[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: close
Target surface form: close
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are <t>close</t> to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=close%5:00:00:confined:00 | definition=crowded | synonyms=confining | examples=close quarters
2. sense_key=close%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=marked by fidelity to an original | synonyms=faithful | examples=a close translation; a faithful copy of the portrait
3. sense_key=close%5:00:00:stingy:00 | definition=giving or spending with reluctance | synonyms=cheeseparing, near, penny-pinching, skinny | examples=our cheeseparing administration; very close (or near) with his money
4. sense_key=close%5:00:00:restrained:00 | definition=strictly confined or guarded | examples=kept under close custody
5. sense_key=close%5:00:00:short:01 | definition=used of hair or haircuts | examples=a close military haircut
6. sense_key=close%5:00:00:tight:01 | definition=fitting closely but comfortably | synonyms=snug, close-fitting | examples=a close fit
7. sense_key=close%3:00:02:: | definition=close in relevance or relationship | examples=a close family; we are all...in close sympathy with...
8. sense_key=close%5:00:00:unventilated:00 | definition=lacking fresh air | synonyms=airless, stuffy, unaired | examples=a dusty airless attic; the dreadfully close atmosphere
9. sense_key=close%5:00:00:uncommunicative:00 | definition=inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information | synonyms=closelipped, closemouthed, secretive, tightlipped | examples=although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it
10. sense_key=close%3:00:05:: | definition=not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances | synonyms=near, nigh | examples=near neighbors; in the near future
11. sense_key=close%5:00:00:equal:00 | definition=(of a contest or contestants) evenly matched | synonyms=tight | examples=a close contest; a close election
12. sense_key=close%5:00:00:private:00 | definition=confined to specific persons | examples=a close secret
13. sense_key=close%3:00:01:: | definition=at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other | examples=close to noon; how close are we to town?
14. sense_key=close%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=rigorously attentive; strict and thorough | examples=close supervision; paid close attention
15. sense_key=close%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=of textiles | synonyms=tight | examples=a close weave; smooth percale with a very tight weave

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 13
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 13
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Close" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "close," the surface form is "close," and the context is "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer..." My goal is to determine the correct sense of "close" from the available candidates, leveraging my expertise in semantic analysis and collocation patterns.

The candidates are laid out, and immediately my mind jumps to the temporal/spatial senses, specifically senses 10 and 13. "Close to finding" hints at a degree of proximity to an action or state, which suggests these are strong contenders. I need to dissect the nuances here.

My initial instinct is to compare the phrasing "close to finding" with "close to noon" as in sense 13, and "near neighbors" as in sense 10. The preposition "to" following "close" in the sentence "are close to finding" is key. "Close to" + V-ing, like "close to finding," seems to align better with being almost there; so maybe degree/circumstances.

I consult WordNet, and it refines the picture. Sense 13, "at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other," has examples like "close to noon" and "how close are we to town?" Conversely, Sense 10, "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances," offers examples of "near neighbors" and "in the near future."

The phrasing, "close to finding," is analogous to the example "how close are we to town?" Both involve a degree of proximity to an action or destination. So, using this line of reasoning, it aligns most naturally with the "spatial/temporal" sense, as in how close are we to reaching the goal or event in time.

The sentence structure "are close to finding" suggests an adjective ("close") taking a prepositional phrase ("to finding"). Examining the syntax further, it doesn't seem that sense 10 has the same structure of "close to [event]". Given that, sense 13 seems to be more likely, because the "to" makes the most sense as a preposition to find the distance between a state in time or space. Therefore, the phrase "close to finding" indicates an event in time or metaphorical distance, similar to "close to noon" and "close to town."

So, I double-check the definition of Sense 13, and it confirms my reasoning: "at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other." This perfectly captures the idea of being "close to" the discovery. Thus, I'm confident in assigning sense 13.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to <t>finding</t> another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself
2. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
3. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
4. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
5. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
6. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
9. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
10. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
11. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
14. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
15. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
16. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Nuances of "Finding"**

Alright, let's break down this usage of "finding" in the context of scientific discovery. My initial thought is that scientists are actively searching and attempting to isolate a gene. I need to pinpoint the most precise sense of "finding" here.

