[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: grade
Target surface form: grade
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first <t>grade</t>, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=grade%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
2. sense_key=grade%1:26:00:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=level, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=grade%1:07:01:: | definition=the gradient of a slope or road or other surface | examples=the road had a steep grade
4. sense_key=grade%1:23:00:: | definition=one-hundredth of a right angle | synonyms=grad
5. sense_key=grade%1:10:00:: | definition=a degree of ablaut | synonyms=gradation
6. sense_key=grade%1:09:00:: | definition=a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance) | synonyms=mark, score | examples=she made good marks in algebra; grade A milk
7. sense_key=grade%1:07:02:: | definition=the height of the ground on which something stands | synonyms=ground level | examples=the base of the tower was below grade
8. sense_key=grade%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
9. sense_key=grade%1:05:00:: | definition=a variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Grade" in "First Grade"**

Okay, so I need to figure out the right sense of "grade" when it's part of the phrase "first grade". My initial thought process is to look at the candidate senses. I see possibilities like a body of students, a relative position, gradient, a mark, or even something completely different. I immediately think of the US education system where "first grade" clearly refers to the level of schooling or the group of students.

I'm checking WordNet. It looks like sense 1, a "body of students who are taught together", is a strong contender. WordNet gives synonyms like "class", "form", and "course". Interestingly, it mentions that "form" is more common in the UK, while "grade" is more common in the US for this concept.

I pause. Does WordNet specifically define a school grade like "first grade"? I go back to WordNet and re-examine sense 1: `grade%1:14:00:: "a body of students who are taught together"`. The synonyms listed, "class, form, grade, course," seem to validate that "grade" itself can be the lemma for this concept of a grade level. "First grade" absolutely maps to the group of students and the educational level.

Then, I make sure. Are there other appropriate senses? Sense 2 talks about a relative position, and sense 8 talks about position on a scale. While these might be related, they're not the primary meaning in this context.

Ultimately, I'm confident. "First grade" strongly implies the "class, form, grade" sense, which is sense 1 (grade%1:14:00::) – the educational level or the body of students. It’s even confirmed by a secondary dictionary definition: "a year's course of education in a school." This aligns with the "form" equivalent, making sense 1 the most relevant.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Difference" in the Context of Early Education**

Okay, so the target word is "difference," and it's used in the sentence: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." My mind immediately jumps to how this word is used in this specific context.

Initially, I consider "difference" as the *variation* or the *significant change* in performance between the groups – those with early schooling and those without. What is the impact? What's the unlikeness?

Now, let's explore the senses. I run through them: dissimilarity (1), deviation from the norm (2), disagreement (3), significant change (4), and remainder (5). Given the phrase, "the difference in performance," it's clear we're talking about unlikeness or a gap, or a *significant change* in outcome. But, considering the "washed away" part, it is a matter of the gap closing.

So, is it the *variation*? The difference between the scores? It's really the *margin* of the better performance. No, it's the gap in performance, right?

Thinking of "improves performance... but the difference is washed away" – It's the gap! The *disparity*.

So, sense 1: *quality of being unlike or dissimilar* – that seems most appropriate, given we're discussing performance. A variation that deviates from the standard, then quickly washes away.

But wait, could "difference" here also imply the quantity of improvement? Is there a sense for a number? It's hard to find the right meaning, but it is clear it is a *gap*.

"The difference" as a change, as a gap, it is most like Sense 1.

I re-examine the text and think "washed away." What is being washed away? It's the gap between the groups, the *unlikeness* in their performance.

"The difference in her is amazing" would be sense 4.

So, back to the sentence. Given "the difference is washed away," it's more about the disappearance of the unlikeness, the narrowing of the gap.

Okay, I'm settling on Sense 1: *the quality of being unlike or dissimilar* because this is all about the gap. It is also a significant change. Yes, the gap is washed away, so there is no significant change.

My final selection: Sense 1. The gap, the unlikeness.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: quickly
Target surface form: quickly
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00:: | definition=with rapid movements | synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace | examples=he works quickly
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02:: | definition=with little or no delay | synonyms=promptly, quick | examples=the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03:: | definition=without taking pains | synonyms=cursorily | examples=he looked cursorily through the magazine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Quickly" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "quickly" in the phrase "...but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." I'm immediately considering the potential senses: rapid movement, promptness, or cursoriness.

