[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor <t>made</t> possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Made Possible"**

Okay, so the target word is "made" within the phrase "made possible," and the context involves cancer research. My initial thought is to find the most accurate sense of "made" here, focusing on how it relates to enabling insights.

I'm scanning possible senses: "engage in," nah. Giving properties? Like "made silly"? Structurally similar... hang on. My gut says "cause to be or become" initially, like "make a mess," but that doesn't quite resonate with *making something possible.* The phrase implies causation, but in a way that *enables*, not necessarily *creates* in the "make a mess" sense. "Cause to do/act" is also a possibility, but again, feels a bit off. There's also "give rise to" and "compel," which aren't quite what I'm looking for either.

Then I get it, the *property* concept clicks. Like "She made us look silly"—"made possible" is analogous to *giving* the property "possible" to something. So, "She made us look silly" fits structurally. "Made possible" *causes* the property of being possible to be held by "some fundamental insights." Does it *give* a property of possibility?

Let's check the senses. It could be that. I'm checking the dictionary again. Ah, sense 3, "make or cause to be or to become". That feels almost right. But I think I need a more precise match... No, "make a mess" doesn't work.

Hold on... "Make" as in "give certain properties to something", like "get someone mad." "Made possible" is "giving the property 'possible' to 'insights'." Is it exactly this?

Wait, is this sense `make%2:30:00::`? Let's check syntax: "make + adjective + object". *Made possible some fundamental insights* = *made some fundamental insights possible*. Giving the property of *possible* to *fundamental insights*. That's right! "Mad," "silly," and now "possible" are all adjective complements.

Yes, sense 2 is the best fit! It's *definitely* `make%2:30:00::`. Done.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possible
Target surface form: possible
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made <t>possible</t> some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possible%3:00:00:: | definition=capable of happening or existing | examples=a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible
2. sense_key=possible%3:00:04:: | definition=existing in possibility | synonyms=potential | examples=a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Possible" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target is "possible" within the phrase "made possible some fundamental insights." My initial thought is to identify the relevant senses. We've got two strong candidates: one that implies *capability* – something is now *able* to happen or exist – and another that points to *potential* – something *could* happen, but isn't necessarily guaranteed.

In this specific context, "made possible some fundamental insights," I'm leaning toward the *capability* sense. The insights are now *capable* of existing or happening because of the work done. The phrase indicates a causative relationship. This work has *enabled* the insights to emerge. Let's briefly compare with the potential sense, just to be sure. Substituting "potential" doesn't quite work. "Made potential insights" is awkward and doesn't convey the same sense of active enablement.

So, let's focus on "made possible." This generally, and I’d say almost always, implies something has been *made capable* of occurring or existing. We have our two senses again: capability and potential. The context of "fundamental insights" tells me these insights are now real, or *capable of being real*. It's not about them existing in a hypothetical, potential state, but rather that the work has created the *conditions* for them to come into being. I'm satisfied that sense 1, "capable of happening or existing," is the correct interpretation here. The phrase "made possible" is being used to highlight the causal impact of the work on the emergence of these insights.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: insight
Target surface form: insights
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental <t>insights</t> about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=insight%1:09:02:: | definition=clear or deep perception of a situation | synonyms=penetration
2. sense_key=insight%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of understanding | synonyms=perceptiveness, perceptivity
3. sense_key=insight%1:09:01:: | definition=the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation | synonyms=brainstorm, brainwave
4. sense_key=insight%1:09:00:: | definition=grasping the inner nature of things intuitively | synonyms=sixth sense

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Reasoning for "Insight" Sense Disambiguation**

Okay, the target is "insights," the plural of "insight," within the context "...made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer..." My initial thought is to consider the possible senses: a general clear/deep perception, a feeling of understanding, a clear *and often sudden* understanding, or intuitive grasping.

First, sense 1, "clear or deep perception of a situation," feels right, given the context of cancer workings. Then, I considered sense 3, the "sudden understanding" – a brainstorm or brainwave, but "fundamental insights" sounds more like a solid understanding, built up over time, not a sudden flash. That feels less likely. I went back to the WordNet examples to check – a clear, deep understanding versus a sudden one, which helps to separate the meanings.

The plural "insights" is important. Plurals often lean towards sense 1 or 3. The context of scientific discovery suggests it's not a single "brainwave," but a collection of understandings. My mind wanders to the definitions: "clear or deep perception" versus a "sudden understanding." I am looking at examples of "insight into" and "insight about" in context, which usually leans toward a deep perception. But does "some insights" make it sense 3? "Penetration" is uncountable, so it cannot be plural. "Brainstorm" is more sudden.

