[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the "Cells" Concept**

Okay, the target word is "cells," and the surrounding text immediately points me toward the biological context. We're discussing "genes," "tumor-suppressors," "proteins," "cell's growth," and, crucially, "cancerous cells" and "proliferating cells." This is textbook biology, no question.

Let's quickly run through the senses. Sense 2, "the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms,"? Bingo. That's the core concept. That's the target sense we are looking for. It's a perfect match given the provided contextual clues. The pieces fit seamlessly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Only"**

Okay, so I'm looking at the word "only" in that particular sentence about oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. The target phrase is "only after," which really nails down the conditional aspect here. My initial instinct, based on the context, is that "only after" is equivalent to "never except when" or perhaps "only if" or "only when."

Let's quickly check the senses to be sure. Sense 1, "and nothing more," doesn't quite fit. Neither does sense 2, meaning "entirely, exclusively." But sense 6, with the definition "never except when," is *spot on*. That perfectly captures the causal relationship described in the sentence. It's the condition! "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after..." clearly implies that malignancy is *never* triggered unless the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged first.

Therefore, I'm going with sense index 6. The logic here is straightforward, and the semantic fit is perfect.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Damaged"**

Okay, so the target word is "damaged," specifically in the phrase "only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." My initial thought is to identify the relevant lemma, which is "damage." Now, let's look at the candidate senses: we have "inflict damage upon" (transitive) and "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (intransitive).

The key here is the passive voice: "has been damaged."  That passive construction *demands* a transitive verb at its core. It's like saying, "[Something] has damaged the tumor-suppressor gene." We're looking for something that *can* be passivized. Sense 1, "inflict damage upon," fits perfectly.  Think, "The roof was damaged by the storm."  It's clear, it works.

Sense 2, the intransitive "suffer damage," doesn't usually behave that way, the china cups "damage easily" is a good example. You wouldn't say "the china cups were easily damaged".

So, "the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged" maps directly to the idea of *inflicting* damage.  That's my working hypothesis.

Wait, hold on! I've just re-read the earlier text where it says "...if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation..." and that seems to validate the agentive passive construction. Sense 1 is definitely the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Inheritance in the Context of Genetics**

Okay, so the target word is "inherit," and it's appearing as "inherited" in this passage. The surrounding text immediately zeroes in on genes and how they're passed down – specifically, "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent." It's crystal clear that we're dealing with genetic transmission here, a key process in my field.

Let's quickly run through the senses to confirm. Sense 1, "obtain from someone after their death," clearly doesn't apply. While that's a valid definition of "inherit," it's completely irrelevant to the context of genes. Sense 2, "receive from a predecessor," is closer, but still somewhat general. While it could arguably fit, it's not quite precise enough.

Sense 3, "receive by genetic transmission," is the perfect fit. It maps directly onto the concept of genes being passed from parents to offspring. It's the only sense that accurately captures the meaning within this specific domain. Therefore, I can confidently identify sense 3 as the intended meaning of "inherited" here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Interpretation of "Copies" in the Genetic Context**

Okay, the target word is "copies," and we're dealing with the inheritance of tumor-suppressor genes – specifically, two copies, one from each parent. My mind immediately starts parsing the different senses of "copy."

Candidate 1, a transcript, isn’t right here. It’s a reproduction of a written record, which is irrelevant to genes. Candidate 3, printed matter, and Candidate 4, journalistic material, are definitely out.

That leaves Candidate 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." This feels spot on. Thinking about examples like "a copy of the designer dress" or even a clone being a "copy of its ancestor," that resonates perfectly with the biological context. The idea of a gene existing as a duplicate, an instance, is precisely what we're after. The biological nuance in "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" cements this. Yes, "gene copy" is clearly the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Parent" in a Genetic Context**

Okay, so the target word is "parent" in this genetic statement about tumor-suppressor genes. My initial thought is to consider the two main senses: the human "father or mother" sense, or the more biological "organism from which younger ones are obtained" sense. The context is genetics, and specifically, cancer genes, which leans heavily towards medical applications, typically involving humans or animals.

