matches the context of molecular biology and chromosomes.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   The context describes damage to genes and chromosomes.
    *   Sense 2 ("of or relating to or produced by or being a gene") is the correct definition for "genetic" in the phrase "genetic damage" and "genetic deletions" within a molecular biology text. It refers to the material (genes), not the mode of transmission (heredity).

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 2.

    *   Mapping to index: Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

    *   Double check indices provided in the prompt:
        1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00...
        2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02::...
        3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01::...
        4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00::...

    *   Selected Sense: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damage`
    *   Context sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells." (Wait, the target is in the sentence preceding this: "...as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." and "...searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>.")
    *   The context describes genetic "damage" in the context of cancer research (molecular biology). It refers to changes in chromosomes, genetic deletions, and alterations that lead to cancer (a change for the worse).

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `damage%1:11:00::` | Definition: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" | Synonyms: harm, impairment.
        *   This is a very general sense referring to physical or abstract harm/impairment. In a biological context, genetic damage refers to mutations or alterations that impair the function of the genes (a change for the worse). This fits well.

    *   **Sense 2:** `damage%1:11:01::` | Definition: "loss of military equipment" | Synonyms: equipment casualty.
        *   This is specific to military contexts. The text is about cancer biology. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 3:** `damage%1:04:00::` | Definition: "the act of damaging something or someone" | Synonyms: harm, hurt, scathe.
        *   This refers to the *act* or *process* of damaging (an event). While "a cascade of genetic damage" sounds like a process, "genetic damage" itself usually refers to the result/state (the impairment of the genetic code) rather than the specific act in this noun usage. However, sometimes the distinction between the act and the result is subtle. Let's look at the surrounding text. "signs of genetic damage". Damage here refers to the state of the genes being harmed/impaired, i.e., the result. Sense 1 ("occurrence of a change for the worse") usually captures the state or specific instance of harm better than Sense 3 ("act"). Sense 3 implies the action of harming. Sense 1 implies the result (impairment). Genetic damage is usually categorized as the result (mutations, breaks, etc.).

    *   **Sense 4:** `damage%1:21:00::` | Definition: "the amount of money needed to purchase something" | Synonyms: price, terms.
        *   This is an archaic or slang usage (e.g., "what's the damage?"). Not relevant here. Incorrect.

    *   **Sense 5:** `damage%1:04:01::` | Definition: "any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right" | Synonyms: wrong, legal injury.
        *   This is a legal term. Not relevant here. Incorrect.

3.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (the result/state/impairment).
    *   Sense 3: "the act of damaging something" (the action).
    *   In "genetic damage", the word refers to the harm done to the DNA structure (deletions, mutations). It is the result of the mutagenic process. When they look for "signs of genetic damage", they are looking for the evidence of the impairment/change for the worse.
    *   WordNet often distinguishes between the act (Sense 3) and the result/occurrence (Sense 1).
    *   Example: "The storm caused damage to the roof." (Damage = result/harm).
    *   Example: "The damage to the car was extensive." (Damage = result/harm).
    *   Example: "The act of damage was intentional." (Damage = act).
    *   Here: "cascade of genetic damage" and "signs of genetic damage".
    *   A "cascade of damage" suggests a series of impairments or changes for the worse accumulating.
    *   "Signs of damage" refers to the impairment itself.
    *   Sense 1's definition "the occurrence of a change for the worse" aligns perfectly with the biological concept of genetic damage (mutations, deletions = changes for the worse). Synonyms "harm, impairment" fit the biological context of DNA impairment perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 ("act of damaging") is less appropriate because the text refers to the damage as a thing that exists or occurs, the impairment itself, rather than the specific action of damaging. "Genetic damage" is a state of the genetic material.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice. It denotes the harm or impairment (change for the worse) sustained by the genes.

5.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: "cascade of genetic damage" and "signs of genetic damage".
    *   Meaning: Harm to the genetic structure, impairment.
    *   Sense 1 Definition: "the occurrence of a change for the worse".
    *   Match: Yes.

provider: StreamLake


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "began" in the context: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."

Let me analyze the context:
- The subject is "They" (Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon)
- The action is "began uncovering" - they started the process of uncovering genetic deletions
- This is about taking the first steps in carrying out an action (uncovering genetic deletions)

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
- This fits well. The researchers began uncovering - they started the process of uncovering genetic deletions. This is about initiating an action.

2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
- This is about something having a beginning (like a location or time period), not about someone initiating an action. Doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
- This is about causing something to start (transitive, causing an event). "They began uncovering" is more about them starting an activity themselves, not causing something external to start.