I see a few candidate senses: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of," "establish after a calculation, investigation...", and "make a discovery, make a new finding." The last one, "make a discovery," immediately sparks my interest, especially given the example, "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." It's directly analogous! They're looking for something tangible, something new to science, a scientific discovery, just like finding a new particle.

I quickly check the example for sense 9, "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize," which is quite similar. But does "finding another gene" fit better with "establish after a calculation" or making a "discovery"? The synonyms for Sense 9 don't quite align with "another gene," right? I can't say, "ascertain another gene."

Let's dive into sense 11, which gives me "discover" as a synonym. Bingo! "Finding another gene" translates perfectly to "discovering another gene." The examples there are so on point: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." The syntax also supports this, "finding" is used with a noun phrase object. The sense 11 definition, "make a discovery, make a new finding", is a perfect fit, right?

I also consider Sense 5, which deals with detection, but the context is more about establishing the *presence* of something. That doesn't fit the 'making a discovery' theme here. I can't say that the scientists are simply 'detecting' another gene here.

So, comparing Sense 11, "make a new finding", with the others, it becomes clear that Sense 11, *specifically* "make a discovery, make a new finding," is the ideal fit. That "discover" synonym really locks it in. It is a new gene involved with colon cancer, that is a discovery! Therefore, the target sense is definitely Sense 11.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene <t>involved</t> with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
2. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Involved"**

Okay, so the target word is "involved," and it's being used in this context: "...are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5." Right away, I'm thinking about the different shades of meaning this word carries. It's crucial to pin down the precise sense here, as a misinterpretation could completely throw off the interpretation.

My initial mental scan brings up a few possibilities. We've got:

1.  "emotionally involved," which is clearly irrelevant in this genetic context.
2.  "connected by participation or association or use," which feels promising, considering the phrase "gene *involved* with colon cancer."
3.  "highly complex or intricate," and while gene interactions *can* be complex, this doesn't seem to be the primary meaning.
4.  "enveloped," which is far off the mark.
5.  "entangled or hindered," definitely not right in this context.

After running through the options, sense number 2, "connected by participation or association or use," is the obvious winner. It's a perfect fit, a gene *connected* to or *associated* with some types of colon cancer. Bingo. That's the correct interpretation. This is how the word "involved" is used in this genetic description.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
2. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up
3. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
4. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
5. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
6. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Types" in the Colon Cancer Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "types," and the phrase is "types of colon cancer." I need to identify the correct sense of "types" here. Let's run through the candidates: a person of a kind is clearly out. Metal blocks with characters? Nope. Tokens of a symbol in linguistics? Still not applicable. A taxonomic group in biology? No, not quite. Printed characters? Definitely not.

That leaves us with sense number 5: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing." The example provided is "what type of sculpture do you prefer?" Now that *nails* it. We're talking about different *kinds* or *subdivisions* of colon cancer, which fits the definition perfectly. No ambiguity there. Sense 5 is the winner. This context aligns perfectly with subdivisions or kinds of colon cancer. Bingo.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Verb "Believes" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "believes" in the sentence "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer." My initial thought is to identify the specific sense of "believes" at play here. This isn't a simple expression of faith or trust, but rather a scientific opinion.

I've got a few candidate senses from my mental lexicon: being confident, following a credo, crediting with veracity, accepting something as true, and judging or regarding.

The "judging or regarding" sense (think, consider, conceive) seems most promising. Could I replace "believes" with "thinks"? "Dr. Minna thinks people who inherit..." Yes, it works well. This feels right because it's a statement of a scientific hypothesis.

Now, let's contrast this with the "accept as true" sense. If it were that, we might say, "I believed his report," which indicates accepting a stated fact. However, the sentence isn't about accepting a *told* fact, it's about holding a *judgement*.

