[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measure
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Semantics of "Measure"**

Okay, so the task is to pinpoint the specific meaning of "measure" in the context of "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty." Let's break this down systematically. I need to sift through the candidate senses and narrow it down.

First, I quickly review the provided sense keys and definitions, immediately recognizing that some are completely irrelevant to the context. For instance, the senses relating to musical notation (#6, #7) and measuring instruments/containers (#8, #9) are clearly non-starters. The sense related to "a statute in draft before it becomes law" (#3) is obviously wrong. "Any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal" (#1) is not what's intended here. The definition as a "basis for comparison; a reference point" (#5) could be, potentially, a red herring. Then there's the sense "the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule" (#4), which is also a poor fit.

Now, I'm down to the crucial distinction: is it about an "amount" or something else? Considering the phrase, I can clearly identify that the intended meaning is "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify," or as the synonyms say, "quantity, amount" (#2). That's a direct and perfect fit – "a large *amount* of authority." Sense index 2 is, without a doubt, the correct selection.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of <t>authority</t> over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Here's my analysis of the word "authority" in that sentence:

**Dissecting "Authority" in Educational Leadership**

Okay, so the target word is "authority," and we're looking at it within the context of school principals. Let's run through the senses. Sense 1, the power to give orders, make decisions, dominance... that's immediately promising. It's the core concept, the one we usually associate with leadership. Sense 2, the *people* who exercise control... that's a grammatical nuance, and probably not what we're after in this *word's* meaning. Sense 3, the expert whose views are taken as definitive? Hmmm, interesting, but doesn't quite fit the specific phrasing about *control* over *faculty, curriculum, discipline.* Sense 4, self-assurance? Nope, that's not about the principal's *power*. Sense 5, an administrative unit? No, clearly wrong in this context. Sense 6, official permission or approval? Also a misfire, it's not permission being granted, but power being *held*. Sense 7, an authoritative written work? Absolutely not.

So, when we look at "principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, curriculum, and student discipline," it's crystal clear. Sense 1 nails it. We're talking about the principal's *right* and *power* to make decisions, give direction, and exert control in these key areas. The phrasing emphasizes their *dominance* or *say-so* within the school environment. The other senses are easily eliminated, leaving Sense 1 as the only valid option.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: faculty
Target surface form: faculty
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the <t>faculty</t>, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=faculty%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind | synonyms=mental faculty, module
2. sense_key=faculty%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=staff | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Okay, let's break this down.

**My Analysis of "Faculty" in Context**

Alright, the target word is "faculty," and the sentence frames it within the power dynamic of a school principal. My initial thought is to consider the possible senses – it could be related to cognitive ability or the teaching staff. The sentence structure immediately points towards the second definition; it's about the principal's authority over the "faculty," the curriculum, and student discipline. The phrase "body of teachers and administrators at a school" seems a perfect fit here. Therefore, my selection is definitively sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: matter
Target surface form: matters
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all <t>matters</t> of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Matters" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target is "matters", the lemma is "matter". It appears in the phrase "all matters of student discipline". My initial task is to identify the correct sense of "matter". The options presented are intriguing.

First, sense 1, "a vaguely specified concern," sounds promising. It's related to "affair" and "thing," fitting the idea of administrative or practical elements. Sense 2, "some situation or event that is thought about," leans towards "topic," "subject," and "issue," which is an alternative direction.

In this context, "matters of student discipline" - are we dealing with the 'affairs' of discipline, or the 'topics' of discipline? Consider "authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." "Faculty" refers to people, and "curriculum" to a program of study. What fits with both of these and "student discipline" best? I am leaning toward the administrative/practical side, and away from the contemplation side.

The phrase "matters to attend to," or "affairs to handle," comes to mind, confirming the practical application of "matter" in the context. Sense 1, with "affair" and "thing," seems a direct fit. A principal has authority over *handling* and *dealing with* student discipline. This isn't just about authority over *discussing* student discipline.

