[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thus
Target surface form: thus
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and <t>thus</t> time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thus%4:02:00:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, so | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
2. sense_key=thus%4:02:01:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thusly, so | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Thus"**

Okay, the target lemma is "thus", and I need to determine its correct sense in this context. The sentence is "...using peripheral vision... to watch the other ropes and *thus* time their pulls." I have two candidate senses in mind: "as a result" and "in the way indicated." Let's test them.

If I use "as a result," it's "using peripheral vision to watch the other ropes and, as a result, time their pulls." That makes sense. Watching the ropes *leads* to timing the pulls. Now, with "in the way indicated," it becomes "...and *in this way* time their pulls." Hmm, by watching the ropes, *this* is how they time them. Which is it?

Let's dissect this further. "Watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls" – Does "thus" mean "in that way" or "therefore"? "Thereby" also fits, meaning "by that means". Wait, the dictionary definition is clear: (1) "as a result" and (2) "in this way."

If it's "as a result," then the phrase means "and therefore time their pulls." This fits, but not perfectly. They watch the ropes, and *in this way* they time them. Is "thus" really the same as "in this way?" Sense 2, "in the way indicated," examples are "hold the brush *so*," or "...set up the pieces *thus*." But that's a demonstration, isn't it? This isn't a direct demonstration.

If I substitute "therefore" into the original sentence, it seems a little odd, but maybe it implies that watching the ropes *causes* the timing. With "in the way indicated" – It would be "doing X, and so doing Y" which seems related to "thereby."

I recall the WordNet senses. Sense 1 has synonyms like "therefore," "hence," "thence," and "so." Sense 2 offers "thusly," and again, "so." "So" feels right: "watch the other ropes and so time their pulls."

If I use another example, like "He sold his car and thus had enough money," this is clearly "as a result." With this current phrase, it's either "as a result" or "in this way." I think it leans toward "therefore," as a consequence of watching the ropes, they time their pulls. Is it, however, "in this way"?

Checking "and thus" more closely, it typically means "and therefore" or "and hence." Sense 1 seems most likely, as a discourse marker for a result or consequence. Let's try to relate this to the given context. It's almost "they watch the ropes, and *in that way* they time them." That is a strong contender! However, does it really fit in the given context?

Could it be sense 1? It would be "and therefore time their pulls." "Therefore" implies a logical conclusion. Here, timing the pulls is a direct result or method of the preceding action.

Wait, WordNet's sense 1 is *usually* "as a result." Let's make sure. "using peripheral vision to watch the other ropes and *thus* time their pulls." I believe sense 1 is most standard here. Sense 2 refers to a specified manner or physical demonstration, like "thusly." But it's not "time their pulls *thusly*." It's "watch the ropes and *thus* time their pulls," meaning "and *hence* time their pulls."

Wait! The context is "They watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls." If I replace with "so," it becomes "and so time their pulls." Now with "as a result" – "and as a result time their pulls." I'm confident that Sense 1 is correct.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus <t>time</t> their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%2:31:00:: | definition=assign a time for an activity or event | examples=The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene
2. sense_key=time%2:31:01:: | definition=set the speed, duration, or execution of | examples=we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely
3. sense_key=time%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the time or duration of an event or action or the person who performs an action in a certain period of time | synonyms=clock | examples=he clocked the runners
4. sense_key=time%2:30:01:: | definition=regulate or set the time of | examples=time the clock
5. sense_key=time%2:30:06:: | definition=adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time | examples=The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Verb "Time" in Context**

Okay, so the lemma is "time," and here it's acting as a verb: "...to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls." My immediate thought is, what's the specific sense of "time" at play here? It's not about *measuring* time itself, but about controlling the *timing* of an action – the pulls on the ropes, in this case.

Let's quickly run through the likely candidates from my mental dictionary. We've got:

1.  Assign a time for something. No, doesn't fit the physical action of pulling.
2.  Set the speed or duration. Nope, not directly applicable to the pulling action itself.
3.  Measure the time. Again, doesn't capture the essence of *controlling* the moment of the pull.
4.  Regulate or set the time of something (like a clock). Close, but still a bit abstract.