I keep coming back to "judge or regard," the sense where "think," "consider," and "conceive" are synonyms. I need to make sure I am not missing anything, so I want to be certain that there is no ambiguity. Looking at the examples, "I think he is very smart," and "I believe her to be very smart" both use this kind of construction, the *that* clause. "Dr. Minna believes that..."

Alright, I am satisfied. The sentence expresses a scientific opinion or judgment that Dr. Minna holds. The best fit is indeed sense 5: "judge or regard; look upon; judge | think, consider, conceive".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people
2. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
3. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
4. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Interpretation of Dr. Minna's Statement**

Okay, so I'm reading this article, and this sentence jumps out: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer." My immediate thought is, "Right, let's break this down." The key word here is "people." I need to understand what "people" is referring to in this context.

I'm considering a few possibilities. Could it be a vague, general reference to humanity? Or perhaps a more specific group, like a family line? Could it even be referring to the citizens of a particular state? However, given the scientific nature of the article and its focus on genetics, the most accurate interpretation is the fourth sense: "any group of human beings collectively." This, of course, means those individuals who inherit this specific genetic defect. Dr. Minna is discussing a group, and a particularly important group at that, with these genetic pre-dispositions. Therefore, the statement is referring to all the affected individuals; those with the defective gene. It's a precise, scientific definition, and that's what's important here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Inheriting a Defective Gene: Contextual Analysis**

Okay, the target word is "inherit," and the context provided is about Dr. Minna's research on lung cancer susceptibility. Specifically, she believes that individuals who "inherit" a defective gene on chromosome 3 are at a higher risk. Right away, my expert mind goes to genetic inheritance. Let's break down the options. "Receive from a predecessor" is broad, but it *could* fit if we're talking about a biological lineage. "Obtain from someone after their death" is clearly out of the picture in this scenario, it is referring to something physical. However, when we're dealing with a defective gene and chromosome 3, "receive by genetic transmission" is the most precise and accurate meaning. That third option, sense index 3, nails it. In this context, with the focus on genetics and disease susceptibility, it's the only logical interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
3. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Copies" in a Biological Context**

Okay, so the word I'm focusing on is "copies," and the specific phrase is "two copies of chromosome 3." This is where things get interesting, considering my expertise. I need to figure out the intended meaning of "copies" here, and to do that, I'm considering a few definitions.

First, there's the idea of a literal transcription, like a written record being reproduced. Then, there's the journalistic angle, perhaps referring to the subject of a story. I'm also considering the common meaning of a replica, something made to be identical or very similar to an original. Lastly, there's the possibility of thinking about it as raw materials used in printing.

Given that the context involves chromosome 3, a fundamental unit of genetic material, these other definitions really don't make much sense in a biological framework. When we talk about chromosomes, we are almost certainly referring to the homologous pairs that each of us inherits, one from each parent. Therefore, the definition that fits best is the one focused on similarity: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." This resonates with biological parlance, and that's the one I'm comfortable using.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Lemma "Especially"**

Okay, so the target lemma here is "especially," and it's used in the phrase "...are especially prone to lung cancer." My goal is to determine the correct sense of "especially" in this context. I'm presented with two potential senses, and it's pretty straightforward.

Sense 1 indicates "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" – synonyms include "particularly," "peculiarly," and "specially." We have an example with "he was particularly fussy..."

Sense 2 means "in a special manner," synonymous with "specially," as exemplified by "a specially arranged dinner".

Given the phrase "especially prone," it's instantly obvious that the meaning is about the *degree* of proneness, not a *special manner* of proneness. A person who is "especially prone" is prone to a distinctly greater degree than is typical. Therefore, Sense 1 is the clear and concise correct fit here. No further analysis is needed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor
2. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
3. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
4. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
5. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
6. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Word "Reported"**

Okay, so the target word is "reported," derived from the lemma "report." The context sentence is: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too." My immediate instinct is to look for the definition that best fits this scientific context. Based on the sentence structure and the field of study, I'd say the relevant definition here would be "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding."