4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say | examples=he began | "Now listen, friends,"
- This is specifically about beginning to speak. Not applicable here.

5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
- This is about something being the first in a series. Not applicable.

6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
- This is about events having a beginning point in time. Not the same as someone starting an action.

7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
- Similar to sense 2 and 6, about something having a beginning characterized in a certain way. Not applicable.

8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
- This is about beginning to consume or use something (like eating soup, smoking a cigar). Not applicable.

9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation
- This is about achieving something minimally, usually negative. Not applicable.

10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age
- This is about learning a language. Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"
- The researchers (they) began uncovering - they started the action of uncovering
- The example "We began working at dawn" is structurally similar to "They began uncovering"
- This is about initiating an action or activity

The answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confusing
Target surface form: confusing
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a <t>confusing</t> variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confusing%5:00:00:disorienting:00 | definition=causing confusion or disorientation | examples=a confusing jumble of road signs; being hospitalized can be confusing and distressing for a small child
2. sense_key=confusing%5:00:00:unclear:00 | definition=lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity | synonyms=perplexing, puzzling | examples=sent confusing signals to Iraq; perplexing to someone who knew nothing about it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context**:
    *   Target: "confusing" (adjective).
    *   Context snippet: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."
    *   Sentence meaning: The researchers found many different genetic deletions. This variety was complex, hard to understand initially, and perhaps seemingly contradictory or disorganized until they made sense of it later ("Gradually, a coherent picture... emerged").
    *   Key phrase: "confusing variety". The variety of deletions was so great and varied that it caused the researchers to be perplexed or puzzled about the mechanism. It wasn't necessarily disorienting them physically, but rather making the data hard to interpret or understand clearly.

2.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 1**:
    *   Sense Key: confusing%5:00:00:disorienting:00
    *   Definition: causing confusion or disorientation.
    *   Examples: "a confusing jumble of road signs", "being hospitalized can be confusing and distressing for a small child".
    *   Analysis: This sense implies a state of being lost, disoriented, or unable to find one's way (like road signs). It often applies to situations where the subject's mental state is thrown into disorder regarding direction or situation. While "jumble" fits "variety", the context here is scientific data analysis, not navigational or situational disorientation. The researchers weren't disoriented; they were struggling to piece together a puzzle.

3.  **Analyze Candidate Sense 2**:
    *   Sense Key: confusing%5:00:00:unclear:00
    *   Definition: lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity.
    *   Synonyms: perplexing, puzzling.
    *   Examples: "sent confusing signals to Iraq", "perplexing to someone who knew nothing about it".
    *   Analysis: This sense focuses on the lack of clarity or difficulty in interpreting meaning. The synonyms "perplexing" and "puzzling" fit the context of scientific inquiry perfectly. The genetic deletions were "confusing" because they didn't immediately make sense; they were a puzzle. The text says "Gradually, a coherent picture... emerged," implying that prior to that, the picture was incoherent or unclear (lacking clarity), which aligns with the definition "lacking clarity of meaning".

4.  **Compare and Decide**:
    *   Sense 1 (Disorienting) is about being lost or mixed up in a way that prevents orientation.
    *   Sense 2 (Unclear/Perplexing) is about lack of clarity, difficulty in understanding the meaning or pattern.
    *   In the text, the "confusing variety" refers to genetic deletions that appeared in various places (benign, malignant, both). This made the pattern hard to decipher. The researchers had to do "tedious... probing" to make sense of it. The result was a "coherent picture." The "confusing" aspect was that the meaning/significance of the variety was unclear. Therefore, Sense 2 fits best. The synonyms "perplexing" or "puzzling" accurately describe the intellectual challenge faced by Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon.

5.  **Formulate Output**:
    *   Select index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variety
Target surface form: variety
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variety%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection containing a variety of sorts of things | synonyms=assortment, mixture, mixed bag, miscellany, miscellanea, salmagundi | examples=a great assortment of cars was on display; he had a variety of disorders
2. sense_key=variety%1:07:00:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, diversity, multifariousness | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
3. sense_key=variety%1:14:00:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics | examples=varieties are frequently recognized in botany
4. sense_key=variety%1:10:00:: | definition=a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances | synonyms=variety show
5. sense_key=variety%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, form | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
6. sense_key=variety%1:07:01:: | definition=a difference that is usually pleasant | synonyms=change | examples=he goes to France for variety; it is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: variety
    *   Context sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing **variety** of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Wider context: The text describes scientific research into genetic damage causing cancer. Specifically, they found "genetic deletions". There were many different types/kinds/instances of these deletions (some in polyps, some in malignant cells, etc.).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `variety%1:14:01::` | Definition: "a collection containing a variety of sorts of things" | Synonyms: assortment, mixture, mixed bag.
        *   *Fit:* This fits the "collection" aspect. They found a collection of different deletions. The example "he had a variety of disorders" is very similar to "a variety of genetic deletions". It implies a number of different specific items found together.