Checking WordNet 3.0 confirms the four senses. "Insights" here is about pieces of deep understanding, which aligns with scientific discoveries. I was back to considering both sense 1 and sense 3. "Some fundamental insights" suggests a countable set of understandings, but are they *sudden*? That is the crux.

I revisit sense 1, and consider "understanding of a complex situation," which is the definition for sense 3. I am looking at SemCor, which supports sense 1 for understanding of something. Now I think about it and it clicks. Insight as a deep perception (sense 1) seems a better fit for scientific or in-depth understanding.

So, although the plural made me pause at first, I am going with sense 1. Scientific discovery is all about clear, deep perception, even if those are a plurality of understandings.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most <t>basic</t> workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Basic" in a Scientific Context**

Okay, so the word I'm tasked with dissecting is "basic" within the context of "the most basic workings of cancer." My initial thought process is to consider a few potential meanings. Candidate 1 immediately jumps out – that notion of something being fundamental, pertaining to the base or basis of something. Like, the *basic* ingredients in a recipe, or the *basic* facts you need to know. That seems like a strong contender.

Candidate 2, the idea of reduction to the simplest significant form, is worth considering, too. While it could apply, it doesn't quite capture the *core* mechanics that "basic" seems to imply in the phrase. Candidate 3, being a starting point or introductory is also not as relevant, and Candidate 4, the chemical meaning (alkaline) is obviously a misdirect.

Now, let's circle back to Candidate 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis." That just *feels* right, doesn't it? The word *basic* in this context is about the foundational mechanisms. To confirm this, let me pull up the word's primary sense, which is `basic%3:00:00::`. This sense is essentially the core, fundamental definition.

Perfect, that sense is indeed the best fit. I'm satisfied that I've accurately deciphered the intended meaning. So, my conclusion is that "basic" in this context refers to the fundamental and foundational aspects of how cancer operates, its core components.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of <t>cancer</t>, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Lemma "Cancer"**

Alright, let's break this down. The lemma we're dealing with is "cancer." The context immediately steers us toward the medical realm, specifically discussing the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene. We're talking about predicting cancer risk, a rare tumor offering insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the disease. It’s pretty clear we're dealing with the medical condition itself.

Now, let's consider the possible senses. We've got the primary one, which is that malignant growth. Then we have the astrological connections: astrology, constellation, sign of the zodiac. Finally, there's the biological type genus sense.

Given the context, sense 1, the malignant disease, is the only one that makes any logical sense here. It's the only applicable meaning. We're not talking about horoscopes or astronomical phenomena; it's a direct reference to the disease. It's a textbook application of disambiguation based on context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "<t>says</t> Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Says"**

Okay, so I'm looking at the word "says" in this quote: '"It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.' My immediate thought is, what's the most appropriate way to interpret "says" in this context? It's pretty straightforward, it's about conveying speech, about *stating* something. Think back to a similar instance, like "says Mr. Quinlan" earlier, that helps anchor my interpretation.

So, I'm thinking, Candidate 1: "express in words". Synonyms would be "state" or "tell." Candidate 2 is a possibility, "report or maintain", which includes synonyms like "allege" or "aver", but that feels a little too formal or even argumentative for a direct quote. Candidate 1 is the better fit, the more standard interpretation of someone *saying* something.

Let me just double-check that this usage of "say" maps back to the sense of "state, tell" (say%2:32:00::). "He said that he wanted to marry her" - that fits perfectly; this is definitely expressing in words. Yes, Candidate 1 it is.

Okay, now let me just make sure the JSON formatting is correct. {"sense_index": 1} - alright, all set.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: director
Target surface form: director
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, <t>director</t> of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=director%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
2. sense_key=director%1:18:03:: | definition=member of a board of directors
3. sense_key=director%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
4. sense_key=director%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
5. sense_key=director%1:18:01:: | definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Term "Director" in Context**

Okay, the target word is "director," and the context is Samuel Broder, who heads the National Cancer Institute. My initial thought is to consider the various senses this word could have. I see five possibilities in my mental lexicon:

1.  A manager, someone who controls resources. This seems promising, given Samuel's role.
2.  A member of a board of directors. Probably not, as I understand it.
3.  Someone who supervises actors. Unlikely in this context.
4.  A film director. Definitely not applicable here.
5.  A musical conductor. Also, highly unlikely.