Let's see, do the example sentences align? "The team reported significant advances in their research." Yes, that seems a perfect fit. I remember from my own work in the field that "report" in this context is frequently tied to scientific findings. Now to look at the sense index to be sure. It looks like sense 5 is the one - let me review the other options.

1.  "Complain about" - Nope, that's not it at all.
2.  "Journalistic reporting" - Not quite right; although scientific results are often reported in journals, that's not the primary meaning here.
3.  "Give an account of in words" - This is close, but somewhat generic; doesn't convey the sense of a formal finding.
4.  "Announce one's presence" - Completely irrelevant.
5.  "Announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" - *Bingo*. This is the one. It perfectly captures the meaning in this sentence.
6.  "Make known to authorities" - Also not the right connotation, in this case.

Clearly, sense 5 is the correct interpretation. The sentence is about scientists formally announcing their research findings, so "reported" in this context refers to the dissemination of information derived from an investigation. It's that direct reporting of data. Done!


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
2. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Involved"**

Okay, so the sentence is "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be *involved* in some lung cancers..." My task is to determine the best sense of "involved" in this specific context.

Let's break down the candidate senses I've got here: first, "entangled or hindered, like in mire" – that's a metaphorical association, a problem. Second, we have "connected by participation, association, or use." This feels promising, given we are talking about a gene's relationship with cancer. Next, "enveloped" – that doesn't quite fit the relationship we are after. Then, "highly complex or intricate" – that's possible, but less direct. And finally, "emotionally involved," which is definitely off the mark in this scientific context.

Considering that the subject is a gene and its relationship to lung cancer, it's clear that the second definition, "connected by participation or association or use," is the most precise. The gene is *participating* in or *associated* with the development or progression of lung cancer. The other senses just don't have the appropriate precision. We are looking for something that is a direct participation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
4. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Other"**

Okay, so the target is "other" and it appears exactly as "other" in the text. The surrounding words are: "...as well as several *other* more common cancers, too." Right, that's straightforward enough. Let's see what we're working with here.

Looking at the proposed senses, we have: "strange," "past," "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied," and another "past." Hmm, "strange" and "past" don't feel right at all. "Past" clearly doesn't fit, and "strange" seems completely off-base given the context.

The phrase "other more common cancers" is a key piece of information. It's referring to cancers *different* from the lung cancers mentioned previously. It's clearly a contrast, a distinction being made. The definition, "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied," is a slam dunk. That's *exactly* what this instance of "other" signifies. The JSON output should be `{"sense_index": 3}`. Perfect.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should
2. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Use of "More" in Context**

Okay, so the task is to disambiguate "more" in the phrase "...as well as several other more common cancers, too." Pretty straightforward, actually. The target lemma is "more", and the surface form, unsurprisingly, is also "more." The surrounding text is key. I need to figure out which sense of "more" is being employed here.

Looking at the candidate senses, I have two options. Sense 1 is the comparative of "much", indicating degree or extent directly: "he works more now". Sense 2 is the comparative *form* used with adjectives and adverbs: "more interesting".

Given the context – "more common" – it's immediately obvious that we're dealing with the latter. "More" is modifying the adjective "common" to create its comparative form. Sense 2, with its clear definition of forming comparatives, is the perfect match. The example provided for sense 2, "more interesting; more beautiful," further reinforces this. This is a clear-cut application of sense 2. Case closed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
9. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Semantic Sense of "Common" in a Medical Context**

Okay, so I'm looking at the word "common" in the context of "common cancers." My initial thought is that "common" here likely means "frequently occurring" or "prevalent" – a cancer type that is widely encountered. Let's dig in and see if that is true.

I have two strong candidate senses to consider. Candidate 6 gives "commonly encountered" with synonyms like "usual", and an example of "a common complaint". Candidate 9, on the other hand, gives "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual". The examples seem relevant. I know that the term "common cold" means frequent, so that's helpful. Comparing these two senses makes me hone in. In context, "common cancers" implies prevalence, which is closely related to "commonly encountered," so that leans me to sense 6.