    *   **Sense 2:** `variety%1:07:00::` | Definition: "noticeable heterogeneity" | Synonyms: diverseness, diversity.
        *   *Fit:* This emphasizes the abstract quality of being diverse, rather than the collection of items itself. While the collection is diverse, the sentence structure "a confusing variety of genetic deletions" usually refers to the *group* of deletions found, or the specific set of instances. However, "variety" often acts as a noun denoting the group in this construction. Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2. Sense 2 is more abstract ("The variety of his work is amazing"). Sense 1 is concrete ("A variety of cars was on display"). The sentence says they uncovered "a variety". You uncover a collection of things. You don't "uncover" an abstract quality of heterogeneity; you uncover the specific instances that *constitute* that variety. Therefore, Sense 1 seems stronger.

    *   **Sense 3:** `variety%1:14:00::` | Definition: "(biology) a taxonomic category..."
        *   *Fit:* The context is biological, but "variety" is not being used as a taxonomic rank here (like subspecies). It refers to genetic deletions within cancer cells, not a botanical classification.

    *   **Sense 4:** `variety%1:10:00::` | Definition: "a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances".
        *   *Fit:* Irrelevant.

    *   **Sense 5:** `variety%1:09:01::` | Definition: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" | Synonyms: kind, sort, form.
        *   *Fit:* This is used when saying "This variety of apple". Here, the phrase is "a variety of genetic deletions". This construction usually means "many different genetic deletions" (Sense 1/Assortment), not "a specific kind of genetic deletion" (which would be Sense 5). If the text meant "a specific type of deletion", it would likely read "a specific variety of genetic deletion". But it says "a confusing variety... some existing only in... others in...". This implies a mix/assortment of different types, not a single type/category.

    *   **Sense 6:** `variety%1:07:01::` | Definition: "a difference that is usually pleasant" | Synonyms: change.
        *   *Fit:* Irrelevant.

3.  **Narrowing down between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Context: "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions".
    *   Sense 1 (Assortment/Collection): You can uncover a collection of things. Example: "he had a variety of disorders". This matches "uncovering a variety of genetic deletions". It implies a specific set of different items.
    *   Sense 2 (Heterogeneity/Diversity): This is often used as an abstract noun. "There is a variety of options available." It can sometimes be interchangeable with Sense 1, but the definition "collection containing a variety of sorts of things" (Sense 1) captures the concrete list that follows (some here, others there).
    *   WordNet hierarchy:
        *   Sense 1 is under "collection, aggregation, accumulation, assemblage".
        *   Sense 2 is under "heterogeneity, heterogeneousness".
    *   In "a confusing variety of genetic deletions", the researchers are finding specific instances. They found many different deletions. This constitutes an assortment/mixture. Sense 1 includes the synonym "mixture". The deletions were a "confusing mixture" of types. This aligns perfectly.
    *   Let's check the example for Sense 1: "he had a variety of disorders".
    *   Let's check the example for Sense 2: "a diversity of possibilities". Or "the range and variety of his work".
    *   The sentence says they were *uncovering* it. You uncover a set of objects (or findings). A "collection" of findings fits better than the abstract concept of "heterogeneity". The "confusing" part describes the nature of the collection (it was an assortment that was confusing).
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

4.  **Final check:**
    *   Target: "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions".
    *   Meaning: Finding a mix/assortment of different types of deletions.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a collection containing a variety of sorts of things".
    *   Sense 1 synonyms: assortment, mixture.
    *   This matches perfectly.

    *   Note on Sense 5: "kind, sort". If I say "a variety of apples", it can mean "a type of apple" (Sense 5). But if I say "a variety of apples were in the basket", it usually means an assortment (Sense 1). Here, "a confusing variety of genetic deletions" implies multiplicity and diversity of the items found, supported by the description that follows ("some existing only in... others in..."). This supports Sense 1 (Assortment).

    *   Note on Sense 2: "noticeable heterogeneity". While true, Sense 1 is more concrete regarding the "collection" aspect of the findings.