The phrase "one from each parent" is what's key. In a general biology context, that strongly points to the biological organism sense. But, if we're dealing with cancer, specifically, it also easily applies to human or animal parents. It's a bit of a tug-of-war.

I'm leaning towards the "father or mother" sense (sense 1), because medical texts often reference human parents. Then, I considered whether sense 2, the "organism," is more applicable and if it would still make sense. Thinking about it, sense 1 has "a relative who plays the role of guardian", which definitely implies humans. On the other hand, sense 2 is strictly biological. Since it's genetics, strictly biological, maybe sense 2?

But, wait... even if it's biological, couldn't "father or mother" also apply, meaning male and female parents? Yes, it still works. Although genetics can refer to either sense, I think "father or mother" (sense 1) is the more common and natural reading, even in medical contexts, unless we're talking specifically about plant or animal breeding, which is not the case here. So, I will select sense 1. It is the most common and fits "one from each parent" (father and mother).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Copy" in a Biological Context**

Okay, so the text is using "copy" in the phrase "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies..." My immediate thought is, in this context, we're talking about a *biological* copy – a specific version or instance of a gene. Now, let's break down the likely meanings.

I'm thinking, as a first pass, of the candidate senses: is it a reproduction of a written record? No. A thing identical or similar to another thing? Potentially. Does it refer to print material or journalistic accounts? Definitely not.

The second sense, the "identical/similar thing" meaning, seems most relevant. This encompasses the idea of a clone or, as we're dealing with genes, a genetic copy. "Inherited in two copies" *precisely* means two instances or versions, one derived from the mother, and one from the father. Sense 2 feels right because it's the most general "reproduction/identical thing" sense which elegantly covers both biological copies, like genes, and clones. It's the most accurate and precise rendering of that biological concept.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Needed"**

Okay, so the word I'm focusing on is "needed" in the context of proteins being *needed* to control cell growth. This is a classic case where the word functions as an adjective, a participle, essentially meaning "required" or "necessary." The proteins are *required* for this function. Let's look at the candidate senses.

Sense 1, "require as useful, just, or proper," looks promising. The synonyms provided – necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve – are interesting. Something *takes* or *involves* the proteins.

Sense 2, "have need of," is also worth considering, but it implies a lack or deficiency. "This piano wants attention."

And Sense 3 is more about a personal feeling or desire for something.

Ah, I see it. "Make the proteins *needed* to control..." is a reduced relative clause: "[that are] needed." It's the proteins that are required, not something else. The proteins are *required* to control cell growth.

I'm starting to lean towards Sense 1. Now, let's see how the transitive works: "X needs Y to do Z". Sense 1 fits this well. "Controlling cell growth *takes* proteins" or "To control cell growth *requires* proteins." This supports the construction: "the proteins *needed* to control..."

Okay, let me put it another way. "Proteins needed to control cell growth" translates to "proteins that are needed." Sense 1's definition – *require as useful, just, or proper* – is spot on.

Yes, it really does seem that Sense 1 is the best fit here because the context implies a requirement. The proteins are not *lacking* (Sense 2) or desired (Sense 3), they're *required*. I'll go with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Control" in a Biological Context**

Okay, the lemma is "control," and the context is about "control[ling] cell growth." My initial instinct is to run through the possible senses. There are a few candidates, including exercising authoritative power, lessening intensity, handling/operating, manipulating, checking/regulating an experiment, verifying, being careful, or having knowledge. My expertise tells me we need to hone in on the appropriate meaning here.

Let's pause and consider sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits." That seems to align directly with the concept of "control[ling] cell growth." Thinking about tumor suppressor genes and how they *prevent* unchecked proliferation, it's about *restraining* growth, keeping it within specific bounds, as opposed to commanding or operating it. "Cells normally under control turn malignant." That reinforces sense 2.

