[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a <t>certain</t> gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Certain"**

Okay, the target word is "certain" and the context is "If both copies of a *certain* gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop." My expert brain immediately jumps to disambiguation. Let's break down the potential senses.

First, I consider sense #1: "definite but not specified or identified," like when you say "a certain amount." Bingo! That seems like a perfect fit in this genetic context. It's referring to a specific gene, we just don't know which one yet. The phrase implies the gene exists and has a defined function, it's just not being named directly.

Next, I quickly discard sense #2, "confident and assured." That doesn't make logical sense in the context of a gene. A gene isn't 'confident'.

Finally, sense #3, "established beyond doubt," also feels off. While the gene's existence might be established, "certain" in this phrase feels more like it’s describing the *specific* gene in question as just being 'a' gene, not the doubt about it being established.

Therefore, sense #1 is undoubtedly the intended meaning here. The context perfectly aligns with the idea of a specific, unnamed gene within the larger system.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: knock_out
Target surface form: knocked out
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were <t>knocked out</t>, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=knock out a target
2. sense_key=knock_out%2:35:00:: | definition=knock unconscious or senseless | synonyms=knock cold, kayo | examples=the boxing champion knocked out his opponent in a few seconds
3. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:00:: | definition=destroy or break forcefully | examples=The windows were knocked out
4. sense_key=knock_out%2:37:00:: | definition=overwhelm with admiration | examples=All the guys were knocked out by her charm
5. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:02:: | definition=empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out | examples=knocked out a pipe

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Phrase "Knocked Out" in a Biological Context**

Okay, the target phrase is "knocked out," and it's in the sentence about genes, with "deleted" in the next sentence, so I'm immediately thinking biology. My initial sense candidates are: eliminate, knock unconscious, destroy, overwhelm, or empty. Given the context of gene function, senses 2, 4, and 5 can be immediately discounted. Destroy is a possibility, but let's see.

"Knocked out" here is clearly referring to eliminating or inactivating the gene's function. The subsequent mention of "deleted" reinforces this interpretation, creating a parallel between inactivation and removal. So, sense 1, "eliminate" (like "knock out a target"), is the frontrunner, and sense 3 (destroy) may be similar, but let me check.

In molecular biology, the concept of a "gene knockout" is fundamental, and it *is* about eliminating or disabling the gene. I'm going to look at sense 1: "eliminate." The sentence, "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out..." and "eliminated" fits perfectly. So, sense 1, "eliminate," is indeed the most appropriate and precise interpretation here.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign <t>polyps</t> would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Polyps" in a Medical Context**

Okay, so I'm presented with the word "polyps," and the surrounding text screams "medicine" – colon cancer, bowel, malignancy, genes, the whole shebang. My mind immediately starts sifting through the possible senses. There's the classic definition, the one I'm most familiar with: those small, vascular growths on mucous membranes. Right away, I know that's the likely direction. But, just to be thorough, I quickly consider the other definition – the coelenterate form, like hydra or coral. Obviously, that's not relevant here; the context is distinctly about human health, specifically within the bowel and colon. Therefore, it's clear that the first sense, the medical one, is the correct interpretation. The phrase "benign polyps" solidifies that, confirming that we are dealing with growths within the body, and not marine organisms. The job here is straightforward; to understand that "polyps" in this scenario means growths within the bowel or colon that may or may not be benign.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would <t>develop</t>. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Verb "Develop" in a Biological Context**

Okay, so the target is "develop" in the phrase "benign polyps would develop." My initial thought is to consider the various WordNet senses and how they fit this biological context. I'm immediately drawn to the idea of polyps *forming* or *growing*.

I first looked at sense 4, which is about a change in physical features ("The patient developed abdominal pains"). That doesn't quite fit since the "development" of polyps seems like a *growth* process, but the context is helpful.

Then, sense 5 jumped out: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (originate, arise). This seemed promising, almost a direct hit, because the key word there is "arise" (as in "grow"). I quickly considered the example, "A new religious movement originated...", and I thought, yes, polyps *arise*.

Sense 10 then made its appearance: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment." This definition seems most relevant as it is about *biological growth*. I immediately thought about the flower example, "A flower developed on the branch," and the parallel between that and polyps. Also, the phrasing "in stages" really pointed to sense 10. The biological connotations of this sense, natural growth and differentiation, felt like a very strong match for polyps.

