[User]
Which numbered sense of "program" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his <t>program</t>, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly.

Senses:
1. definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Term "Program" in Political Discourse**

Okay, so the text uses "program" in a very specific context, and it's making a statement about how François Hollande is using that term. My initial thought is to clarify what "program" actually *means* here, because that's crucial to understanding the point being made. Given the reference to Hollande being a politician, "his program" clearly points towards his political platform. We're talking about a formal document, a set of stated goals and principles.

Let's check the definition – bingo! The fourth sense of "program" fits perfectly. It's spot on: "a document stating the aims and principles of a political party," synonymous with terms like "platform" or "political platform." So, we're not dealing with some vague, generic plan here. We're dealing with a codified set of promises and policy positions. The implications of this are important, because we can analyze it, critique it, and understand what the politician is claiming to support.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "problem" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration <t>problem</t> to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly.

Senses:
1. definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the "Immigration Problem" Phrase**

Okay, so the text uses the loaded phrase "immigration problem." My initial instinct is to dig into what's *meant* by that, given its potential for ambiguity. Let's break down the senses here. First, there’s the general idea of "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" – think of a relationship issue that needs fixing. Then, there's the more abstract "a question raised for consideration or solution," like a tricky homework assignment. Finally, it can signify "a source of difficulty" or trouble in general, like a nagging issue.

Wait, WordNet seems to actually differentiate between the state of difficulty and a source of it? Interesting. The phrase "immigration problem to be solved" is the key here. "Problem to be solved" aligns well with that initial "state of difficulty" definition, that's almost self-evident. Sense 2, "a question," doesn't feel like the right fit for the usual context of an "immigration problem." We're more concerned with a situation than a question. Let's go deeper into Sense 1 and 3, in our context.

"Co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." Okay, let's parse this sentence. We're most likely talking about "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved," rather than a pure "source of difficulty." The phrasing "solve a problem" almost demands that 'Sense 1' definition. It's the most appropriate fit given the context and my experience with the topic. So, I'm going with Sense 1.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[User]
Which numbered sense of "notion" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This <t>notion</t> of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. definition=a general inclusive concept
3. definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the "Notion"**

Okay, so the word is "notion," and the phrase is "this notion of immigration being a burden." My initial instinct is to unpack the different senses of "notion" and see which one fits best in this context. It's almost like a mental parsing exercise – I'm thinking, is this a vague idea, a general concept, a fanciful idea, or something else entirely?

The context suggests that "this notion" is an idea or opinion held by people, a sentiment. Let me see, right, so "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed... impression, feeling, belief, opinion." Or, the other possible sense: "a general inclusive concept." Hmm. Which one aligns better? Does it work as a general concept, like "the notion of democracy?" Or does it operate as more of a belief that people hold?

I need to nail this down. Looking at WordNet, it clarifies these senses nicely. Sense 1 is about impressions, feelings, beliefs, and opinions, which seems to fit the bill here. Sense 2 is more of an abstract general idea or concept.

Now, if I substitute "belief" for "notion" in the sentence, it fits perfectly. "The belief that immigration is a burden and a problem." The "concept" doesn't quite work; it's too broad. I can't say “the concept of immigration being a burden" in quite the same way. The word "belief" can take the full proposition.

Sense 1 it is then. Sense 1 makes it a belief or opinion, so it's a belief, essentially, that's what's intended.

So, I'm going with Sense 1. This "notion" is essentially a belief, and that's the clearest and most precise way to frame it in this context.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "burden" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a <t>burden</t> and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
2. definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
3. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
4. definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

reasoning_content:
Okay, here's my interpretation of that thought process, from an expert's perspective:

**Deconstructing "Burden" in the Immigration Debate**

Alright, let's dissect this use of "burden." The text throws out the word in the context of immigration, specifically linking it to electoral advantage but acknowledging economic cost. The immediate implication is that "burden" is being framed as a *problem* or *negative impact* related to immigration. That's the crux of the issue in this context.

