[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small <t>cell</t> lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Cell" in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer**

Okay, so the target term is "cell," and we're looking at it within the framework of "non-small cell lung cancer." My initial thought is to immediately consider the biological context. In my area of expertise, "cell" fundamentally signifies the basic structural and functional unit of any organism. That's the obvious starting point.

Now, let's consider the senses. I'll quickly evaluate the candidate senses, and I can immediately see sense 2 listed as "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." Bingo. That's it, that’s the definition that fits perfectly within the medical context of lung cancer. "Cell" here is, without a doubt, referring to the biological cell. Therefore, sense 2 is the most appropriate and accurate sense to select.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effects
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the <t>effects</t> of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Effects" in a Clinical Trial Context**

Okay, so I'm looking at "effects" in the context of comparing Alimta and docetaxel – both anticancer drugs. My initial instinct is to consider a few senses, right? Consequence, outward appearance (unlikely here), artificial impression (definitely not), central meaning (nope), legal validity (not relevant), and then... the tricky one: "a symptom caused by an illness or a drug."

I'm starting to think that **sense 6** might be the best fit. I'm seeing "the effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone." Okay, so we're talking about *efficacy* or symptomatic changes. The definition specifically mentions a drug, so that's a good sign, and it gives examples like "the effect of the anesthetic" – that feels very close to what we're aiming for here.

But wait, is therapeutic *efficacy* truly a "symptom"? It's more of an outcome, isn't it? Okay, but sense 6 is broader than just *symptoms*, and considers physiological changes. I'm going back and forth, considering both sense 1 (general consequence/outcome/result) and sense 6.

"The effects of Alimta" – I'm leaning towards *therapeutic effects*. Is that a symptom? Not strictly. But with "the effect of the anesthetic" example in sense 6, I'm thinking that it's okay. "Effects" in a drug context *often* does map to sense 6, even if it might be slightly broader.

I'm feeling that sense 6 is the winner. This seems most appropriate because it deals directly with drug outcomes like efficacy and side effects. I'm going with sense 6.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were <t>compared</t> with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Word "Compared" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "compared," and the surrounding text describes a comparison of Alimta and docetaxel for non-small cell lung cancer treatment. I need to narrow down the definition of "compared" that fits best here. Let's see...

Candidate 1, "examine and note the similarities or differences of," feels promising. This makes sense; we're talking about *comparing* the effects of the two drugs. We would expect researchers to *examine* the outcomes and *note* how they are similar or different. This is a very active, data-driven approach, which is exactly what I would expect in a clinical trial.

Candidate 2, "be comparable," is not appropriate for this context. It describes the state of being similar, not the act of observing that similarity. This sentence does not suggest the effects "are" comparable; it suggests the effects *are being* compared.

Candidate 3, "consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous," is close, but it's a bit too broad. While it's implied that they will do so, the initial step of the process is to examine and note.

Candidate 4, "to form the comparative or superlative form," is clearly irrelevant to the context. It's about grammar, not clinical trials.

So, out of these candidates, Candidate 1, "examine and note the similarities or differences of," fits the context perfectly. That's the best definition to use here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer <t>medicine</t>) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Medicine" in Context**

Okay, so the prompt gives me "medicine" within the phrase "another anticancer medicine." My first instinct, being the expert I am, is to deconstruct the potential meanings. I mentally run through the candidates:

*   **Candidate 1:** "Branch of medical science" - No, that's too broad. While relevant, it doesn't quite capture the specific role here.
*   **Candidate 2:** "Something that treats or prevents or alleviates symptoms of disease (medication, medicament, medicinal drug)" - Now we're talking. This hits the nail on the head, aligning with my understanding of "anticancer."
*   **Candidate 3:** "The learned profession" - Nope, this is the field of practice, not the specific tool we're discussing.
*   **Candidate 4:** "Punishment for one's actions" - Laughable. Completely irrelevant in this context.