I then returned to the previous use of "develop" in the text, where it referred to colon cancer "develop[ing] in stages." I think that the connection is solid.

The synonyms for sense 5 – "originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow" – further solidified the idea that it's about the emergence of something new.

I found the examples for sense 10 very pertinent: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower." I feel the "develop into" aspect isn't as solid here, though, since we don't have polyps *developing into* something else, just *developing*. The focus should be on the *process* of growth.

Ultimately, although both senses could fit, given that "polyps" are biological growths, and thinking about the stages of development, I will go with sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both <t>copies</t> of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Decoding "Copies" in the Genetic Landscape**

Okay, so the context is genetics, specifically, "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted..." My initial thought process immediately zeroes in on what "copies" could mean in this specific environment. It's a key term. Let's see...

I'm mentally sifting through possible interpretations. First, is it a *reproduction of a written record*? Hmm, unlikely in the context of gene deletion. Not quite right. Next, *a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing*? Ah, now we're getting warmer. This *feels* right, especially with the mention of deletion. It conjures images of alleles, genes found in homologous chromosomes, the biological *copies* we're interested in.

Let's keep going. Is it *matter to be printed*? No, the word "deleted" isn't associated with the printing process here. And a *journalistic account*? Also, highly unlikely. It's not a journalistic account, so it does not fit the scenario.

Therefore, the second candidate – "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" – is by far the most appropriate, especially in the context of genetics. This "sense index 2" is clearly the winner. It's all about those biological 'copies' of a gene in a diploid organism. The deletion implies taking out two versions of the same thing. This has to be the most relevant answer in the genetics field.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Second" in This Genetic Context**

Okay, so the target here is the word "second," and we're looking at its meaning within this genetic scenario: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy." My initial thought is to identify the relevant senses of "second."

The candidates are:

1.  *Coming next after the first in position, time, degree, or magnitude.* This seems like the obvious candidate. The synonyms here – 2nd, 2d – further reinforce this.
2.  *A part, voice, instrument, or orchestra section lower in pitch...* This clearly isn't relevant to genetic expression.

Given the context, "a second gene" immediately implies a gene that follows the first, a different gene but coming *after* in sequence. The first definition – sense 1 – maps to this perfectly: the second gene is defined as the gene after the first. Therefore, the second definition is incorrect. The meaning is about relative position within a sequence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Word "Then" in a Biological Context**

Okay, so the target word is "then," and the context is about gene deletion and polyp malignancy. My initial thought is to figure out the specific nuance of "then" in this sentence. The phrase "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted..." indicates the second event of a sequence, it's pretty clear that it has temporal significance.

My initial interpretation is that it means "subsequently" – that after the initial gene knockout which leads to the polyps, a *subsequent* deletion of a second gene will cause malignancy. Wait, let me check the possible senses, as I've seen it used in different ways. Is it "subsequently or soon afterward," "in that case or as a consequence," or "at that time?"

Thinking through it, the "subsequently or soon afterward" sense (sense 1) seems most likely. The sentence implies a clear temporal order: first the one event, *then* the other. It’s an ordered sequence of events. The second event clearly happens after the first, which is the definition of "subsequently."

Sense 2, "in that case or as a consequence," usually goes with "if... then..." which is the main clause, but here it's inside the "if" clause. That suggests it's more about time than consequence.

Therefore, "subsequently" (sense 1) is the most accurate meaning here. It clearly establishes the order of operations in this experimental scenario.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: delete
Target surface form: deleted
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then <t>deleted</t>, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=delete%2:35:00:: | definition=remove or make invisible | synonyms=cancel | examples=Please delete my name from your list
2. sense_key=delete%2:32:00:: | definition=wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information | synonyms=erase | examples=Who erased the files form my hard disk?
3. sense_key=delete%2:30:00:: | definition=cut or eliminate | synonyms=edit, blue-pencil | examples=she edited the juiciest scenes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Deleted" in a Genetic Context**

Okay, so the target is "deleted" and the context is genetics, specifically, "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted..." My initial candidates are: 1. Remove or make invisible (like canceling something), 2. Erase (digital information), and 3. Cut or eliminate (like editing). In genetics, a deletion signifies the actual *removal* or loss of a DNA sequence. None of the senses seem perfect at first glance, but let's delve deeper.