Given the context of something being "washed away," the temporal aspect is key. "Washed away" implies a process, something happening over time. The phrase implies the difference disappears soon after. So, is it about *how* it's washed away (rapidly) or *when* it's washed away (promptly)?

I'm leaning towards the idea of speed or time; that the event occurs fast. Does "quickly washed away" imply *rapid movements* or *little to no delay*? The synonyms are helpful: "rapidly, speedily" versus "promptly, quick." "Washed away rapidly" makes more sense - the difference disappears *soon*.

I'm thinking, "Is it a rapid movement or a short time?" Let's consult WordNet to verify. Okay, WordNet lists two senses: one related to rapid movements, and the other related to little to no delay.

The phrase "the difference is quickly washed away" implies the disappearance happens fast, suggesting "rapidly" could be a good fit. "Speedily" could also be used. "Promptly" implies soon. Which captures the essence of a *short time span*? "With little or no delay" or "with rapid movements"?

"Washed away" as a process argues for the speed of that process. Often it's "rapidly washed away," so "rapidly" may be more likely. Let's compare the meanings: "arrived promptly", "come here, quick!"... these are related to immediate or soon. Then the other meaning is "he works quickly", "rapidly, speedily, apace". If a difference is quickly washed away, the process happens fast. "Promptly washed away" sounds wrong.

So, I'm thinking *rapidly* (Sense 1) is probably the intended sense, even if "rapid movements" is the gloss. "Speedily" makes sense in this context, too. The process itself is what's fast, like a difference is quickly forgotten.

Okay, let's double-check again...Does the difference wash away with little delay, or rapidly? It's the speed of the process here. "Rapidly" fits. Let me double-check for "quickly forgotten" to test sense 1...

I will go with Sense 1. The gloss for sense 2 is "with little or no delay," which could imply soon. But the "washed away" suggests a process happening fast, making me choose 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wash_away
Target surface form: washed away
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly <t>washed away</t>. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Washed Away"**

Okay, here's the breakdown of "washed away" in that sentence about early schooling's impact. The key is that the context is about differences in performance disappearing over time. I initially considered two senses: a literal "clean with water" meaning, and then this more figurative, eliminative sense.

The sentence clearly implies that the performance difference is *eliminated* or *disappears*. The phrase "washed away" here is not literal; no actual cleaning is taking place. Therefore, the eliminative sense – the one that suggests something is erased or nullified – is the appropriate one to map to this contextual meaning. That figurative sense, like the example of "wash away all the differences," is the best fit. Sense 2 is just not relevant here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sum_up
Target surface form: sum up
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Sum Up" in Context**

Okay, so the target phrase is "sum up" – right. I need to figure out the best meaning in this context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education...". The core meaning is clearly about providing a concise overview. This screams "summarize," "summarise," or "resume," which falls under my initial thought of **giving a summary**.

I'm seeing three senses here: first, the *action* of summarizing (like "he summed up his results"); second, something *being* a summary ("the abstract sums up..."); and third, the mathematical operation of totaling (like in, "Add all the people").

My assessment is that Sense 1 is the best one to use here, the action of summarizing. That makes the most sense given the context of "let us..."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Know" in the Context of Education**

Okay, the target word is "know" in that phrase: "Let us sum up what we do know about education...". Let's dissect the relevant senses. I'm immediately drawn to these: the base meaning of being aware of a fact or piece of information (Sense 1) and perhaps also the sense of holding a belief or faith in something (Sense 3). It might also be sense 4, being familiar with a person or object, but that seems less relevant here.

Given the phrase, "know about education" – I think Sense 1 is the most pertinent. It's about possessing knowledge or information regarding the subject. Thinking about it in terms of "what facts we possess about education" aligns perfectly.

I'm zeroing in on Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about." The example I would think of is, "I know the President lied to the people". It's a statement of factual awareness.