Hmm, "director%1:18:00::" – this is the one that seems to fit best. It describes someone who's responsible for managing resources and finances. It's the most general sense, the "head" of something. So, that feels right, that Broder is a manager. Let me verify: "someone who controls resources and expenditures" with synonyms like manager and managing director... Yes, that perfectly describes the head of an organization.

So, I think I'm going with sense 1. It's the most general sense of "director," in that it is the sense used to identify the head of an organization. That's the correct sense in this situation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: public
Target surface form: public
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the <t>public</t>, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=public%1:14:00:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, world | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
2. sense_key=public%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of people sharing some common interest | examples=the reading public

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Public"**

Okay, here's the deal. I'm focusing on the word "public" in this specific phrase: "...may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment..." My initial thought is to identify the potential senses, or interpretations, this word could have in this particular setting. I've narrowed it down to two strong contenders, both of which are common senses for "public."

First, it could mean the general populace, the world at large, the people considered as a whole. Second, it could mean a group sharing a specific interest, like "the reading public" or "the art-loving public."

Given the surrounding context, I'm leaning heavily towards the first sense. The text contrasts "the public" with "scientists" and implies a difference in understanding. Phrases like "scientists have fingered" and "basic research" highlight a distinction. It seems clear that "the public" here refers to non-experts, the laypeople, those who aren't deeply involved in scientific research. Therefore, sense 1, the general populace, is definitely the best fit. I'm satisfied with that determination.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concerned
Target surface form: concerned
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concerned%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or showing worry or solicitude | examples=concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future
2. sense_key=concerned%5:00:00:involved:00 | definition=involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in | synonyms=interested | examples=a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned
3. sense_key=concerned%5:00:01:involved:00 | definition=culpably involved | synonyms=implicated | examples=all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Concerned"**

Okay, the target word is "concerned," and the context is about public reaction to advancements in treatment. My initial thought is that "concerned" here likely points to the public feeling worry, solicitude, or perhaps even a deep, anxious interest regarding these medical breakthroughs. It's a subtle distinction, but important.

Let's dissect the potential meanings. We have: 1. feeling or showing worry or solicitude; 2. involved in or affected by/having a claim to/a share in (more like "interested"); and 3. culpably involved (implicated).

Given the sentence structure and subject, the phrase "concerned about" strongly aligns with Sense 1. The public's reaction seems driven by some degree of apprehension or caring. The example phrase given, "was concerned about the future," is essentially synonymous with the target context and thus a great fit. It works beautifully. Sense 2, as in being *involved* feels weak in this context. Sense 3, as in being *implicated* seems completely out of place here.

Therefore, my conclusion is that the best fit is definitely Sense 1, a feeling of worry or solicitude, though it could also mean "cares about." Sense index, 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advance
Target surface form: advances
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advance%1:11:00:: | definition=a movement forward | synonyms=progress, progression | examples=he listened for the progress of the troops
2. sense_key=advance%1:11:01:: | definition=a change for the better; progress in development | synonyms=improvement, betterment
3. sense_key=advance%1:10:00:: | definition=a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others | synonyms=overture, approach, feeler | examples=she rejected his advances
4. sense_key=advance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) | synonyms=progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion
5. sense_key=advance%1:21:00:: | definition=an amount paid before it is earned | synonyms=cash advance
6. sense_key=advance%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=rise | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Advances" in Context**

Okay, the word is "advances," and the context is "...concerned about advances in treatment..." My initial thought is that we're talking about improvements or progress in the development of medical treatments. Let's see...

Candidate 2, "a change for the better; progress in development," seems spot on. It directly implies an improvement, which is exactly what I'm looking for in the context of medical treatments. The synonyms provided – improvement, betterment – solidify that. "Advances in treatment" intuitively maps to "improvements in treatment."

Now, let's just quickly check the other options. Candidate 1, "a movement forward," is a bit too general. While "advancement" does involve moving forward, it lacks the specific connotation of betterment or improvement that's critical here. Candidate 4, "the act of moving forward (as toward a goal)," is similar to candidate 1, and also doesn't provide the right nuance. The focus isn't just on forward movement, but the resulting *betterment*.