    *   Result: Sense 1.

provider: Chutes


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of <t>genetic</t> deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word:** The target lemma is "genetic" (adjective).
2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The text discusses cancer research (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer).
    *   It talks about "chromosome losses", "cancer suppressor genes", "chromosomes".
    *   The specific phrase is "a confusing variety of genetic deletions".
    *   Another phrase is "cascade of genetic damage".
    *   Another phrase is "signs of genetic damage".
    *   The context is biological/medical, focusing on genes, chromosomes, and cellular biology. It's not about family history or inheritance primarily, though cancer can be hereditary, the focus here is on the biological mechanism (deletions, damage, genes) rather than the mode of transmission within a family.
    *   The deletions are happening at the chromosomal/genomic level.

3.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   *Sense 1*: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". Synonyms: familial, hereditary. Examples: an inherited disease. -> This refers to *how* a trait or disease is passed down. While cancer can be hereditary, the context here describes "genetic deletions" and "genetic damage" at the cellular/chromosome level. A deletion itself isn't "hereditary" in the sense of Sense 1's definition (occurring among members of a family), though the *predisposition* might be. However, the text focuses on the molecular structure (deletions on chromosomes).
    *   *Sense 2*: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". Synonyms: genic, genetical. Examples: genic combinations; genetic code. -> This sense focuses on the biological unit, the gene. "Genetic deletions" means deletions of genes or parts of the genome. "Genetic damage" means damage to the genes. This fits the biological context of chromosomes and genes perfectly.
    *   *Sense 3*: "pertaining to or referring to origin". Examples: genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work. -> This is about etymology or historical origins, often metaphorical. Not applicable to biological deletions in cancer cells.
    *   *Sense 4*: "of or relating to the science of genetics". Synonyms: genetical. Examples: genetic research. -> This refers to the academic field. While the passage discusses research, the specific phrase "genetic deletions" refers to the object of study (the biological deletions), not the field itself. One wouldn't say "deletions of the science of genetics". One says "deletions of genes".

4.  **Compare Sense 2 vs Sense 4:**
    *   "Genetic research" would be Sense 4.
    *   "Genetic deletions" or "genetic damage" refers to the material (genes/DNA). Therefore, it relates to the definition "of or relating to ... a gene".
    *   Sense 2 covers "genetic code", "genic combinations". "Genetic deletions" fits this pattern (deletions related to genes).
    *   Sense 4 covers "genetic research" (the field).
    *   Context: "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions". These are physical occurrences on chromosomes/genes.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit because it relates to the genes themselves.

5.  **Compare Sense 1 vs Sense 2:**
    *   Could "genetic deletions" mean "deletions that are inherited"?
    *   The text says: "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells". This describes somatic mutations (acquired in the body cells), not necessarily germline mutations (inherited). Even if some were inherited, the primary meaning here is "deletions involving genes/DNA".
    *   "Genetic damage" in the cascade clearly refers to the molecular damage.
    *   Sense 2 is the most direct meaning for "relating to genes".

6.  **Final Selection:**
    *   Target phrase: "genetic deletions".
    *   Meaning: Deletions relating to genes.
    *   Sense 2 definition: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   This matches perfectly.

    Index mapping:
    1 -> heredity
    2 -> relating to a gene
    3 -> origin
    4 -> science of genetics

