[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fight
Target surface form: fight
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will <t>fight</t> against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fight%2:33:00:: | definition=be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight | synonyms=contend, struggle | examples=the tribesmen fought each other; Siblings are always fighting
2. sense_key=fight%2:33:01:: | definition=fight against or resist strongly | synonyms=oppose, fight back, fight down, defend | examples=The senator said he would oppose the bill; Don't fight it!
3. sense_key=fight%2:41:00:: | definition=make a strenuous or labored effort | synonyms=struggle | examples=She struggled for years to survive without welfare; He fought for breath
4. sense_key=fight%2:41:10:: | definition=exert oneself continuously, vigorously, or obtrusively to gain an end or engage in a crusade for a certain cause or person; be an advocate for | synonyms=crusade, press, campaign, push, agitate | examples=The liberal party pushed for reforms; She is crusading for women's rights

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Fight" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "fight," and the surface form is just "fight" – straightforward enough. My context is "The education establishment will <t>fight</t> against common sense every inch of the way."

Let's look at the candidate senses. I've got four possibilities:

1.  "be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight (contend, struggle)." This sounds like a physical or direct conflict.
2.  "fight against or resist strongly (oppose, fight back, fight down, defend)." Bingo, this looks promising! It mentions "fight against," which is *literally* what we see in the sentence.
3.  "make a strenuous or labored effort (struggle)." This could fit, but seems less precise.
4.  "exert oneself continuously... to gain an end or engage in a crusade..." This is a more generalized effort, not the best fit.

The phrase "fight against common sense" clearly implies opposition or resistance, rather than a direct physical fight. So, Sense 2, "fight against or resist strongly," is the obvious choice. The synonyms like "oppose" and "fight back" really solidify this selection. It's a textbook case, especially since "fight against" is right there in the definition.

Just to be absolutely sure, let me confirm. Sense 2: "fight against or resist strongly." Yup. Sense 1: "be engaged in a fight." No, definitely not Sense 1. Sense 2 is the clear winner here.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The <t>reasons</t> are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Reasons" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "reasons" in this text. The surrounding context points to the education establishment fighting common sense, and the text mentions these "reasons" are complex, but there's a simple one. My initial thought is, what *kind* of reasons are we talking about here? Is it a *motive* for their resistance, an *explanation* of the phenomenon, or a *justification* for it?

Let's break it down by the senses. Sense 1 in the dictionary says it's "a rational motive for a belief or action". Sense 2 is "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon," and Sense 5 offers "a justification for something existing or happening," which is similar to "cause" or "grounds." Hmm, let's see, the example given for sense 1, "the reason that war was declared" seems to fit. They are fighting against common sense... what's their **reason** for it?

I need to nail this down. So, what about Sense 2? Could it be that an *explanation* of why the phenomenon exists? But no, it's more about the *why* of the action, their underlying rationale. Let's look again at the example: "Progressive education is far more interesting and agreeable". That sounds like a *motive*. The WordNet definitions make the action link stronger with sense 1.

I keep circling back to Sense 1: a *rational motive* for an action. The text says "the reasons why they fight". Fighting is an action. Does it make more sense to say it's an "explanation of the cause of some phenomenon"? Not really.

"One simple reason ... is far more interesting and agreeable". That's a motive! And just to be sure, the synonyms for sense 1 include words like "ground." Synonyms for sense 5 include "cause" or "grounds".

So, I think it's safest to conclude the context points towards sense 1. The education establishment's resistance is a *belief* that manifests as an *action*, and the "reasons" provided are the *motives* behind that action. Therefore, it's sense 1, "a rational motive for a belief or action."

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one <t>simple</t> reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Simple" in the Education Debate**

Okay, so the target word is "simple" in the phrase "but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." The text dives into the complex reasons why the education establishment might resist common sense, but highlights one "simple" reason as being particularly important. My initial reaction is to pin down the *exact* meaning of "simple" here. Is it "not complex," or something more like "bare" or "easy"?