Yep, a second glance confirms it. Sense 1 is the best fit. "Know about education" directly translates to possessing knowledge or information about education. We're looking at things we can verify.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Education" in Context**

Okay, the target word is "education," and the context involves analyzing effective and ineffective education reforms. My immediate thought is, "What facet of 'education' are we dealing with here?" The phrase "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms" is key. It's not about the *result* of good upbringing or the U.S. federal department. It’s definitely not “knowledge acquired.”

My expert intuition leans towards the institutional sense, the *activities* of educating and instructing – the educational *system* itself (sense 1). Think instruction, teaching, pedagogy, the whole educational shebang. The phrase "education reforms" reinforces this; we're talking about changes to the system and the activities within it, not the knowledge acquired by individuals or a specific level of schooling (which would be sense 2 or 3).

I start considering synonyms for sense 1: instruction, teaching, pedagogy, educational activity. These fit the bill. The phrase "governors' conference on education," "the educational system," and "schooling" further solidifies that this is the field and activities.

But, I must consider my options. Let's look at the example phrase: "he received no formal education." Okay, which meaning is that? Sense 1 or sense 3? Both might apply. If "what we do know about education" refers to teaching and instruction, parental involvement, etc., it's clearly sense 1. “Education reforms” again underscores this focus on systemic changes. Sense 3, acquiring knowledge, is the learner's perspective. Here, we're talking about the *activity* of teaching, the system, and reforms. It’s definitely sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those <t>education</t> reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Education" in the Context of "Education Reforms"**

Okay, the target is "education," and the surface form is, well, "education." Seems straightforward, but context is king. The surrounding text mentions "education reforms," and that's the key. My initial thought is that "education" here modifies "reforms," referring to the system, activities, or process of educating. Let's delve into the candidate definitions.

I see six options. We have: the activities of educating or instructing, which aligns nicely with synonyms like "instruction" and "teaching"; knowledge acquired; the gradual process of acquiring knowledge; the profession of teaching; the result of good upbringing; and the US federal department.

"Education reforms" typically focuses on changing the educational system, the activities involved in educating, or the field itself. Considering this, candidate 1, "the activities of educating or instructing," is the frontrunner. It is similar to "educational activity" in WordNet. Candidate 3, "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge," initially seems plausible, but the "reforms" context shifts the emphasis.

Now, I'm thinking about the institution or system sense. WordNet might categorize that as Candidate 1 or 4, the profession of teaching. Ultimately, "education reform" is about reforming the educational activities/instruction, the process of teaching and imparting knowledge.

Yes, in this phrase, it boils down to reforming the *system* of teaching and instruction, the methods and practices. Candidate 1, "activities of educating or instructing," feels like the best fit. I'm going with Candidate 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reforms
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "reforms"**

Okay, so the lemma is "reform," and it's appearing as "reforms" in this sentence about education. The context is "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work..." My initial thought is to consider the possible senses: a general improvement, a specific campaign or initiative, or personal self-improvement, though I immediately discount the latter as irrelevant here.

Given the phrase "reforms that do work and do not work," I'm leaning towards the idea of specific *policies* or *campaigns* designed to improve education. If a "reform" *doesn't* work, it hasn't necessarily resulted in an improvement. Therefore, the definition of a "campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices" (Sense 2) feels like a better fit. Whereas sense 1, a *change* resulting in a better outcome, doesn't align so well with the idea of a reform that fails.

I'm cross-referencing this with WordNet to confirm my understanding. WordNet's Sense 2 perfectly aligns with my interpretation: a campaign aimed at correcting abuses. It's the only one that makes sense if a reform "doesn't work". The text talks about education *reforms* (plural), meaning it could be the change itself, but the context points directly to initiatives or proposals. The collocation "education reforms" in itself supports this.

So, I'm confident that sense 2, the campaign or initiative, is the intended meaning here. The phrase "education reforms that do work and do not work" seems to be describing actual plans, proposals, or campaigns, rather than necessarily the results of those.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Nuances of "Work" in this Context**

Okay, so the word I need to unpack is "work" in this sentence: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work." Clearly, it's not the kind of "work" that refers to labor or employment. I need to pinpoint the specific meaning here.

