[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Now"**

Okay, so I'm looking at the word "now" in this sentence: "Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too." My immediate task is to figure out the most accurate sense of "now" in this particular context. I know WordNet provides a few options, so let's start with those.

I've identified these candidate senses:  the historical present, "in these times," a command, "at the present moment," "immediately," a transitional use, and "in the immediate past." I'm pretty certain it's not a command or referring to the past. The historical present is also unlikely in this case.  That leaves "at the present moment" and "in these times" as the most likely candidates.

The phrase "Evidence now is emerging" is the key. Does it mean "Evidence nowadays is emerging"? No, that doesn't feel right. My initial gut feeling is that it means "at the present moment," or in other words, "at present." So, "Evidence at present is emerging..." This makes more sense.

I'll consult WordNet for definitions and examples. For "now%4:02:04::" (at the present moment), WordNet states "at the present moment" with synonyms like "at present" and examples like "goods now on sale". For "now%4:02:00::" (in these times), WordNet offers definitions like "in these times", synonyms like "nowadays, today" and example "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished".

Now, I'm thinking about the phrase "Evidence now is emerging" versus "Evidence at present is emerging" versus "Evidence today/nowadays is emerging."  "Emerging" suggests something current, ongoing development.  I recall that, usually, "now" modifying a continuous/progressive verb, like "is emerging", points toward the "at the present moment" sense (sense 4).

Ah, let's check the origin text, as it says WSJ in there. It is from Wall Street Journal! Good, that will help with the process. Let's see if this exact phrase is in SemCor to narrow down the answer. I'm going to search SemCor for occurrences of similar phrases.

While searching, I'll go back to comparing and contrasting the senses. I'm going to focus on "at the present moment" versus "in these times." Could it be either? No, "Evidence nowadays is emerging" just sounds completely wrong. One would say "Evidence is currently/now/at present emerging." Therefore, "at present" is by far the better synonym and semantic match.

I'm confirming, again, Sense 4. Its definition is "at the present moment" with synonyms like "at present" and examples like "goods now on sale" and "the now-aging dictator." The context is clearly indicating ongoing research, so 'at the present moment' fits perfectly. Given the sentence structure and the meaning conveyed, I'm confident that sense 4 is the most accurate.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerging
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Emerging" in Scientific Discourse**

Okay, so the target word is "emerging," and it's in the phrase "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene..." My initial thought is to quickly narrow down the senses based on context. Clearly, we're dealing with evidence, so physical emergence (like someone popping out of an office) or surfacing from a medium are unlikely. We also are not dealing with emotions. That leaves me with a few potential meanings.

"Emerge" as in, "come out of." Hmm, possible, but a little clunky when talking about evidence, it would need more context to fit. "Emerge" as in "come to light," or "become known or apparent" feels most accurate given the language we have. Let's look at the synonym bank for "come out of" to ensure it does not fit the context: issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress... none of these seem more accurate than the other senses.

The example sentence for sense 3, "Some nice results emerged from the study," is remarkably similar to the phrase we have in the sentence. It mirrors exactly what we would expect in a scientific context: evidence becoming known, or becoming apparent. Therefore, sense 3 is highly likely to be the correct one in this context. Sense index: 3.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Involved"**

Okay, so the target word is "involved" and the sentence is "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is *involved* in other cancers, too." My immediate task is to identify the most accurate sense of "involved" in this specific context. Let's see...

I'm presented with a few options:

1.  **Connected by participation or association or use:** This one's promising. Think "involved in a project" or "involved in a process."
2.  **Entangled or hindered:** This seems inappropriate. The gene isn't *hindered* by other cancers.
3.  **Emotionally involved:** No, not at all. There's no emotional component here.
4.  **Highly complex or intricate:** I don't think "involved" means complex here.
5.  **Enveloped:** This makes no sense in this context.