Given that Alimta, docetaxel, and gemcitabine are explicitly mentioned as examples of "medicine," which are definitely drugs, it's crystal clear that Candidate 2 is the precise meaning. The reference to these specific anticancer drugs *demands* that definition. It's about a therapeutic agent, not a profession or a consequence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one <t>study</t> involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Study" in a Clinical Context**

Okay, the target word is "study," and the phrase is "one study involving 571 patients." My first thought is that this clearly indicates a clinical study or medical trial. Now, let's break down the potential senses. I'm considering a few options: a detailed inspection (survey), the act of applying the mind, or the written document itself. Wait, in a clinical trial context, is it more about the *inspection* or the *document*? Typically, I'd associate "study" in a research context with the *process* of investigation or the *survey* involved, and that aligns with WordNet's sense 1: "a detailed critical inspection" (study%1:04:00::).

But hold on, could it be a missing sense? Should I be considering the "report" or written document aspect? No, I'm pretty sure "a study involving 571 patients" refers to the *investigation* itself, not the resulting paper. I'm focusing on "a detailed critical inspection." It feels more like the research process.

Let's check the synonyms for sense 1, as defined in WordNet 3.0: "study, survey - a detailed critical inspection; 'he made a study of the expected population.'" Okay, that reinforces the idea that clinical studies are essentially surveys or meticulous inspections. I'm confident in selecting sense 1 (study%1:04:00::) because "a detailed critical inspection" accurately reflects the nature of a clinical trial in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involving
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study <t>involving</t> 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Involving" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "involving," the present participle of "involve." The context is "...in one study involving 571 patients..." Immediately, I'm parsing the candidate senses. We have options like "connect closely," "engage as a participant," "have as a necessary feature," "require," "contain as a part," "occupy interest," and "make complex."

My initial instinct, given "involving 571 patients," leans toward the study either "containing" them or "engaging" them. Let's look at sense 2, "engage as a participant." It feels right, doesn't it? "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" Then, sense 5, "contain as a part." "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses." Hmm.

Now, which is the better fit: "contain as a part" or "engage as a participant?" The phrase "a study involving X people" is common, often implying participation. But, "engage" seems like it needs a transitive construction. Does "the study engaged X patients"? Or "The study contained X patients"? Wait, what about "dinner involves 6 courses"? That's sense 5.

Let's check WordNet. Yep, sense 5 is "contain as a part," and sense 2 is "engage as a participant." Does a *study* "engage" patients?

Okay, the subject is "study," the object is "571 patients." Events and activities *involve* people, right? Like sense 2, "engage as a participant." But sense 5 is "contain as a part." Let's check for a better fit. "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" - sense 2. Could it be sense 5? "A study *containing* 571 patients as a part"?

Let's consider "involve" as "contain as a part". Wait, sense 5 is the standard for things like "The accident involved two cars," or "The study involved 500 patients." It means the study *includes* them.

Re-evaluating: "The study involved 571 patients." Does it engage them as participants? Is a "patient" a participant? Yes. But the way the sentence is structured, and the agent involved. "engage as a participant" is usually a human agent engaging another human, or an activity engaging someone.

Actually, WordNet shows "involve" (contain as a part) with examples like "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses."

Wait, let's look at another sense. Sense 5: "contain as a part." I'll guess sense 5 or maybe 2. If we look at SemCor, "The plan involves..." is often sense 3. For "a study involving X patients," it's probably sense 5 or sense 2. Let's guess sense 5. Wait, people involved in a study are participants.

Let's choose sense 5.

Wait, another option: sense 2. "engage as a participant". Object is usually human. "571 patients" are humans. The study engaged them. So sense 2 might be highly appropriate.

Let's go with 5, as a study "comprises" or "consists of" or "contains" 571 patients. Actually, let's pick 5. Wait, "engage as a participant" fits "patients" perfectly. "The study involved 571 patients" -> The study engaged 571 patients as participants. I'll bet on sense 2.

Re-evaluating: Is it sense 5 "contain as a part"? "A study involving..." "involve" = include.

I'll output 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 <t>patients</t> with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Patients"**

Okay, here's the breakdown. The word I need to define is "patients," specifically within the phrase from this study: "...in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past." Right, so I need to nail down the precise meaning.