Now, let's be precise. We've got a few senses of "burden" at play here. Thinking this through, we can immediately dismiss the more literal meanings like "weight to be borne" or anything related to the core meaning or theme – that's not what's relevant here. The critical fit is with sense 1: an "onerous or difficult concern," an "encumbrance," a "source of onus."

That is *precisely* how the term is deployed. The argument is that immigration is *perceived* (even if inaccurately) as something that weighs down the French economy and society. The use of "burden" is, essentially, a rhetorical tool to frame immigration as a negative, and that's the core of the political argument here. We're discussing the *perception* of a negative impact and its political consequences. This frames the "burden" as a political tool. The word is selected precisely because it paints this picture.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "problem" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a <t>problem</t>, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the "Problem" in the Immigration Debate**

Okay, so I'm dissecting this phrase, "immigration being a burden and a **problem**," in this text. Immediately, I'm zeroing in on that word "problem." It's being framed as a potential electoral asset, which makes my expert Spidey-sense tingle. What specific shade of "problem" are we dealing with here? It's key to unpacking this argument.

My initial thought is that it's a "source of difficulty" – akin to "trouble," that's my instinct. However, I have to be precise, so I need to analyze the specific phrasing. Is it a *state* of difficulty needing resolution, or a *source* of difficulty that's presenting an obstacle? Considering the context, it feels like it has to be a source of difficulty.

I'm thinking "immigration being a burden and a problem" is best aligned with the definition of something that *causes* difficulty, not the state of difficulty itself. Let me just quickly confirm with the WordNet definitions I have in my mind.

Okay, let's just make sure.

Hmm, yeah, that makes sense.

Now, let's not overlook "our immigration problem to be solved" earlier in the text. Given the original phrase, it definitely feels like the "burden and source of difficulty" definition is the most fitting here. I'm going with Sense 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "book" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent <t>book</t> summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together) | examples=I am reading a good book on economics
2. definition=physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together | synonyms=volume | examples=he used a large book as a doorstop
3. definition=a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone | synonyms=record, record book | examples=Al Smith used to say, `Let's look at the record'; his name is in all the record books
4. definition=a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance | synonyms=script, playscript
5. definition=a record in which commercial accounts are recorded | synonyms=ledger, leger, account book, book of account | examples=they got a subpoena to examine our books
6. definition=a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game
7. definition=a collection of rules or prescribed standards on the basis of which decisions are made | synonyms=rule book | examples=they run things by the book around here
8. definition=the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | synonyms=Koran, Quran, al-Qur'an
9. definition=the sacred writings of the Christian religions | synonyms=Bible, Christian Bible, Good Book, Holy Scripture, Holy Writ, Scripture | examples=he went to carry the Word to the heathen
10. definition=a major division of a long written composition | examples=the book of Isaiah
11. definition=a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge | examples=he bought a book of stamps

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Term "Book" in Context**

Okay, so I'm looking at this sentence and the word "book" pops out. My immediate thought process kicks in, as it always does. The sentence mentions a book by Goldin and Cameron, specifically a publication on immigration. I have to interpret "book" here. Clearly, it isn't referring to the physical object itself, but to the *content* and the *publication* of that written work. It's that first sense, the published composition, the written piece that matters. The title, the publisher, the page count – these are details inherent to that published written work, not to a stack of paper. It's the information, the arguments, the research within that work on economics and immigration that's being referenced. The physical object is simply the *medium* of that information. Got it.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "immigration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of <t>immigration</t> (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of Immigration**

Okay, so we're looking at the economic implications of migration, and this source points to "Exceptional People" as a key resource. Right, that book summarizes current understanding of immigration – which is precisely what I need to contextualize. Now, I have to be precise in my understanding of the term 'migration' in this context. There are clearly two senses to consider here.