I'm consulting WordNet for a more thorough definition of "delete". Ah, it breaks down into those same three senses: remove/invisible, wipe out digitally, and cut/eliminate. A gene being "deleted" is a physical act of elimination, a removal. So, sense 1, "remove or make invisible," seems the closest to what I need in general terms of 'remove'. Sense 3, "cut or eliminate," does sound like it could fit, but the examples tend towards text editing. Sense 2 is clearly digital, so that's out.

The core of a genetic deletion is this act of *removing* genetic material. Sense 1, "remove or make invisible", seems like the most general case. I'm checking the hierarchy – "remove" is the hypernym for sense 1, which reinforces that direction. But is a genetic deletion truly "remove or make invisible"? Well, it *is* an act of removing. Take the example, "Please delete my name from your list." That’s a removal, not a digital erasure or an edit.

But, hold on. "Cut or eliminate" might be specifically about text... and "erase" is for digital data. "Remove or make invisible" is the broadest fit. I pause to ensure there aren't any other senses I'm overlooking... nope, it’s just those three.

Right, so in this specific case, "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted," I'm opting for sense 1. It's the most general sense of "remove" and doesn't limit the definition to either editing text or digital info. The hypernym of sense 1 is "remove" anyway, so I choose it.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the <t>polyps</t> would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Concept of "Polyps" in a Medical Context**

Okay, so the prompt uses "polyps" in relation to colon cancer. My expertise immediately flags this as a medical term, specifically concerning the gastrointestinal tract. I need to pinpoint the intended meaning, ruling out any ambiguity.

I'm considering two potential senses. First, the more likely one, describes a small vascular growth on a mucous membrane, essentially a polypus. This seems to fit perfectly within the context of bowel polyps and their progression to malignancy, linking it directly to genetic damage. The second potential sense refers to a form of coelenterates, like coral or hydra, and is easily discounted. Given the association with colon cancer, "polyps" *must* be sense one: the small abnormal growth within the bowel. That's a clear and concise interpretation given the surrounding information.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Malignancy" in Medical Context**

Okay, so the word I'm dealing with is "malignancy," and the surrounding text strongly suggests a medical context, specifically something related to bowel polyps and their potential to become cancerous. That immediately directs me towards the medical definition, which, as I recall, is the more precise and relevant sense here.

My knowledge in the field tells me the first sense, the "malignant state," is what we're after. This is the definition of malignancy I'm familiar with – the idea of something that is progressive, meaning it gets worse over time, resistant to standard treatments, and ultimately, life-threatening. The phrase "progress to malignancy" is key here and makes the first sense a perfect fit. The secondary sense, relating to ill will or evil, is completely out of place in this particular discussion of polyp development and colon cancer. It's an interesting word with multiple meanings, but in this medical environment, the biological definition is the only one that makes any sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: clear
Target surface form: clear
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation
2. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:clearheaded:00 | definition=free from confusion or doubt | examples=a complex problem requiring a clear head; not clear about what is expected of us
3. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view | synonyms=open | examples=a clear view; a clear path to victory
4. sense_key=clear%3:00:02:: | definition=allowing light to pass through | examples=clear water; clear plastic bags
5. sense_key=clear%5:00:02:free:00 | definition=free from contact or proximity or connection | examples=we were clear of the danger; the ship was clear of the reef
6. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:untroubled:00 | definition=characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt) | examples=a clear conscience; regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes
7. sense_key=clear%5:00:01:pure:02 | definition=(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims | synonyms=clean, light, unclouded | examples=efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings; clear laughter like a waterfall
8. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unencumbered:00 | definition=(especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law | synonyms=unmortgaged | examples=I have clear title to this property
9. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:distinct:00 | definition=clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible | synonyms=clean-cut, clear-cut | examples=as clear as a whistle; clear footprints in the snow
10. sense_key=clear%3:00:04:: | definition=accurately stated or described | synonyms=well-defined | examples=a set of well-defined values
11. sense_key=clear%3:00:03:: | definition=free from clouds or mist or haze | examples=on a clear day
12. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unqualified:02 | definition=free of restrictions or qualifications | synonyms=clean | examples=a clean bill of health; a clear winner
13. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:perfect:00 | definition=free from flaw or blemish or impurity | examples=a clear perfect diamond; the clear complexion of a healthy young woman
14. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:net:00 | definition=clear of charges or deductions | examples=a clear profit
15. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:legible:00 | definition=easily deciphered | synonyms=decipherable, readable
16. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:innocent:00 | definition=freed from any question of guilt | synonyms=absolved, cleared, exculpated, exonerated, vindicated | examples=is absolved from all blame; was now clear of the charge of cowardice
17. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:discerning:00 | definition=characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving | synonyms=percipient | examples=clear mind; a percipient author

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Clarity of "Clear"**

Okay, so I'm dissecting this phrase, "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged..." and the word "clear" is doing some heavy lifting here. My initial instinct is that it signals something becoming obvious, right? Like, the evidence pointed to it, and the conclusion was readily apparent. Thinking through the different senses of "clear," I want to nail down the precise meaning.