My initial candidates jump out: Is it a generic "person requiring medical care," or is there a specific semantic role at play here? Given the context – "571 *patients* with...disease...who had received chemotherapy" – the answer is immediately clear. We're talking about individuals undergoing medical treatment, specifically chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. The context *demands* that the first definition, "a person who requires medical care," is the correct one. No other interpretation makes logical sense. So, that's settled.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: locally
Target surface form: locally
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with <t>locally</t> advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=locally%4:02:00:: | definition=by a particular locality | examples=it was locally decided
2. sense_key=locally%4:02:01:: | definition=to a restricted area of the body | synonyms=topically | examples=apply this medicine topically

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Locally" in Oncology**

Okay, so the task is to nail down the meaning of "locally" in the phrase "locally advanced or metastatic disease" within the non-small cell lung cancer context. My first instinct is to consider a few candidates. Candidate one, "by a particular locality," immediately pops into mind, like "it was *locally* decided." But that doesn't quite resonate with medical terminology.

Then, Candidate two surfaces: "to a restricted area of the body," like when we say, "apply this medicine *topically*." Hold on... "locally advanced" does, in fact, mean the cancer is advanced within a specific, restricted area – the original organ or nearby tissues, but not yet systemic. This is good; this is a strong indicator that I'm on the right track!

Let me verify, though. I need to make sure I am not missing a nuance, so "locally advanced" implies that the cancer has extended from its origin to adjacent tissues or lymph nodes, which is, without a doubt, a restricted region of the body. Bingo. Candidate 2 is indeed the medical sense, distinct from the first that is geographically or administratively focused.

Therefore, I am confident that Candidate 2 is the correct interpretation. I'll go with that definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advanced
Target surface form: advanced
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally <t>advanced</t> or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:precocious:00 | definition=farther along in physical or mental development | examples=the child's skeletal age was classified as `advanced'; children in the advanced classes in elementary school read far above grade average
2. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:late:02 | definition=comparatively late in a course of development | examples=the illness had reached an advanced stage; an advanced state of exhaustion
3. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:progressive:01 | definition=ahead of the times | synonyms=forward-looking, innovative, modern | examples=the advanced teaching methods; had advanced views on the subject
4. sense_key=advanced%5:00:02:high:02 | definition=at a higher level in training or knowledge or skill | examples=an advanced degree; an advanced text in physics
5. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:high-tech:00 | definition=ahead in development; complex or intricate | synonyms=sophisticated | examples=advanced technology; a sophisticated electronic control system
6. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:late:00 | definition=far along in time | synonyms=ripe | examples=a man of advanced age; advanced in years
7. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:civilized:00 | definition=(of societies) highly developed especially in technology or industry | examples=advanced societies; an advanced country technologically
8. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:front:00 | definition=situated ahead or going before | synonyms=advance, in advance | examples=an advance party; at that time the most advanced outpost was still east of the Rockies

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Advanced" in a Medical Context**

Okay, so the target term is "advanced," specifically within the phrase "locally advanced or metastatic disease." My immediate thought is that we're dealing with a later stage of disease progression. Let's run through the potential senses of "advanced" to confirm.

I'm thinking: is this about a child or class being "farther along" in development, like sense one? No, that doesn't fit the medical context. Then I jump to sense two, which nails it: "comparatively late in a course of development." That's the key. This disease has progressed. That's a direct match to the phrase!

Just for completeness, I consider if this is about being "ahead of the times" (sense three), a "higher level in training" (sense four), ahead in technology (sense five), far along in time (age, sense six), or highly developed societies (sense seven) or situated ahead (outpost, sense eight). None of these senses remotely captures the meaning in this medical context. The second sense is the only viable one. This is about the disease having reached a later stage. Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the <t>past</t>. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%1:28:00:: | definition=the time that has elapsed | synonyms=past times, yesteryear | examples=forget the past
2. sense_key=past%1:28:01:: | definition=a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret) | examples=reporters dug into the candidate's past
3. sense_key=past%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past | synonyms=past tense

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Past" in the Phrase**

Okay, so the task is to pinpoint the specific meaning of "past" in "had received chemotherapy in the past." Right, let's break it down. My initial thought is to consider the common senses. First, there's the elapsed time aspect – the general concept of what's *been*, the temporal dimension. Then, there's the more nuanced idea of a 'past' as a segment of someone's life, maybe carrying connotations of secrets or a hidden history. And finally, of course, there's the grammatical sense – the past tense.