First, it's the general phenomenon, the *act* of migrating into a specific location. Then, there's the more specific sense, referring to a *group* of immigrants arriving within a given timeframe. My intuition, and looking at the focus on the book's broad summary, is that the first sense is the relevant one. It makes more sense to me that the book is dealing with the overall impact and patterns of immigration, rather than focusing on a particular influx. Therefore, the first definition, the act of migrating, is the correct interpretation for this scenario. That's the lens through which I should be viewing this information.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "people" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional <t>People</t>: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Semantics of "People" in Book Titles**

Okay, so I'm dissecting this title, "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future." My initial focus, naturally, is on the word "People". It’s fundamental to understanding the whole premise. I'm immediately thinking, "What specific connotation is being used here?"

The author's clearly aiming for a specific subset, right? They're writing about migration, immigrants, so we aren't talking about "people" in the broadest, most general sense. I need to be precise. Let's see... a quick mental parse of the common definitions:

*   **Sense 1: Any group of human beings collectively.** Bingo. That's the most appropriate fit here. It allows for a broad group of people.
*   **Sense 2: A body of citizens.** No, that's too restrictive. We're talking about movement across citizenship boundaries.
*   **Sense 3: Members of a family line.** Nope. Not relevant to the context of migration.
*   **Sense 4: The common people.** Not a great fit either. The book's title suggests the subject is special or exceptional.

Therefore, within the context of the title, "People" is undoubtedly referring to migrating human beings collectively. The emphasis is on that shared attribute and experience. Sense 1 is clearly the most accurate and useful definition in this case.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "migration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

reasoning_content:
**My Initial Thoughts on "Exceptional People" and Migration**

Okay, so we're talking about immigration here, the actual movement of people – like those Polish plumbers heading to France, for instance. I'm seeing a reference to a book, "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World..." and my mind immediately starts parsing the word "migration." It's a loaded term, and I've got to be precise.

First, I think of the straightforward definition, the literal movement of individuals from one place to another. That's the primary sense that's relevant to the book's title, no question about it. It’s the human element we're focusing on.

Then I briefly consider other connotations. There's the idea of a whole group migrating together – like a flock of birds, but that's not what the book's title implies. My professional mind briefly jumps to the chemical meaning, the transfer of a molecular group, or the biological sense of animal migration, but, again, not relevant here.

The phrase "How Migration Shaped Our World" clearly points to the movement of *people*. Sense 1, the literal movement of individuals from one locality to another, is the most accurate and useful interpretation in this context. It's the human story we're exploring.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "future" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

reasoning_content:
Okay, here's my interpretation of those thoughts, tailored for an expert audience, as if they were my own:

**Deconstructing "Future" in Context**

Alright, so the word "future" pops up right in the title: "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our *Future*." My immediate thought is, let's unpack this. It's not a complex word, but precision is key, right?

The obvious, and probably intended, meaning is **the time yet to come** - the projected timeline influenced by the patterns of migration discussed within the book. That's Sense 1, and it feels like the primary driver in this title.

But, you know, my mind works in layers. Is there any potential for ambiguity? Let me quickly consider other interpretations. Could this also be a slight nod to the grammatical sense of 'future tense'? Unlikely, in this title. Not unless the authors are attempting a double meaning (which would be clunky here).

Then there's the less common usage in finance – the commodities sense. 'Future' as in a *future contract* for bulk goods. Purely a speculative thought, and it's quickly dismissed. The topic is migration and societal changes, not financial instruments.

