[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
2. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?
3. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
4. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
5. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
6. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
7. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
8. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Control" in the Context of Cell Growth**

Okay, so the target is the word "control" in the phrase "control cell growth." It's all about genes, proteins, and how they relate to cell growth, particularly in the context of cancer. My initial thought process is to consider the possible senses: verify by duplicate register, have firm understanding, exercise authoritative control or power, be careful, control skillfully, handle and cause to function, lessen intensity/restrain, and check/regulate.

The core question is whether "control" means *authoritative* control or more of a *restraining* force. The text mentions "growth-suppressing proteins," which immediately leans me towards the latter. It's not about commanding growth, but *limiting* it. The phrase "cells normally under control turn malignant" is key. "Under control" means the growth is being suppressed or restrained.

Specifically, it looks like **sense 7**: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" is the best fit. Think of synonyms like "hold in," "contain," "check," "curb," or "moderate." This is a perfect match for how tumor-suppressor genes and their proteins function. They *check* or *curb* cell growth.

I briefly considered sense 3, "exercise authoritative control or power," but examples like "control the budget" or "command the military" didn't feel right in this biological context. While regulating growth *could* be seen as control, given "tumor-suppressor gene" and "growth-suppressing proteins", "check" or "curb" fits better.

I'm verifying that sense 7 is correct. It makes more sense to "moderate" cell growth than to command it. So it makes sense to confirm sense 7 with a synonyms check. WordNet validates this, often mapping "control a disease" or "control growth" to "hold in restraint".

The important thing is that the proteins are growth-suppressing. This really means "keep within limits". I am also remembering to consider a wider range of senses for the word "control".

Okay, so I will now focus on sense 7 as the best fit and sense index is 7.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell
3. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
4. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
5. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Cell" in Context**

Okay, the lemma is "cell" and, unsurprisingly, the surface form is also "cell." The surrounding text is all about genes, biology, malignancy, tumor-suppressor genes, and proteins, so it's clearly a biological context. Let's see... the sentence mentions, "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..." Bingo. The intended sense is definitely the biological cell, that fundamental unit of all organisms.

Now, let's look at Candidate 5: sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms... Perfect fit! The definition aligns precisely with how "cell" is used in this context. It's the most appropriate sense and requires no further consideration.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
4. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
5. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
6. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair
7. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Growth" in the Context of Cell Biology**

Okay, here's how I'm thinking through this. The target is "growth," specifically "cell growth," and the context leans towards cancer biology. My first instinct is to consider the various senses of "growth" in WordNet. We've got emergence, progression, abnormal proliferation (like tumors), biological development, vegetation, something grown, and finally, becoming larger/more numerous.

Immediately, "cell growth" seems to be about cells increasing in number, proliferating. So, sense 7, "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important," is a strong contender. "Proliferation of cells" directly relates to an increase in number.

Now, could sense 4, "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically," fit? A cell *is* a biological entity, but the usual reference in biology, is it truly an "individual organism" in the way, say, a developing embryo is? Cells are parts of organisms or are organisms themselves. It could apply, as it might be a purely biological unfolding of events, but "cell growth" is most often associated with proliferation, an increase in number.

WordNet doesn't have a specific entry for "cell growth," so I must consider if "growth" in this context is best captured by sense 7 or 4. Maybe "proliferation" in WordNet can help me? Hmm, it seems like a rapid increase, which aligns with sense 7. Is the hypernym of "proliferation" growth?

I'm now re-reading the context: "to control cell growth". That's about suppressing the division of cells. "Proliferating cells". That's a strong indication of sense 7 (becoming more numerous).

I should check if there is a specific sense of "growth" related to cells. I'm going to look at the gloss of "proliferation": "growth by the rapid multiplication of parts". If proliferation is a *type* of growth, which sense does it apply to? Sense 4 is "individual organism growing organically." Cells might be growing organically. But I'm now leaning toward "becoming more numerous," or sense 7.

Sense 3 is specifically "abnormal proliferation of tissue," like tumors. The text here says "control cell growth," so in the text, it's normal growth, but it could become a tumor if it's uncontrolled.

It's tempting to think about sense 4: a biological unfolding. That's "ontogeny, maturation." But "cell growth" here feels more about cell division (proliferation), not necessarily maturation. Is it best to describe it as "increasing in number"?