Let's see, we have a few candidates: "readily apparent to the mind" (like a *clear* explanation), "free from confusion or doubt" (which wouldn't really fit here; the fact, *it*, is clear, not necessarily a person), and "affording free passage or view" (that's not right). There could be other options, such as "clear and distinct to the senses" (like *clear* footprints) but that doesn't fit the sentence's context.

Sense number one, "readily apparent to the mind," is the winner. "It was clear that..." essentially boils down to "It became readily apparent to the mind that..." This is spot on, given the context. The evidence led to the unmistakable conclusion. And I think that nails it.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Verb "Damaged" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "damaged," specifically in its past participle form within the phrase "one gene had to be damaged." I need to determine the correct sense of "damaged" here. First, let's break down the possibilities. There's "damage%2:30:00::" which implies inflicting damage, and "damage%2:30:01::" which means suffering or being susceptible to damage.

In this specific sentence, the phrasing "had to be damaged" indicates a passive construction. The gene isn't *suffering* damage in the intransitive sense. It's being *acted upon*. It's *having* damage inflicted upon it. Thus, the verb is being used in the passive voice. The verb is used in a passive structure.

Therefore, the only appropriate interpretation must be "inflict damage upon" – my sense_key should be damage%2:30:00::.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 5
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 5
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Develop" in the Context of Colon Cancer**

Okay, so the target is "develop" in the colon cancer sentence, and I need to really nail down its meaning here. Given the context of genetic damage leading to malignancy, my initial thought is, what exactly does "develop" mean in this instance? Is it about *originating*, *coming into existence*, or is it more about a process of *growth and evolution*? I'm thinking, is this cancer *arising* from somewhere, or is it *evolving* from something?

First, I consider the basic definitions: "come into existence; take on form or shape" versus "undergo a change of." Does it mean the cancer *itself* is changing (sense 4), or is it *arising* (sense 5) or *growing* (sense 10)? It's an intransitive verb here; it's the cancer, not a person, that is doing the "developing." I quickly discard sense 4 since it is transitive.

My mind jumps to the synonyms: "originate," "arise," "grow." "For colon cancer to develop" sounds a lot like "for colon cancer to arise" or "originate." Then I start parsing other senses, checking and re-checking, comparing sense 5 and 10, considering that "develop" can be used for disease.

I then start to look at WordNet, which often has "develop" with a disease meaning "to come to have or undergo a change." But again, our sentence uses it *intransitively.* Usually, for diseases, it's sense 5 or 10. Cancer involves growth and differentiation of cells (sense 10). But "disease arises" is also common (sense 5).

I consider "A flower developed on the branch" as compared to the "country developed into a mighty superpower." Then I circle back to the preceding sentence about polyps progressing to malignancy. Does it mean that the malignancy is coming into existence or growing? It makes most sense if the malignancy is coming into existence. Based on that, I'm leaning toward sense 5. I keep thinking, but, is there a disease-specific meaning that I'm missing? And then the synonym "originate" pops back into my head, and it's perfect! I then check another sense, and I am satisfied. Sense 5 is correct. It means "come into existence" which fits "had to be damaged for colon cancer to arise/develop." I'm confident in my choice; it's sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their <t>report</t> galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Report"**

Okay, so the target word is "report," and it's used in the sentence "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists." My expert intuition immediately tells me this likely refers to a scientific publication or study – a significant finding, perhaps. Let's break down the possibilities, keeping in mind the context of genetic deletions and colon cancer.

First, let's consider the dictionary senses. Sense 1, "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (synonyms: study, written report), feels spot-on. It's the most natural fit given the subject matter.