Ah, here's the one: Sense 5 – *adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time*. Bingo! Think about it, "time their pulls" is functionally identical to "times his swing" in a baseball context. Both involve the precise application of a physical force (pulling a rope, swinging a bat) at the *exact* right moment. It's all about coordination and achieving the desired outcome through precise timing. Sense 5 is the clear winner here.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pull
Target surface form: pulls
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their <t>pulls</t>. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pull%1:04:02:: | definition=a sustained effort | examples=it was a long pull but we made it
2. sense_key=pull%1:06:01:: | definition=a device used for pulling something | examples=he grabbed the pull and opened the drawer
3. sense_key=pull%1:07:00:: | definition=special advantage or influence | synonyms=clout | examples=the chairman's nephew has a lot of pull
4. sense_key=pull%1:04:01:: | definition=a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke) | synonyms=puff, drag | examples=he took a puff on his pipe; he took a drag on his cigarette and expelled the smoke slowly
5. sense_key=pull%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you | synonyms=pulling | examples=the pull up the hill had him breathing harder; his strenuous pulling strained his back
6. sense_key=pull%1:26:00:: | definition=a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments | synonyms=wrench, twist | examples=the wrench to his knee occurred as he fell; he was sidelined with a hamstring pull
7. sense_key=pull%1:19:00:: | definition=the force used in pulling | examples=the pull of the moon; the pull of the current

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuance of "Pulls"**

Okay, the target word is "pulls," and the context is about using "rope-sight" to time them. Clearly, the word is referring to the act of pulling the ropes. Let me quickly go through my mental list of potential senses. Is it related to sustained effort, maybe a device for pulling, a special advantage, a slow inhalation, or perhaps, *the act of applying force to move something toward oneself*? Or, is it a sharp strain on the muscles, or just the force being applied.

Hmm, sense number 5 feels right, the act of pulling, applying force. The context reinforces this. "Time their pulls" directly translates to "time their acts of pulling the ropes." Perfect.

Let me just quickly check that sense again to be sure... yep, sense_key is pull%1:04:00:: and the definition is precisely, *"the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you."* And the synonyms are spot on. That's the one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: Far
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. <t>Far</t> above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
2. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far
3. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
4. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
5. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Far"**

Okay, here's the breakdown. The lemma I'm working with is "far," and it appears as "Far" in this specific sentence: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells..." My goal is to determine the intended meaning from the surrounding words. It seems pretty clear.

I've got a few candidate senses in mind: "remote in time," "to an advanced stage or point," "at or to or from a great distance in space," "to a considerable degree; very much," and "at or to a certain point or degree." Given that "far" is coupled with "above" and the mention of a belfry, it's immediately obvious that the intended meaning is sense 3: "at or to or from a great distance in space." The spatial relationship is key here. It's a straightforward determination based on the lexical choices.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: above
Target surface form: above
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far <t>above</t> in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=above%4:02:00:: | definition=at an earlier place | synonyms=supra | examples=see above
2. sense_key=above%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to a place that is higher | synonyms=higher up, in a higher place, to a higher place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Above"**

Okay, so the target word is "above," and it's appearing as "above" in the text. Let's see... the context is describing something physically situated "Far above in the belfry." Hmm, let's break down the candidate senses they've provided.

Sense 1 talks about something at an earlier place in a text - "see above" kind of thing. Definitely not what we're dealing with here, this is not an abstract concept relating to reading or writing.

Sense 2, on the other hand, describes a position that's "in or to a place that is higher." Bingo! That absolutely fits the physical description of something being "far above" in a belfry. The bells are *higher up* physically. It's a clear spatial relationship.

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct one. The context points directly to that "higher up" meaning. No ambiguity here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bronze
Target surface form: bronze
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge <t>bronze</t> bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bronze%5:00:00:chromatic:00 | definition=of the color of bronze | synonyms=bronzy
2. sense_key=bronze%5:00:00:metallic:00 | definition=made from or consisting of bronze

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Lemma "Bronze" in Context**

Okay, so the task is to disambiguate "bronze" within the sentence: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels...". The surface form matches the lemma, which simplifies things a bit. I've got two candidate senses to consider. The first, bronze%5:00:00:chromatic:00, describes something as "of the color of bronze," with "bronzy" as a synonym. The second, bronze%5:00:00:metallic:00, defines "bronze" as "made from or consisting of bronze."

Now, bells… bells are almost invariably made of bronze, right? It's a classic material for bells. The context mentions "huge bronze bells." While the color could be relevant in other contexts, here, the phrase "huge bronze bells" strongly suggests the *material* is the key aspect. It’s about what they *are* made of, not just their color.

Therefore, the second sense, which explicitly references the material composition – "made from or consisting of bronze" – is the clear winner here. I'm going with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze <t>bells</t>, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
3. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
6. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
7. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
8. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
9. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
10. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the "Bells" Context**

Okay, so the target is "bells," lemmatized as "bell," and the context is about "huge bronze bells" swinging in a belfry. Immediately, my mind jumps to the physical description: large, bronze, mounted on wheels, swung by ropes. They are hollow metal objects designed to produce a ringing sound when struck. The context is very clear, this is about the *physical object*, not any abstract concept.