Is there such a thing as "growth" in cells? I'll re-read the text carefully. I notice "growth-suppressing proteins". "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise...". This is about growth-suppressing proteins which stop cells from dividing. This implies a control of the number of cells. That makes me feel more confident about sense 7. If the word "proliferation" is related to the word "growth," I think sense 7 is the best.

Is it sense 4? "An individual organism growing organically...". A cell is an organic entity, does it grow "organically"? In biology, "growth" could be 4. It's often categorized under the biological sense. The best fit is probably sense 7. Sense 7 has "increase." Sense 4 has "ontogeny, ontogenesis." It is a biological process in any case.

I need to re-think this. Is "cell growth" a biological process? Does that mean sense 4 (maturation, ontogeny, development). Not necessarily. Is "growth" in "cell growth" the process of becoming more numerous? And "growth" sense 7 fits that description. The context also implies that "growth" might refer to proliferation. "Population growth" is in there.

If I'm thinking in terms of SemCor, what's a typical annotation for "cell growth" or "tumor growth"? That's a good approach. Let's think about this: Is it sense 7 or 4? I think it is the increase in the number of cells, proliferation.

Let me look closely at sense 4: "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". The key here is "individual organism." In cancer, cells are not truly individual organisms; they are part of tissue. That points me back to sense 7, which emphasizes an increase in number. Sense 7: "becoming more numerous." So that is best, now that I think about it. Cancer cells are often undifferentiated. They


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Target Lemma: "Cancer"**

Okay, so the lemma I'm working with here is "cancer". Right away, I see the surrounding text is discussing how "both copies must be impaired" for this to arise, and mentions suppressor genes and early life damage leading to a higher risk. That instantly clicks: it's about the disease, the biological process.

I've got a few sense definitions to consider. I quickly review them: definitions 2 through 5 are clearly incorrect – zodiac sign, constellation, someone born under that sign, and a genus of crabs. Those can be dismissed without a second thought, given the context.

That leaves sense definition 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division". Bingo. That fits perfectly. It aligns with the key concepts of impaired copies, suppressor genes, and the development of cancer. There's no ambiguity here. My analysis is complete; I'm confident in selecting sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
2. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
5. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
7. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

source: unavailable

error_kind: ServiceUnavailableError

error_message:
litellm.ServiceUnavailableError: GeminiException - {
  "error": {
    "code": 503,
    "message": "This model is currently experiencing high demand. Spikes in demand are usually temporary. Please try again later.",
    "status": "UNAVAILABLE"
  }
}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Copy" in Genetic Context**

Okay, so we're talking about tumor-suppressor genes and inheritance. The key concept here is that they exist in "two copies." My initial instinct, based on the context, is that "copy" refers to something similar or identical to another. Specifically, it's about the gene's alleles. I'm thinking of it in the sense of a genetic 'clone' or version of the gene. I'm immediately leaning towards the definition of "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing."

Let me just solidify this. We've got:

1.  copy%1:06:00:: | a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. This fits perfectly. It describes how there are "two copies" of the gene.
2.  copy%1:10:02:: | material suitable for a journalistic account.
3.  copy%1:10:00:: | a reproduction of a written record.
4.  copy%1:10:01:: | matter to be printed.

I can immediately rule out the other senses. The second, third, and fourth senses are all about written material, but in the context of genetics, we're definitely talking about "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," meaning two alleles. So, sense 1 is the clear winner here. My interpretation of "gene copy" is confirmed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Impaired"**

Okay, so I'm looking at the word "impaired" here, and the surface form matches the lemma, which simplifies things a bit. The context is key: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired." My initial thought is to pull up potential senses. I've got two: one that's about diminished strength, quality, or utility and the other that's about being mentally or physically unfit.