Alright, considering the context of medical history, the secretive personal history doesn't quite click. This isn’t about some deep, dark secret; it's about medical treatment. The grammatical tense, while relevant in the sentence’s structure, isn’t the *meaning* of "past" we're after. That leaves the initial sense, the elapsed time, which makes the most sense. "In the past" here simply refers to a previous period, a time before the present. Makes sense, given the focus on medical chronology. So, I'm confident in choosing the first sense; it's the most appropriate and straightforward interpretation for this situation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also <t>compared</t> with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Compared"**

Okay, so the word I'm looking at is "compare," specifically the past participle "compared." The sentence I'm working with involves Alimta and gemcitabine in a medical study, so this narrows things down considerably.

My initial sense is that the study involved two drugs being evaluated in terms of their effectiveness, specifically examining the similarities and differences, I'd lean towards Sense 1: "examine and note the similarities or differences of."

While Sense 2, "be comparable," *could* play a role, it feels less active in this context. They're not just *being* comparable; the researchers are actively *assessing* them. Sense 3, "consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous," is also possible, but again, the emphasis is on the direct *examination* implied by Sense 1.

And Sense 4, the grammatical definition of "to form the comparative or superlative form," is clearly irrelevant here. This is about medical science, not linguistic analysis. Therefore, I can confidently identify sense 1 as the best fit for this surface form in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer <t>medicine</t>), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Okay, here's my interpretation of this scenario, focusing on the word "medicine" within a specific context:

**Analyzing the Meaning of "Medicine" in Context**

Alright, the target word is "medicine." Let's break this down. The surrounding text gives us: "...gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination..." My immediate thought is, given that we're talking about an "anticancer" agent, we are clearly dealing with a *medication* or *drug*. My internal dictionary starts scrolling through potential meanings, but the key phrase here immediately zeroes in on sense **2:** "something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease."

While "medical specialty," "practice of medicine," or even the archaic "punishment" could technically be senses of the word, they are completely out of the question here. The context – gemcitabine, clearly identified as a substance used for cancer treatment – firmly establishes that we're talking about a medicinal *substance*. It's a straightforward disambiguation. We are dealing with a medication. The other senses are simply not relevant.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a <t>study</t> involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Study" in a Clinical Trial Context**

Okay, so the target word is "study," and it's in the context of clinical trials. The passage mentions a study involving 1,725 patients. My immediate thought is to consider the various senses of "study" to pinpoint the most accurate meaning. First, a clinical trial *is* an investigation or detailed examination.

Let's see what WordNet offers. There are a few possibilities: a critical inspection, applying the mind to learning, and a written document. Hmm... "Clinical study" almost always leans towards a "detailed critical inspection," which WordNet lists as sense 1. Often, research studies map to this sense as well. Wait, is there no specific "research" sense?

Let's re-examine that definition: "a detailed critical inspection". Examples frequently include "a study of the incidence of disease." Perfect! That fits a clinical trial or clinical study almost exactly. Sense 3, a "written document," is a possibility, but the context mentions *involving* patients, and the trial itself is active. The patients are part of the process, not just mentioned in a report. So, sense 1 is looking better.

Okay, let's double-check sense 1. The context is "a study involving 1,725 patients." That clearly refers to the investigation or the inspection itself, the actual clinical trial. This is definitely the best fit. Sense 1 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involving
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study <t>involving</t> 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Involving" in "A Study Involving 1,725 Patients"**

Okay, so I'm tackling the semantic nuances of "involving" here, specifically in the context of this study. The target word is "involving." My initial thought is to consider the common senses of "involve." Several definitions come to mind. I'm focusing on "contain as a part," "engage as a participant," and "include (someone) in an activity or situation." The study definitely *contains* the patients in some way. However, it's not a physical containment, but an abstract one of being part of the study.

Now, my initial inclination leans towards "engage as a participant" (sense 2). The wording "study *involving* 1,725 patients" feels like the study *engages* them. I’m parsing through the nuance that "engage as a participant" typically has an active connotation, as in "Don't involve me." However, in this case, the study itself does the involving, so "engages" seems to work because the patients are actively taking part.