My mind immediately goes to sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected." That seems promising, as we're talking about the effectiveness of education reforms. They either *achieve* the intended result, or they don't.

Now, let me quickly rule out Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied". This definition, "perform as expected when applied," feels like it applies more to a machine or a system, like, "does this machine work?" or "this system isn't working." Applying it in this context doesn't fit the sentence's theme of reforms.

Okay, let's circle back and confirm, it's all about education reforms "that do *work*," implying the desired outcome. Sense 3, "have an effect or outcome, often the one desired or expected," is the best fit. Let's make sure, just to be certain.

Let's check the options again:
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied

Yep, Sense 3 is the one. "Education reforms that do work" means "have an outcome... often the desired" which means, reforms that achieve their intended effects. I'm satisfied.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Nuances of "Work" in Context**

Alright, let's break down this usage of "work" in this sentence: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work." My primary goal here is pinpointing the most accurate definition of "work" within this specific context, understanding it relates to education reforms.

Initially, I'm leaning toward the meaning of "having the desired effect or outcome" – basically, effectiveness. Considering my options, Candidate 3 and Candidate 4, both of which feel viable, require a deeper dive. Candidate 3, states "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" is the leading front-runner. Candidate 4, on the other hand, describes "perform[ing] as expected when applied" and feels more appropriate for machine-like applications and systems.

My initial assumption leans towards Candidate 3. The phrase "reforms that do work" in this instance would mean "reforms that have an effect or outcome, usually the intended one".

Let me do a double-check. Okay, I've got to ensure my candidate is correct. Using WordNet's sense keys, Candidate 3: `work%2:41:03::` "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected". Candidate 4: `work%2:35:02::` "perform as expected when applied" (function, operate, go, run). Based on the context "Education reforms that do work and do not work" is indeed referring to if it has the desired effect or not. The candidate for abstract plans, ideas, and reforms makes Candidate 3 the winner.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parental
Target surface form: Parental
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "<t>Parental</t> involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Parental Involvement"**

Okay, so the prompt is using "Parental" to modify "involvement," and the whole thing relates to parents and their kids' education. My brain immediately jumps to disambiguating the term. I need to make sure I understand the intended meaning.

I consider the two main senses, starting with the biological definition, as that's always the foundation of the root word, being designating the generation of organisms involved in reproduction. That's clearly a distraction here; we're talking about *human* parents. I dismiss that sense as irrelevant.

The second sense, the one relating to the characteristics of a parent or things befitting a parent, seems right. The phrase "Parents are too likely to blame schools..." definitely has to do with how *parents* behave and what they do in relation to their children and education. It's about parental *behavior*, guidance, and actions. It's the only logical interpretation in this context, so, the second sense it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involvement
Target surface form: involvement
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental <t>involvement</t> "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, participation, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00:: | definition=a connection of inclusion or containment | examples=he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen
3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=interest | examples=an interest in music
4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00:: | definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour
5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=participation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Parental Involvement"**

Okay, so the target term is "involvement" within the context of "Parental involvement," and the text *vehemently* states it's a "bad idea." That's a strong starting point! It seems we're dealing with parents participating in or engaging with the school or their children's education. My mind immediately starts sifting through the potential senses of "involvement."

There are a few obvious candidates. First, we have "**the act of sharing in the activities of a group**" – that's the classic engagement or participation sense. It even provides a brilliant example: *increasing student engagement in class activities.* That feels *spot on*.

Next, we see a more abstract "connection of inclusion or containment," which is less relevant here. There's also "a sense of concern" and even the decidedly inappropriate "secretive or illicit sexual relationship" that is clearly not what is intended. Lastly, there is "the condition of sharing in common with others."

Considering the context of school and parental participation, I think that the first sense, "**engagement, participation**," is the best choice. It aligns precisely with the notion of parents being active in the school environment. Sense 5 focuses on the "condition," which doesn't seem to capture the active nature implied by the phrase. Yes, sense 1 is definitely the most accurate and nuanced choice. Let's go with that.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bad
Target surface form: bad
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
2. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
3. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
5. sense_key=bad%3:00:09:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
7. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | examples=so-called bad grammar
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | examples=led a very bad life
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "A Bad Idea"**

Alright, let's break this down. The target phrase is "a bad idea," and the context is that "parental involvement" is a bad idea. My immediate focus is on the nuances of "bad" here. It's a loaded word, obviously, but we need to pin down the precise meaning in this context.