The other options don't quite align. Sense 2, "the act of informing by verbal report," seems less likely; we're dealing with "galvanizing" a community, implying a concrete document. Sense 3, "a short account of the news," is too generic. Sense 4, "a sharp explosive sound," and Sense 5, "report card," are completely irrelevant. Sense 6, "an essay" is a bit broader than my initial inclination, though a scientific report *could* be a form of essay. And finally, Sense 7, "reputation," makes no sense in this context.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the clear winner. This "report" represents a pivotal scientific study that spurred action within the molecular biology community.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: galvanize
Target surface form: galvanized
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report <t>galvanized</t> other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00:: | definition=to stimulate to action | synonyms=startle, galvanise | examples=..startled him awake; galvanized into action
2. sense_key=galvanize%2:35:00:: | definition=cover with zinc | synonyms=galvanise | examples=galvanize steel
3. sense_key=galvanize%2:29:02:: | definition=stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock | synonyms=galvanise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Galvanized"**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "galvanized," and the context is "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists." My initial thought is to figure out the specific sense of "galvanized" being used. I know this field, so I can already anticipate some likely possibilities.

Based on the context, it seems pretty clear that the report had a stimulating effect on the other biologists. It spurred them to action, maybe amazed them, or excited them to do something. So, I need to find the correct sense that aligns with that.

I'm considering these candidate senses: "to stimulate to action" (which includes synonyms like "startle" and "galvanise"), "cover with zinc," and "stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock."

The "zinc" and "shock" options are obviously irrelevant here. No, the context explicitly points to the first sense: to stimulate to action. "Galvanized other molecular biologists" translates directly to "it stimulated them." Simple as that.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Other"**

Okay, so the target word is "other" in that sentence: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists." My expert intuition immediately kicks in, and I start to unpack the possibilities. Let's see...

I have a few candidate senses to consider: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied," "recently past," "belonging to the distant past," or perhaps even "very unusual; different in character or quality." The key here, as always, is context. I need to pinpoint which sense aligns best with the intended meaning.

Considering the sentence, "other molecular biologists" definitely points to a group *different* from the ones who wrote the report. It's not a matter of time (past/recent past), nor does "other" imply anything unusual about the biologists themselves. Therefore, the first sense – "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" – feels like a perfect fit. That's the correct interpretation here. This is why language modeling is critical in natural language processing (NLP).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confirming
Target surface form: confirming
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test
2. sense_key=confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Confirming"**

Alright, let's break this down. The target term is "confirming," specifically in the phrase "confirming evidence." My immediate thought is to consider the possible semantic ranges. Candidate 1 is presenting itself as *indicating* the presence of something – the classic "positive" test, for example. We're talking about direct identification or detection.

However, when I read the provided context, the meaning just doesn't sit right. "Confirming evidence" in this case is not about a simple declaration of something being there. My expert intuition tells me this is about *support*, *corroboration*. Candidate 2, with its synonyms like "collateral," "confirmatory," and "substantiating," feels spot on. This is about providing evidence that bolsters or strengthens a pre-existing idea, hypothesis, or claim.

Therefore, given the specific phrase "confirming evidence," I'm confident in selecting Candidate 2. The key here is the subtle difference between direct indication and providing supportive validation, which is exactly what "confirming evidence" is intended to convey in this usage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Confirming Evidence" in This Context**

Okay, so I'm presented with some scientific evidence related to gene losses and cancer development, and the text uses the phrase "confirming evidence." My immediate thought process is to clarify what *kind* of evidence we're talking about, because "evidence" is a pretty broad term, even within a scientific context. The text offers three candidate definitions, and I need to select the one that best fits.

Candidate 1, that the evidence serves as a "basis for belief or disbelief," that it provides the knowledge upon which we build our convictions, that's the compelling one. The provided example, "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer," really nails it. That's exactly what we're after in this scenario: evidence that establishes a foundation for accepting the theory that gene losses are critical in this process.

Candidate 2, something that "makes something evident," is similar but not the same. While the evidence *does* make the connection more apparent, the emphasis here is on the *basis* of our understanding, not just a symptom or indication. Candidate 3, legal evidence, is obviously not relevant.

So, Candidate 1, that it provides the grounds for belief, that is the most relevant meaning of "evidence" in the context of scientific confirmation. It confirms the theory, giving a foundation to accept the scientific concept.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Needed" in This Context**

Okay, so the sentence is "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor." My first pass is to break down the possible senses of "needed." I've got three contenders: "require as useful," "have need of," and "have or feel a need for." The context is clearly about scientists looking for evidence, so the crucial bit is deciding between the last two.