Let's see… I've got a good candidate here: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck." It's a perfect fit!

Now, let's just confirm with the word sense definitions. Okay, Sense 2 of "bell" perfectly captures that description: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck."

Yep, it's a slam dunk. The context emphasizes the physical characteristics of these "huge bronze bells," clearly aligning with Sense 2. No ambiguity here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mount
Target surface form: mounted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, <t>mounted</t> on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mount%2:36:01:: | definition=prepare and supply with the necessary equipment for execution or performance | synonyms=put on | examples=mount a theater production; mount an attack
2. sense_key=mount%2:38:00:: | definition=go upward with gradual or continuous progress | synonyms=climb, climb up, go up | examples=Did you ever climb up the hill behind your house?
3. sense_key=mount%2:35:00:: | definition=attach to a support | examples=They mounted the aerator on a floating
4. sense_key=mount%2:36:00:: | definition=put up or launch | examples=mount a campaign against pornography
5. sense_key=mount%2:30:00:: | definition=go up or advance | synonyms=wax, climb, rise | examples=Sales were climbing after prices were lowered
6. sense_key=mount%2:38:01:: | definition=get up on the back of | synonyms=hop on, mount up, get on, jump on, climb on, bestride | examples=mount a horse
7. sense_key=mount%2:35:07:: | definition=copulate with | synonyms=ride | examples=The bull was riding the cow
8. sense_key=mount%2:30:01:: | definition=fix onto a backing, setting, or support | examples=mount slides for macroscopic analysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Verb "Mount" in Context**

Okay, so the word I'm dealing with is "mounted," the past tense of "mount," within this specific sentence: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..." The surface form is clearly "mounted". My initial thought is to figure out the exact meaning here. The immediate context tells me the bells are somehow *connected* to something, in this case, wheels.

I'm quickly considering various senses of "mount" – prepping with equipment, going upward, attaching to a support, launching something, advancing, getting on something, copulating, and fixing something to a backing. Given my expertise, I quickly narrow it down to the senses of "attach to a support" and "fix onto a backing, setting, or support." They're very similar.

The examples for attaching like "They mounted the aerator on a floating" align well with "mounted on wheels." Fixing to a backing, like mounting slides or jewels, is also a contender. To refine my thinking, I'll consult WordNet. It's a quick way to verify that "mount" in the context of "mounted on wheels" indeed implies attachment.

Okay, WordNet's "attach to a support" is listed as sense 3. The definition and examples confirm my initial instinct. "Fix onto a backing, setting, or support" is sense 8. Looking at the exact WordNet senses, I see that attach is in the contact domain and fix onto is in the change domain. Ah, "attach" aligns perfectly with the idea of a bell *being* connected to wheels.

Therefore, the bells are *attached* to wheels. Sense 3, "attach to a support," is the most fitting definition here. It makes the most sense. I'll choose that.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wheel
Target surface form: wheels
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on <t>wheels</t>, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wheel%1:06:03:: | definition=game equipment consisting of a wheel with slots that is used for gambling; the wheel rotates horizontally and players bet on which slot the roulette ball will stop in | synonyms=roulette wheel
2. sense_key=wheel%1:07:00:: | definition=forces that provide energy and direction | examples=the wheels of government began to turn
3. sense_key=wheel%1:06:02:: | definition=an instrument of torture that stretches or disjoints or mutilates victims | synonyms=rack
4. sense_key=wheel%1:06:05:: | definition=a handwheel that is used for steering | synonyms=steering wheel
5. sense_key=wheel%1:06:00:: | definition=a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines)
6. sense_key=wheel%1:06:01:: | definition=a circular helm to control the rudder of a vessel
7. sense_key=wheel%1:06:06:: | definition=a wheeled vehicle that has two wheels and is moved by foot pedals | synonyms=bicycle, bike, cycle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Wheels" in Context**

Okay, the target word is "wheels" – pretty broad, so let's narrow it down. The context is "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..." Immediately, I'm thinking about the mechanics of how those bells are operated. What kind of "wheels" would be involved?

Let's quickly run through the possible senses that come to mind: roulette wheel, metaphorical "wheels of government," an instrument of torture, a steering wheel, that fundamental "circular frame with spokes or a solid disc" that rotates, a helm, and finally a bicycle.

Hmm, the bells are *mounted* on these wheels... that immediately suggests sense 5. This fits perfectly with the idea of a circular frame rotating on a shaft or axle. Let's make sure it’s a perfect fit before settling on it.

A simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle, exactly what's needed for the bells! This confirms it. Sense 5 is spot on. All the other senses just don't have the same mechanical connection to the movement and mounting of the bells. The rotating aspect of sense 5 is the key.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, <t>swing</t> madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%2:38:03:: | definition=change direction with a swinging motion; turn | examples=swing back; swing forward
2. sense_key=swing%2:35:08:: | definition=engage freely in promiscuous sex, often with the husband or wife of one's friends | examples=There were many swinging couples in the 1960's
3. sense_key=swing%2:38:00:: | definition=move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner | synonyms=sway | examples=He swung back
4. sense_key=swing%2:42:10:: | definition=have a certain musical rhythm | examples=The music has to swing
5. sense_key=swing%2:41:00:: | definition=be a social swinger; socialize a lot | synonyms=get around
6. sense_key=swing%2:33:00:: | definition=hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement | examples=The soccer player began to swing at the referee
7. sense_key=swing%2:38:02:: | definition=move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting | examples=He swung his left fist; swing a bat
8. sense_key=swing%2:41:01:: | definition=influence decisively | synonyms=swing over | examples=This action swung many votes over to his side
9. sense_key=swing%2:35:00:: | definition=make a big sweeping gesture or movement | synonyms=sweep, swing out
10. sense_key=swing%2:36:03:: | definition=play with a subtle and intuitively felt sense of rhythm
11. sense_key=swing%2:30:08:: | definition=alternate dramatically between high and low values | examples=his mood swings; the market is swinging up and down
12. sense_key=swing%2:42:00:: | definition=hang freely | synonyms=dangle, drop | examples=the ornaments dangled from the tree; The light dropped from the ceiling
13. sense_key=swing%2:42:01:: | definition=live in a lively, modern, and relaxed style | examples=The Woodstock generation attempted to swing freely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Swing" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "swing," surface form "swing," and the context is about bells rotating in a belfry. My first instinct is to find the best-fitting definition from the candidates. Initially, none seem perfect, specifically "move back and forth" but that's a common one. Let's start by looking at each candidate:

1.  "change direction with a swinging motion; turn"
2.  "promiscuous sex" - Nope.
3.  "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner" - No.
4.  "musical rhythm" - No.
5.  "socialize" - Definitely not.
6.  "hit" - Doesn't fit.
7.  "move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting" - Still not right.
8.  "influence decisively" - Nope.
9.  "make a big sweeping gesture or movement" - Not this.
10. "play with rhythm" - No.
11. "alternate dramatically" - No.
12. "hang freely" - Maybe, but seems too static.
13. "live lively" - No.

The context is the bells moving. Now, let's compare with WordNet. Wait, "move back and forth" is *missing* from the candidates? Let's check WordNet. WordNet gives:

*   "change direction with a swinging motion; turn"
*   "move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting"
*   "move back and forth" - And, where is that "move back and forth"?

Back to the candidates...Is something missing, or is "hang freely" the right fit? Bells are suspended and *can* swing. But, the sentence states "swing *madly* through a full 360 degrees," which implies movement, action, and *rotation*. Hmmm.

Let's revisit candidate 1: "change direction with a swinging motion; turn." Could this be it? "Swing madly through a full 360 degrees" -> They're *turning* 360 degrees. This is the act of turning. A bell swings 360 degrees... they rotate.

What about "make a big sweeping gesture or movement" (9)? Too broad. Let's look again at 1: "change direction with a swinging motion; turn." A door *swings* open. A bell *swings* 360 degrees? Yes, they rotate/turn.

Now, reconsider 12: "hang freely" | synonyms=dangle, drop. Bells *hang* freely, but the context states "swing madly through a full 360 degrees," which suggests movement and implies it is not just hanging freely.

Could it be 3: "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner"? No, that's for people.

Okay, back to 1: "change direction with a swinging motion; turn." Let's look up WordNet for "swing" to be certain.

WordNet shows senses like, "move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting." (This is candidate 7). Also, "move back and forth". However, there is a key definition that is "change direction with a swinging motion; turn"

Now, consider candidate 1 "swing (change direction with a swinging motion; turn) - swing back; swing forward". Ah, a bell *turning* 360 degrees *is* changing direction.

Again, "turning 360 degrees" means "changing direction." Yes, changing direction is the key.

So, is 1 the best option? Let's make sure. The bells mounted on wheels *turn* through 360 degrees. This describes rotational motion. Checking WordNet 3.0, "swing%2:38:03 change direction with a swinging motion; turn. 'swing back', 'swing forward'." Again, "swing madly through a full 360 degrees" matches the "turn" definition. The word itself means a rotational movement. The bells are *turning*.