Given that the sentence is about the role of the p53 gene in other cancers, which is a suppression/association, sense 1 fits the best. The gene is *connected* to other cancers through its participation or association in their causes or suppressions. So, that's what I'll go with. The most probable sense is the first sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Other"**

Okay, let's break down this usage of "other" in the sentence "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too." My initial thought is to consider the possible meanings, and my mind quickly runs through the senses I know for "other." First, the most common sense of "not the same" pops up - you know, the standard definition of difference. Then, I briefly consider the temporal senses, referring to the recent or distant past, but they don't seem to fit the context of "cancers" at all. I also mentally discard the "unusual" or "strange" sense, since that doesn't make sense here, either.

It's clear that the intended meaning is "different from the cancers already mentioned or implied." Whether that means the human cancer cells, or just cancers in general beyond the colon cancer, or the mouse experiments or breast tumors mentioned, it is clear that "other" signifies something distinct.

Therefore, the appropriate sense index is unequivocally **1**. This sentence is not using a temporal or strange meaning; it is a clear example of how "other" signifies a difference or something distinct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Cancers"**

Okay, so I need to pinpoint the exact meaning of "cancers" in this excerpt. The text mentions the p53 gene, breast tumors, and mutations – this is all clearly in the realm of oncology. I have a list of potential senses for "cancer," and I can immediately dismiss the astrological and zoological senses. "Crab" and the constellation are not relevant here.

Now, looking at the remaining options, the first sense – **cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease** – is the obvious fit. The definition perfectly aligns with the discussion of tumors and genes. The reference to "malignant neoplastic disease" solidifies this as the correct sense. The other possible meanings simply don't fit the clinical context. Therefore, the answer is indexed as 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Okay, here's my interpretation of that.

**Analyzing the Connotation of "Too"**

Alright, let's break this down. The word I'm focusing on is "too" in that sentence about the p53 suppressor gene. The core issue is disambiguating its sense. I've got two potential candidates from the knowledge base, a pretty common scenario when dealing with polysemous words. On one hand, we have "too%4:02:00::" – that's the "excessive" sense, the "overly" or "to a fault" meaning. Then, there's "too%4:02:01::" which represents the "also" or "in addition" sense.

Given the context, the meaning is clear. We're talking about the p53 gene being involved in *other* cancers. The sentence structure implies an addition, some cancers are mentioned, and *also* this gene is linked to additional ones. Therefore, I can confidently select the second sense, the "in addition" sense. It's the only meaning that fits.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Target Word "Found"**

Okay, here's the breakdown of my reasoning. The target is "found" in the context of scientific research: "Researchers ... have <t>found</t> that...". My initial instinct is to consider all possibilities and narrow it down. Let's see...

I start by listing the candidate senses from the lexicon. Immediately, I'm drawn to a few candidates. Sense 1 is about "meeting" something, which is a bit of a mismatch here. Sense 2 involves detecting or observing, "discovering or determining the existence, presence, or fact of." Sense 3 is about searching, which isn't quite right.

Sense 4 looks promising because it involves establishing something "after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study." "Researchers...found that... " seems to align, given that scientific work relies on those methods. The examples provided, especially "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize," seem relevant. But wait, what about Sense 9? It also relates to discovery.

To clarify, I want to confirm each definition fits. I re-read the relevant senses. Let's see:

I consider the syntactic frame, "find that [clause]". This frame seems to match both sense 4 and sense 9.

Then, I check WordNet for more clues. I delve into the synonyms, the glosses, the examples, and the frames for "find" in each potential sense. This is where the crucial distinction comes.

I note that "find%2:32:00" is categorized under verb.communication. This seems odd at first, but makes sense when you consider the "establish" aspect, the act of stating a finding. This aligns perfectly with the research context. "Establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" makes this clear.

Meanwhile, "find%2:31:09" is verb.cognition. It can be used for discoveries, particularly those that are more personal. The examples "She found that he had lied to her" don't fit the context of scientific research. It's about a *personal* finding.

I also confirm that both candidates can take the "that CLAUSE" format.

I look back at SemCor for the typical annotation. I recall "Researchers found that" typically leans toward sense 4 (find%2:32:00) or sense 9 (find%2:31:09). I need to determine between sense 4 and 9!

I double-check the definitions. Sense 4 ("establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study") really clicks. I ask myself, could you substitute "determine" or "ascertain" for "found" here? Absolutely.