Let's dig deeper. "Have need of" (like "want" or "require") implies the subject *needs* something in a more structural or inherent way – a piano needing tuning. "Have or feel a need for" is about psychological or practical necessity, the *desire* for something, like needing friends or money. In this scenario, "we all needed" suggests the group (the scientists) were lacking the evidence and desired it to validate their hypothesis. The phrase really lands squarely in the realm of feeling or having a need.

Let's contrast. Sense 2 sounds as though it is used when a thing needs a thing, or a person structurally needs something. I want to say that the scientists are looking for the evidence. That they wanted it.

Let's double check. Sense 3, "feel a need for," works perfectly. It aligns with the idea of wanting or lacking the confirming evidence. It wasn't something they *technically* required like oxygen, but something they desired and sought.

A quick WordNet check reinforces this. It distinguishes between the "have need of" ("want, require") which is more object-oriented, and "have or feel a need for." This cements my conclusion. The context is unequivocally leaning towards sense 3. It’s about the scientists *feeling* a need for confirmation, so it's the more appropriate interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Gene Losses"**

Okay, so the target term is "losses" within the phrase "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor." My initial thought is to consider the context; it strongly implies gene deletions or knockouts. This narrows the definition I'm after. Let's dig into the nuances of "loss."

First, I consider the basic sense: something that is lost. Is "gene losses" referring to the lost genes *themselves*? Or, is it the *event* of losing the genes? While "the car was a total loss" immediately suggests the object, is "gene losses" the genetic material *lost*? It feels clumsy in this context.

Then, there's the act of losing. That fits the idea of something being deleted or knocked out. "The act of losing a gene." That feels like it's in the right ballpark. However, the initial definition of "something that is lost" needs further consideration. "Loss of livestock" is an example. But is it the livestock *lost* (the object), or the *event* of the livestock being lost? This is the crux.

I'm thinking "loss" in the context of biology/genetics: "gene loss" means the loss of a gene. So, is it the event or the state? This context suggests instances. Instances of losing genes. "Gene losses were critical..." -> instances of gene loss.

The *act* of losing... that fits "gene loss" more comfortably, especially considering the plural. "Losses" become multiple events. Let's check WordNet. Ah, sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something." That feels more relevant.

But wait. "Loss of livestock" – WordNet defines it as "something that is lost". That's confusing. Here, the "act of losing livestock" could be more appropriate. I go back to context. "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted... gene losses were critical..." Deletion is an *event*. Loss is an event. So that's still the best fit.

The plural "losses" clarifies it. It's not the lost genes themselves, but the multiple events or *acts* of losing them. Does this mean "the losses of the genes were critical"? Not quite as elegant. Still focusing on the *event* is my best approach. Considering other definitions, maybe it's the disadvantage resulting from the absence of the genes.

WordNet also mentions a sense for "gradual decline" (sense 2). Not in this case. Sense 3 seems best: the act of losing.

Let's re-examine "loss of livestock". In sense 1, it's the lost livestock. But sense 3 would encompass the event. With my specific context, I must refine. Is this a *decline* in genes? Is "gene losses" a competition? No. This refers to the event of losing genes. So, with "the act of losing", "his loss [of the game]" becomes applicable, as does the "gene losses" as the act.

Let me confirm the file: "loss%1:04:00::" is in the "act" lexicographer file. Great.

"gene losses" represents multiple events or the act of losing multiple genes.

Therefore, I'm confident in selecting Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Critical" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target is "critical" in the phrase "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor." I need to pinpoint the exact meaning here. My initial thought is it conveys *essential* or *vitally important*, but let's be precise.

Okay, first option, "marked by a tendency to find flaws" – clearly not. Second, "point at which a property suffers abrupt change" – nope, doesn't fit the context of biological development. Third, "careful evaluation and judgment" - that’s critical thinking, not what we need here.

Now, number four, "urgently needed; absolutely necessary; vital" – that *does* seem promising. "Critical element" is certainly similar. Okay, and five, "turning point or crisis; decisive" – that's closely related, but I feel "critical to" implies something indispensable, a vital function. We have to separate #4 and #5.

Let's dissect this further. The distinction is between "vital to" and "decisive to." Sense four, "urgently needed; absolutely necessary," that's my synonym, vital. Examples: a critical element in the plan, vital here. Sense five "forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis" (synonym, decisive).