Yep, candidate 2 is the best fit. It accurately captures the intended meaning of "advances" in this context, specifically regarding improvements and progress in medical treatments.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Treatment" in the Context of Cancer Advances**

Okay, here's how I'm breaking down this "treatment" thing. The phrase is "advances in treatment" for cancer. Right away, that medical context is screaming at me, so I'm honing in on that. This isn't about management or artistic interpretation or some extended discussion. I'm focusing on the idea of medical *care* aimed at improving a specific condition, in this case, cancer. Let's see... looking at the possible senses, sense one, the one focused on care provided to relieve illness, is the clear winner here. It's the only one that makes logical sense in this application. So, I'm confident in saying that the intended meaning is the medical procedures and care that have been developed to manage and hopefully cure or at least improve the lives of those suffering from cancer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Thought Process on "Basic" in "Basic Research"**

Okay, the target is "basic" in "basic research." Let's see... the sentence is "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon." Right away, I'm thinking fundamental research, the kind that lays the groundwork. Let's look at the candidate senses.

Sense 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis." That seems like a pretty good fit initially, the most general meaning that suggests a foundation. Sense 2 talks about the "simplest and most significant form," which is too specific in most cases. Sense 3, "serving as a base or starting point," is close, but I'm leaning toward the broader definition. Sense 4, "alkaline," is clearly wrong.

So, let's look at sense 1 a little closer. "Basic research" is often set against "applied research." It's the groundwork, the building blocks. Thinking about WordNet, sense 1 has synonyms like "fundamental" but no direct synonyms. I need to make sure I am making the right decision, looking at the adjective type as well. Sense 1 is basic%3:00:00::.

Okay, I'm sticking with sense 1. It’s the closest and the most general. It represents the foundation and groundwork that "basic research" implies. Therefore, I will choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Begin"**

Okay, the target is the lemma "begin," and the surface form is, unsurprisingly, "begin." The context sentence is "but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon." The critical phrase to analyze is "begin showing results."

Let's quickly go through the possible senses. We have everything from taking the first step, having a temporal beginning, causing something to start, to even simply beginning to speak a language. The presence of the gerundial complement "showing results" is the key here. It suggests a process or action.

My initial thought is to compare sense 1 and sense 3. Sense 1 is defined as "taking the first step or steps in carrying out an action," and crucially includes gerund or infinitive complements. The example "We began working at dawn" is helpful. Sense 3, "set in motion, cause to start," seems transitive and is demonstrated by "The U.S. started a war..."

Given that "showing results" functions as an action performed by "this basic research," it's clear that "begin" is acting as an aspectual verb, taking a gerundial complement, precisely aligning with sense 1. The research "takes the first steps" towards showing results. Let's compare the sample: "We began working at dawn" with "begin showing results". The match feels right, therefore I'd conclude that sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showing
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Showing Results"**

Okay, so the task is to pinpoint the correct sense of "show" when it appears as "showing" in the phrase "begin showing results". The context is: "but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

My initial thought is that it aligns with Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable," and the example "She showed her talent for cooking" helps solidify this idea. "Showing results" feels like the research will *make* its outcomes visible. I immediately consider whether there are other senses which are relevant, such as *produce*, *exhibit*, *yield* or *make visible*, all of which are somewhat related to Sense 4.

I then evaluate the candidate senses. There are a few interesting contenders: "give an exhibition", "establish validity," "provide evidence for," and "be or become visible." However, "make visible or noticeable" (Sense 4) is really sticking with me.

The idiom "show results" often maps to something like "yield results," which is important but the literal meaning seems to be closer to "exhibit" or "make visible." I quickly dismiss "give expression to" (evince) and move on to re-examine the senses more fully.

Now I review the senses more thoroughly: "give an exhibition of," "establish validity," "provide evidence for," "make visible or noticeable," "picture, depict," "give expression to," etc. Sense 4 still seems like the best fit here, it is about making something become visible or apparent.

I need to confirm if Sense 1 ("give an exhibition of") fits, but it doesn't. Sense 4, which is "make visible or noticeable" looks like the right choice for how I interpret "showing results". It's the strongest choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Results" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "results" in the sentence "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon." The context is all about advances in treatment and scientific research. My first thought is to nail down the precise meaning. There are a few possibilities: a consequence or effect (Sense 1), a statement that solves a problem (Sense 2 - less likely here), or something that *is* a result, like an outcome or finding (Sense 3).

Given that this is about basic research showing "results," it feels like we're leaning toward practical consequences or beneficial outcomes (Sense 1) or perhaps findings (Sense 3). Let's really drill down on the nuances between Sense 1 and Sense 3.

Sense 1: is a general causal outcome. It's about an *effect* or *consequence*. Sense 3 is more about a *resultant* or *final result* - like the end of an election or a calculated answer. Now, the phrase "show results" is pretty common. It seems to imply producing a consequence, effect, or a successful outcome. Often "results" plural really emphasizes the outcomes or findings. Thinking of synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot.