Now, let's contrast sense 2 with sense 1, which is "exercise authoritative control or power over." While theoretically possible, it's not the primary sense of *control* used here. We're talking about regulation, not necessarily command.

In this biological context, holding growth in check, regulating it, is definitely best represented by sense 2. "Hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate"—these synonyms all feel right here. Think about something like moderating alcohol intake, or holding your tongue, and it's similar; you are holding something back. You're *preventing* uncontrolled expansion, the same with cell growth. And the other senses just don't have the same fit. Therefore, I'm confident in choosing sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Cell" in Biological Context**

Okay, so the word I'm dealing with is "cell," and it's embedded within a discussion about proteins, gene control, and cancer. Clearly, we're deep in the realm of biology. I need to make sure I'm zeroing in on the correct definition. The provided sense 2 is the one that seems most relevant here: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals." That's the one. Given the context of growth, control mechanisms gone awry, and the potential for cancerous development, this definition is spot-on. We're talking about cellular function at a fundamental level. I'll proceed with this understanding.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Cell Growth" in Context**

Okay, so I'm looking at the word "growth" specifically in the phrase "cell growth," and my initial thought is, what's the intended sense here? The text mentions tumor-suppressor genes and their proteins controlling "cell growth." This immediately suggests a biological context, so I start by considering the WordNet senses. I need to nail down if the "cell growth" here is related to cell division/proliferation or simply the general biological process of cells developing.

Initially, I looked at several possibilities. Is it the normal biological development (sense 1), the "process of becoming larger or more numerous" (sense 3), or even potentially an abnormal proliferation like a tumor (sense 6)? Given the mention of *tumor-suppressor genes*, sense 6 did cross my mind. However, the text speaks of *controlling* cell growth to prevent malignant changes, so that implies a normal, controlled process that can go wrong, which takes sense 6 out of the running.

The text also mentions "proliferating cells," which points to an increase in number, strongly suggesting sense 3 ("a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important"). Yet, I hesitated. Often, in a purely biological context, "cell growth" is mapped to the general biological sense, which is sense 1 ("(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically..."). However, WordNet's definition of sense 1 also talks about individual organism *development* and *ontogeny*, which doesn't seem to perfectly capture what the text intends with "cell growth," even though the context is biological. This feels a bit more like a process of a cell either increasing in size or making more copies of itself. In this light, "proliferation" or "increment" seems to fit better.

I started leaning towards sense 3 because it aligns more closely with the idea of cell number increasing. But I wanted to make sure. I'm thinking about "population growth" and how that's classified in WordNet; it's definitely sense 3. But I'm going to make sure that I'm taking into account how annotators would see this.

Let me think again. While the biological context is present, the specific reference to *controlling* the growth, and *proliferation*, I feel that this supports sense 3. Cell growth, in this instance, seems less about ontogeny (development of a multicellular organism) and more about cells becoming more numerous, with the proliferation of "proliferating cells."

Therefore, I'm confident in choosing sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" because, in this context, "cell growth" best refers to cells becoming more numerous, with the increase of proliferating cells being the most relevant concept here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Okay, here's my take on those thoughts, framed as my own:

**Analyzing "Cancer" in a Biological Context**

Alright, I'm wading into the conceptual swamp around "cancer." The primary context here is clearly the biological one – genes, cells going rogue, tumor-suppressor genes failing, the whole process of malignant transformation. My mind's working through the potential meanings, and immediately it's obvious that the medical definition, the uncontrolled cell division leading to a malignant tumor, is the intended sense. That's the core.

I see that other senses are listed – the astrological terms like "zodiac sign," "constellation," and even the "crab genus." Those are significant *distractors*. The goal is clearly to filter out the irrelevant definitions, like the other uses of the word. I need to make sure to disregard these non-biological senses. Ultimately, I am searching for the biological interpretation. The core of this analysis is that it is a disease.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Arise" in Context**

Okay, the target word is "arise," and the context is about cancer. Specifically, it reads "...so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired." My first thought is that "arise" here means for the cancer to *come into existence* or *develop.* Seems pretty straightforward, but let's confirm.