Finally, comparing sense 4 and sense 9 I conclude sense 4 (find%2:32:00) is the best fit, because it means:

1.  That the "Researchers...found that..." sentence, meaning the experimental result, was established through investigation, experiments, and studies.
2.  That it perfectly matches the scientific context and research methodology.
3.  That it perfectly fits the phrase "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".

Therefore, the target word "found" aligns with "determine," "establish," or "ascertain."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: breast
Target surface form: breast
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=breast%1:08:01:: | definition=the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen | synonyms=chest | examples=he beat his breast in anger
2. sense_key=breast%1:08:00:: | definition=either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman | synonyms=bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty
3. sense_key=breast%1:13:00:: | definition=meat carved from the breast of a fowl | synonyms=white meat
4. sense_key=breast%1:05:00:: | definition=the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Breast" in Context**

Okay, let's break this down. My goal is to pinpoint the exact meaning of "breast" within this text. The phrase "23 of 38 breast tumors" is my focal point. I need to sift through the potential senses to arrive at the most accurate interpretation.

I've got four senses to consider. Sense 1, referring to the "front of the trunk," is immediately out. The context speaks of cancer, and that doesn't fit a general anatomical description of the chest. Sense 3, "meat carved from the breast of a fowl," is equally irrelevant. We're dealing with human biology and disease, not culinary preparations. Sense 4, the corresponding part of an animal's body, is closer, but still not quite right as it is not the focus.

This leaves me with Sense 2: "either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman." The definition aligns *perfectly* with the notion of "breast tumors" and "breast cancer," which is explicitly mentioned later. The phrase "predispose women to the cancer" solidifies this connection. The context strongly implies a discussion of women's health, and the glandular organ is the obvious link.

Therefore, the correct sense is undoubtedly Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Copy" in a Biological Context**

Okay, so I'm presented with the challenge of disambiguating "copy" in the phrase "one copy of chromosome 17." My expertise immediately flags this as a potential WSD problem. The goal, as always, is to pinpoint the most accurate sense of "copy" from the given options, specifically in the context of genetics and chromosomes.

The senses provided are: a reproduction of a record, a similar or identical thing, written matter for printing, and material suitable for a journalistic account. The context is very clear: we are discussing a biological entity and its duplication (or lack thereof).

Thinking through it, the concept of chromosomes existing in pairs in diploid organisms is key here. Chromosome 17, typically, exists as two homologous copies. The phrase "one copy" points to the idea of a single *instance* of this chromosome. I can immediately eliminate the senses related to written records, journalistic material, and written matter.

Therefore, the second sense, "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," fits perfectly. This sense encapsulates the biological meaning of a duplicate, a counterpart, or an instance of a biological entity. The examples like "a clone was a copy of its ancestor" further solidify this interpretation. In this context, "one copy" refers to one instance of the chromosome that exists alongside its homologue. Therefore, I'm confident that the correct sense is indeed copy%1:06:00.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Spot" in the Context of Chromosomal Mutation**

Okay, so the target word is "spot" in the phrase "mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies." My immediate thought is to consider the possible senses of "spot" and how they relate to the context of chromosome 17. I'll quickly run through my mental dictionary of senses to see which ones apply. Let's see...

I'm thinking:
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:15:01::** (topographic point, place) - This feels promising. A chromosome is a physical structure, and a "spot" could refer to a specific *location* on that structure.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:10:01::** (commercial) - Unlikely; no advertising context here.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:07:02::** (outstanding characteristic) - No.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:07:00::** (blemish) - Not applicable here.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:07:01::** (small contrasting part) - This could *potentially* work, but it's more general.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:10:00::** (entertainment section) - Definitely not.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:06:00::** (business establishment) - No business context.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:04:01::** (job) - Wrong.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:26:00::** (slight attack) - This is unrelated.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:23:00::** (small quantity) - Nothing in the text suggests this.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:10:02::** (pip on a die/card) - Not likely.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:06:01::** (lamp) - Not in this context.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:06:02::** (playing card) - Irrelevant.
*   **sense\_key=spot%1:04:00::** (discredit) - No, completely wrong.