Let's dissect this. There are a few dictionary definitions to consider: "having few parts, not complex," "easy and not involved," and "apart from anything else; without additions." The context is *key*. We're talking about reasons, so are we saying the reason is uncomplicated (sense 1), or that it's just *obvious* (sense 2), or even *the only* reason?

The text explicitly contrasts "complex" with "simple." The sentence structure itself points to a duality. If the reasons are *complex*, then the one reason being highlighted is likely *not complex* and involved. The primary definition of "simple" here is:  "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved". Aha! The antonyms, complex and simple, fit together. "complex" vs. "simple", there it is. The first sense perfectly contrasts with complex and aligns with the sentence's structure.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple <t>reason</t> ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the 'Reason'**

Okay, so the target word here is "reason," and I'm analyzing how it's being used in this educational context. The phrase "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated" immediately points me toward the concept of cause or justification for why the education establishment resists common sense. My initial thought process is to categorize the word "reason" by one of its senses - is it a rational motive (1), an explanation of a cause (2), or a justification (5)?

I'm zeroing in on this idea: the "reason" is *why* the education establishment engages in this resistance, this "fighting." The text then highlights that progressive education being more appealing to teachers is a major driver. So, is that the *motive* behind their actions (sense 1) or simply an *explanation* of what causes it (sense 2)? Or perhaps a *justification* (sense 5) for their actions?

I'm going through the different senses, comparing. I initially leaned towards sense 1, a rational motive for action, given that the establishment's "fighting" is an action. The example "the reason that war was declared" aligns with this notion of identifying the *motive*. The phrase "progressive education is more interesting" looks like a rational motive, a motive for the teachers.

Then, sense 2 pops up. It's a possible angle: an explanation of the phenomenon. But I’m reading the sentence again, "The reasons [why the education establishment will fight...] are complex". It's the cause/motive for their action.

It's tempting to think of it as simply an explanation (sense 2), but considering the establishment's behavior as an *action*, and the provided explanation of it being a motive, I keep being drawn to sense 1 as the best fit. I'm choosing sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: Progressive
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "<t>Progressive</t> education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Progressive"**

Okay, so the lemma I'm working with is "progressive," and the specific instance in the text is capitalized as "Progressive." Right away, the context is "Progressive education." Let's see... the system gives me six candidate senses. Alright, let's break these down.

First, sense 1: "favoring or promoting progress" - with the example "progressive schools." Bingo! That just *screams* perfect match for "Progressive education." It directly aligns with the idea of a school system promoting advancement and innovative educational methods. Considering the other senses: favoring reform is close, but perhaps too broad, and the tax, gradual, game and advancing in severity senses are clearly unrelated to education. Sense 1 is the obvious and ideal fit here. No need to overthink it.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive <t>education</t> "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Progressive Education"**

Okay, so the target word here is "education" within the context of "Progressive education." My immediate thought is that we're talking about the *activity* of educating, the pedagogical approach itself. I need to figure out which definition best captures that.

Candidate 1, "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill," seems spot-on. It directly reflects the core of what "Progressive education" entails, especially when contrasted with the phrase "disciplined instruction." Candidate 3, "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge," is related, but the text is emphasizing the *method* of teaching, how teachers approach the subject ("far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction").

Wait a minute, "Progressive education" is actually a specific pedagogical *movement*. That strengthens the case for Candidate 1 even further. Thinking about synonyms, we have pedagogy, teaching, instruction - all strong indicators that it's about the act of educating, the *how* of it. In the text, "Progressive education" is explicitly contrasted with "disciplined instruction," so, the focus is on a specific method of instruction.

Let's double-check Candidate 1: education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing... synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy. Yes, that's precisely it! "Progressive education" refers to progressive teaching/pedagogy.

Therefore, sense_index 1 is definitely the best fit. Case closed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Once" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target is the word "once" in that sentence about progressive education – "Progressive education '(as it was once called) is far more interesting..." My immediate task is to nail the intended meaning, especially given the parenthetical construction. I've got three potential senses kicking around in my head: "on one occasion," which is a distinct, isolated instance; "as soon as," signifying a temporal sequence; and finally, "at a previous time" or, more formally, "formerly."