Therefore, no question: Sense 1 is the most pertinent and correct. It's the clear intended meaning, anchoring the title within a temporal dimension of what the book will explore.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "specialist" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
2. definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Specialists" in the Immigration Context**

Alright, let's break this down. Goldin and Cameron's book, I understand, is synthesizing the existing literature on immigration, and the key point is the widely held view among experts of the benefits of migration. Now, the word "specialists" is where things get interesting, and as an expert in my own field, I see this immediately. The passage uses the term, and I need to be precise on its meaning. There are two relevant senses here. One refers to someone deeply knowledgeable in a particular occupation or field of study – my understanding of this field in general, and immigration specifically, would position me as this type of specialist. The other refers to a medical specialist. Clearly, the authors and the consensus they're reporting is among those focusing on economics or migration, not cardiology or neurology. So, it's sense one that's operative here. This distinction, though subtle, is crucial for accurate interpretation, especially when engaging in cross-disciplinary analysis like this.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "impact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the striking of one body against another
2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Impact"**

Okay, so I'm looking at how "impact" is being used here, specifically in the context of migration and its effects. The text is using it to describe the influence of migration flows on things like economic growth, wages, and employment, which, of course, is a complex area I'm well-versed in. My initial thought is that the best fit here is definitely the "strong effect" sense, the forceful consequence. Sense 2 feels the most appropriate, it aligns perfectly with the phrase "positive impact of migration flows."

Just to be sure, I'm checking WordNet. I go through the definitions there: the physical striking sense (Sense 1) is clearly not it, obviously. Then we have Sense 2, which is "a forceful consequence; a strong effect," bingo. That's a perfect match for how this text uses "impact," describing the very concept of an "effect". Sense 3, "influencing strongly," is a bit more abstract, and frankly, a bit too vague in this context. And Sense 4, which is about violent interaction, is completely off the mark.

Ultimately, "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth" boils down to "a forceful consequence" or "a strong effect" - Sense 2 is the clear winner. My understanding of the language, combined with my subject matter expertise, makes it very clear that Sense 2 is the most accurate and precise fit for the concept that's being described.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "migration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Migration"**

Okay, so I'm looking at this word "migration," and my initial thought is definitely rooted in human movement – we're talking about *people* relocating, specifically in this case, immigration, the French economy, and François Hollande. That gives us a pretty clear foothold: it's not about chemistry or animals right now, those are interesting but off-topic.

The text points out a few senses: First, the general act of moving from one place to another. Second, it could be the people who are migrating as a group. Third and fourth senses are in chemistry and animals, respectively.

Given the context of "migration flows," my expert interpretation immediately leads me to settle on the first definition. "Migration flows" obviously describes the movement of *people*. Therefore, sense one, the act of human movement, is the most accurate and relevant here. I'm focusing on the *process* of migration, not just the fact that people move, but also the dynamics of it, the 'flows'.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "flow" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Migration Flows"**

Okay, so the key word here is "flows," specifically within the phrase "migration flows." Let's break down the semantics. My initial instinct is to go through the various senses.

First, there's the core, literal sense – the motion characteristic of fluids. Then, there's the quantity of that fluid over time. Next, the act itself of flowing or streaming, a continuous discharge. We have something that *resembles* a flowing stream, like a stream of people. Of course, we also have figurative applications like the dominant course of events, and then the more biological, well, "monthly discharge."

Given the context of "migration," it's clear we're not dealing with a physiological process or some grand philosophical shift. While there's an element of the continuous, uninterrupted nature of flow, I think the most appropriate sense here has to be that "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously." It's that image of people moving, a stream of individuals, that best captures the intended meaning in the phrase "migration flows." It's a continuous movement of people, not individual acts but the collective motion, much like a river or a stream.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Employment" in an Economic Context**

Okay, so the key term is "employment". Let's dissect this. The context here is macroeconomics – we're talking about "economic growth, wages and employment". I immediately need to establish which meaning is relevant. Let's look at the possible senses:

1.  The state of being employed, or having a job – that seems to fit. They are looking for *employment*, which generally has this as the meaning.
2.  The occupation itself, the job you *do* (your work).
3.  The *act* of giving someone a job (the engagement, the hiring itself).
4.  The act of using (the *use* of something).

Given the macroeconomic context, it's pretty clear that we're dealing with the *aggregate* of people being employed within an economy. "Employment levels" or "employment rates" are what we're interested in, right? So, sense 1, "the state of being employed," is the prime candidate.