Now, let's consider the context. "Impaired" is describing "both copies" of something, likely genes. My intuition tells me that the "diminished" sense is the one. "Unfit" doesn't seem to apply well here, as that's generally for sentient beings. I see a note about "damaged" being used earlier, which reinforces my interpretation. So, it looks like **sense 1, "diminished in strength, quality, or utility," is the most accurate fit.** It's like saying the copies are defective or not working at their full potential. Simple.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
2. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Person"**

Okay, so I'm looking at the lemma "person" and the surface form is, unsurprisingly, also "person." My context here is "A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene...". Now, let's break down the candidate senses I've got:

*   **Sense 1: person%1:08:00:: | a human body.** Hmm, a "human body." That feels a little... too literal in this context. It's *related*, but not the core meaning.
*   **Sense 2: person%1:03:00:: | a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul.** Ah, this feels much more promising. "A *human being* who..." that makes intuitive sense. The synonyms here – individual, someone – align perfectly with what I'd expect.
*   **Sense 3: person%1:10:00:: | a grammatical category.** Absolutely not. This is a grammatical sense, dealing with first, second, or third person. That's clearly irrelevant to the biological context here.

Given the context, the meaning of "person" is that of a human being. Therefore, I'm going with sense 2 as the correct one. It's the only choice that fits.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
2. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
3. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
4. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
5. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
7. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
8. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
13. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the "Bear" to "Born" Connection**

Okay, the target is "bear," surface form "born." The context is "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..." Right away, the "born" points to the passive participle of "bear," specifically in the context of childbirth. I need to nail down the exact sense.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

*   **1. sense\_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!**
*   **9. sense\_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January**

The passive form "is born" strongly suggests sense 1, "cause to be born" or "give birth." It's the classic "be born" construction. Let's make absolutely sure there isn't some other sense of "born" that fits, but I'm pretty confident at this point.

A quick check confirms it. There isn't a standalone "be born" sense; it's just the passive of "cause to be born." So, **sense 1 is the correct sense to use.**


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
3. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Copy" in Context**

Okay, so the task is to pinpoint the correct sense of "copy" given the context. The target word is "copy", and, well, the surface form *is* "copy", so that's easy enough. The context provides a sentence about someone being born with a defective "copy" of a suppressor gene. I need to sift through the senses provided. Let's see...

Sense 1: "material suitable for a journalistic account." Nope, that's definitely not it. Sense 2 is "matter to be printed." Also not relevant. Sense 4, "a reproduction of a written record," is another miss.

That leaves Sense 3: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." The example given is, "the clone was a copy of its ancestor." *That* feels right. Genes come in pairs, and the sentence describes an individual with one good and one defective version, that "copy" of the gene. Seems perfect.

Let's do a quick sanity check to be sure, just to be sure. Senses 1, 2, and 4 are all clearly about written materials. Sense 3, however, is a *general* sense of reproduction or a duplicate, which is precisely what we're talking about with genes. This seems like a slam dunk. Therefore, the sense index is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
3. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Interpretation of "Copy" in Genetic Context**

Okay, so we're talking about genetics here, specifically individuals with a defective or damaged "copy" of a suppressor gene. Let's break down what "copy" actually means in this setting. My mind immediately jumps to the various senses of the word. We have: something to print, journalistic material, a reproduction, and then, crucially, something that is similar or identical to another thing, like a clone.

Given the genetic context, the "clone" analogy really hits home. We aren't referring to "copy" as text or news material, nor as a simple reproduction. In genetics, a "copy" refers to one of the two alleles inherited from parents. This is where Sense 3, "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," really shines through. A gene copy is, essentially, a version, a representation, of the gene inherited from a parent.

Let me just double-check that this is the best fit... Ah, yes, "gene copy," and sense 3 is exactly what I'm looking for - copy%1:06:00::. So, I am confident in selecting this sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Damaged"**

Okay, so the target word is "damaged," stemming from the lemma "damage." The context is "...or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..." My initial thought is the subject "one copy" is the thing *being* damaged. It's a passive construction, so something *inflicts* damage on it. Let's delve into the WordNet senses.

I've got two candidates: "damage%2:30:00:: inflict damage upon" (transitive, often passive) and "damage%2:30:01:: suffer or be susceptible to damage" (intransitive). Given "one copy is damaged," is this a straightforward passive of the transitive "inflict damage," or is it adjectival?

If passive, it points directly to "damage%2:30:00::."  Someone or something *damages* the copy, and consequently, "one copy is damaged". Sense 2 is intransitive, like "These fine china cups damage easily." In *this* case, with "one copy," it has to be the passive of sense 1, and WordNet frequently links passives to the transitive verb.