Given the surrounding text, and particularly the phrase "as it was once called," the third sense is the clear winner. The inclusion of "as it was" signals that the name or label is no longer *currently* in use. It implies a shift, a change over time. It’s a retrospective look at the terminology used in relation to progressive education. The structure immediately highlights that the appellation is outdated. This isn't about a single instance of calling something "progressive education" (sense 1) or an action conditional on that label (sense 2). It is a clear statement that *at one time* this was the accepted term. Therefore, the "formerly" interpretation is the only one that makes logical and grammatical sense here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Called"**

Okay, so the word "called" is the key here, specifically in the phrase "as it was once called." My initial thought is to figure out the exact sense of the word in this context, specifically meaning "to be known by a name" or "to be assigned a name". I'm looking at two initial candidates:

*   **Candidate 1:** `call%2:32:02::` – "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
*   **Candidate 2:** `call%2:32:00::` – "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality."

Let's break down the definitions. "Progressive education" is the label applied to this education movement, so Candidate 1, "assign a proper name", seems like a strong contender. Wait, there's another possibility I need to consider `call%2:41:14::` "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" (address), but this one does not fit.

Candidate 2 introduces the idea of ascribing a quality. It's an interesting distinction... is "Progressive education" a proper name or a common noun? It's not a *typical* proper name, but it is a distinct, established term. But now I have to keep that "as it was *once* called" in mind.

Okay, checking for synonyms for Candidate 1 yields "name". Aha! "As it was once *named*" – that fits perfectly. Candidate 1 is looking good, but let's make sure that there are no other options.

Reviewing, Candidate 1 seems best: the definition is "assign a specified proper name to" and "name" is the synonym. Given that "Progressive education" is the established name/term for the concept, the definition of assigning a proper name is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: far
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Far"**

Okay, so the target word is "far," and it's presented as the surface form "far." Let's see... the context is: "Progressive education '(as it was once called) is *far* more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction." Right, right. Now, let's break down the potential senses. I've got a few candidates here:

*   **Sense 1:** "to a considerable degree; very much" - This sounds promising. "Far" in this context would mean "very," like "very much more interesting."
*   **Sense 2:** "at or to or from a great distance in space" - This clearly doesn't fit. It's not about physical distance.
*   **Sense 3:** "at or to a certain point or degree" - This *could* work in a vague sense, but it's less precise than the first option.
*   **Sense 4:** "remote in time" - Definitely not. The context is not about time.
*   **Sense 5:** "to an advanced stage or point" - Again, this isn't about progress or advancement, but rather, the *degree* of interest.

The phrase "far more interesting" is clearly expressing a *degree* of difference. Therefore, sense 1, "to a considerable degree; very much," is the obvious and correct match. That seems straightforward enough.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Target Word "More"**

Okay, the target word is "more," and the surrounding context is "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction." Hmm, let's see... what senses are we dealing with?

There are two likely candidates: The first, more%4:02:00, is pretty straightforward – it's used to create the comparative form of adjectives and adverbs, like "more interesting" or "more beautiful." The second, more%4:02:01, is the comparative of "much," indicating a greater degree or extent, such as "he works more now."

Given the sentence structure, "more" is clearly modifying the adjectives "interesting" and "agreeable," forming their comparative degrees – we're saying something is *more* interesting and *more* agreeable than something else. Bingo! That immediately leads me to sense 1. It's a perfect fit. The example of "more interesting" in the sense definition is the clincher. Therefore, sense 1 is definitely the correct sense here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: agreeable
Target surface form: agreeable
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Agreeable" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "agreeable," and the surface form, well, it's just "agreeable." The context is: "Progressive education '(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction." Immediately, my expert brain hones in on the meaning: something *pleasant*, *pleasing*, something *to one's liking*. That's the core.

Now, let's examine the candidates. Candidate 1, "conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature," that's the money shot. "Is the plan agreeable to you?" Perfect fit. It captures the notion of something being *pleasant* and *desirable* to an individual. Candidate 2, "in keeping," that's about *conformance* with something else (salaries with trends, for example); the context doesn't fit a salary. Candidate 3, "prepared to agree or consent," that's more about *willingness* to comply. The text is not about the teachers' *willingness*, but about their level of *satisfaction*.