We're not talking about something *evil* (Sense 12) or even simply *inferior* in terms of performance (Sense 7). The issue is that parents tend to blame schools when children don't perform.

I'm quickly dismissing senses like "intense," "physical discomfort," "stale," "regret," or "financially unsafe." Those don't fit the context at all. It's not a *bad* feeling, it's not a *bad* investment. I'm also dismissing "capable of harming" (Sense 11) since the issue is more that it's *not* a good process, rather than being harmful.

This leaves me leaning towards Sense 1: "having undesirable or negative qualities." This seems like the most accurate interpretation within this situation. It's the best fit for this context, where parental involvement would create negative outcomes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad <t>idea</t>. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Concept of "Idea" in Context**

Okay, so the word I'm focusing on is "idea." The surrounding text is pretty clear: it says "Parental involvement' is a bad idea." My analysis immediately jumps to the candidate senses. I've got a list here, and I'm quickly sorting through them.

Sense 2, "your intention," and Sense 5, "melodic subject" feel off the mark right away. They don't seem to fit the structure of the sentence, nor the broader discussion about education. Sense 4, "approximate calculation," also feels out of place.

That leaves me with Sense 1, "content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about," and Sense 3, "a personal view." However, the phrase "is a bad idea" gives the strongest indication of Sense 1. The example provided even matches the phrase: "it was not a good idea".

Therefore, it's clear to me that sense 1 is the best match. In this context, "idea" refers to the concept or plan of parental involvement, which the text is explicitly labeling as "bad."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: Parents
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. <t>Parents</t> are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Parents" in Context**

Okay, the target word is "Parents," and the surrounding text is clearly focused on issues of "Parental involvement," children's education, and the relationship with schools. That immediately clues me in to the intended meaning. While the dictionary defines "parents" with two senses - the biological sense and the more general one – Sense 1, the human one – meaning a father or mother who nurtures and raises a child, is the overwhelmingly likely interpretation here. There's really no ambiguity given the context. We aren't discussing breeding programs or plant propagation, so the biological sense (Sense 2) is irrelevant. It's all about the role of human guardians in education.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are <t>too</t> likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Too"**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "too," and it's nestled within the phrase "too likely" in the context of parents and school blame. My expert intuition immediately tells me we're dealing with an adverb here, modifying the adjective "likely." The question now is which meaning of "too" is in play. We've got two options: "to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits" and "in addition."

Thinking critically about the sentence, "Parents are *too* likely to blame schools..." it just clicks. It's not about adding to the likelihood; it's about the likelihood being *excessive*. It's about a tendency that goes beyond what's reasonable or justifiable. "Too" in this instance functions as an intensifier, signaling an excess. So, the first definition, the one about exceeding proper limits, is the only correct interpretation. The second definition, "in addition", makes no sense in this context. It's a clear-cut case of lexical disambiguation. Simple enough.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: likely
Target surface form: likely
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too <t>likely</t> to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Likely"**

Okay, the target word is "likely," and the context is, "Parents are too likely to blame schools..." My initial thought is to run through the possible senses, as I always do. Let's see... I've got a few options here. Sense 1 is: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about." Sense 2 is "likely but not certain to be or become true or real," essentially, "probable." Sense 3, a bit off the beaten path, is "expected to become or be; in prospect" – "potential." And finally, Sense 4 is "within the realm of credibility."

Now, considering the context "too likely to blame," the phrase "likely to + infinitive" really jumps out at me. Let me go back and have a look at Sense 1. The example "she is likely to forget" fits the syntax perfectly, doesn't it? "Likely to" followed by an infinitive, indicating a high probability of an action. Sense 2, "a likely result" is close, but doesn't quite work. Sense 3, "potential clients," and Sense 4, "likely excuse," are a bit outside the range, so let's push them out.