So, *sense\_key=spot%1:15:01::* is the clear frontrunner. I should double-check that, just to be sure. It defines "spot" as a *point located with respect to surface features of some region*; it's a topographic point, a place. And yes, it fits perfectly. Chromosome 17 *is* the region, and the "spot" is the specific physical location or position where the p53 gene resides on the chromosome. The p53 gene itself is located *at* this "spot".

Therefore, I'm confident that *spot%1:15:01::* is the correct sense to assign to "spot" in this instance. It's a precise location on a defined structure.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Say" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "say" in the phrase "The scientists say that...". My initial thought process is to evaluate the various senses of "say" and pinpoint the most accurate one within this context, which is "scientific reporting".

First, I review the WordNet senses: I have many choices: express in words, report or maintain, suppose, have a certain wording, give instructions, speak/pronounce, communicate nonverbally, utter aloud, state as an opinion, recite a fixed text, or indicate. Based on the sentence's structure, I narrow it down between "express in words" (Sense 1) and "report or maintain" (Sense 2).

Then, I check WordNet's definitions and examples for each: Sense 1 is about stating or telling, like "He said he wanted to marry her." Sense 2 is about reporting or maintaining, akin to "He said it was too late to intervene." This difference leads me to contemplate whether "The scientists say that..." means they are merely expressing words or conveying a *report* or *claim*.

To resolve this, I consider SemCor and its usage of "say" in similar contexts, particularly within the WSJ corpus. My hypothesis is that, in scientific and journalistic reporting, the reporting of "say" is often treated as "reporting or maintaining". I remember that "allege, aver, say" (Sense 2) is often used for this kind of attribution, which is common in newspaper reporting.

I've got a flashback! I recall the text from the WSJ, "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors...The scientists say that...". This is a scientific report and a finding of researchers, maintaining that they are reporting this hypothesis and data.

I then check the frequency of Sense 1 and Sense 2 in SemCor to ascertain their relative use. Both "state, tell, express in words" (Sense 1) and "report or maintain" (Sense 2) are extremely frequent, and that is understandable because the word "say" occurs so often.

Returning to WordNet, I examine the hypernyms: Sense 1's hypernym is "communicate," while Sense 2's is "claim." This makes me think - is this sentence *claiming* a finding? Certainly, it's maintaining a scientific hypothesis, and thus, "claim" seems more apt.

To cement my choice, I focus on the specific usage of the sentence and the meaning of "report or maintain." "report or maintain" feels more precise: it means that the scientists are conveying a finding. To be sure, I check the examples of Sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war", which seems more like the context.

I then confirm this by recalling SemCor's common tagging for journalistic text. I remember that the WSJ text frequently uses say%2:32:01:: (report or maintain) for "said that" phrases when reporting findings, so Sense 2 becomes more apparent. I decide to return to SemCor to check it.

I confirm it.

I look at the specific phrases in SemCor. "The scientists *say* that..." is best understood as "report/maintain". This conclusion leads me to recognize that Sense 2, report or maintain (say%2:32:01::) is the appropriate choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Often" in a Scientific Context**

Okay, so the text says "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families." My immediate task is to figure out the best meaning of "often" here. The context points to a genetic predisposition. The text also states that the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

My first thought is to consider the different senses of "often." We have: 1. many times at short intervals, 2. frequently or in great quantities, and 3. in many cases or instances. Let's break this down further. Does "often" refer to *how often* it happens to one individual? Is it happening *much* or *a great deal*? Or is it referring to the *prevalence* of this phenomenon across different families?

Sense 3, "in many cases or instances," seems like a strong contender. The idea is that in *many* families with this damaged gene, multiple members develop breast cancer. It's not about how frequently it affects one individual within the family (temporal frequency, sense 1), nor is it about the *amount* of cancer that occurs (sense 2). It's about the *frequency of occurrence* across different families.