Hold on, let me refine that. Comparing sense 1 to sense 2... We're talking about the *state*, not necessarily the *job* itself. The overall employment levels are what matters in this context. Sense 1 aligns with this.

Just to be absolutely sure, let me consult WordNet to verify the nuances. Okay, WordNet confirms it: "employment" primarily refers to "the state of being employed."

Therefore, the appropriate sense of "employment" here is **1**.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "country" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Countries" in the Context of Migration's Economic Impact**

Okay, so I'm reading this text about the positive economic effects of migration on "countries, which admit immigrants." My initial thought is that we're talking about the *state* itself, the political entity – that's Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government." That's the most straightforward interpretation. Economic growth, wages, employment, and, crucially, *admitting* immigrants are all functions and attributes of a state, a nation, a political entity. I mean, it's the government that sets immigration policy, right?

But, hold on. I need to be precise. Sense 2, "the territory occupied by a nation," often comes up. I often read "visited several European countries" and think of the land. So, I need to test that in this context: "countries which admit immigrants." Admitting immigrants is a government/state function.

Right, back to Sense 1 then. It's really the *political* entity that's doing the admitting, making the policies, and experiencing the economic consequences. So, it's clear: we're focusing on the *nation* as a political body here, not just the physical space or the people living within it in a general sense.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "immigration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of Immigration Discourse**

Okay, so I'm looking at this text, and it's all about immigration—specifically, *how* we talk about it. The core seems to be about the flow of people: the movement *into* a country. We've got this phrase, "migration flows," and the idea of "admitting immigrants" alongside the potential for "restraining immigration" and its impact on economic growth.

My initial instinct is to hone in on the process itself. When we say "restraining immigration," we're really talking about controlling that *flow*, that movement of people entering. It's not just about the *number* of immigrants (though that's certainly a part), but the *act* of migrating, the ongoing influx. So, while "Sense 2" - the body of immigrants - is a useful concept, "Sense 1" - the *process* of in-migration - seems a more precise fit for understanding the text's underlying concern. This is the more crucial point, the movement itself and its various effects. This allows me to analyse its possible economic effects.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "growth" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Anaemic Growth"**

Okay, so we're talking about "anaemic growth," which immediately flags for me that we're dealing with economics – the discussion likely revolves around economic growth, employment figures, and wages. I need to unpack what we *really* mean by growth in this context. It's about becoming larger, more numerous, or more significant in an economic sense. Let's break down the different senses of "growth" to home in on the relevant one.

My mind immediately jumps through various possibilities: the biological sense – an organism growing, the cultural sense of progression from something simpler to something more complex, even the vegetal sense, a plant taking root and spreading. There's also the idea of a gradual beginning, a process unfolding over time. I'm aware of the pathological sense too, the growth of a tumor, but that feels very much like a negative analogy in this case. Also, growth can refer to something that has grown, like hair.

However, the best fit for our economic discussion is definitely the third sense: the process of becoming larger, longer, more numerous, or more important. Think of synonyms like "increase" or "increment." It's about an expansion, a gain, and that's precisely what we're looking at with economic growth. That's the core concept.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Employment" in Context**

Okay, the key word here is "employment." Let's break down how it's being used. The context is "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment." My immediate thought is, what *kind* of employment are we talking about?

My initial instinct is to consider the two main senses: Sense 1, which is the *state* of being employed, the general level of jobs available; and Sense 2, referring to the *specific occupation* someone holds. The phrase "harms employment" immediately makes me think that the impact of the policy is not necessarily specific to occupation, but how many people are in jobs overall.

Wait, now that I look closer, I remember WordNet, which distinguishes precisely these two senses, that the levels or state of *being employed* can be harmed by a policy.

Now looking back at the full context: "economic growth, wages and employment in countries." The flow of this line of thought points directly to Sense 1, the *state* of being employed, overall. This is the macroeconomic variable being discussed here. We're talking about aggregate employment levels, right?