Therefore, given the syntax and the meaning, Sense 1, that it "has a good chance of doing something," seems to be the most appropriate fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: blame
Target surface form: blame
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to <t>blame</t> schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=blame%2:32:00:: | definition=put or pin the blame on | synonyms=fault
2. sense_key=blame%2:32:01:: | definition=harass with constant criticism | synonyms=find fault, pick | examples=Don't always pick on your little brother
3. sense_key=blame%2:31:00:: | definition=attribute responsibility to | synonyms=charge | examples=We blamed the accident on her; The tragedy was charged to her inexperience

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Blame"**

Okay, so the target is "blame" in the context of parents blaming schools. I need to zero in on the most accurate definition and usage here. Let's see... Initially, I was considering options like "put or pin the blame on," "harass with constant criticism," and "attribute responsibility to."

I see that the phrase "blame schools for the educational limitations" is critical here, so let's break this down. It seems that "put or pin the blame on" and "attribute responsibility to" are the closest definitions.

Now, a closer look at the WordNet senses is needed. Sense 1 is "put or pin the blame on", a synonym of "fault". Sense 3 is "attribute responsibility to", a synonym of "charge."

The syntactic framing here is also important. It's "blame someone for something" - "blame schools for the limitations." Now, let's connect this with examples. With WordNet, it is either "blame someone for something" as sense 1 or "blame something on someone" as sense 3. So, for example, "He faulted her for not responding" corresponds to sense 1 and "We blamed the accident on her" corresponds to sense 3.

Now, considering the target phrase "blame schools for the educational limitations," which way does this go?

I think the important factor is that "schools" is the direct object here. I need to make sure I am thinking about this correctly: "blame someone for something" should be sense 1, and "blame something on someone" should be sense 3. So, "blame schools for..." matches the frame for sense 1. If it's sense 3, then it is "blame the limitations on schools", which isn't the phrasing of the sentence. Sense 1's definition "put or pin the blame on" typically takes the person being blamed as the direct object: "Pin the blame on someone" -> "blame someone." Sense 3 takes the event/thing as the direct object: "blamed the accident on her".

So, "We blamed the accident on her" is sense 3, but "We blamed her for the accident" is sense 1. "Parents are too likely to blame schools" matches sense 1. The correct meaning and the closest fit is, therefore, "put or pin the blame on." Yes, sense 1 is the most accurate here. Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame <t>schools</t> for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Schools"**

Okay, the target word is "schools" in that sentence, "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." My initial thought is that "schools" here refers to the actual institution – the physical building, the staff, the whole shebang. But wait, I need to be precise. There are multiple senses here, and I need to hone in. Sense 1 is clear: "an educational institution," like "the school was founded in 1900." Sense 6 is a bit more specific: "an educational institution's faculty and students," as in "the school keeps parents informed."

In context, it's about parents *blaming* "schools" for limitations. That suggests an entity that can be held responsible, which leans towards the institution itself or perhaps its administration and teachers. But "schools" is usually the go-to term for the institution itself. Let me check sense 1 again: "an educational institution." Does "blame schools" directly mean the institution? Yes, it's pretty standard usage, especially in general contexts.

Sense 6 is about the people, the faculty and the students, more like "the whole school turned out." But it's usually used when referring to the people that make up the school.

I think the best fit is sense 1. It's the most common in general contexts like "public schools" or, in this case, "blame schools". Sense 1 represents the institution, not just the people.

Alright, let's stick with sense 1. Seems solid, considering how "blame" is being used here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the <t>educational</t> limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Educational"**

Okay, so the phrase I'm focusing on is "educational limitations of their children." My initial thought process involves parsing the word "educational" to narrow down the correct meaning. I've got two candidates in mind immediately, both of which are valid definitions, but require careful contextual analysis to identify the best fit.

The first candidate, "relating to the process of education," is what I'd associate with concepts like educational psychology, the methods used in learning and how children's minds process information in the educational environment, etc. The second, "providing knowledge," seems a valid definition in its own right—we often use “educational” to describe resources like films, or materials designed to teach.