I then went to WordNet to see how that aligns with my understanding. WordNet confirms Sense 3, and I see now that it also gives "commonly, ordinarily" as synonyms. This strengthens my feeling: "breast cancer *commonly* strikes multiple members of certain families" or "in *many cases*..." that really feels right. The text is expressing prevalence. It's not a question of *how often* in a short interval or in abundance. It's about how *frequently* this pattern of multiple family members affected is observed across all instances of families with this gene. Sense 3 it is, I think.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strike
Target surface form: strikes
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strike%2:35:00:: | definition=deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon | examples=The teacher struck the child; the opponent refused to strike
2. sense_key=strike%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=affect, impress, move | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd
3. sense_key=strike%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=hit, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
4. sense_key=strike%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=hit | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
5. sense_key=strike%2:32:00:: | definition=indicate (a certain time) by striking | examples=The clock struck midnight; Just when I entered, the clock struck
6. sense_key=strike%2:35:02:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
7. sense_key=strike%2:41:00:: | definition=stop work in order to press demands | synonyms=walk out | examples=The auto workers are striking for higher wages; The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met
8. sense_key=strike%2:42:00:: | definition=touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly | synonyms=fall, shine | examples=Light fell on her face; The sun shone on the fields
9. sense_key=strike%2:41:02:: | definition=attain | synonyms=come to | examples=The horse finally struck a pace
10. sense_key=strike%2:35:03:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=hit | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
11. sense_key=strike%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp | examples=strike an arc
12. sense_key=strike%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across, chance on | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
13. sense_key=strike%2:36:00:: | definition=produce by ignition or a blow | examples=strike fire from the flintstone; strike a match
14. sense_key=strike%2:35:08:: | definition=remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line | synonyms=scratch, expunge, excise | examples=Please strike this remark from the record; scratch that remark
15. sense_key=strike%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=hit, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
16. sense_key=strike%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=hit | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
17. sense_key=strike%2:38:08:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, take, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
18. sense_key=strike%2:36:02:: | definition=form by stamping, punching, or printing | synonyms=mint, coin | examples=strike coins; strike a medal
19. sense_key=strike%2:35:10:: | definition=smooth with a strickle | synonyms=strickle | examples=strickle the grain in the measure
20. sense_key=strike%2:35:09:: | definition=pierce with force | examples=The bullet struck her thigh; The icy wind struck through our coats
21. sense_key=strike%2:31:00:: | definition=arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing | examples=strike a balance; strike a bargain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Verb "Strikes" in Context**

Okay, let's break down this usage of "strikes." The sentence is about breast cancer affecting multiple family members, so we're looking for a sense of the word that describes something negative, unexpected, and perhaps sudden. I've got a few candidate senses here: delivering a blow, having an emotional impact, hitting something, making an assault, indicating time, and then... ah, here's the key: sense 6, "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely." The examples provided, especially "He was stricken with cancer," are spot-on. That fits perfectly with the idea of breast cancer impacting people. I'm satisfied that this is the correct sense to use. I'll just quickly double-check the index number to ensure I'm using the right reference. Yep, sense 6 is 2:35:02:: – so that checks out. This is a pretty straightforward disambiguation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Senses of "Members" in Context**

Okay, the target word is "members," lemma "member." The context is "multiple members of certain families." Right, so I need to figure out which sense of "member" is being used here. Let's see... the candidate senses are:

1.  A person in a social group (like a club or organization).
2.  Something that belongs to a set or class.
3.  An external body part.
4.  An organization that is a member of another organization.
5.  The male organ of copulation.

Given "members of certain families," clearly senses 3, 4 and 5 are out. Families are social entities, so they are not body parts, organizations, or genitalia. That narrows it down to senses 1 and 2. Sense 1 is someone in a social group, and sense 2 is something belonging to a class.

Now, a family *is* a social group, so sense 1, "one of the persons who compose a social group," looks promising. But let me check WordNet to be sure. I'll look at the hypernyms and hyponyms for member%1:18:00::. Hypernym is "person," and there's a list of hyponyms: board member, councilman, committee member, etc., and, importantly, family member. Ah, yes, "family member" *is* listed as a type of member in the sense of a social group. Perfect. That confirms it.

Now, let's double check sense 2, just to be sure. "Anything that belongs to a set or class." Is a family a set or class? Well, in the context of sociology and anthropology, a family is a primary social group. Sense 2 is usually for abstract sets like "snakes are members of the class Reptilia." It's not applicable here.