I'm also considering "contain as a part" (sense 5). This makes sense in that the patients are an integral *part* of the study. A study *containing* patients fits the bill. The study *includes* them. "Including" feels close to both senses.

However, I'm finding that the dictionary definitions might need a little tweaking for this context. I'm thinking about the WordNet senses, specifically "engage as a participant" and "contain as a part." The "contain" sense often refers to something being *comprised* of other things, which could apply. My instinct leans towards "engaging participants."

If I have to choose, my final answer is "engage as a participant," and I feel comfortable with this choice, though "contain as a part" is also relevant. The patients are participants and the study is engaging them.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 <t>patients</t> who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Patients" in the Anticancer Study Context**

Okay, the target word is "patients," and we're looking at its usage within the framework of medical studies for an anticancer medicine. My immediate thought is, let's drill down on the likely senses here. The obvious first sense that springs to mind is "a person who requires medical care." Given the context of a clinical trial involving anticancer treatments, that sense fits like a glove. It's almost too obvious, but that's precisely why it's probably the correct interpretation. The people receiving the medicine are the *patients*. It's a direct and fitting semantic role. No need to overcomplicate things; this first sense is definitely the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the <t>past</t>. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%1:28:00:: | definition=the time that has elapsed | synonyms=past times, yesteryear | examples=forget the past
2. sense_key=past%1:28:01:: | definition=a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret) | examples=reporters dug into the candidate's past
3. sense_key=past%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past | synonyms=past tense

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Past"**

Okay, so the target is "past" within the phrase "had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past." My initial task is to identify the relevant senses of "past" in this context. I've identified three candidate senses: 1) the time that has elapsed, 2) an earlier period in someone's life, and 3) the grammatical tense (past tense).

Given the context, sense 3 is immediately irrelevant. The question now hinges on distinguishing between senses 1 and 2. Sense 1, "the time that has elapsed," seems like the strongest contender. This sense is about any time that occurred before the present.

Sense 2, an earlier period of a person's life, is interesting, especially when linked to secrets or significant events. It is a more specific concept. However, "received chemotherapy in the past" doesn't necessarily evoke that level of personal history. It simply states the time before now. Therefore, I believe sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three <t>studies</t>, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Studies" in a Clinical Context**

Okay, so the word "studies" is used in relation to Alimta, so I need to pinpoint its precise meaning. My initial thought is that it refers to the clinical trials or investigations assessing Alimta's effectiveness.

Let's break it down. I'm examining Candidate 1, that's a *detailed critical inspection* – a survey of the data. And Candidate 3; a written document. Hmm, in scientific literature, "study" can mean the investigation itself or the report. Let's see... the text says "In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?" Okay, so *during* the studies, meaning it's an event, an investigation. "Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients" reinforces that as a critical inspection or an investigation.

Let me consult WordNet for clarity. Okay, Sense 1: a detailed critical inspection; "a study of the issue." The report (sense 3) versus the investigation (sense 1)? "During the studies" – yes, that refers to the process of investigation. So, Sense 1 is the better fit for a clinical trial.

I'll check for "clinical study" or similar phrasing. Sense 1's synonyms include "survey." It must be the investigation or trial itself.

"In all three studies… what benefit has Alimta shown *during* the studies." Yup, it's the *process* of investigation. So, my choice is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: main
Target surface form: main
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the <t>main</t> measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=main%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=most important element | synonyms=chief, primary, principal, master | examples=the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass
2. sense_key=main%3:00:02:: | definition=(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence | synonyms=independent | examples=the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb
3. sense_key=main%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=of force; of the greatest possible intensity | examples=by main strength

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuance of "Main"**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "main" in the context of effectiveness measurement: "In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived." My initial thought is to zero in on what this word truly *means* in this specific sentence. "Main" here, clearly signifies the most important, the primary determinant of effectiveness. Let's delve into those possible senses to confirm.

I'm considering these potential meanings:
1. main%5:00:00:important:00 - focusing on importance, the core, the principal aspect. This screams "right answer" at me.
2. main%3:00:02:: - That sense of a clause being self-sufficient doesn't really hold water here. It doesn't seem to fit the usage within the sentence.
3. main%5:00:00:intense:00 - While "intense" might be relevant in terms of the *impact* of the measure, it's not the core meaning of "main" in this context.