Is there another possibility?

*   1: "change direction with a swinging motion; turn" - Yes.
*   3: "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner" - Not this.
*   7: "move in a curve or arc..." - Not right.
*   9: "make a big sweeping gesture..." - No.
*   11: "alternate dramatically..." - Nope.
*   12: "hang freely" - Could be, but they are *rotating*.

It *has* to be the *


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: madly
Target surface form: madly
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing <t>madly</t> through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=madly%4:02:00:: | definition=(used as intensives) extremely | synonyms=insanely, deadly, deucedly, devilishly | examples=she was madly in love; deadly dull
2. sense_key=madly%4:02:01:: | definition=in an insane manner | synonyms=insanely, crazily, dementedly | examples=she behaved insanely; he behaves crazily when he is off his medication
3. sense_key=madly%4:02:02:: | definition=in an uncontrolled manner | synonyms=frantically | examples=she fought back madly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Madly"**

Okay, here's the scenario: I'm dissecting the word "madly" within this specific sentence: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position." My immediate thought is, what's the most appropriate sense? Let's break it down.

I've got three candidates, which I will evaluate:
1.  Extremely.
2.  In an insane manner.
3.  In an uncontrolled manner (frantically).

My gut reaction is that the bells "swinging madly" doesn't suggest they're *extremely* swinging, nor are they, obviously, behaving in an insane way. That leaves me with "in an uncontrolled manner." "Frantically" also seems to apply here. The bells are moving wildly.

Now, I'm just quickly confirming the best fit. I'm going to look at other possible fits, and dismiss them.

Let's look at sense 1: "extremely" (she was madly in love), which does not fit.

Sense 2: "in an insane manner" (he behaves crazily). This does not fit either.

Sense 3: "in an uncontrolled manner" (she fought back madly). This is the best fit!

The phrase "swing madly" describes a violent, wild, or uncontrolled movement. This suggests a lack of restraint or predictable control. Sense 3 best reflects this energetic and wild motion of the bells swinging through 360 degrees.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a <t>full</t> 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
2. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
3. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
4. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt
5. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
8. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Full" in the Context of "A Full 360 Degrees"**

Okay, the target is "full" and the surface form is, well, "full." I'm looking at the phrase "a full 360 degrees." Right away, I see several candidate senses, but the context is key here. I need to figure out which sense of "full" best captures the meaning of "a full 360 degrees."

My initial thought is that it means "a whole 360 degrees" or "a complete 360 degrees." I'm leaning toward sense 5 ("constituting the full quantity or extent; complete") or sense 6 ("complete in extent or degree and in every particular"). The synonyms provided—entire, total for 5 and total for 6—are helpful, but they overlap a bit.

Let's dig in. Sense 5 has examples like "an entire town..." and "gave full attention." Sense 6 gives "a full game" or "a total eclipse". WordNet confirms these nuances: "whole" (sense 5) aligns with "complete, entire, total," while "complete" (sense 6) is linked to "total."

Thinking about "a full 360 degrees," it refers to the entire 360-degree measure. It's about a complete quantity. I'm checking WordNet again for direct matches on "full 360 degrees" but that's a long shot. But the description "constituting the full quantity or extent" from sense 5 clicks perfectly.

I'm also considering sense 7: "having the normally expected amount," as in "gives full measure," but "a full 360 degrees" isn't about the expected amount; it's about the *exact* amount, the complete 360 degrees.

Looking at it now, 360 degrees is a quantifiable extent. So, sense 5, "constituting the full quantity or extent," makes sense. "Full" modifies "360 degrees," indicating the full extent of that quantity. I'm making sure it's not "a total of 360 degrees" – I need the sense of *entirety*.

I would search SemCor, if possible, for further validation.

After review, I'll go with sense 5. I think the concept of "full quantity or extent" for the context of a specific angular measurement is the key.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degrees
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 <t>degrees</t>, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
2. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
3. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn
4. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
5. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
7. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Degrees"**

Okay, the target word is "degrees," and the surrounding text mentions a 360-degree swing. I immediately consider the geometric sense here. The phrase "full 360 degrees" practically screams for a measurement related to angles and circles. I then check the sense keys. Candidate 6, specifically "degree%1:23:00::", jumps out. Its definition, "a measure for arcs and angles," coupled with the synonym "arcdegree" and the example "there are 360 degrees in a circle," is a slam dunk. The context is a perfect match. No need to look further. I'm selecting index 6, knowing this is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: starting
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, <t>starting</t> and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
2. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
3. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
4. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
5. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
6. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
9. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
10. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
11. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
12. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped
13. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
14. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Starting"**

Okay, so I'm focusing on the word "starting" in the sentence describing those swinging bells. The sentence describes the beginning and end state, and I'm using my knowledge of WordNet to consider the different senses. Initially, I was thinking it might be about *how* the action begins – maybe sense 9, "have a beginning characterized in some specified way." But then I looked at the sentence structure, and it struck me that "starting and ending" are working in tandem, defining the *temporal* or *spatial* beginning and end.