So, sense 1 is the primary candidate, but I always double-check. Considering an example like "DNA damage," we could say "DNA is damaged by radiation," which aligns with "Radiation damages DNA." That strengthens the argument for sense 1. Sense 2 is pretty specific, the middle-voice or 'damages easily' form.

Therefore, the sense index is **1**.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning
2. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
3. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Early"**

Okay, so the task is to decipher the specific meaning of "early" in the phrase "in whom one copy is damaged early in life." My initial assessment is: this isn't about being *ahead of time* (like "betimes" or "too soon") nor about things happening "in good time". I immediately gravitate toward something related to *the start of a process* or *a developmental phase*.

Let's break down the candidate meanings:

*   **Candidate 1: in good time (betimes)** - No, doesn't capture the essence of *when* the damage occurs. Not a match.
*   **Candidate 2: during an early stage (early on)** - Bingo! This feels spot-on. "Early on in her career"... that resonates perfectly with the "early in life" context. "Early in life" is talking about a timeframe.
*   **Candidate 3: before the usual time or the time expected (ahead of time, too soon)** - Nope, not the meaning, the damage occurs during a phase.

To be extra certain, I'll do a quick sanity check: can I substitute "early on" for "early in life" in similar sentences? "Early on in her career" does, in fact, work perfectly when trying to describe the moment in life where damage occurs. "Early in life" is clearly about a temporal stage, not a temporal deviation.

Yes, Candidate 2 – "during an early stage" – is definitively the correct sense. It's a precise mapping of the meaning. The context of "early in life" means early stage in life. I am confident.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
2. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
3. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
4. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
5. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
7. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
8. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
9. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
10. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
11. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard
12. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
13. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
14. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 13
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 13
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Life" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "life" in the phrase "early in life." Immediately, my mind jumps to the possible senses – it's a common word with a lot of potential meanings. Let's run through them: the period between birth and now, the condition of being alive, a living person, the organic phenomenon, a motive, the period until death, living things, experience, biography, a mode of living, a sentence, animation, the period something is functional, and the course of an individual's existence.

Given the context, "early in *life*," I'm leaning toward the temporal aspects. "Early" clearly implies a period. This suggests sense 13, "the period during which something is functional," which is also expressed as lifetime or lifespan. This seems particularly apt since we're talking about a biological entity. The phrase "early in *life*," strongly suggests the *early part of one's lifetime or lifespan*.

I briefly considered sense 8, the "experience of being alive," and sense 14, the "course of existence." However, the wording emphasizes a timeframe, and those are more about the subjective experience or the events within that timeframe.

Let's do a quick WordNet check for "early in life," even though it might not be a direct entry. Seeing if this confirms my instinct by checking usages.

Ah, I see "early in life" is not in WordNet, but "life" has definitions relating to a period of time. Sense 1, "the period between birth and the present," and sense 6, "the period from the present until death," are close, but I still think sense 13 is best, considering the context.

Yes, sense 13 fits. It's the period during which something is functional, from birth to death. The example "he lived a long and happy life" aligns with the intended meaning. "Early in life" aligns here, referring to the early part of their lifespan. Sense 14 is a contender, but Sense 13, "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)", is the winner.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Especially"**

Okay, so the target is "especially" within the phrase "...is especially prone to cancer...". Let's break this down systematically. My first instinct is to consider the potential senses this word can carry. The word has two primary senses in my semantic network, so I'll check these two candidates. The first, "especially%4:02:00::", suggests "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common." The second, "especially%4:02:01::", indicates "in a special manner."

Now, examining the phrase "especially prone to cancer", the second sense, "in a special manner" feels completely off. It does not fit the phrase’s meaning at all, it's not describing how someone is prone, but rather the extent of their proneness. Instead, the first sense, "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common", aligns perfectly. The word is emphasizing that the likelihood of contracting cancer is *greater* than usual. A synonym, like "particularly", would also work. Therefore, sense 1, "especially%4:02:00::", is the most precise and accurate representation of "especially" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
2. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
4. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
5. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Cancer"**

Okay, so I'm being asked to pin down the *exact* meaning of "cancer" in a sentence about someone's genetic predisposition. The context is mentioning losing a copy of something, and it leading to development. Let's see... a zodiacal constellation? That's definitely out. The astrological sign? Nope, doesn't align with genetics. A type of crab? No way. That leaves us with options four and five, a malignant growth or someone born when the sun is in Cancer. It is a clear cut between those two because of the genetic language being used.