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct interpretation.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "fear" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Meaning of "Fears"**

Okay, so the prompt gives me the word "Fears" and the context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants..." Immediately, I'm already zeroing in on the nuances. My immediate thought is, in this context, we're dealing with anxieties, with concerns. It's not about primal, visceral terror. It's about public *concern* over something.

Let's break down the word's potential meanings, just to be sure. I'm thinking, of course, of "fears" meaning that intense feeling of fright, a direct response to perceived danger – but that doesn't quite fit the context. Then there's the more abstract sense of reverence or awe – also not right.

Ah, yes. Sense 2. Anxious feeling. Synonyms like concern, care. Boom. That's the winner. It's the perfect match for the anxieties people express regarding immigration and potential economic impacts. That's the correct way to understand "fears" here – a focused, reasonable apprehension, not a primal terror or a sense of awe.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "impact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the striking of one body against another
2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Impact"**

Okay, so I'm thinking about how "impact" is being used here, specifically in relation to immigration. The text mentions "Fears about the impact of immigrants" and "the positive impact of migration flows," so it's clearly about the effect these flows have on the labor market and, more broadly, the economy. My initial thought is that it's this sense of "effect" or "consequence."

I'm considering this more carefully. There's also the sense of a "forceful consequence; a strong effect," which seems like a really good fit. It captures the weight and significance of the discussion. Then there's Sense 3, which is more about “influencing strongly," but when it is used as a noun, it's more synonymous with impingement or encroachment. Hmmm, the forceful consequence – that's the key.

Let me just double-check. Yes, Sense 2, "a forceful consequence; a strong effect," is spot on. This idea of the impact as a "forceful consequence" really resonates. I think this aligns with the way I’m framing this in my own work. "Impingement" or "encroachment" doesn't fit the context; we're talking about the effect, the results. Yes, definitely Sense 2. So, "important impact on my thinking" is on the right track!


[User]
Which numbered sense of "notion" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. definition=a general inclusive concept
3. definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the "Notion"**

Okay, here's what I'm thinking about this sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the *notion* that they are liable to replace native workers..." The word "notion" is key here, and I need to make sure I'm interpreting it correctly. It's used to represent a belief, opinion, or vague idea, something that someone might hold with some degree of confidence.

I'm considering the different definitions, really dissecting the nuances. Sense 1 pops out: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed." Synonyms like "impression," "feeling," "belief," and "opinion" are listed, so that sounds right. But, just to be thorough, I'm quickly checking the other senses. Sense 2 is "a general inclusive concept." I want to be certain, so let's keep digging. Sense 3, "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea," feels completely off here. And Sense 4, "small personal articles," is clearly irrelevant.

Back to Sense 1: is this really a *belief* or an *opinion*? Yeah, "the notion that they are liable to replace..." *is* an assumption, a belief people hold, however unsubstantiated it might be. So, yes, Sense 1 is the most precise fit; it's a belief or opinion that's driving these fears. It's the most contextually sound definition, because it is an assumption.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "worker" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Use of "Workers" in Economic Context**

Okay, so I'm thinking about how the text uses the word "workers," specifically in relation to concerns about immigrants potentially displacing native workers and impacting wages. My initial instinct is that the author is using "workers" to refer to individuals who are *employed* and part of the labor force. The phrase "native workers" definitely points to people working in a given country.

Let me break down the senses to be absolutely sure. There's the general "person who works," the Marxist "working class," the insect "worker," and a more generic "doer." Sense number one, a "person who works at a specific occupation," feels like the obvious fit here. My initial gut feeling seems correct.