Let's double-check by considering synonyms and hypernyms. Sense 1's hypernym is "concern," implying something important to handle. The "affair" here is a clear fit, something that requires active management. Conversely, Sense 2's hypernym, "cognitive content," implies thought or discussion, which is less relevant to the principal's role.

The decisive factor is that a principal's authority over student discipline is about *managing* and *handling* it. Therefore, sense 1, the "vaguely specified concern," is definitively the correct sense. It's an affair, a thing, a concern the principal is responsible for.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of <t>student</t> discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Disambiguating "Student" in the Context of School Discipline**

Okay, so I'm looking at this sentence: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of *student* discipline." The word "student" is clearly the one that needs disambiguation here. I need to figure out which of its senses is the intended meaning.

I've got two candidate senses to consider. The first, *student%1:18:00::*, is the straightforward one – a learner enrolled in an educational institution, a pupil or educatee. The second, *student%1:18:01::*, refers to a more learned individual, a scholar who has mastered one or more disciplines.

Now, let's analyze the context. We're talking about "schools," and specifically about the principal's authority over "student discipline." It seems pretty clear. "Student discipline" in this setting almost certainly refers to the regulation of behavior of the learners within the school. Given that the word "student" is being modified by the phrase "student discipline," which refers to regulating behavior in schools, the second sense, which relates to a "learned person", doesn't make sense here. So, the first sense – the pupil, the enrolled learner – is the only logical fit. Therefore, sense index 1 is definitely the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: Study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. <t>Study</t> after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Semantic Sense of "Study"**

Okay, so I'm looking at the sentence: "<t>Study</t> after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." My goal is to pinpoint the correct semantic sense of "Study" here. I've got a list of potential senses: I've got options including surveys, application of mind to learning, the written document, a room, a branch of knowledge, preliminary drawings, meditative attention, those who memorize easily and something about a musical composition.

Immediately, I'm leaning toward the idea of a *written document* or *report*, because the sentence mentions the Brookings Institution and something that "tells us" something. Let's see... looking at the details for Sense 3: study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group, with synonyms of report and written report. There is also an example: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". Hmm... I like where this is going.

The key is the "tells us that..." part. Sense 3 directly addresses this. It's essentially saying "reports tell us that..."

Comparing it to Sense 1, which defines it as "a detailed critical inspection". The synonyms here are things like *survey* which doesn't sit right, as the usage in the sentence implies a report of some kind. Comparing it back to Sense 3, this is a clear and direct match to a written output describing the findings of a group. The example is also a clear analogue to the sentence usage, making it feel very aligned. So, I'm confident that Sense 3, "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group," is the most fitting semantic interpretation in this context. It is the most logically congruent with the rest of the sentence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after <t>study</t> -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Study"**

Okay, let's break this down. The target word is "study" in the phrase "Study after study – the most recent from the Brookings Institution – tells us that...". My initial thought is to consider the possible senses of "study" in this context. We have a few options: a detailed inspection, an act of learning, a written report, a state of deep mental absorption, a room, or a branch of knowledge.

Considering the context, "Study after study... from the Brookings Institution *tells* us that...", I'm leaning heavily towards the idea of a document conveying findings. The phrase "from the Brookings Institution" strongly suggests a published piece of work, a report or document, that presents research results. Sense 3, "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group," fits perfectly. This aligns directly with the idea that the "study" *tells* us something, like a report would. Sense 1, "a detailed critical inspection," is a possibility, but it doesn't quite capture the notion of a source of information. The phrase "tells us that" is much more aligned with a report presenting information.

Looking at WordNet further confirms this. Sense 3, with its synonyms "report" and "written report," mirrors this intent exactly. It is directly comparable to examples like "the recent study by Hill and Dale". The idea of a document explicitly conveying findings is the core of this meaning. Sense 1, while valid, doesn't quite make sense in the context of a source conveying information.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Disambiguating "Most" in Context**

Okay, so the task is to figure out the meaning of "most" in this sentence: "Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools..." My initial thought process is to consider the possible senses provided, keeping the context front and center. I see three potential definitions: the superlative, a very emphasis, and something akin to "almost" or "nearly."