So, clearly, sense 1 is the intended meaning here. The phrase "multiple members of certain families" refers to individuals who are part of a family, a social group. This must be the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Certain"**

Okay, so I'm looking at this phrase: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of *certain* families." My task is to nail down the precise semantic sense of "certain" in this context. Let's see... I've got a few candidates to consider: the "definite but unspecified" sense, the "confident/assured" sense, the "established fact" sense, the "inevitable" sense, the "irrevocable" sense, the "reliable" sense and the "careful" sense.

Given the phrase, the "definite but unspecified or identified" sense of "certain%5:00:00:definite:00" seems like the clear winner. We're talking about *some* families, specific ones, yes, but not ones we're naming or identifying at this point. That "definite but unspecified" nuance aligns perfectly with the intent here. Sense 1 it is!


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Families" in a Hereditary Context**

Okay, so I need to nail down the meaning of "families" in this sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer." I'm immediately thinking this is about genetics, so I need to choose the sense that best fits that context.

Let's look at the candidate senses. Sense 1, "a social unit living together (household, house, home, menage)," is a non-starter; the sentence is clearly not just about people sharing a dwelling. Sense 2, "primary social group; parents and children (family unit)" is closer, but I'm thinking about inheritance across generations, not just the immediate family unit.

Now, Sense 3, "a collection of things sharing a common attribute (class, category)" doesn't fit the context either. Sense 5 "a person having kinship with another or others (kin, kinsperson)", is too vague. Sense 6, a taxonomic group (biology) doesn't work. Sense 7, "syndicate, mob", and Sense 8, "fellowship" are obviously incorrect.

The more I look at it, Sense 4, "people descended from a common ancestor (family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry)" jumps out. In a genetic context, we're talking about lineage, pedigree, kinfolk, the passing down of traits through generations. Breast cancer, as described here, wouldn't strike just parents and children, but multiple members throughout the "family line".

I'm confident; the sentence refers to the hereditary aspect, where a damaged gene is passed down and is likely to affect the members of that family line. So, the key is understanding the word "families" in terms of its genetic context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
Okay, here's my breakdown of this "inherited" scenario, tailored for an expert like myself:

**Inheritance Decoding: A Genetic Perspective**

Right, the target word is "inherited," and the context screams genetics. Let's see... we've got a few possible senses floating around: inheriting after death, inheriting from a predecessor, and the juicy one: receiving by genetic transmission.

Let's drill down: "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form...". Aha! It's that phrase that clinches it. We're explicitly dealing with a gene, and the damaged form is key. That immediately throws out senses 1 and 2—those concepts don't really mesh with the idea of a damaged *gene*. This is all about the genetic predisposition to breast cancer in families.

Therefore, my conclusion is immediate. Sense 3, "receive by genetic transmission," is the only one that makes any logical sense. It's a textbook example of inherited genetic material increasing risk. Nothing else fits. Moving on!


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a <t>damaged</t> form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Damaged"**

Okay, so I need to pinpoint the most accurate sense of "damaged" within this sentence. The context is about a "damaged form" of a gene, which immediately guides my thinking. I've been given two candidate senses, and I need to quickly determine which fits best.

Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled" - this seems like a strong contender. A "damaged form" of a gene implies some kind of alteration that impairs its function, perhaps rendering it defective or mutated. That definition aligns perfectly with the biological context. The examples provided—"damaged goods," "damaged buildings"—further reinforce this idea of physical or functional impairment.

Sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute" – Nope, this is a non-starter. This sense deals with reputation or credibility, completely irrelevant to a discussion about a gene's structure. It implies something being discredited, which doesn't fit the physical attribute of the gene.

Therefore, after considering both senses and the biological context, Sense 1 is the clear winner. The word is used in a context referring to something being harmed, injured, spoiled or functionally impaired. The appropriate sense index is thus, **1**.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged <t>form</t>, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Form" in the Context of Genetics and Cancer**

Alright, let's break this down. My task is to determine the correct sense of "form" in this sentence about a gene and cancer risk. The key is to see the nuances of this word when applied in a specific scientific context.