Could it mean *any* employed person? Yes, the "native workers" the text describes implies people working. Sense two, the proletarian, feels off in this economic discussion. This is labor economics, so it would usually refer to individuals working, earning, and employed. Checking WordNet for clarity, sense one confirms my assumption: a "person who works at a specific occupation". Bingo. It's the most appropriate meaning when considering "native workers" who are holding jobs and receiving wages.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "one" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Usage of "Ones"**

Okay, so the text used the word "ones," specifically referring to "unskilled ones." My initial instinct is to analyze this pronoun use carefully. The question is, what's the specific function of "ones" here? It's clearly a plural form, but does it represent just any instance of the number one, or is it behaving as a pronoun, standing in for something previously established?

Let's break it down methodically. Sense 1 of "ones," as the text points out, could theoretically be the number one – not applicable here. Then, sense 2: "a single person or thing." This looks promising. The examples provided – "he is the best one," "this is the one I ordered" – illuminate the core concept of substitution. In our context, "unskilled ones" means "unskilled workers," acting as a shorthand pronoun that avoids repetition.

Therefore, after this examination, I am confident that Sense 2, the pronoun usage, is the correct interpretation in this instance. It functions as a direct and concise replacement for the noun phrase "unskilled native workers."


[User]
Which numbered sense of "pressure" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Phrase "Downward Pressure on Wages"**

Okay, so I'm looking at this phrase, "downward pressure on wages," and immediately my expert brain starts parsing it. "Pressure" here, clearly, isn't referring to a physical force on a surface – that's Sense 1 out the window. Nor is it about the act of pressing something, Sense 3, or demanding notice, Sense 4. I'm also dismissing a somatic sensation (Sense 5) and atmospheric pressure (Sense 7).

I'm zeroing in on Sense 2 and Sense 6. Sense 2 describes a force that compels, and Sense 6, an oppressive condition. Thinking about the context, "a force that compels" is the better fit, the more accurate reading, as the downward pressure is "driving wages down". Wait, my mental WordNet has already flagged "downward pressure on prices/wages" under "a force that compels". That feels right, but let me just confirm. Here's an example for Sense 2: "The public brought pressure to bear on the government". OK, yep, that feels like a compelling force. Let's look at Sense 6, to confirm: “an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress". OK, that's not what's happening here. The context clearly denotes an economic force that is compelling wages to decrease, a sense 2 application.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "experience" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Phrase "Experience Shows"**

Okay, so I'm looking at this phrase, "experience shows," and the context implies that immigrants are *complementary* to something. My mind immediately starts parsing "experience." I know this word can be tricky because it can be used in a few ways. We're not talking about a singular, profound religious experience, nor are we referring to a specific event that was *surprising* in this context. "Experience shows" is using "experience" as an abstract noun. I understand that this is **accumulated knowledge** and empirical evidence gathered over time. It's essentially the embodiment of learning from past events. Thinking about it, the phrase is using experience in the manner where "experience is the best teacher". Therefore, it matches Sense 1, the accumulation of knowledge or empirical observation. This interpretation will be crucial to understanding the following idea.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "replacement" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Term "Replacements"**

Okay, so the text uses "replacements" in the context of immigration and local labor. My immediate task is to nail down the precise meaning. They're saying immigrants are *complementary* to local labor, not "replacements" – which implies a substitution. Let's break down the word's senses.

Right, Sense 2: someone taking the *place* of another. Sense 4: a person or *thing* that *takes* the place. Sense 1 is the act of furnishing. Sense 3 an event. Sense 6 a person who follows next in order, but the wording is plural, so this is out.

The phrase "replacements of local labor" means immigrants filling a void left by, or acting in the role of, local workers. Is this more akin to Sense 2 (taking the specific place) or Sense 4 (acting as a substitute)? Since immigrants are a *person or thing* it can be considered Sense 4, or 2!

Let's check the WordNet definitions. Sense 2 focuses on *someone* filling another's position, whereas Sense 4 deals with a *person or thing* stepping in. The plural "replacements" for *people* leans towards either of those.

Given "local labor" could be abstract (the *concept* of labor) or concrete (the *people* performing it), let's look at synonyms. Sense 4's synonyms include "substitute".