I considered sense 1, "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense," and thought about examples like "The DMZ begins right over the hill." That's spatial, and our sentence describes a spatial configuration: the inverted position. It matches "The swing *starts* in the inverted position." Is "in the inverted position" a specified *way* (sense 9) or a spatial *location* (sense 1)?

I then went through several different possibilities. I thought about sense 13, "begin or set in motion," because, well, the bells are swinging. But I discarded that, because "end" is used and the bells do not "stop". I considered whether the "bells" were the subject, in which case it could be sense 8, "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action." However, the *action* is the *swing*, and I thought that would not be the best answer, as that would refer to the bells taking a first step to swing.

The key is "starting and ending." I realized that if the bells start, they swing. If they end, the swing ends. The symmetry of starting and ending pointed to sense 1 and its antonym with "end" at 2:42:01::.

The phrase specifies the spatial state at the start and the end of the swing. The spatial configuration makes it a match for sense 1, "have a beginning in a temporal or spatial sense."
The word "start" could also be seen as synonymous with "begin," which is the definition from sense 1. Also, given how the swing begins and ends in that same position, this makes it sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: end
Target surface form: ending
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and <t>ending</t>, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: | definition=have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical | synonyms=stop, finish, terminate, cease | examples=the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed; Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other
2. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: | definition=be the end of; be the last or concluding part of | synonyms=terminate | examples=This sad scene ended the movie
3. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: | definition=bring to an end or halt | synonyms=terminate | examples=She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime; The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I
4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: | definition=put an end to | examples=The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Ending"**

Okay, so the target is "end", surface form "ending", and the context is "...starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position." My task is to determine the correct sense of "ending" here. The subject is "the huge bronze bells," and the phrase describes their movement – starting and *ending* in the inverted position.

First, I need to consider the possible senses. Sense 1 is "have an end," which could be temporal, spatial, or quantitative. Synonyms include stop, finish, terminate, and cease. Sense 2 is "be the end of," sense 3 is "bring to an end or halt," and sense 4 is "put an end to."

The key here is that "ending" is used intransitively. The bells themselves are *ending* in a position, not *ending* something else. Therefore, senses 2, 3, and 4, which are all transitive, are immediately ruled out. The question is, does sense 1 fit? I have to consider the nuances of "have an end". Does stopping or finishing in a state qualify? Let's check the example: "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed." That's close.

But wait, the bells are swinging. They swing through a 360-degree arc, starting and *ending* in the inverted position. It's a spatial movement. It *stops* or *finishes* their swing cycle in that position. That means it’s definitely intransitive.

So, again, I check.
Sense 1, "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense". It's the only intransitive one.
Sense 2 is transitive ("ended the movie").
Sense 3 is transitive ("She ended their friendship").
Sense 4 is transitive ("ended our hopes").

Therefore, Sense 1 is the only option that fits. "starting and ending... in the inverted... position" clearly refers to a spatial stopping or finishing of their arc.

Now, just to be sure, I need to double-check against the definitions.
Sense 1: end%2:42:00::
Sense 2: end%2:42:01:: (Hmm, "This sad scene ended the movie" - it *could* be either transitive or intransitive. "be the end of"…)

But Sense 1 is a perfect fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inverted
Target surface form: inverted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the <t>inverted</t>, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inverted%3:00:04:: | definition=(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk | synonyms=anatropous
2. sense_key=inverted%5:00:00:turned:00 | definition=being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed | synonyms=upside-down | examples=a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma; an upside-down cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Inverted" in Context**

Okay, so the text gives me "inverted" and the phrase "starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position" – we're talking about massive bronze bells here. I need to figure out which meaning of "inverted" is the most accurate. I've got two candidates.

The first, `inverted%3:00:04::`, is talking about a botanical term, specifically an "inverted plant ovule". Not even close. Clearly not the right meaning here; the context is about bells, not botany.

The second definition, `inverted%5:00:00:turned:00`, looks much better: "being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed." The synonym "upside-down" is a dead giveaway, and it fits perfectly with "mouth-up position" for a bell. It clearly means the bell is turned over.