Looking at the example phrase, "the most recent," it's immediately apparent this is a superlative construction. We're talking about the *newest* study, the one that is *most* recent among a group of studies. The text "the king cobra is the most dangerous snake" clearly shows the usage of the superlative.

Sense 2, the "very" sense ("a most welcome relief"), feels off. "A most recent" doesn't quite work. It highlights that the article says "the most recent", rather than "a most recent". That's the key. We're not emphasizing how recent it is in an absolute sense, but that it's the *most* recent of multiple studies.

Sense 3, which is about "almost" or "nearly," is clearly irrelevant here. The sentence isn't saying the study is "nearly recent."

Therefore, based on the superlative construction and the clear implication of comparative recency within a set of studies, I'm confident that sense 1, the superlative, is the correct interpretation. So, sense index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tells
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- <t>tells</t> us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Verb "Tell"**

Okay, so I'm looking at this sentence: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." My immediate task is to nail down the precise meaning of "tells" here. It seems straightforward, but I need to be precise.

My first instinct is to consider a few candidate senses. We have "express in words," "let something be known," "narrate or recount," "give instructions," "discern or comprehend," "inform positively," "give evidence," and "mark as different." The context feels like a study conveying information, but I need to make the right choice.

Let's begin by contrasting senses 2 and 1. Sense 2, "let something be known," seems promising. Think "Tell them you'll be late." Sense 1, "express in words," is like "He said he wanted to marry her." The definition of sense 2 is precisely "let something be known."

Checking WordNet, sense 2 often manifests as "tell them that..." and it fits common verb frames, and is related to VerbNet tell-37.2. But I also checked the frames of sense 1 and realize that it would also fit.

I dig into sense 2, and the key question becomes: *Does a study "let something be known?"* Can an inanimate object convey information in this way? Let me double-check the definition and associated synonyms.

I'm starting to zero in on the nuances. Does sense 2 fit "Study after study...tells us that..."? It does. It fits because the study *informs*, *conveys knowledge*, *lets something be known*. It's not a direct, verbal statement in the way that sense 1 would imply. It's more about the information the study *presents* or *communicates.*

So, now let's go back and compare Sense 7 with Sense 2, and after reviewing that, my judgement is that sense 7, "give evidence" doesn't quite fit. And, now I am again checking and rechecking, and sense 2 is still the most appropriate.

So, ultimately, it's sense 2: "let something be known." "Study after study tells us" means the studies are *communicating* information, *informing* us, *conveying knowledge*. It’s a subtle but crucial distinction. That, I think, is the most precise interpretation here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Best"**

Okay, so the target word is "best" in that sentence about schools. Let's see... the most recent study says the *best* schools are those free from interference and governed by a strong head. My first thought is to check the candidate senses for "best". I already know to focus on the superlative adjective senses of "good," which are often sense 1 or 2.

Let's see what's what. Sense 1 is defined as "(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities," with examples like "the best film of the year; the best solution." Then there's sense 2, which is "(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable," with "better" as a synonym. And then there are a ton of "good" senses.

Right, so I need to make sure sense 1 is the one I want. Let me confirm that sense 1 has lemma "best" and the definition: "(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities". Yep, that matches.

Now, considering the context: "the best schools are those that..." It's obvious; this means the schools with the highest quality, the ones performing best, which is that "most positive qualities" sense.

So, it's clear: the intended sense is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best <t>schools</t> are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Target Word "Schools"**

Okay, the target word is "schools" within the context of this sentence from the Brookings Institution study. Time to methodically consider the possible meanings, and the best fit. I'm going through the senses one by one.