So, I'm confident that sense number 1, the "most important element," is the definitive choice. It perfectly captures the essence of how the word "main" functions in this sentence. The duration of patient survival is the *chief* indicator being used in this research.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measure
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main <t>measure</t> of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Measure"**

Okay, the target word is "measure," and the context is "In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived." My initial thought is that "measure" here represents the *criterion* used to assess the studies' effectiveness. I immediately look to the senses.

Sense 5, specifically "a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated," seems like a strong contender. I see synonyms like "standard" and "criterion," which resonate with the idea of evaluating how long patients lived as a basis for judging effectiveness. Then, I consider sense 4, "the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena" (measurement). No, that doesn't fit – "measure of effectiveness" refers more to the *standard* used, not the act of measuring itself.

Ah, but let me return to sense 5 and re-evaluate, "they set the measure for all subsequent work." Is that talking about a criterion or a quantity? Then I realize, "how long the patients survived" is the *metric* or *criterion* being evaluated. My instinct tells me that sense 5 fits best.

Hold on, let me quickly consider this word as a metric. No, that makes no sense here. Then again, "a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated" - criterion - Yes!

Does sense 4, "act or process," fit better? Not at all.

So, after a bit of back-and-forth, I'm confident that sense 5 is the most accurate interpretation: "a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated." It's the criterion.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: long
Target surface form: long
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how <t>long</t> the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=long%4:02:00:: | definition=for an extended time or at a distant time | examples=a promotion long overdue; something long hoped for
2. sense_key=long%4:02:03:: | definition=for an extended distance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Long" in the Clinical Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "long," specifically in the phrase "...how long the patients survived." My immediate mental calibration is to root this in the concept of *duration* – we're talking about *time*. Now, let's quickly parse the potential senses. I'm recalling two primary usages: the first is, obviously, "for an extended time or at a distant time." The second sense, though, brings in "for an extended distance." Clearly, given the phraseology, the first definition, the one pertaining to duration in time, is the only one that makes any semantic sense in this clinical context. The spatial sense is entirely irrelevant. Good, moving on.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the <t>patients</t> survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Target Word "Patients" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "patients," and I'm looking at Alimta studies for mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer, specifically in the chemotherapy setting. The key phrase is, "In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived." My job is to nail down the precise meaning of "patients" in this context – no ambiguity here, as precision is paramount.

Let's break it down. I've got two immediate interpretations, what I would consider 'senses': first, the literal sense: a person needing medical attention. Second, the semantic role, the entity that receives some action.

Given the text, and the focus on survival as a measure of effectiveness, it's immediately clear that sense **1** – the person requiring medical care – is the relevant one. It's the individuals undergoing these treatments whose survival outcomes are being measured. There's no room for any other interpretation within this medical research context. They are the individuals whose response to chemotherapy is being evaluated.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survive
Target surface form: survived
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients <t>survived</t>. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survive%2:42:01:: | definition=continue to live through hardship or adversity | synonyms=last, live, live on, go, endure, hold up | examples=We went without water and food for 3 days; These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America
2. sense_key=survive%2:42:02:: | definition=continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.) | synonyms=pull through, pull round, come through, make it | examples=He survived the cancer against all odds
3. sense_key=survive%2:42:00:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=exist, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?
4. sense_key=survive%2:42:03:: | definition=live longer than | synonyms=outlive, outlast | examples=She outlived her husband by many years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Survived" in Context**

Okay, the target word is "survived," and the context is all about how long patients lived in these studies. Immediately, that tells me we're dealing with "survival time" – the length of their lives. So, let's look at the candidate senses:

*   **Sense 1:** continue to live, probably through some circumstance or for a set time.
*   **Sense 2:** to continue in existence after an adversity
*   **Sense 3:** to support oneself
*   **Sense 4:** to live longer than something else.

Given that it is about survival *time*, my initial thought leans towards Sense 1: "continue to live." This feels right because we're measuring the duration of their lives.

Now, let's do a little further dissection to make sure. Sense 2 is usually transitive, like "survived the cancer." But in our sentence, it is intransitive: "how long the patients survived." So Sense 1 is correct, it can be intransitive or transitive.