The focus here is on *development* and loss of copies. "Malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" is the only thing that makes sense in this scenario. The astrological definition is completely irrelevant. The text mentions a genetic link, which is what helps guide to sense 4. Therefore, it has to be sense number 4.

```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
2. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
3. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
4. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
5. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
6. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
7. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Word "Only" in Context**

Okay, so I need to nail down the correct WordNet sense for "only" in that sentence: "...because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." Right, the surface form is "only". Let's look at the candidate senses and see if anything clicks. I have a list here:

1.  "as recently as" - that's not it. I spoke to him only an hour ago... doesn't fit at all.
2.  "never except when", "only if", "only when" - Hmm, that's possible, but feels a little off. Could it be... "he needs to lose the copy, and only then will a cancer develop?" Not quite right.
3.  "and nothing more", synonyms: merely, simply, just, but - Now we're talking. "I was merely asking" or "it is simply a matter of time" - this seems promising. This means "he needs to do nothing more than"
4.  "with nevertheless the final result" - Nope. "He arrived only to find his wife dead" doesn't work here.
5.  "without any others being included or involved" - Definitely not. "He was entirely to blame."
6.  "except that" - No way. "It was the same story; only this time she came out better."
7.  "in the final outcome" - Nope. "These news will only make you more upset."

Okay, back to the context. "He need only lose the other copy..." My intuition tells me it means "merely" or "simply." If I substitute "merely" or "simply" into the sentence, it reads well: "he need merely lose the other copy", or "he need simply lose the other copy."

Now, let's go back and confirm that Sense 3 is the best fit. I'll re-read the definition: "and nothing more" with synonyms "merely, simply, just, but."

Let's test it: "because he need just lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." Yes, perfect. The meaning is clear: "he simply needs to lose the copy" to trigger the cancer.

Sense 3 is the clear winner. That's the correct sense. Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lose
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
2. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
5. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
6. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
7. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
9. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
10. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
11. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Lose" in Context**

Okay, the target is "lose" within the sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." My initial instinct is to go with sense 2: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense." It seems to nail it, that the person *ceases to have* a functioning copy of the gene due to damage or mutation.

But, as always, I need to be thorough. Let's briefly run through the other senses, just to make absolutely certain.

Sense 1 (allow to go out of sight) is a no-go. Sense 3 (suffer the loss of a person through death or removal), irrelevant. Sense 4 (fail to get or obtain) doesn't fit the context either. Sense 5 (retreat), Sense 6 (fail to win), Sense 7 (be set at a disadvantage), and Sense 9 (fail to make money in a business) are all completely off-target. Sense 8 (miss from one's possessions; lose sight of) doesn't describe the situation correctly, nor does sense 10 (place where one cannot find it again). Sense 11 (fail to perceive or to catch) is also a miss.

Okay, back to sense 2. Let's see... "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense." Now, looking at the example provided in the definition, "She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat", even though it's a literal loss, the "cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" is a perfect fit here. The gene is *ceased to be* functional because of damage.

So, yeah, sense 2 is the clear winner here. My original assessment was correct.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
2. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
3. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Target Lemma "Other"**

Okay, so the target is "other," and the surface form matches. Let's dig in. The context is "...because he need only lose the *other* copy for a cancer to develop." Hmm. I've got four senses to choose from: belonging to the distant past (early, former), not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied, very unusual; strange, and recently past (the other evening).

Let's see… "the other copy." That phrase is definitely pointing towards the second sense. "one defective copy... the other copy" – it’s a clear reference to a second, distinct item. Sense 2 it is. The phrase explicitly implies a distinction within a set of two, indicating it is not the same one as the first.

Therefore, Sense 2, "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied", is the correct interpretation. The sense index is `other%3:00:00::.`.

I'm returning exactly `{"sense_index": 2}`.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Copy" in Context**

Okay, so the task is to pinpoint the specific meaning of "copy" in this sentence about genetics. The surface form is straightforward – it's just "copy" – and the lemma is also "copy", so that simplifies things.

Let's see, the context is about someone with a defective "copy" of a suppressor gene, and how that makes them prone to cancer. I immediately think that the word "copy" must refer to one of the versions of a gene you inherit. It can't be just a piece of written text or journalistic text.