*   **Sense 1** is "an educational institution". That seems promising right off the bat. It aligns with the idea of a place where education happens, and it is a common interpretation.
*   **Sense 2** is "a building where young people receive education". This is related, but the focus on the physical structure doesn't quite capture the *institution* aspect of the sentence.
*   **Sense 3** is "the process of being formally educated at a school". This is also related, but it deals with the activity of schooling, not the "schools" themselves.
*   **Sense 4** is "a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers". Clearly, that's completely irrelevant here.
*   **Sense 5** is "the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session". This could apply, but it does not fit the context as well as the meaning of a school as an educational institution.
*   **Sense 6** is "an educational institution's faculty and students". This is also related, but it does not capture the context as well as the meaning of a school as an educational institution.
*   **Sense 7** is "a large group of fish." We can rule this one out immediately.

Given the phrase "free of outside interference and governed by a powerful head," the best sense is the one describing an educational institution, in this case, "the best educational institutions are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head". Sense 1, "an educational institution," is the clear and most appropriate choice. It speaks to the organizational nature of "schools" in this sentence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: outside
Target surface form: outside
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of <t>outside</t> interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=outside%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit | examples=an outside margin
2. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00 | definition=coming from the outside | synonyms=external, extraneous | examples=extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income
3. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:external:00 | definition=originating or belonging beyond some bounds: | examples=the outside world; outside interests
4. sense_key=outside%3:00:04:: | definition=located, suited for, or taking place in the open air | synonyms=outdoor, out-of-door | examples=outdoor clothes; badminton and other outdoor games
5. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extramural:00 | definition=functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit | examples=extramural hospital care and treatment; extramural studies
6. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:exterior:00 | definition=leading to or from the outside | examples=an outside door
7. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:foreign:02 | definition=from or between other countries | synonyms=external, international | examples=external commerce; international trade
8. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=very unlikely | synonyms=remote | examples=an outside chance; a remote possibility
9. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:outer:00 | definition=on or toward an outer edge | examples=an outer lane; the outside lane
10. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:inaccurate:00 | definition=(of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter | synonyms=away | examples=the pitch was away (or wide); an outside pitch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Summary of Analysis: "Outside" in the Context of School Governance**

Okay, here's how I'm thinking about this. The target is the word "outside" in the phrase "free of outside interference." My expertise tells me we need to nail down the precise meaning, especially because it's in an educational context.

I start by considering the candidate senses provided. I immediately see a potential clash between "coming from the outside" (sense 2, extrinsic/extraneous) and "originating or belonging beyond some bounds" (sense 3, external). These feel most relevant. I need to figure out which one fits best.

My initial thought is to compare sense 2 and sense 3. Sense 2 is about things *added* from outside, like "extraneous light" or "extraneous income" - things that are not essential. Sense 3, on the other hand, deals with things *originating* beyond a defined boundary, like "the outside world" or "outside interests." I go check WordNet again.

I start to lean towards sense 3. The phrase "outside interference" suggests something *originating* from beyond the school's boundaries, not simply being a non-essential addition to it.

Then I get a crucial thought: *interference* is an *action* that originates somewhere. So it must be about originating from beyond some bounds. So it must be the case: This "outside interference" is from *outside* the school organization.

I go back to my knowledge and consider: within an institutional context, "outside interference" often refers to external bodies (government, school boards, etc.) impacting the school. These actors *originate* beyond the school's specific boundaries. I think of the phrase "external interference" vs. "internal interference" within the school, and that the head has authority over the faculty inside the school. This is the decisive point. I'm looking at "external interference" vs "internal interference"!

I check WordNet again. Yes. "originating or belonging beyond some bounds." This is the best fit. Interference originates from *outside* the school's defined limits. This perfectly contrasts with the idea of a "powerful head" governing *inside*. It's internal versus external.

The crucial distinction is that "outside interference" is not merely something non-essential (extrinsic). It is something *external* to the school's domain, *originating* from somewhere outside, and therefore *originating* "beyond some bounds" (the school's bounds).