It all boils down to whether we're thinking of labor as a *person* being directly replaced, or as a *function* that can be filled. The text seems to be implying the latter. So, "complementary to, rather than substitutes of, local labor" makes more sense, and Sense 4, which is about *substitution*, aligns with this context best. Or 2... Let's look further.

Sense 2: someone who takes the place of another person, and has synonyms like surrogate or alternate.
Sense 4: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another, with "substitute" as a synonym.

Because we are referring to labor as more of an abstract function, and "substitute" is a synonym of Sense 4, I'm confident that Sense 4 is the most accurate definition to apply here.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Nuances of "Labor"**

Okay, so the text uses the word "labor" and I need to be precise here. It's in the context of immigration, specifically, how immigrants relate to "local labor". My initial thought is that it obviously refers to the *workers* themselves, the workforce. This is important to define immediately.

Let's drill down. I have to make sure I am grasping the intended meaning. This is about clarifying the semantics. The passage says they are "complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor." That definitely points toward "labor" being the workforce.

Now, let's consider the different senses of the word. Sense 1, the one I am leaning towards, defines "labor" as "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages." The example given is perfect: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field." My current context, "shortage of local labor," fits *perfectly* with this usage, with “labor” referring to the *people*. Sense 2, of course, is the work *itself*.

To confirm my understanding, I'll consider synonyms for Sense 1: labor, working class, proletariat. It fits. The example sentence "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" absolutely uses labor as the workers themselves. The given context is: "shortage of local labor". That is Sense 1, meaning the workers. "Replacements of local labor" - labor refers to the workers. Confirmed.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "trade" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Nuance of "Trades"**

Okay, so the text uses "trades" in the phrase "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor." Immediately, I'm zeroing in on what "trades" *means* here. It's obviously not talking about commercial exchanges – that's a red herring. It’s also not the simple act of buying and selling, or trade winds.

My mind quickly jumps through the relevant senses. Is it referring to the *jobs* themselves, the *people* doing the jobs, or something else? Let's break it down:

*   **Sense 2 (skilled practice/occupation)** feels relevant. Think "he learned his trade as an apprentice". That aligns with the idea of actually *doing* the work.
*   **Sense 5 (people performing skilled work)** is also in the running. However, "exercising trades" feels more like *doing* the occupation.

"Exercising trades" strongly suggests *practicing* an occupation. So, I keep coming back to sense 2: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation." It's the action of doing, not simply *being* the worker, that's important here. Therefore, sense 2 is the most appropriate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Shortage of Local Labor"**

Okay, so I see "shortage" in this context, "a shortage of local labor." Immediately, my mind jumps to the definition. It signifies a lack, a deficit. I'm parsing this. Is it a *shortfall* (Sense 1), meaning less than anticipated, or an *acute insufficiency* (Sense 2) like a dearth? Let me check the standard WordNet definitions… Right, Sense 1 is about being less than expected – a deficit or shortfall. Sense 2 is *acute insufficiency*, synonymous with dearth or famine, and interestingly, it actually lists “shortage” as a synonym!

Hmm, "shortage of labor"… Is it more of a deficit, an amount missing from the *required* amount of labor (Sense 1) or a more critical *insufficiency* (Sense 2)? Let me check the synonyms again. Sense 1 gives me "deficit, shortfall," and Sense 2 gives "dearth, famine." "Shortage of local labor" - should I think "dearth"? Or "shortfall"? Usually, I see "labor shortage" classified as an insufficiency (Sense 1), a deficit. Though, "shortage" is itself the headword…

I think the best fit is Sense 1, because it corresponds to the *required* labor. The phrasing implies an amount is less than is needed. Actually, maybe Sense 2 applies as well? "Acute insufficiency." A labor shortage is an insufficiency. Back to Sense 1, I think it fits best. It's the required labor that's less than what's expected. Yes, Sense 1 is the one.