I'm thinking, "common%5:00:00:familiar:02" versus "common%3:00:01::". Looking at WordNet, "common%5:00:00:familiar:02" is a satellite of "familiar%3:00:00::," and "common%3:00:01::" is a head adjective that means average, ordinary, or usual. I need to make sure I get the right usage. I'm recalling from my medical knowledge that a "common disease" is one that happens often. Now I'm trying to align this. I should check WordNet for "frequent," but I'm thinking I can extrapolate.

Now, let's go back and examine "commonly encountered." Sense 6's definition is "commonly encountered," with "usual" as a synonym, and an example like "a common (or familiar) complaint." A common cancer implies a frequently encountered or prevalent one. Sense 9, with examples like "the common man," implies average or ordinary, which doesn't fit the context of "common cancers."

"Common cancer" is analogous to "common complaint." It's about prevalence, not the ordinary kind of cancer.

I am re-reading Sense 6: definition "commonly encountered," synonyms "usual," and examples "a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting". Bingo. That's a perfect fit!

I'll check my knowledge base for "common%5:00:00:familiar:02". Yes, it's "commonly encountered." I will double-check. Sense 6 gives "usual" as a synonym. Sense 9 gives examples like "the common man." Sense 9 doesn't work, as that means "ordinary" rather than "frequently occurring."

Based on all of this, sense 6 is the winner.

I will review: definition is "commonly encountered", synonyms "usual", examples "a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting." Yes, "more common cancers" clearly refers to cancers that are more commonly encountered. Let me discard the other senses to be sure. Sense 4 gives "to be expected; standard," and Sense 8 gives "shared by two or more parties." No, they don't apply.

The sense index is 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
2. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
3. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
4. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
5. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Cancers" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "cancers," and it's being used in a medical context, specifically referring to "lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers." Given that context, I'm immediately drawn to the most relevant sense.

Looking at my available definitions, sense index 5 immediately jumps out: "...any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." This aligns perfectly with the textual usage. It's a straightforward association - the text is describing a class of diseases and this sense directly captures the biological basis of those diseases. There's really no ambiguity here; sense 5 is definitely the correct interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case
2. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 4
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 4
}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Discoveries"**

Okay, so the target is "discoveries", and the context is about recent findings in genetics – specifically, genes and their roles in things like tumor suppression. My initial instinct is to run through the possible senses. We've got the legal sense, the act of discovering, a productive insight, and then "something that is discovered." The key here is the phrase "Where these discoveries will lead." Is that referring to the act of discovering, or the actual *things* being discovered?

I'm leaning towards the things themselves, the *discoveries* in the sense of the genes and the new information about them. Looking at WordNet, "something that is discovered" (sense 4) seems to fit best. But, I need to make sure I consider "a productive insight" (sense 3), too. "Breakthrough" and "find" are synonyms there, which also *seems* related.

The context mentions a "cascade of discoveries" leading to predictive tests. This reinforces the idea that each "discovery" is a piece of information or fact, which can be used or "turned into" something else. So, a "discovery" in this case is a specific thing that has been found.

Okay, let's step back and consider WordNet's definitions again. Sense 4, "something that is discovered", clearly includes the result of the act of discovering, like a new gene or the role of a gene. Sense 3, "a productive insight", is a breakthrough, a new way of understanding. While the new facts might lead to insights, the "discoveries" themselves are the *facts*, not the insight.

Looking at the context again, it mentions specific genes and what is known about them: "isolate one on chromosome 18", "finding another gene", "the retinoblastoma suppressor gene". This context suggests "something that is discovered" (sense 4) is the most appropriate, not the act or the insight.

The lexnames are telling.  Sense 4 ("something that is discovered") falls under noun.communication (1:10), which makes sense because we are dealing with facts, information, knowledge. Sense 3 ("a productive insight") is noun.cognition (1:09). Now that I'm considering it as information, and considering this "cascade of discoveries", it's clear sense 4 is the right choice. Each discovery is a fact, information. And it's those facts that will lead somewhere, not the breakthrough *idea* of looking for them.