Thus, I'm confident that sense 3, the "external" sense, is the correct interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interference
Target surface form: interference
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside <t>interference</t> and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: | definition=a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance
3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: | definition=electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication | synonyms=noise, disturbance
4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: | definition=(American football) blocking a player's path with your body | examples=he ran interference for the quarterback
5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: | definition=any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Interference" in Context**

Okay, so I need to pinpoint the best sense of "interference" in this sentence: "Study after study...tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." My expert intuition tells me this should be straightforward, but I need to be thorough.

First, I quickly review the potential senses. I see options for intervention, obstruction, electrical disturbance, a football-related meaning, and a more general obstruction. I'm immediately drawn to the idea of external actors meddling with the school's autonomy.

I pause and hone in on Sense 2 and Sense 5. The distinction is crucial: Sense 2 describes the *act* of hindering, while Sense 5 describes the *thing* that hinders, the obstruction itself. That's the key. I want to be certain, so I recall how WordNet represents the relevant synsets, including their hypernyms.

I confirm my suspicion: "free of outside interference" is about avoiding *actions* from outside entities that meddle or prevent the school from operating freely. It is the *act* of outside parties interfering, not a *thing* which causes it. Therefore, "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding" is by far the most relevant. The synonyms provided (hindrance, hinderance) align perfectly with this interpretation. So, index 2 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: govern
Target surface form: governed
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are <t>governed</t> by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=govern%2:41:02:: | definition=bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations | synonyms=regulate, regularize, regularise, order | examples=We cannot regulate the way people dress; This town likes to regulate
2. sense_key=govern%2:41:01:: | definition=direct or strongly influence the behavior of | examples=His belief in God governs his conduct
3. sense_key=govern%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authority over; as of nations | synonyms=rule | examples=Who is governing the country now?
4. sense_key=govern%2:42:00:: | definition=require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood | examples=most transitive verbs govern the accusative case in German

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Governed" in the Context of School Leadership**

Okay, so the sentence is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." My task is to determine the correct sense of "governed."

I've got the following senses to consider:

1.  "bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations" (regulate, regularize)
2.  "direct or strongly influence the behavior of"
3.  "exercise authority over; as of nations" (rule)
4.  "require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood"

Sense 4 is immediately out of the question; it's a grammatical sense. I'll focus on the remaining three.

The context is crucial here. We're talking about schools, specifically "principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." And the sentence continues to connect governance with accountability. That immediately suggests Sense 3, "exercise authority over; as of nations," or "rule." The context explicitly describes the head as having "a large measure of authority."

Let's compare this to Sense 1, which relates to imposing regulations and making things conform. While a school head certainly *regulates* some things, that's not the primary meaning here. The emphasis is on *authority* and the power to *direct* the school. Sense 2, "direct or strongly influence the behavior of," is partially correct but not as precise as Sense 3, which is about exercising direct authority. The context strongly implies a ruling or authoritative role.

I'll consult WordNet for further validation. Checking the definition of "govern%2:41:00::" – which is the target sense, "exercise authority over; as of nations" – I see synonyms like "rule" and hypernyms like "control" and "command." That fits perfectly. I can also look at the definition of "govern%2:41:02::" and note the hypernyms of "decide," "make up one's mind," and "determine." Those don't seem to apply in the same way.