So, considering the context, Candidate 1 wins. Progressive education is presented as something *pleasant* and *pleasing* to the teachers. The meaning is "pleasant." The best definition is: "conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature". Case closed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Teachers" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The task is pretty straightforward: pinpoint the meaning of "teachers" within this sentence about progressive vs. disciplined education. The sentence reads: "Progressive education '(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

My initial thought process is to consider the two most plausible candidates: either a group of individuals whose job is to teach – instructors, if you will – or, potentially, a more abstract, personified concept *of* teaching itself. But the surrounding text immediately steers me towards the former. We're discussing the education establishment, instruction methods, the roles of parents and children, and even "personality development" and the administration of tests. These are all facets of the human-centric teaching process, a daily existence for my target, not the abstract concept. The context *strongly* implies that "teachers" refers to individuals actively engaged in the profession of teaching. Therefore, my conclusion is that the first candidate, "a person whose occupation is teaching", is the correct interpretation. This is a very simple disambiguation task.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Disciplined Instruction"**

Okay, so I'm thinking about "disciplined" in the context of "disciplined instruction." It seems the text is setting it up in contrast to Progressive education, and that's the key. I need to nail down the meaning of "disciplined" here. Is it about *obeying the rules* or being *trained*?

Hmm, does "disciplined instruction" mean instruction that is structured, rigorous, and rule-following? Or is it about instilling discipline in the *learner*? I think I need to clarify this.

Right, so we've got two senses: controlled (obeying the rules) or trained (mentally or physically). Let me rephrase. "Disciplined instruction" - does that mean the instruction itself is controlled, or is it that it's *training* the students?

I think "controlled" actually fits better here. Let's dig deeper. I'll check "controlled" in WordNet to be sure. It supports that first sense: "obeying the rules."

So, is the instruction disciplined *because* it's controlled? Or is the instruction *making* someone disciplined? Back to the context: "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction." Ah, this means it enforces discipline; it's orderly, like the opposite of progressive education.

So, sense 1, "controlled," makes the most sense. Sense 2 - it's related to "trained mentally or physically." Wait, I realize I can't say "instruction" can be "trained." I mean, it's instruction, not muscles or a mind. It *is* "controlled" or orderly.

Therefore, sense 1 is definitely the one that works here. I need to be sure. Let's confirm it. Sense 1 is obeying the rules. Sense 2 is trained mentally or physically. "Instruction" is not trained. "Instruction" is controlled. Yep.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Instruction" in the Educational Landscape**

Okay, so the prompt lands on "instruction," specifically within the framework of "disciplined instruction" versus the more open approaches of "progressive education" and "personality development." Clearly, we're squarely in the realm of teaching and education. My brain immediately starts sifting through the definitions.

Sense 2 seems to be the sweet spot here: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill." The synonyms – education, teaching, pedagogy – all resonate. This aligns perfectly with the comparative context.

Initially, I considered Sense 3, "the profession of a teacher." But then I re-read the specific phrase: "...is far more interesting and agreeable *to teachers than is disciplined instruction*." The intent is on the *act* of teaching, not the profession itself. That confirms that we're talking about the methodology or activity, and not the career field of a teacher.

Wait a second, "disciplined instruction" does implicitly point to a methodology or activity. Yes, Sense 2 really is the key.

Let's quickly rule out other contenders, just to be sure. Sense 1, "a message describing how something is to be done," isn't quite right. And Sense 4, concerning computer programs, is definitely not relevant.

So yeah, Sense 2 it is. The usage is about the specific methodology or activity of imparting knowledge and skills, a specific instance of "instruction." That fits.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Nice"**

Okay, so the word "nice" is the target here, and it's being used in a specific way: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged..." Right, so what do we need to tease out? I've got a few candidates to consider here. *Pleasant* or *pleasing* seems likely, as does *socially correct*, or perhaps something related to *delicacy* or *politeness*. The passage does seem to imply a sense of agreeability in this case.