I've got a few candidate senses here: a transcript, a thing made to be similar or identical, written matter, or material for a journalistic account. The first and last ones don't seem to fit at all, given the biological context. "Written matter" is possible, but I think that is an incorrect meaning here.

The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" seems promising. In genetics, we *do* talk about genes being inherited in two copies – essentially, similar or identical versions. The example provided, "the clone was a copy of its ancestor", is very useful here. The usage of the word "copy" to describe the clone is similar to the way it is used in the text.

To be extra certain, I should review the phrase: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins... lose the other copy..." This confirms my initial thought; the phrase emphasizes the idea of one or two copies of genes being passed from one parent.

So, sense 2 it is, which is "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". Sense index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
3. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Cancer"**

Okay, so the task is to pinpoint the correct meaning of "cancer" within this specific sentence. I see the target lemma and surface form are identical - "cancer". That simplifies things. The context mentions "defective copy of a suppressor gene," "malignant growth," and "uncontrolled cell division". Immediately, my mind hones in on the medical definition.

Let's quickly run through the senses provided. Sense 1, "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division," lines up perfectly with the language of genetics and cellular biology presented in the sentence. It's the most plausible fit. Sense 2, "constellation," Sense 3, "genus," Sense 4, "astrological sign," and Sense 5, "astrology person" are all clearly out of context. The discussion clearly involves tumor suppression, damaged genes, and the development of a disease process. Sense 1 is the unequivocal winner here, it's a straightforward determination.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
2. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
4. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
5. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
7. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
8. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
9. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form
12. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
14. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
15. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
16. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
17. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
18. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
21. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Meaning of "Develop" in a Biological Context**

Okay, so the text gives us a specific context: "he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." My task is to pin down the correct sense of "develop" here. The subject is "cancer," which is critical. It can't be a transitive sense like "develop customers" or sense 18, which implies a patient *developing* a disease. I'm looking for a sense where cancer is the *thing* developing.

The immediate parallel with "arise" gives me a strong starting point. The text says "so for cancer to arise...he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." I'm mentally parsing this to equate "develop" with "arise".  Let's look at the candidate senses: Sense 16, which is "come into existence; take on form or shape," seems promising, with synonyms like originate, arise, grow, and spring up.  Sense 10, "happen, break, recrudesce," doesn't feel right for this. I'm also considering sense 19, "grow, progress, unfold," which brings up the notion of evolution or natural growth.

I have to make a very fine distinction here. Does cancer *arise* or *evolve* in this context?  It's tricky because we often say "develop a disease," using sense 18 (come to have or undergo a change of). But here "cancer" is the subject, meaning it's the thing that is coming into existence. Thinking about it, it *arises* in the text as a synonym for *develop*. This is a crucial distinction.

Okay, let's drill down on sense 16: "come into existence; take on form or shape." This clicks with the text.  I need to confirm this with WordNet. Let's see... and yes, "arise" is in the same synset as "develop" in WordNet, specifically the sense of "come into existence". I want to see if there's a specific biological context in WordNet, but I'm confident sense 16, develop%2:42:00::, is a perfect match and is synonymous with arise%2:42:00:: in this context. It's the only one that truly fits the "cancer" subject and the parallel to "arise". Bingo.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerging
Target surface form: Emerging
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. <t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Emerging"**

Okay, so the lemma I'm working with is "emerging," and it's capitalized as "Emerging" in the text. The context is "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals...". My immediate thought is to consider the possible senses here. I've got two clear candidates:

1.  "Coming into existence" – something nascent, emergent, in the early stages.
2.  "Coming to maturity" – implying something future-oriented, rising in prominence, maybe like "the rising generation".

Given the phrase "Emerging genetic tests," my expertise immediately tells me this leans towards the idea of new developments. These are tests that are *currently* being developed, new technologies. The further context, "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age" just solidifies that novel/new aspect. It implies something just coming into existence. Therefore, "nascent" or even "emergent" feel spot-on. Sense 1, "coming into existence," aligns perfectly. Sense 2, "coming to maturity," feels less appropriate here; it doesn't quite fit the context of development. I'm going with sense 1 as the best fit.