Therefore, sense 2 is the clear winner. That's the correct indexing for this usage of "inverted."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: position
Target surface form: position
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up <t>position</t>. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=position%1:04:02:: | definition=(in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player | examples=what position does he play?
2. sense_key=position%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc. | synonyms=view, perspective | examples=consider what follows from the positivist view
3. sense_key=position%1:07:00:: | definition=the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated | synonyms=spatial relation | examples=the position of the hands on the clock; he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage
4. sense_key=position%1:09:01:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=stance, posture
5. sense_key=position%1:07:01:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=posture, attitude | examples=he assumed an attitude of surrender
6. sense_key=position%1:26:00:: | definition=the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society | synonyms=status | examples=he had the status of a minor; the novel attained the status of a classic
7. sense_key=position%1:15:02:: | definition=a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons | synonyms=military position
8. sense_key=position%1:04:03:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, place, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
9. sense_key=position%1:10:01:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=place | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
10. sense_key=position%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=side | examples=there are two sides to every question
11. sense_key=position%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting something in a certain place | synonyms=placement, location, locating, positioning, emplacement
12. sense_key=position%1:15:00:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=place | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
13. sense_key=position%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=situation | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
14. sense_key=position%1:15:03:: | definition=the appropriate or customary location | examples=the cars were in position
15. sense_key=position%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom
16. sense_key=position%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=post, berth, office, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Position" in Context**

Okay, so the target word here is "position," and the context is about a bell swinging in a belfry. My immediate thought is to consider the various potential senses of "position" and narrow them down. I'm going through the list – role in sports, view, spatial property, mental attitude, posture, status, military point, stead, item in a list, opinion, act of putting in place, place, condition, appropriate location, assumption, job – and right away, sense 3, "spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated," jumps out at me.

The crucial phrase is "inverted, or mouth-up position." That directly describes the orientation or *way* the bell is situated, and that seems like a perfect match for sense 3. Sense 5, "posture of body/limbs," is out since we are talking about a bell, not a human or animal. Sense 12, "place (portion of space)," is also a possibility but seems less precise. "Inverted position" doesn't just mean a location; it conveys a *specific* orientation.

To be certain, let's revisit the definition and example of sense 3: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated," with the example "the position of the hands on the clock." Aha! The hands on the clock – that's a *spatial relation*, just like the orientation of the bell. The "inverted position of the bell" is a very similar idea. The bell’s orientation clearly fits "the way in which something is situated." I’m confident that sense 3 is the correct interpretation here. It's the most semantically accurate and contextually relevant choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled <t>ringers</t> use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Ringers" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "ringers," the plural of "ringer." The context immediately paints a clear picture: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle... each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber...". Bells, ropes, a ringing chamber – it's all pointing to a very specific sense.

Let's quickly run through the likely senses the system generated. First, a contestant under false pretenses? Unlikely, given the physical description. "A person who is almost identical to another"? Also a stretch; we're dealing with a direct, physical activity. Finally, a successful horseshoe throw? Not relevant here.

That leaves us with the obvious match: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)." It's a perfect fit. The "ringers" are explicitly described as the people physically manipulating the ropes and thus sounding the bells. The synonyms, "toller" and "bell ringer," further solidify this interpretation. The context and the definition are a perfect match, end of story.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
2. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
5. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
6. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Lemma "Use" in Context**

Okay, so the lemma I'm working with is "use," and the surface form is, naturally, also "use." The context is "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing..." Right, let's break down the potential senses and narrow it down.

First, there's sense 1: *avail oneself to; practice, apply*. That's like applying a principle or practicing a religion. Hmmm, doesn't quite fit "use their wrists." No. Then, sense 2, which is about habitually doing something, like "used to." Not a good fit. Sense 3, *use up, consume fully*, or sense 4, *take or consume regularly (drugs)*, I can dismiss those quickly too. Now, sense 5, *seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage (use people)* that just doesn't connect.

That leaves sense 6: *put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose; utilize, employ (use your head!)*. Okay, that's the money shot. "Use their wrists" implies they are *employing* or *putting their wrists into service* to accomplish the action of advancing or retarding the swing. It makes perfect sense, especially considering the examples I'm familiar with using objects or tools. Sense 6 clearly covers that. Therefore, I'm confident in selecting Sense 6 as the correct interpretation here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: retard
Target surface form: retard
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or <t>retard</t> the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=retard%2:42:00:: | definition=be delayed
2. sense_key=retard%2:30:07:: | definition=slow the growth or development of | synonyms=check, delay | examples=The brain damage will retard the child's language development
3. sense_key=retard%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up | examples=The car decelerated
4. sense_key=retard%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate | examples=This drug will retard your heart rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Retard" in Context**

Okay, the target is "retard" and the surface form is, well, "retard." The context is about skilled ringers using their wrists to manage bell swings. My initial thought is to consider the possible meanings: delay, slow development, lose velocity, or cause something to move more slowly.