Let's break it down. We're talking about something "nice" *for teachers*. What is "nice" about it? The phrasing suggests a positive connotation. The second part of the passage helps to cement the meaning - the context seems to suggest teachers find it more "agreeable" to avoid those "irksome tests." This heavily suggests that the meaning here is primarily to convey an enjoyable aspect, rather than a sense of correct behavior or skill.

Therefore, after scrutinizing the options, the first candidate: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance" is spot on. It just fits the context best. It's essentially the meaning of being *agreeable* or *pleasing* to the teachers in question. This is the sense that best captures the intended meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Term "Teachers" in Context**

Okay, let's break this down. The target word is "teachers," and the sentence implies a specific environment – it's about "teachers" thinking something within the context of American education. My initial thought goes to the most obvious interpretation, which is the literal – the *people* whose job is to teach. That's Candidate 1: a teacher, an instructor, a person who teaches.

Then I quickly consider if there's a more abstract meaning – could "teachers" be a personification, an abstract concept of teaching itself? Candidate 2 is the personified abstraction.

Given the surrounding language – "American education," the "education establishment," references to "Progressive education," and "disciplined instruction" – the meaning is decidedly practical and institutional. The discussion is about educators within schools. The intent and focus leans heavily toward an application of educators.

Therefore, the only logical conclusion is that Candidate 1, the literal, tangible *person* who is a teacher, is the correct interpretation in this specific instance.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Nuances of "Think"**

Okay, so the target is "think" in that sentence, and I need to nail down its meaning. "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged..." Let's break it down. It's about what teachers *believe* or *suppose*. This seems like it's about holding a particular belief, potentially one that's not entirely accurate, given the "illusions" mentioned earlier.

I've got a few candidates from WordNet to consider. First, there's the sense of "judge or regard; believe, consider, conceive". Then there's "expect, believe, or suppose; opine, suppose, imagine". The second one seems more promising given the context. The "imagine" and "suppose" from the second candidate are especially compelling, since they speak to the potential illusion.

I can substitute "believe" directly into the original sentence and it works well with both senses. "It is nice for teachers to believe they are engaged..." But "suppose" feels even stronger. "It is nice for teachers to suppose they are engaged..." This really captures the notion that it's a belief, possibly an assumption.

Now, if I analyze "think (that)", I see that sense 1 is often used when a direct object and adjective are involved, or the believe clause. Sense 2 is the one that really clicks. It's the "opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess" sense. Consider "I imagine she earned a lot of money". That mirrors the situation perfectly. This aligns directly with holding a belief that might not be true, like an illusion.

The first sense, "judge or regard", seems to carry an evaluation component. Second sense is about having an opinion. "It is nice for teachers to think they are..." is about "believing/supposing" that. I feel that "imagine/suppose" is the better fit, considering the "illusions" element.

If I look at "think (that)" again, often it's sense 1 or 2, right? In the context, "It is nice for teachers to think..." = to hold the belief or supposition. The author seems to be implying it's an illusion. "Imagine" fits very well.

In context, does "think" mean "judge or regard?" No, that does not fit. Does it mean "believe/suppose?" Yes, it fits better. "suppose", "imagine". Yes, they *imagine* or *suppose* they are engaged in personality development. Ultimately, given the context's insinuation of an illusion, sense 2—"opine, suppose, imagine"—is the strongest interpretation. I'm going with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Okay, here's my interpretation of these thoughts, summarized from my perspective as an expert in the field:

**Deconstructing "Personality" in an Educational Context**

Alright, let's break down this concept, "personality," as it pertains to development within education. My initial thought is to zero in on the exact meaning of "personality" in this educational framework. We're obviously not talking about developing the next Hollywood starlet, right? I'm immediately leaning towards the first definition, the one that encompasses the *complex whole* of an individual's attributes.