Therefore, my conclusion is that the intended sense of "governed" in this sentence is indeed Sense 3: "exercise authority over; as of nations," or, more colloquially, "ruled" by the head. The sentence is saying that the best schools are those where the powerful head has the authority to make decisions and direct the school without external interference. The WordNet analysis and context support that choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: powerful
Target surface form: powerful
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a <t>powerful</t> head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=powerful%3:00:00:: | definition=having great power or force or potency or effect | examples=the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms
2. sense_key=powerful%5:00:02:strong:00 | definition=strong enough to knock down or overwhelm | synonyms=knock-down | examples=a knock-down blow
3. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having great influence | synonyms=potent
4. sense_key=powerful%5:00:01:strong:00 | definition=(of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful | synonyms=brawny, hefty, muscular, sinewy | examples=a hefty athlete; a muscular boxer
5. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:superhuman:00 | definition=displaying superhuman strength or power | synonyms=herculean | examples=herculean exertions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Powerful" in the Context of a School Head**

Okay, so I'm presented with the word "powerful" in the phrase "a powerful head" – referring to a school principal. My goal is to determine the most accurate WordNet sense here. Given my expertise, I quickly recognize the need to disambiguate the word based on the context.

I see a few candidates: one relating to raw power and force (sense 1), and another highlighting influence (sense 3). Initially, it seems a toss-up: does "powerful head" mean someone wielding direct authority (power/force) or someone exerting significant influence? My immediate instinct is to lean towards sense 1, and so I check the definitions.

Sense 1 defines "powerful" as "having great power or force or potency or effect," with examples like "the most powerful government." This feels immediately relevant. It aligns with the idea of a school headmaster possessing significant authority. The phrase emphasizes the head's governance.

Sense 3, on the other hand, defines "powerful" as "having great influence," similar to "potent". I'm not convinced "influence" is the core of the idea.

So, I dig deeper. I want to be certain, so I think of my wordnet knowledge. What about the relationships between authority and power? I note the direct link: authority *is* power in this context. The text also states that this "power" comes with "unambiguous accountability." This reinforces that it is a power/authority type scenario.

I'm thinking about the direct contrast in WordNet. Sense 1's antonym is "powerless," which provides a clear opposition to this school head's role. I consider, does "powerful" directly mean influential?

I check the definitions and examples for sense 1: "the most powerful government." Bingo! The examples further solidify the fit. We're talking about a governing entity or leader. A "powerful head" governing a school is conceptually identical to a "powerful government" governing a nation.

Then I check the contrast. Sense 3 lacks examples: it is simply "having great influence". The lack of examples is a red flag. I remember my work with the SemCor corpus. I remember that the way "powerful" has been tagged there, especially when referring to someone in a position of authority, is almost always the power/force definition (Sense 1).