Actually, the "begin showing results" implies producing these consequences or effects.

Wait a minute, Sense 3 is really about something that is the "answer", like an answer to a calculation or an election outcome.

Let's really compare Sense 1 and Sense 3. Is there a specific idiom or common phrase like "show results"?

Looking at it again, Sense 1 is a phenomenon that follows...while Sense 3 is something that is the result itself.

If basic research is *showing results*, it means it is producing practical effects and consequences. Sense 1 is clearly consequence, effect, outcome.

Therefore, let's select Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: there
Target surface form: there
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=there%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
2. sense_key=there%4:02:02:: | definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
3. sense_key=there%4:02:01:: | definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Ambiguity of "There"**

Okay, so the target is "there" in the context of "basic research will begin showing results there soon," and I need to figure out the best sense. The context clearly points to "treatment" – advances in it, specifically. "There" could be taken as "in treatment" or "in that area/respect," making it abstract. Let's look at the candidate senses; I've got:
1.  in or at that place (location)
2.  in that matter (respect, on that point)
3.  to or toward that place

My initial thought is that it is a **Sense 2**, as it feels the most direct fit; the research is going to start showing results *in that matter*—that is, *regarding treatment*. I mean, if the context is the area of study *treatment*, then *there* will be *in that matter* of study. It seems more about a point of discussion or area of focus.

But...wait. Could "showing results there" be abstractly spatial, with *there* as a metaphorical "place"? It is an abstract place (field of treatment). If I substitute "in that respect," it really works in favor of Sense 2. "Showing results there" is equivalent to "showing results in that area/matter". Ah, but "in that area" could be seen as an extension of the locative meaning of *place*, so could it be Sense 1 metaphorically? This is where it gets tricky. Both are abstract.
I am stuck between Sense 1 and 2.

Let me think of "showing results there" to mean *in treatment*...it's like a domain. If I replace it with *in that respect*: "...will begin showing results in that respect soon" or *in that matter*: "...will begin showing results in that matter soon". "There" has a clear referent back to the mention of "advances in treatment," so it's most abstract. So, maybe it is Sense 2.

"There", however, could refer to "in or at that place". Can "that place" be a domain? Often WordNet does treat domains as metaphorical places under Sense 1, but Sense 2 is "in that matter", "in that respect".
I want to reconsider. "Showing results there." "There" clearly refers to the abstract topic of "advances in treatment".
Sense 2 seems the better fit because it addresses the abstract. I reconsider Sense 1.

...wait a minute. Actually, thinking about WordNet's definitions, even if we are treating the domain as a "place," in this instance, a *topic* or *matter* is closer to the intended meaning, so it's a Sense 2, and best to choose it.
I'm circling back to Sense 2. It really fits because we are discussing an abstract concept. I feel like *showing results there* could be Sense 1 (just in that area), but the intention of that research is not about the "place" but the matter of "advances in treatment." I'm going with Sense 2, as it fits "in that respect," and I believe, maybe even Sense 1 more general.

I think, ultimately, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Verb "Made" in a Scientific Context**

Okay, the task is to pinpoint the correct sense of "made" in the phrase "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." My immediate thought is that we're dealing with a light verb construction, a common linguistic phenomenon where "make" acts essentially as a placeholder for the action implied by the noun, "discovery". So, it's not the literal act of *creating* something physical, but rather *carrying out* or *performing* the action of discovery.

I'm quickly scanning the options provided. Sense 1, "engage in," is too broad: "make an effort" is an example, but it doesn't quite capture the precision we need. Sense 16, however, jumps out immediately. The definition, "perform or carry out," with examples like "make a decision" and "make a move," aligns perfectly. "Make a discovery" fits this pattern flawlessly; it's the performance of an action represented by the noun "discovery."

Just to be thorough, I'm quickly double-checking the other options, but nothing comes close. Sense 24, "carry out or commit," is clearly a mismatch; "make a mistake" has a different connotation. Returning to Sense 16, the parallel is strong: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery" is equivalent to "Dr. Dryja discovered retinoblastoma." The "made his discovery" phrasing is simply an instance of performing an action suggested by the noun.

Therefore, "make%2:36:12:: | perform or carry out | make a decision; make a move" is the one, the correct sense is Sense 16.