Looking at the candidate senses, sense 1 immediately stands out: "arise%2:42:00:: come into existence; take on form or shape." The synonyms are spot on – originate, rise, develop, grow, even spring up. That feels right, especially with the example of a new religious movement *originating*. This aligns perfectly with cancer *developing*.

Sense 2, "arise%2:42:01:: originate or come into being," is broader, and its synonyms, "come up, bob up," suggest things like questions or issues surfacing, which doesn't quite fit the biological context.

Sense 3 is obviously wrong: "rise to one's feet".
Sense 4, "result or issue," is also a miss.

To double-check, and the text uses the word "develop" later, which is essentially a synonym of the first sense, so that solidifies it. The specific examples provided for sense 1 all seem to relate to the context: diseases, structures, forms. Sense 2's examples are all questions or issues, which is off.

Therefore, sense 1 ("come into existence/develop") is the clear winner. That's the correct interpretation for "arise" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Copies" in Genetics**

Okay, so the text focuses on "copies" in relation to tumor-suppressor genes. My expertise kicks in – I immediately think of the genetic context. We're talking about inherited "copies," meaning alleles, those variations of a gene passed down from each parent. I understand this implicitly.

Let me break down the word, though. I quickly run through the different senses of the word "copy" in my head. There's the literal reproduction of a written document, obviously. Then, there's the creation of something similar or identical to another – the clone as a "copy" of its ancestor. We have matter to be printed and material for a journalistic account, though these are clearly less relevant to genetics.

It's sense number two, the clone-like "copy," that resonates most strongly here. These are biological copies, the genetic variations passed down during reproduction. This is a clear and concise explanation of the term within the given context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Impaired" in this Context**

Okay, so the target word is "impaired." The context is clearly genetic, specifically about how cancer develops: "...for cancer to arise, both copies [of the gene] must be impaired." Right off the bat, I need to zero in on the precise meaning here. I've got two candidate senses that come to mind.

The first sense relates to something being "diminished in strength, quality, or utility." Think about impaired eyesight, for example – it's lost some of its function. In this genetic scenario, that's exactly what we're talking about, isn't it? The gene copies are being *damaged* or rendered *defective*. They're losing their utility; they're no longer functioning properly. This seems like a strong contender.

The second sense, on the other hand, deals with being "mentally or physically unfit," like someone who is "afflicted." This paints a picture of a *person* being impaired.

Given the genetic context, it's clear that the first sense, "diminished in strength, quality, or utility," is the better fit. The word "impaired" is describing the state of the gene copies, not a person.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Term "Person"**

Okay, let's break this down. The context uses the word "person" in this phrase, "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene." Clearly, we're talking about a human being here, an individual entity. No ambiguity, really.

So, let's clarify my understanding:

*   **Candidate 1:** A human being, a literal person. That's the most straightforward interpretation. We're thinking of "individual," "someone," "somebody," a "mortal," a "soul".
*   **Candidate 2:** The human *body* itself. I think this is less likely in this context, but it's important to consider.
*   **Candidate 3:** A grammatical category. Completely irrelevant.

The first sense, "human being," seems the obvious, correct choice. It's the only interpretation that makes sense within the framework of the biological implications of a gene defect. We can move on.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the "Bear" Lemma in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "bear," and the surface form in the sentence is "born." The context is clearly about someone *being* born, as in, brought into the world. My initial thought is that this likely relates to the sense of "bear" that means "cause to be born" or "give birth." I'm mentally checking if the context implies any other meaning, but the definition feels right.

Let me confirm the definition of the appropriate "bear" sense. Looking at the definition for sense 2 (bear%2:29:01::), it is "cause to be born". This includes synonyms like "give birth", "deliver", "birth", and "have". Ah, yes, "born" is the past participle of "bear" in the context of "give birth". That's it! In the passive voice ("is born"), it refers to being given birth to.