My gut says the *best* fit is "absolutely necessary." In the sentence, "critical to the development" means the gene losses were indispensable for that development. It was an essential step. Yep, it means that.

Let's double-check again, this is about certainty. "urgently needed" vs. "forming or having the nature of a turning point". "Absolutely necessary" is absolutely the better fit. The "gene losses were absolutely necessary to the development" confirms that sense four is the right answer. Yes. So, the correct definition is definitely number four.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Development" in the Context of Tumor Formation**

Okay, so the target term is "development," and we're looking at its significance in "critical to the development of a common tumor." My initial approach is to go through the candidate senses and narrow them down. I've got my list: improvement, process of stages, biological growth, a recent event, land/water exploitation, a developed district, state of improvement, photosensitive material processing, and a section of a musical composition. Obviously, the last few are immediate no-gos.

My first thought is that tumor "development" describes the *process* of its growth and evolution – a biological progression over time. Sense 2, "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage," jumps out immediately. Think about the progression from polyps to malignancy, the "flipping" of a cell. That feels right, it matches the language of stages and progression.

Sense 3, "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically," does give me pause. A tumor *is* a biological entity, and growth is a key component. But, a tumor isn't an *individual organism* in the same sense as, say, a developing embryo. It's more of an abnormal growth *within* an organism. So, while it's related to biological growth, I need to make a distinction. Plus, the examples cited often cover disease progression. Time to dive deeper into the WordNet definitions.

Okay, let's compare "cancer development" and think about the exact sense, and use WordNet's help. I see "cancer development" leaning towards a process of stages (evolution), so Sense 2 might be the most appropriate. I have to think, could it be Sense 3? "growth" is a synonym. However, tumor development is all about progression.

Let's check the definitions again: Sense 2 is about "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage," which is exactly what we are discussing. The "development" is progression (evolution).

After this deep dive, I'm confident that sense 2 is the most accurate representation of "development" in this context. It's not just growth; it's the *processual* evolution of a tumor through various stages. Sense 2 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Common Tumor"**

Okay, the target word here is "common," specifically in the phrase "a common tumor," and we're dealing with colon cancer. My first thought is to break down the different possible senses of "common." Let's see... we've got "public," "ordinary," "shared," "commonly encountered," informal usages, and some less desirable meanings like "lowborn" or "inferior."

Right, so "a common tumor" means one that's *frequently* encountered, right? Like, it's not a rare presentation. That points directly to sense 4: "commonly encountered" with the synonym of "usual." That fits perfectly. I see examples like "a common complaint" which totally clicks.

Hold on, let me just double-check that sense 2, "having no special distinction, widely known...average, ordinary," isn't also applicable here. Could "common" also imply that the tumor is just...run-of-the-mill, nothing unusual? Ah, but it seems that sense 4 is almost a satellite of "familiar." Hmmm.

Okay, so "a common tumor" indicates a high prevalence. It’s about frequency, not necessarily ordinariness. I need to be precise here. Is it sense 4? Or maybe a fusion of 2 and 4?

Sense 4 gives an example that is *very* helpful - "a common complaint." That helps illustrate the way this particular usage of "common" indicates something that is prevalent.

Okay, wait, maybe "common" as in "common cold"? Does WordNet support that usage? Let's check. Yes, WordNet supports it as ordinary.

Okay, let's consult WordNet to make sure. Sense 2: *having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual.* Examples: *the common man; a common sailor.* And then sense 4: *commonly encountered.* Examples: *a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting.*

Right, that seals it. A "common tumor" means a *prevalent* tumor. Sense 4 ("commonly encountered") aligns perfectly with "common complaint," and therefore the correct usage. Yes, sense 4 is the winner here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Reporting Verb "Says"**

Okay, so the target is "says" in this quote: '"It was the confirming evidence we all needed..." says Ray White...'. My job is to nail down the specific sense here. It's a reporting verb, clearly, used to introduce someone's words.

Let's see, the candidate senses are: "express in words", "report or maintain", "utter aloud", and "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Hmmm, sense 1, "express in words", is usually the one. It’s the most frequent for quoting. I'm thinking it is the core meaning for this example, that Ray White "states" or "tells" something.

But I should check, make sure it’s not subtly shifting to a different sense. Let's see... the definition "express in words" is the base case. The example given here is "He said that he wanted to marry her". Applying that to the quote, "says Ray White" means Ray White states, tells, or expresses something in words, right? So yes, it's sense 1.