I realize that my initial hunch was correct. This isn't about influence *per se*; it's about the inherent authority, power, and potency that the headmaster wields to govern the school. The school head's authority is, in essence, power. This directly matches Sense 1. The definition and example in WordNet, specifically the governmental context, cements the match. Thus, sense 1 is unequivocally the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: head
Target surface form: head
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=head%1:08:00:: | definition=the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains | synonyms=caput | examples=he stuck his head out the window
2. sense_key=head%1:05:00:: | definition=a single domestic animal | examples=200 head of cattle
3. sense_key=head%1:09:00:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, brain, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=head%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who is in charge | synonyms=chief, top dog | examples=the head of the whole operation
5. sense_key=head%1:14:00:: | definition=the front of a military formation or procession | examples=the head of the column advanced boldly; they were at the head of the attack
6. sense_key=head%1:19:00:: | definition=the pressure exerted by a fluid | examples=a head of steam
7. sense_key=head%1:15:00:: | definition=the top of something | examples=the head of the stairs; the head of the page
8. sense_key=head%1:15:01:: | definition=the source of water from which a stream arises | synonyms=fountainhead, headspring | examples=they tracked him back toward the head of the stream
9. sense_key=head%1:10:03:: | definition=(grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent | synonyms=head word
10. sense_key=head%1:26:00:: | definition=the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)
11. sense_key=head%1:23:00:: | definition=the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head | examples=he is two heads taller than his little sister; his horse won by a head
12. sense_key=head%1:20:00:: | definition=a dense cluster of flowers or foliage | synonyms=capitulum | examples=a head of cauliflower; a head of lettuce
13. sense_key=head%1:18:01:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=principal, school principal, head teacher | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
14. sense_key=head%1:18:03:: | definition=an individual person | examples=tickets are $5 per head
15. sense_key=head%1:18:02:: | definition=a user of (usually soft) drugs | examples=the office was full of secret heads
16. sense_key=head%1:17:02:: | definition=a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea) | synonyms=promontory, headland, foreland
17. sense_key=head%1:17:01:: | definition=a rounded compact mass | examples=the head of a comet
18. sense_key=head%1:17:00:: | definition=the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container | examples=the beer had a large head of foam
19. sense_key=head%1:15:02:: | definition=the part in the front or nearest the viewer | synonyms=forefront | examples=he was in the forefront; he was at the head of the column
20. sense_key=head%1:11:01:: | definition=a difficult juncture | synonyms=pass, straits | examples=a pretty pass; matters came to a head yesterday
21. sense_key=head%1:11:00:: | definition=forward movement | synonyms=headway | examples=the ship made little headway against the gale
22. sense_key=head%1:10:01:: | definition=a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer | synonyms=point | examples=the point of the arrow was due north
23. sense_key=head%1:10:02:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=question | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
24. sense_key=head%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about | synonyms=heading, header | examples=the heading seemed to have little to do with the text
25. sense_key=head%1:08:01:: | definition=the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint | examples=the head of the humerus
26. sense_key=head%1:08:02:: | definition=that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
27. sense_key=head%1:06:05:: | definition=(computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk | synonyms=read/write head
28. sense_key=head%1:06:04:: | definition=(usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head | examples=call heads or tails!
29. sense_key=head%1:06:03:: | definition=the striking part of a tool | examples=the head of the hammer
30. sense_key=head%1:06:02:: | definition=(nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship
31. sense_key=head%1:06:00:: | definition=a projection out from one end; , | examples=the head of the nail; a pinhead is the head of a pin
32. sense_key=head%1:06:01:: | definition=a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum | synonyms=drumhead
33. sense_key=head%1:04:00:: | definition=oral stimulation of the genitals | synonyms=oral sex | examples=they say he gives good head

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Head" in the Context of School Governance**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "head" in the sentence concerning school governance and it's clear the context is about school leadership, specifically the idea that effective schools are free from external meddling and run by a strong "head".

My immediate thought is to consider the likely senses of "head" in this educational setting. I'm seeing two contenders: sense 4, referring to a general person in charge (chief, top dog), and sense 13, explicitly the "educator who has executive authority for a school" – the principal, head teacher.

Given that the preceding context emphasizes that "schools should have principals" and then the sentence in question refers to schools being governed by a "head", my instincts point strongly towards sense 13. The phrase "free of outside interference and are governed" definitely aligns with the principal's role, particularly in contrast to outside bodies trying to influence the school's running.

To confirm, I'll revisit sense 13: "the educator who has executive authority for a school." The synonyms – principal, school principal, head teacher – fit the bill perfectly. The example given, "she sent unruly pupils to see the principal," further reinforces this.

Therefore, the intended sense of "head" here is unequivocally sense 13 (head%1:18:01::), referring to the principal or head teacher.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Authority" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "authority," and the context is all about school principals and their powers. I need to pinpoint the precise meaning here. The passage highlights "authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline," and then reinforces it with "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

First, I consider the possible senses. We've got:

1.  Power to give orders/make decisions (dominance, control)
2.  People in control (e.g., "the authorities")
3.  An expert
4.  Confidence
5.  An administrative unit
6.  Official permission
7.  An authoritative written work

The phrase "authority over" strongly suggests sense 1. It's the core concept of power, the ability to control and direct. The idea of "unambiguous accountability" also aligns perfectly with this sense of having the power to *do* something and being responsible for the outcomes.