I pause briefly, out of habit, to quickly consider if there's a separate entry for "born" itself. But generally, the passive form of "be born" invariably maps back to the "cause to be born" sense within "bear" in WordNet, as it's the participle form. It's the "bear" entry that's the lemma.

Looking back at the prompt, it confirms "target lemma: bear". Thus, "born" isn't a separate lemma, but a form of "bear." This confirms that the passive construction "is born" relates to the sense of "bear" meaning "cause to be born" / "give birth" and confirms that the appropriate sense is Sense 2. Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Copy" in Genetic Context**

Okay, so the word "copy" is the crux of this phrase: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..." My mind immediately goes to the biological context. Genes exist in copies, right? Specifically, there are two versions, or alleles, of each gene – one inherited from each parent. So, the "copy" here is fundamentally a biological concept.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses. We have: a reproduction of a written record, a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing, matter to be printed, and material suitable for a journalistic account.

Well, that first one is clearly a red herring. This isn't about documents. Same with the third and fourth options. We're not talking about printing or journalism.

That second option, though, the "thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," that's the money shot. Think of a clone – it's a *copy* of its ancestor. It's a physical or biological replica, a version of something else. One defective copy of a gene is a version of that gene, imperfect though it may be. That's the best fit by far. Therefore, Sense 2 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Copy" in a Biological Context**

Okay, so the target is the word "copy" within this sentence about suppressor genes. My initial thought is to zero in on the biological context. We're talking about a defective *copy* of a suppressor gene, which immediately suggests we're dealing with genetics. A gene has two alleles, right? We often refer to these alleles as copies.

Let's break down the possibilities. Candidate 1, "a reproduction of a written record," feels totally off-base here. Not relevant at all. Candidate 3, "matter to be printed," and Candidate 4, "material suitable for a journalistic account" are also way off. Those are all unrelated.

That leaves us with Candidate 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." This aligns perfectly with the genetic context. When we talk about a gene, we're talking about a segment of DNA that is essentially *replicated*, in a way. The example given here, "the clone was a copy of its ancestor," is also very suggestive here. It really seals the deal. Candidate 2 is the best fit, and it is the correct understanding of what is meant here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Verb "Damaged" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "damaged," specifically functioning as a verb (or a past participle in a passive construction). The sentence is "...or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..." I need to determine the precise sense of "damaged" being used here. The subject is clearly "one copy" of a suppressor gene. The passive voice ("is damaged") is throwing me a quick curveball, but that's fine. It means that something *inflicts* damage on "one copy," right? "One copy is damaged" is equivalent to "something damages one copy."

Alright, let's break down the senses. I'm thinking of two possibilities: sense 1, "inflict damage upon," and sense 2, "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (like something that breaks easily). Hmm, given the sentence, "one copy is damaged early in life" suggests it *receives* damage. It's the receiver, the recipient of the action. The passive voice strongly suggests this comes from the transitive sense of "inflicting damage." So, that rules out sense 2, right? The gene isn't *inherently* delicate in this context. Rather, it's being *acted upon*.

Therefore, sense 1, "inflict damage upon," is the correct one here. The gene is being acted on and broken.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Early" in the Context of "Early in Life"**

Okay, so the target is "early," specifically in the phrase "...or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..." Let's break this down. The sense I'm focusing on here has to be "early in life".

I've got three candidate senses from the lexicon:

1.  "during an early stage"
2.  "before the usual time or the time expected"
3.  "in good time"

Alright, the context is "early *in* life," not just "early." That really helps narrow it down. "Early in life" can't mean "ahead of time" (sense 2) or "in good time" (sense 3). Those just don't fit the phraseology. The meaning I'm aiming for is most likely synonymous with something like "during the initial period of life" or "at a nascent point in development".