    Choice: Index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exist
Target surface form: existing
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some <t>existing</t> only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exist%2:42:00:: | definition=have an existence, be extant | synonyms=be | examples=Is there a God?
2. sense_key=exist%2:42:01:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=survive, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target lemma and surface form**: The target lemma is "exist", and the surface form is "existing".
2.  **Analyze the context**:
    *   The sentence is: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   The subject is "genetic deletions".
    *   The phrase "some existing only in benign polyps" describes the state or presence of these genetic deletions.
    *   The meaning here is about presence or being located in a specific place (benign polyps vs. malignant cells). It implies that these deletions are present or can be found in those specific tissues.
3.  **Analyze the candidate senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `sense_key=exist%2:42:00::` | definition="have an existence, be extant" | synonyms="be" | examples="Is there a God?".
        *   This sense refers to the state of being real, present, or occurring. In the context of scientific research findings ("genetic deletions... existing... in benign polyps"), this fits perfectly. The deletions are present/found/located there.
    *   **Sense 2**: `sense_key=exist%2:42:01::` | definition="support oneself" | synonyms="survive, live, subsist" | examples="he could barely exist on such a low wage".
        *   This sense refers to staying alive, often with difficulty. It involves biological survival or financial sustenance.
        *   Can "genetic deletions" support themselves or survive in the struggle-for-life sense? No. Genetic deletions don't eat or earn wages. They are biological phenomena that are either present or absent in a cell sample.
4.  **Compare senses to context**:
    *   Sense 2 is clearly incorrect because inanimate objects/phenomena like "genetic deletions" do not "survive" or "subsist" in the sense of supporting life.
    *   Sense 1 captures the notion of "being present" or "having existence" in a location. The sentence contrasts deletions that are present (existing) in polyps versus those in malignant cells.
5.  **Conclusion**: Sense 1 is the correct choice.
6.  **Format output**: The user requested a JSON object with the index. The index corresponding to sense 1 is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Target Word**: The target is "only", used as an adverb.
2.  **Analyze the Context**: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   The sentence describes the location/occurrence of specific genetic deletions.
    *   "some existing only in benign polyps" means these specific deletions are found *exclusively* or *solely* in benign polyps and nowhere else.
    *   The contrast is drawn immediately: "others in malignant cells and many in both". This confirms the exclusivity/restriction of the location for the first group.
3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses**:
    *   **Sense 1**: `definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but`.
        *   Example: "I was merely asking".
        *   Fit: "existing merely in benign polyps"? It's possible, but this sense usually implies minimizing the importance or amount ("nothing more than"). Here, the focus is on the *restriction of scope/location*, not minimizing the significance.
    *   **Sense 2**: `definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone`.
        *   Example: "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children".
        *   Fit: "existing solely in benign polyps" or "existing exclusively in benign polyps". This matches the context perfectly. The genetic deletions are restricted to that specific location and no other. The contrast ("others in malignant cells") reinforces the exclusivity.
    *   **Sense 3**: `definition=with nevertheless the final result`.
        *   Example: "He arrived only to find..."
        *   Fit: No, this is a consecutive/resultative usage.
    *   **Sense 4**: `definition=in the final outcome`.
        *   Example: "These news will only make you more upset".
        *   Fit: No.
    *   **Sense 5**: `definition=except that`.
        *   Example: "It was the same story; only this time..."
        *   Fit: No, this acts as a conjunction.
    *   **Sense 6**: `definition=never except when`.
        *   Example: "call me only if..."
        *   Fit: No, this is conditional.
    *   **Sense 7**: `definition=as recently as`.
        *   Example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago".
        *   Fit: No, this is temporal.

4.  **Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 2**:
    *   Sense 1 (merely/just) is often used for degree or minimizing. "It was only a scratch."
    *   Sense 2 (exclusively/solely) is used for restriction of scope. "It exists only in X."
    *   In the context "existing only in benign polyps", the meaning is "existing solely/exclusively in benign polyps". It restricts the domain of existence. If it were Sense 1, it might sound like "it was merely existing" (which doesn't fit the "in benign polyps" location restriction as well as the "exclusively" definition does).
    *   Let's check the examples for Sense 2 again: "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children" (restriction of purpose). "was entirely to blame" (restriction of agency). The definition "without any others being included or involved" fits the spatial/existential restriction of the genetic deletions found *only* in one place and not others.

5.  **Conclusion**: Sense 2 is the best fit. It captures the exclusivity of the location of the genetic deletions.

    *   Target sentence: "some existing **only** in benign polyps" -> "some existing **solely** in benign polyps" -> "some existing **exclusively** in benign polyps".
    *   Synonyms for Sense 2: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone.
    *   "Solely" fits perfectly here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign <t>polyps</t>, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context**: The target word is "polyps" (plural of polyp). The surrounding text discusses "colon cancer," "malignant," "benign," "tumors," "genetic damage," and "development of polyps in the bowel."
2.  **Analyze Sense 1**: "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" with synonym "polypus". This refers to abnormal tissue growth, often associated with cancer precursors (specifically colon cancer in this context). The context mentions "benign polyps," "malignant cells," and "development of polyps in the bowel." This fits the medical/biological description of growths on the mucous membrane of the colon.
3.  **Analyze Sense 2**: "one of two forms that coelenterates take... usually sedentary..." with examples like hydra or coral. This is a zoological definition referring to a body plan of certain aquatic animals. The context talks about human anatomy (bowel, colon, kidney, tumors), not aquatic invertebrates.
4.  **Compare and Decide**: The context is clearly about human pathology (cancer research, colon, bowel). Therefore, the zoological sense (Sense 2) is incorrect. The medical sense of an abnormal growth (Sense 1) is the correct fit.
5.  **Format the Output**: The user requested a specific JSON format: `{"sense_index": X}`. Since Sense 1 is the correct one, the index is 1.

Sense 1: Medical growth.
Sense 2: Animal body form.

The text mentions "development of polyps in the bowel" and "benign polyps" vs "malignant cells". This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.

Output: `{"sense_index": 1}`

provider: Baidu