This first sense is what matters most here. The behaviors, temperament, emotional responses – the entire constellation that defines a person's character. "Personality development" in education is fundamentally about cultivating these aspects in a student. It's about shaping their character, not simply molding them into a public persona. So, Sense 1 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Personality Development"**

Okay, so the word is "development," and the phrase is "personality development." Let's break this down systematically, considering the different senses of the word. First, we've got the general definition: the act of improving, expanding, or refining – that's Sense 1. Then there's the sense of a process, where something progresses through stages, like evolution – Sense 2. There's also biology's maturation, growing (Sense 3), a recent event (Sense 4), land/water usefulness (Sense 5), a district's development (Sense 6), a state of improvement (Sense 7), photography (Sense 8), and music (Sense 9).

Now, focusing on "personality development." Initially, Sense 2 seems relevant – a process of moving toward a more advanced or mature personality. But then, I consider Sense 1 – the *act* of improving the personality. If teachers are *engaged* in "personality development," are they actively improving the personalities of students? It could be both, right?

Is it an act or a process? "Personality development" might be related to expanding and improving. Is it a process of advancing the personality or is it an act they are involved in? This implies they are fostering a biological/psychological process.

Looking closer at the phrase "engaged in." The act of improving (Sense 1) makes sense if they are *doing* something to the students, a plan. But then, "child development" is a well-established field, implying a scientific process, which is Sense 2.

I think, in the context of psychology, "development" is usually a process, maybe even one that fosters psychological advancements. That means that the teachers performing something to the students, an act of developing. So, it's the "act of developing." The definition of Sense 1: "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining".

Okay, let's look at WordNet. No specific entry.

Maybe it's the personal growth meaning? The "growth, growing, maturation" aspect. Sense 3, but that's purely biology.

I am choosing Sense 1 since they are "engaged in" which implies some sort of activity. That means I have to disregard Sense 2, process, so that I can focus on an act.

Let's re-think Sense 2. No, "engaged in development" implies they are performing an act.

Ultimately, I'm going with Sense 1. The teachers are performing an act of developing their students' personalities. It's an activity.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Even" in Context**

Okay, so the word is "even", and it's used with "nicer." My initial thought is to consider how it's modifying that comparative adjective. Let's look at the candidate senses.

Sense 1, the intensive, especially for the unexpected, doesn't quite fit the flow here. Sense 2, "in spite of," is also not the right fit. Sense 4, to the full extent, is unlikely as well. My intuition leans toward Sense 3: "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons," with synonyms like "yet" and "still." This feels correct.

The context provides "even nicer," which *directly* aligns with "used with comparisons." Now, let me double-check. The example provided for Sense 3 seals the deal: "looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem." It's a perfect match for that comparative use of "even." Therefore, the sense index is undoubtedly 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Nicer" in Context**

Okay, the target word is "nicer," the base form of "nice," and the surrounding sentence focuses on what is *pleasant* for teachers. It's about their perception of their roles and minimizing something undesirable – those tests! Let's see... I need to find the specific sense of "nice" that fits.

Candidate 1, *pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance* – hmm, that sounds promising. Actually, it fits perfectly. The previous sentence used the word "agreeable" in relation to the teachers' preferences, making it an excellent fit.

Candidate 2, *respectable*... No, that doesn't quite capture the nuance here. It's not about being respectable, but about feeling *pleasurable*.

Candidate 3, *precise*... Definitely not, and the idea of *precision* is really distant from the context.

Candidate 4, *fastidious*... No, too fussy. This doesn't apply to the context.

Candidate 5, *polite*... While "nice" can mean polite, that isn't the key meaning in this case. The context is more about finding something preferable to the teachers.

So, it's clear: Candidate 1, pleasant or agreeable, is the best fit. I've got it. That's the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Minimize"**

Okay, so the word I'm focusing on is "minimize," specifically in the phrase "...and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." My initial thought is to quickly consider the potential senses here. I've got a few candidates: making something small or insignificant, representing something as less important, or causing something to seem less serious.

In this specific context, "minimize those irksome tests" feels like it's about *reducing* them – either in number, frequency, or maybe even their perceived impact, but not downplaying them. The "irksome" nature hints at a desire to lessen their presence. So, I'm leaning towards the idea of making them small in *quantity* or *frequency* rather than trying to diminish their importance. Hmm, so that initial thought aligns with "make small or insignificant."