So, I'm confident. The correct sense is "something that is discovered" (sense 4). It is the information being discussed. That fits the context and the lexname.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
6. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
7. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

source: unavailable

error_kind: ServiceUnavailableError

error_message:
litellm.ServiceUnavailableError: GeminiException - {
  "error": {
    "code": 503,
    "message": "This model is currently experiencing high demand. Spikes in demand are usually temporary. Please try again later.",
    "status": "UNAVAILABLE"
  }
}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: speculate
Target surface form: speculate
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=speculate%2:40:00:: | definition=invest at a risk | synonyms=job | examples=I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating
2. sense_key=speculate%2:32:00:: | definition=talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion | examples=We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal
3. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
4. sense_key=speculate%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 3
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 3
}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Speculate" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "speculate" in the phrase "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate." My initial thought is to consider the different senses of "speculate." The most likely candidates seem to be: "invest at a risk," which is clearly irrelevant here; "talk over conjecturally," which hints at casual discussion; "believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds," which suggests theorizing; and "reflect deeply on a subject."

Looking closer, the context "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate" really nails down the need to consider uncertainty. I'm focusing on "conjecturally" versus "believe on uncertain grounds". The structure of the sentence, "scientists can only speculate [as to where these discoveries will lead]" is key.

Then I checked my WordNet knowledge. I found:
*   Sense 2: "talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way..."
*   Sense 3: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds...".

I can tell that "speculate" here implies forming conjectures or guesses about the future. I'm going to eliminate "talk over conjecturally". It's not idle, and scientists are not casually talking. They are working out what they believe, given what they know. I have to think, does "speculate" mean casual communication, or does it mean "to conjecture."

The fact that it is "can only speculate" means they *can't* know. It points to a guess or a conjecture. My past cases seem to line up with both senses. However, Sense 2 is communicating "We were speculating whether..." but that isn't really the intent here.

The phrase "can only speculate" emphasizes that they lack evidence, they can only guess, that's what's key. Guessing is cognition. I can rephrase the sentence "Scientists can only theorize/conjecture where these discoveries will lead." I like it!

Let's check Sense 3 again: "believe on uncertain grounds." "Scientists theorize..." and it just makes sense in this context.

Now for a deeper dive. Let's compare "We were speculating whether the President had to resign" to "philosophers have speculated on the question of God..." The first is about a *whether* clause, the second is about *on* a topic. However, "speculate where X will lead" is also a *wh* clause. Hmm. But my expert sense tells me the connotation isn't idle talk. It is definitely cognition.

But, "can only speculate" implies a mental state where we don't know for sure, so we have to conjecture. Then let's also look at "reflect deeply". In this case, "to guess" feels like the right connotation. "Scientists can only conjecture where these discoveries will lead" makes the most sense.

I'm starting to lean towards "believe on uncertain or tentative grounds". The synonyms "theorize, conjecture, hypothesize" are perfect fits. Since scientists are trying to predict the outcome of future events, it isn't an idle conversation.

So let's go back and examine all the definitions. I'm choosing "believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds". That synonym list is so good.

I have to consider if it is cognition or communication.
"Scientists can only speculate" -> they can only form theories/guesses.

Now, checking the WordNet hierarchy is very helpful for me.
*   Sense 2 (Communication): talk, speak.
*   Sense 3 (Cognition): expect, anticipate.
*   Sense 4 (Cognition): think, cogitate, cerebrate.

"Scientists can only speculate" implies they don't have the facts to know for sure, so it makes sense that they are forming hypotheses or conjectures. Thus, I'm choosing Sense 3.

I'll do a sanity check: I've got synonyms: theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate. "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only conjecture" - perfect. I am eliminating communication. It is a mental state.