Let's quickly rule out the others to be absolutely sure. Sense 6 (official permission) doesn't quite fit; the text is about *having* authority, not *receiving* it. Sense 2 (persons) is clearly incorrect; the passage refers to a power, not a group. Sense 3 (expert) and Sense 7 (written work) are also not relevant to this situation. Sense 4 (confidence) doesn't align with the context's need for someone to have power and be accountable for their actions. Finally, sense 5 (administrative unit) is entirely inappropriate.

So, in my professional opinion, sense 1, "the power or right to give orders or make decisions," is the clear and only accurate interpretation of "authority" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_with
Target surface form: goes
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01:: | definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with | examples=French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue
2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00:: | definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with | examples=The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Goes" in Context**

Alright, let's break down this "goes" in "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability." Immediately, I recognize this as a phrasal verb, specifically "go with," which implies an association. Now, I need to pinpoint the precise nuance.

My initial scan of the possible senses brings up a couple of contenders. Sense 1 suggests a presence or association, essentially things that "attach to," "accompany," or "come with" something else. Sense 2 points to linguistic collocation – how words tend to occur together, such as "hot" and "cold."

In this sentence, it's clear that accountability is *associated with* authority. It's not about the words "authority" and "accountability" typically co-occurring grammatically. It's that accountability is something that comes hand-in-hand with, or is a consequence of, authority. Therefore, the first sense – the one involving "attach to," "accompany," or "come with" – is the correct interpretation. The accountability *attaches* to the authority. That's the core of the relationship.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unambiguous
Target surface form: unambiguous
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an <t>unambiguous</t> accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00:: | definition=having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; - Mario Vargas Llosa | examples=As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous
2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04:: | definition=admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion | synonyms=unequivocal, univocal | examples=unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Unambiguous Accountability"**

Okay, so I'm looking at "unambiguous" in the phrase "unambiguous accountability". Immediately, I have two candidate senses to consider. Sense 1, the more definitional one, focuses on having a single, clearly defined meaning. Sense 2, the one that feels more relevant here, deals with a lack of doubt or misunderstanding, being unequivocal.

The first step is to check the synsets and their antonyms. That helps reinforce the distinct meanings. The context, "unambiguous accountability", immediately leans me towards Sense 2. "Accountability" isn't a *meaning* in itself, it's a *state* or *duty*, and that makes Sense 2 much more appropriate: admitting no doubt about who is responsible.

I think back to synonyms: "unequivocal," "univocal." Thinking "unequivocal accountability" is a common and understandable phrase, clearly indicating clarity and lack of dispute. That clinches it.

To really confirm it, I'm checking WordNet. I need to make absolutely sure there isn't something subtle here that I'm missing. Verifying that the distinctions between the two senses are accurately represented in WordNet 3.0 is a good checkpoint. But it does reinforce my initial assessment: Sense 2, "admitting of no doubt," is the correct interpretation here. "Accountability" isn't a word or text or concept with a meaning in this case; it's a state/duty, making sense 2 the correct match. It implies a clear, unquestionable assignment of responsibility. That's the key.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: Schools
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. <t>Schools</t> that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Schools" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "Schools" within the sentence: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." My initial instinct is to go through the senses. Let's see...

I've got a list. Sense 1, "an educational institution", looks promising. Sense 2, "a building," is probably wrong because the sentence implies a structured system. Sense 3, "schooling," and Sense 5 "period of instruction" are also unlikely since they refer to a process or time, not the subject itself. Sense 4, referring to a "body of creative artists or writers or thinkers," is way off. Sense 6, "an educational institution's faculty and students," *could* work, but it seems a bit broader than what's needed. Sense 7 is "a large group of fish," no.

Given the phrase "structured in this way," I'm leaning toward Sense 1, the educational institution itself. It implies a specific organizational structure, which aligns with the idea of authority and governance – things that are properties of the institution itself rather than its population or time. This is also supported by the descriptions of "schools" having "principals with a large measure of authority" and "governed by a powerful head." Those details apply to the *institution*, not merely the people within it.

So, I think Sense 1 is correct: `school%1:14:00:: an educational institution`.