However, when I apply these two interpretations to the context of "limitations," it becomes clear that the first definition is the more accurate. "Educational limitations," in this setting, are constraints on a child's *ability to learn* or to make use of an educational curriculum. It's not about what they are *provided* in terms of knowledge, but rather their internal capacity for learning and processing knowledge within the process of education itself. The second definition, "providing knowledge," would be less relevant in this instance. Therefore, I confidently determine Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: limitation
Target surface form: limitations
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational <t>limitations</t> of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=limitation%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle that limits the extent of something | synonyms=restriction | examples=I am willing to accept certain restrictions on my movements
2. sense_key=limitation%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being limited or restricted | examples=it is a good plan but it has serious limitations
3. sense_key=limitation%1:23:00:: | definition=the greatest amount of something that is possible or allowed | synonyms=limit | examples=there are limits on the amount you can bet; it is growing rapidly with no limitation in sight
4. sense_key=limitation%1:28:00:: | definition=(law) a time period after which suits cannot be brought | examples=statute of limitations
5. sense_key=limitation%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of limiting or restricting (as by regulation) | synonyms=restriction

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Limitations" in Context**

Okay, so the task is to pinpoint the correct sense of "limitations" in the phrase "educational limitations of their children." The surface form is plural, "limitations," and the target lemma is "limitation." The context is about parents blaming schools. Let's see... I've got a list of possible senses to consider: a general restriction, the *quality* of being limited, an actual limit or maximum, a legal time period, and the act of limiting.

Right, so "educational limitations" points to an *internal* constraint or lack of ability. We're talking about the children's inherent capacity to learn, or lack thereof. It’s not about an imposed limit (sense 3), or the act of limiting (sense 5). The context is about flaws, restrictions on the learning capacity. My gut says it's not a legal matter (sense 4) or a general restriction (sense 1).

The second sense, "the quality of being limited or restricted," seems like a direct hit. The phrase "it has serious limitations" is a nice parallel, and it aligns perfectly with the children's restricted learning capacity. Yep, sense 2 is the best fit here. Case closed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their <t>children</t>. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Children"**

Okay, so the target word is "children," and my task is to determine its specific meaning in this sentence: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." My initial thought is to consider the lemma, "child," which immediately triggers a spectrum of possible meanings.

The provided context centers around parents and their relationship with their offspring. This strongly suggests the referent is human offspring. Now, let's consider the senses. I see that Sense 2 defines "child" as "a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age." And Sense 1 is "a young person of either sex."

"Their children" is the key phrase here. The possessive pronoun "their" explicitly establishes a parent-offspring relationship. This instantly makes Sense 2 the more logical and appropriate interpretation of the word "children" in this context. It's a clear reference to the offspring of the parents mentioned, regardless of their age. The focus isn't on youthfulness, but on the familial connection. Thus, Sense 2 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: Parents
Context:
What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. <t>Parents</t> should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Parents"**

Okay, so the target word is "Parents," and the context is about their involvement in children's education. Right away, my mind jumps to the lemma "parent," and I'm sifting through the possible senses. We're dealing with human education here, so clearly, the biological sense—the *organism* that produces offspring—isn't relevant.

That first definition, the one about the father or mother, the begetter, the nurturer and guardian, that's the clear winner. It’s the obvious and correct sense in this context. It's about human parents and their roles in a child's educational journey, outside the formal school setting.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be <t>involved</t> with their children's education at home, not in school. They should see to it that their kids do not play truant; they should make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework; they should scrutinize the report card.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Lemma "Involved" in Context**

Okay, the target word is "involved". Let's see... the context is "Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school." My immediate thought is that sense 1, *connected by participation or association or use*, is the most likely candidate. However, let me pause and analyze this a bit further. The phrase "involved *with* their children's education" suggests active participation, doesn't it?

Sense 3, *emotionally involved / attached*, also presents itself, but the surrounding text, with phrases like "make certain that the children spend enough time doing homework" and "scrutinize the report card," leans much more heavily toward active participation. It describes an active role, not just an emotional one. Therefore, I'm sticking with sense 1.

Let's quickly confirm. Sense 1 is defined as "connected by participation or association or use." Yes, that definition perfectly captures the intended meaning. Parental *involvement* in this context means being connected to their children's education through active participation and association with their studies. It's a clear fit. We're good to go.