For further verification, I'm considering another case in the original text, "initial discovery ... made by a Boston doctor." Here "made a discovery" very clearly indicates "carrying out" the discovery. So yes, Sense 16 is the most exact and accurate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Discovery" in Dr. Dryja's Context**

Okay, here's my thought process on dissecting "discovery" in this particular sentence: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." My immediate instinct is to look at the nuances. Is it the act of discovering, the thing discovered, or perhaps a significant breakthrough? I need to clarify.

Given the context, "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth," it seems we're dealing with *his retinoblastoma discovery*. This implies he *achieved* the discovery. That phrase *make a discovery* points strongly towards either the act itself or the resulting breakthrough. Let's dig deeper using resources.

Based on my understanding, "make a discovery" leans towards the act of discovering or a productive insight. Using WordNet is helpful, it links "make a discovery" to both. Specifically, it points to "the act of discovering something" and a "productive insight." Now, which is more applicable here?

Considering the options: Is it the act (1), something that is discovered (2), a breakthrough (3), or a legal term? The context, "made his retinoblastoma discovery," is key here. Given the scientific context, and the fact that we are talking about a gene, I'm leaning toward the "act of discovering" or the "breakthrough" sense. The synonyms help; the "breakthrough" sense is linked to a "productive insight". Considering "discovery of the gene" leans towards the act itself. Therefore, given the focus on Dr. Dryja's contribution, and the mention of the gene discovery, I'm choosing **the act of discovering** (1) as the most accurate interpretation in this specific scientific context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Then"**

Okay, so I'm dissecting this use of "Then" in this sentence about Dr. Dryja's retinoblastoma discovery. The context is key: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding..." My initial hunch, given the chronological setup, is that it signals a sequence. "1986 happened, *and subsequently* something else happened last spring."

Let's break down the potential senses. There's "subsequently or soon afterward," "in that case or as a consequence," and "at that time." "In that case" doesn't quite fit, and "at that time" seems a little clunky and would require a more specific time reference in the second clause to work. The "subsequently" sense seems to resonate perfectly here, marking a temporal progression.

Now, to solidify this, I'll test it against some examples. Sense 1, "subsequently or soon afterward," often functions as a connector. The examples, "then he left" or "go left first, then right," perfectly mirror the structure we're examining. The "Then" in our example serves as a similar sentence connector, indicating the sequence: discovery in 1986, *then* a subsequent report.

So, after this rigorous evaluation, I'm confident that the correct sense for "Then" in this context is indeed "subsequently or soon afterward." Case closed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Word "Last" in Context**

Okay, so the phrase is "last spring." Immediately, my mind jumps to the core meaning of "last" here – it's referring to the spring *immediately preceding* the current point in time. It's not a general reference, but something specific and temporally constrained. I need to make sure I consider the different nuances.

Let's quickly run through the likely senses. We've got:

1.  "Last Thursday," or "the last chapter we read." This perfectly captures the meaning of *immediately preceding* something else. It's the one that feels right, so far.
2.  Then there's the sense of "the last time I saw Paris," or "the last day of the month". This refers to something being the final occurrence or position in a sequence.

Given that it's "Then *last* spring, researchers reported...", sense number 1 is definitely the winner. It precisely defines that the spring in question is the *most recently concluded* one. It's a straightforward match, and there's no ambiguity. The context does all the work.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spring
Target surface form: spring
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spring%1:28:00:: | definition=the season of growth | synonyms=springtime | examples=the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year
2. sense_key=spring%1:06:00:: | definition=a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed | examples=the spring was broken
3. sense_key=spring%1:17:00:: | definition=a natural flow of ground water | synonyms=fountain, outflow, outpouring, natural spring
4. sense_key=spring%1:15:00:: | definition=a point at which water issues forth
5. sense_key=spring%1:07:00:: | definition=the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length | synonyms=give, springiness
6. sense_key=spring%1:04:00:: | definition=a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards | synonyms=leap, leaping, saltation, bound, bounce

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Spring"**

Okay, so the target word is "spring," and it's used in the sentence "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene..." My mind immediately jumps to the seasonal definition. Let's see... I've got a few options here. I need to make sure I'm considering all possibilities, even if they seem unlikely at first. I see the potential senses: a season of growth, a metal elastic device, a natural flow of groundwater, the point where water comes out, elasticity in general, and lastly a light, self-propelled movement.

Right, given the phrase "last spring," there's no way it's a metal device, groundwater, or physical movement. It's obviously referring to a specific time of year, a season. That eliminates the other senses completely. So, the correct sense is the season of growth, the "springtime."

Therefore, the appropriate sense index to select is 1.