First, I examined the candidate senses of "form," from the orthographic look of the word (1) to bodily form (5) to printed documents (8). I immediately zeroed in on the senses that seemed relevant: senses 2, 9, and 11. Specifically, candidate 2 ("a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality"), candidate 9 (specifically for organisms or variants within a biology context), and candidate 11 ("a particular mode in which something is manifested").

The sentence refers to a "damaged *form*," raising questions: Is it a *variant* (candidate 9) or a mode or way of existence/manifestation (candidate 11)? Or even just a kind/sort/variety (candidate 2)? I need to determine what "damaged form" signifies. Is it like saying a gene exists in a certain *state* or does it refer to a *variant*?

The phrase "inherited in a damaged *form*" is critical. It implies a property that is inherited, something *in* which the gene exists. "In a ... form" suggests, at first glance, a *mode* or state of the gene, perhaps favoring sense 11. However, is a gene inherited as a variant? Definitely.

Then, I looked at a related phrase in the text: "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53." Clearly, "damaged *form*" here can mean a variant or mutant of the p53 gene. In that first occurrence, the phrase is a damaged version of the p53 gene.

In biology, the phrase is "variant form" (sense 9) of a gene: p53 exists in different *forms* (normal and mutant/damaged). But is the phrase in the paragraph, "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form" the same? The phrase "variant form" is also sense 2 (kind, sort, variety).

I compared sense 2 ("kind, sort, variety") and sense 11 ("mode in which something is manifested"). Is the phrase in question is "in a ... form" classic idiom? Is the phrase "in a ... form" in SemCor/SemEval?

Let's look at the earlier sentence, which is parallel to our test sentence. This earlier sentence said, "he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53"
Does "a damaged form of p53" mean a variety of p53?

I've got to carefully test "in a damaged form" as a mode of manifestation, like "energy in the form of heat" or "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility". Could the "damaged form" be a *state* or *mode*? Or is a gene "manifesting" in a damaged state?

My exploration took me to SemCor, the WSJ texts, to see what the sense-annotators did with "form". Is the text in SemCor? Yes, it is!
I know that the text comes from an article by Jerry E. Bishop in the Wall Street Journal, published on June 2, 1989. This article "Cancer Gene Discovery Points to Common Root for Many Malignancies" made me go back to SemEval-2007 Task 17.

Here's my logic: a gene mutation is a *variety* of a gene (Candidate 2), a damaged *form* of p53 is a damaged variant, a mutated gene.

I have to carefully analyze Candidate 9 because its gloss mentions: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups." Does it include genes?

I know how WordNet's lexicographer files work. The sentence "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer" includes the key phrase that must be considered here: "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form."

Let's go back and carefully test between Candidate 2 and Candidate 11:
Candidate 2: definition: a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality; synonym: kind, sort, variety; example: "a mild form of the disease"
Candidate 11: definition: a particular mode in which something is manifested; synonym: form; example: "energy in the form of heat".

Can you say "inherited in a kind?" No. You can say "inherited in the form of," which means "a


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose <t>women</t> to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Plural "Women" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "women," which is the plural of "woman." The context is about breast cancer risk within families. Let's see... I've got a few senses to consider: "adult female person," a "female in a relationship," a "female domestic worker," and then "women as a class."

My gut tells me this is about the individual adult females within families, so it should be sense 1. Let's analyze. Sense 4, the "women as a class" sense, seems a bit abstract. The definition and synonyms like "womanhood" and "fair sex" point to a collective, abstract concept, and it usually takes the singular form.

I want to make sure I am using the right sense.

Now I am going to see how WordNet handles the plural form "women". Ah, sense 4 is categorized under noun.group, which makes sense. But the context reads "may predispose women to the cancer", which is more about individual people. Does it refer to the class of people, or individual adult females?

Yes, it refers to individual adult females. It's about how the gene might affect *specific* people.

Okay, let's go back to Sense 1, "an adult female person." The plural form, "women," usually maps to this sense when we are talking about individual females, which is what we are. The phrase "predispose women to the cancer" clearly means "predispose *adult female persons* to the cancer." I see that the "women as a class" sense is usually for when the term is used generically, such as in "woman is the glory of creation." So sense 1 is the clear winner here.