Let me consider the other options... *understate, downplay*... those don't quite fit the context. And *belittle, denigrate*? Definitely not. The core idea here is to reduce the number or frequency of the tests - not to suggest their results are meaningless.

I can confirm my initial leaning by double-checking. In this instance, "minimize" is a close synonym of "minimise". The sense that best applies, according to this context, is the one where "minimize" means to reduce the quantity/frequency of something. So, I'm confident that sense one, which is "make small or insignificant," is the best fit. I'm choosing "make small or insignificant" (in terms of amount, size, or degree) as the most accurate interpretation, meaning, I want to keep the number of tests as low as possible.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tests
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the "Irksome Tests" in Education**

Okay, so we're talking about education, contrasting disciplined instruction with progressive approaches. The key phrase here is "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results." Right away, my expert mind goes to thinking about what "tests" means in this context. Naturally, we're talking about student assessments – the evaluations of their knowledge and skills.

Let's look at the candidates provided. Candidate 3, specifically, nails it: a "set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge," with synonyms like "examination" and "exam." This *perfectly* aligns with the educational framework we're dealing with. It's the standard academic exam, no doubt about it.

Candidate 2 is in the psychometric area, but that's not what we want. "Often disappointing results" is a clear indication that we're talking about academic achievement in the context of academic tests. Yes, Candidate 3 is correct. The synonyms, "examination," "exam," are on point. It's the right sense. The tests we're discussing are academic exams.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Often"**

Okay, the target word is "often," and the phrase is "often disappointing results." My immediate thought is to consider the various senses of "often." First, I'll think about "frequently," which is "many times at short intervals." Then I'll consider "much," meaning frequently or in great quantities. Finally, I need to evaluate the most relevant definition of "in many cases or instances."

Considering the phrase "often disappointing results," my gut says that it's the "in many cases" sense. The word "disappointing" is clearly describing a state or attribute. It's not about the *frequency* of the disappointment, but the fact that the results, *in general*, are disappointing. The use of "much" doesn't fit the context at all. It's not that there is a *great quantity* of disappointment; it’s that disappointment is common.

To be thorough, I'll quickly check some examples. For sense 1, "frequently," an example might be "we often met over a cup of coffee". I can see that clearly doesn't apply. "I don't drink much" doesn't seem to apply either, so it's probably not sense 2.

"Often disappointing results" clearly implies the results are disappointing in a significant number of instances, which leads me to believe my first intuition was right: that sense 3 is the right one.

Now, let's just make sure with WordNet to double-check. And yes, WordNet confirms it: "often - in many cases or instances." That's perfect. That fits the adjectival modification here best (often disappointing). My understanding and application of the different senses of the word "often" are on point, and I am satisfied with my evaluation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Semantic Landscape of "Results"**

Okay, so the target word is "results," and it's used in the phrase "...irksome tests with often disappointing results." My initial thought is to quickly zero in on the relevant senses. I'm presented with a few choices, and immediately, my expert intuition is leaning towards a few possibilities.

Sense 1, a phenomenon that follows from a cause, feels a bit off in this context. While a disappointing *result* might be a *consequence* of a poor test performance, the word "result" itself feels more direct. The phrase doesn't lean on causality, so it does not feel best.

Sense 2, "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem" (a solution or answer), is intriguing. Could the "results" be the *answers* or *solutions* derived from the tests? But no, not really.

That brings me to Sense 3, "something that results" – the outcome, the final result. Ah, this feels like a strong contender. The example given, "he listened for the results on the radio," is a good point of reference. Sports results, test results... yes, this feels right. The phrase "irksome tests with often disappointing results" suggests the scores or outcomes of the evaluations. That sense fits the bill.

Just to be sure, I’ll quickly consider Sense 1, as a check. It describes a phenomenon following a cause, but a "test result" is more than a consequence. It's the direct *outcome* of the test. Yes, I'm confident. Sense 3 is the best fit, in this case.