Given the phrase "advance or retard the next swing," my immediate hunch is that "retard" here means to cause the swing to happen later. Let's look at the candidates. Candidate 4, "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate," seems promising. The examples they give, like "This drug will retard your heart rate," look like a good fit. But wait, is it just about slowing down, or is it about delaying?

Let's quickly rule out Candidate 2, "slow the growth or development of." It seems off; we're not talking about growth here, but mechanics. And Candidates 1 and 3 are intransitive, and it's pretty clear that in this context, "retard" is being used transitively – the ringers are *doing* something to the swing.

So it's down to Candidate 4, "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate," and my earlier thought about delay. But wait, in the mechanics of a swing, advancing or retarding something *does* mean causing it to occur earlier or later! "Retarding" the swing means slowing it down so it happens later. That's a direct fit for candidate 4!

Looking again at candidate 4, it is transitive, which is a good match for "advance or retard the next swing" - "the next swing" is the object. Seems clear to me that candidate 4 is the winner here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%1:04:04:: | definition=a square dance figure; a pair of dancers join hands and dance around a point between them
2. sense_key=swing%1:10:01:: | definition=a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz | synonyms=swing music, jive
3. sense_key=swing%1:04:06:: | definition=a sweeping blow or stroke | examples=he took a wild swing at my head
4. sense_key=swing%1:04:02:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, cut | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
5. sense_key=swing%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity | examples=the party went with a swing; it took time to get into the swing of things
6. sense_key=swing%1:04:00:: | definition=changing location by moving back and forth | synonyms=swinging, vacillation
7. sense_key=swing%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it | synonyms=golf stroke, golf shot
8. sense_key=swing%1:06:00:: | definition=mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth
9. sense_key=swing%1:07:00:: | definition=a jaunty rhythm in music | synonyms=lilt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Swing" in the Context of Bell Ringing**

Okay, the target lemma is "swing," and the surrounding text describes ringing church bells. My initial thought is to identify the specific sense of "swing" being used here. The passage mentions "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees" and that "skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing." So, we're definitely dealing with a physical motion.

Let's look at the candidate senses. A square dance figure, jazz, a sweeping blow, a baseball swing, steady vigorous action, a mechanical device, or a jaunty rhythm in music are all incorrect. Sense 6, which describes "changing location by moving back and forth," seems the most promising. The description of the bell's movement fits this perfectly. The bell's arc is best represented with this sense.

Let's do a little more due diligence and re-read some of the context. We have "advance or retard the next swing." Yes, we are still talking about the movement of the bell itself. The action of "advancing or retarding" directly relates to the motion of the bell. Sense 6 is the clear winner here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, <t>so</t> that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
4. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
7. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
8. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
9. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed
10. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Purpose of "So" in Context**

Okay, the target is the word "so," and the surface form is just "so." Let's dive in. The context is "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, **so** that one bell can swap places with another in the following change." My initial instinct is that this "so" is functioning as part of the phrase "so that," which signals a purpose or result.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses. I see a few that could be relevant, but I need to be precise. "To a very great extent" (sense 1) and "subsequently" (sense 4) are definitely out. "In the same way" (sense 5) and "to a certain unspecified extent" (sense 6) are also unlikely. Sense 9, "in truth," and sense 10, "in the way indicated," feel completely wrong here. Then there is sense 8, "to an extent or degree as expressed," which isn't the primary function of "so" here, it is not "so tired he could hardly stand." Finally, we have sense 3, "from that fact or reason or as a result," which is still incorrect in the context.

That leaves me with sense 2, which states "in a manner that facilitates." The examples given are promising: "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior" and "he stooped down so he could pick up his hat." This feels very similar to what's happening in the ringer sentence. It fits the idea of "so that," which means "in order that" or "for the purpose of."

I need to confirm this. The ringer sentence: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places..." Is this purpose or result? Yes, it's purpose, the wrists' movements are *in a manner that facilitates* the bell swapping.

Now, a quick check. Is "so that" a distinct phrase here, or does it matter for the sense choice that the text has "so that"? The candidates are senses for the word "so" itself, not the phrase. I'm choosing sense 2 here, because it accurately covers the meaning of "so [that]" here, the text is functioning in a way that *facilitates* bell swapping. Sense 2 fits perfectly.