That leaves sense 1: "during an early stage." Let's look at the example given: "early on in her career." That's a solid match. It captures the notion of something happening at the beginning of a life stage, career, life, or whatever the subject. Therefore, I can conclude that sense 1 is definitely the best fit for "early in life."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Life" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "life" in "damaged early in life." My initial thought is to pin down the specific meaning here. "Early in life" clearly points to the *period of time* we're talking about, so, it is about the duration of existence for a person, right?

I'm considering candidate 5: `sense_key=life%1:28:00:: definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) synonyms=lifetime, lifespan`. This seems like a pretty good fit, given the focus on the early *part* of a lifespan. Candidate 6, `sense_key=life%1:28:01:: definition=the period between birth and the present time`, is also in the running, but "early in life" is about lifetime/lifespan.

Yes, "early in life" definitely leans towards the individual's *lifetime* or *lifespan* – that's candidate 5. Let's see... I'm just quickly checking candidate 2 (the experience of being alive) and 3 (the course of existence) because it's always good to be thorough.

Actually, using "life" in "early in life" almost always corresponds to lifetime - candidate 5.

Let's do a quick reality check with example sentences, such as "the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life" - candidate 5 is the one.

Yep, "early in life" clearly maps to early in one's lifetime/lifespan, and I'm confident with Candidate 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Especially"**

Okay, so the task is to decipher the meaning of "especially" in the phrase "...is especially prone to cancer...". Let's break this down. The core challenge is to identify the correct sense from the available options. My initial analysis points to two potential senses, and it's all about how "especially" is being used here.

The first sense, "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common," immediately feels right. It's about emphasis and degree. The synonyms "particularly," "peculiarly," and "specially" (in the sense of "unusually") all resonate here. The examples provided—"he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack"—support this interpretation. This suggests a heightened susceptibility, a greater probability than the norm.

The second sense, "in a special manner," feels less relevant. The synonym "specially" is relevant as a synonym here, but the examples don't quite fit the context. A "specially arranged dinner" is about a method or method of preparation. It's not the correct usage here.

Therefore, "especially prone" clearly means "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common," matching sense 1. My intuition says that in the medical context of being "prone to cancer," sense 1 is the obvious choice. We are not referring to a *special manner* of proneness, but a heightened state.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Cancer" in this Context**

Okay, so the word "cancer" has popped up, and my initial task is to pin down its meaning based on the provided context. The clues I'm working with are centered around genes, malignant cells, tumor-suppressor genes – all very strong indicators. My immediate instinct is to look at the different senses or meanings of the word "cancer" that I might be able to pull up. I think about possible candidate senses in my mind, so to make sure I am thinking clearly. I quickly go through the possibilities of: the malignant growth itself, the astrological and astronomical connotations (the constellation, the zodiac sign, even the genus of crabs).

However, given the strong biological and medical vocabulary, it's pretty clear that the intended sense here is the first one: the malignant growth or tumor, the disease itself. No need to delve into astrology or crustacean biology, or anything else here. This is straightforward; based on the contextual clues, sense 1 is the correct indexing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Only"**

Okay, the target word here is "only" in that sentence about the suppressor gene and cancer. "He need *only* lose the other copy..." Right, so what does that "only" mean here? Let's break it down. It feels like it means "he merely needs to lose" or "he just needs to lose" to develop cancer.

Now to be thorough, I have to consider the candidate senses. There's:

1.  "and nothing more," essentially meaning *merely*, *simply*, *just*. That feels like the frontrunner. Examples include "I was merely asking" or "it is simply a matter of time". This one seems promising.
2.  "without any others being included or involved" - that means entirely, exclusively or solely. Examples are "was entirely to blame" or "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children". That doesn't fit the context at all.
3.  "with nevertheless the final result". Examples are "He arrived only to find his wife dead". Nope.
4.  "in the final outcome". Examples are "These news will only make you more upset." Also not right.

Therefore, sense 1, with the "and nothing more" meaning, is definitely the best fit for "he need *only* lose". It's a straightforward application of the word.