Synonyms for Sense 1 are: last, live, live on, go, endure, hold up. The phrase "how long they lived" perfectly aligns with that intransitive sense. It's a direct equivalent.

Just to be absolutely sure, let's contrast. A "survived cancer" usage from Sense 2 would imply overcoming something; the patients might not have overcome whatever adversity they faced, the studies simply measure their survival. Therefore, Sense 1, the simple "continue to live," is the most fitting interpretation here. We're interested in the length of time they remained alive.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefit
Context:
For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What <t>benefit</t> has Alimta shown during the studies? Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Concept of "Benefit" in a Medical Context**

Okay, so the target here is the word "benefit," specifically how it's used when we're talking about Alimta's performance in these studies. The critical phrase is, "Alimta increased the survival time of patients..." Let me run through the possible interpretations. First, we have the idea of *financial assistance in a time of need* – that's not quite right in this clinical scenario. Next, we have *something that aids or promotes well-being*. Bingo! Increasing survival time is the quintessential example of promoting well-being in a medical context. Finally, there's the third option, *a performance to raise money for a charitable cause*. Not applicable here.

Just to be absolutely sure, let's confirm with the indices:

*   **Sense 1:** financial assistance... (Nope)
*   **Sense 2:** something that aids or promotes well-being (That's the one!)
*   **Sense 3:** a performance... (Still no)

So, index number two it is. The 'benefit' Alimta has shown is unequivocally in the realm of improved health and survival, a clear demonstration of therapeutic effectiveness.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta <t>shown</t> during the studies? Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the "Show" Lemma in Context**

Okay, so the lemma is "show," surface form "shown," and the context is "What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?" My initial thought is to figure out the specific meaning of "shown" here. It's not just a surface-level question. It's about how Alimta is presented in this context.

My initial reaction is it means, "What benefit has Alimta provided evidence for, demonstrated, exhibited, or established during the studies?" I need to figure out which is the most accurate. I'm focusing on the verb's semantic nuances and how they relate to a drug.

I'm considering sense 2: establish the validity. Like, "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound." Or maybe sense 3: provide evidence for, like, "The blood test showed that he was the father." And then there's sense 4: make visible or noticeable, as in, "She showed her talent for cooking." Is the benefit made visible or is something else happening?

In this specific context, the benefit that Alimta is showing is something that's demonstrated or proven. For example, "Alimta increased the survival time..." The study results showed the benefit, or Alimta showed the benefit.

Looking at WordNet, sense 3 is "provide evidence for," with synonyms like testify, bear witness, prove, and evidence. Sense 2 is "establish the validity of something," as by an example, explanation, or experiment, with synonyms like prove, demonstrate, establish, and shew. Sense 4 is "make visible or noticeable."

In medical contexts, drugs usually "show" efficacy or benefit. This could align with sense 2 (demonstrate) or sense 4 (make visible). Considering sense 2: "establish the validity of something... The experiment demonstrated the instability." The subject here is "Alimta."

Another option: sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father." But here, the drug is demonstrating the effect.

Ah, I'm leaning toward sense 2. Drugs *demonstrate* a benefit. Prove, demonstrate, establish... It fits perfectly with the context!

Let's consider sense 4: "make visible or noticeable," e.g., "She showed her talent." Could "Alimta *exhibited* the benefit"?

I need to make a distinction. In sense 2, the subject is typically a person or experiment establishing a fact. "Alimta established the validity of a benefit" sounds a bit off, but "Alimta demonstrated a benefit" is very common.

What about sense 3 "provide evidence for"? "What benefit has Alimta provided evidence for"?

Reconsidering sense 2 vs. 3: "show a benefit" usually means "demonstrate a benefit." "Demonstrate" is a synonym in sense 2.

Going back to sense 2: prove, demonstrate, establish.

I'm choosing sense 2. Or, maybe 4? "showed a benefit" = exhibited a benefit, but the exhibition meaning doesn't work.

But let's think again about sense 3... "testify, bear witness, prove, evidence."

I'll go back to sense 2 because "demonstrated a benefit" is the perfect fit. So, the correct sense is 2, "establish the validity of something".