Now, the example for Sense 3: "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps." My context has "scientists," just like Sense 3's example. I'll go with Sense 3.

I'll re-check that. Let's look at Sense 2 "review in an idle or casual way... without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion." My experts are not "idle or casual." They "theorize" or "hypothesize." My conviction grows. Sense 3 fits. I had forgotten the point made in SemCor - "speculate" with a WH-clause.

I searched my knowledge base. "speculate


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
6. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
7. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major
8. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Major"**

Okay, so I'm looking at the word "major" in the context of "two major pharmaceutical companies." My initial thought is to run through the possible senses. Let's see... I've got a list here: greater importance, seriousness, size, academic field, scope, musical scale, elder, full legal age. Hmm, that's quite a range.

Given the context, "pharmaceutical companies," the musical scale and elder senses are obviously wrong. The academic sense doesn't quite fit either. Full legal age, no. Now, I'm thinking it's between importance, size, or scope.

My intuition says it's about importance, rank, or stature. Like a "major artist," this means a leading, significant company. But let's be sure. Sense 3, "greater in number or size," is the "majority" sense, so that's out. Sense 5, greater scope, I'm thinking that could also work. But again, prominence is a better description.

Okay, now let's use the WordNet definitions to solidify my thinking. I've got "major%3:00:06:: of greater importance or stature or rank," that's my leading idea. And, in the "major role" sense, it works the same way for companies.

I've also got "major%3:00:01:: greater in number or size or amount" and "major%3:00:02:: greater in scope or effect." No, no, I'm leaning toward prominent companies in pharmaceutical fields.

So, let's confirm the synsets. I have major%3:00:06, major%3:00:01 and major%3:00:02. And I know it's not greater size, nor "greater in scope." "two major pharmaceutical companies" means prominent, important. I'm going with Sense 1. Seems like "of greater importance or stature or rank" is the best fit. I'm pretty confident.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unit
Target surface form: unit
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unit%1:03:00:: | definition=an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity | synonyms=whole | examples=how big is that part compared to the whole?; the team is a unit
2. sense_key=unit%1:24:00:: | definition=an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole | examples=the reduced the number of units and installations; the word is a basic linguistic unit
3. sense_key=unit%1:17:00:: | definition=a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else | synonyms=building block | examples=units of nucleic acids
4. sense_key=unit%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization regarded as part of a larger social group | synonyms=social unit | examples=the coach said the offensive unit did a good job; after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit
5. sense_key=unit%1:23:00:: | definition=any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange | synonyms=unit of measurement | examples=the dollar is the United States unit of currency; a unit of wheat is a bushel
6. sense_key=unit%1:09:00:: | definition=a single undivided whole | examples=an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Unit" in a Corporate Context**

Okay, so the target is "unit" within "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co." My initial thought is to figure out if it's a structural element (sense 2), a discrete component, or something with a more defined social role (sense 4). The context immediately points me towards an organizational element, a division within a larger company.

Initially, I considered a few senses: an assemblage (sense 1), a constituent part (sense 2), or a single component (sense 3), but those felt too broad. It's more than just a part; it's an *organization* within another organization. Then, I considered "social unit" (sense 4), thinking about examples like an offensive unit in sports. Could that apply to a company division?

Let's check WordNet. Looking at the definitions helps clarify things. Sense 4, the "social unit," clearly states "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group." Synonyms like "social unit" hit home. Thinking, the coach said the "offensive unit," this also applies to businesses, military divisions. Sense 2 feels too generic. It's about how its a "structural or functional constituent." My brain wants to check if it has the "administrative unit" definition. Hmm. "Administrative unit" is a hyponym of "social unit" in WordNet, which is very helpful. And "division" (like in a company) is a hyponym of "administrative unit." Bingo!

So, the Squibb unit is a division of a company, that fits perfectly as a "social unit". Let's double check. Sense 4 covers it: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group". Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. is the larger group, Squibb is the organization. It's a clean fit. Sense 2, "structural or functional constituent," feels too abstract for this corporate context. "They reduced the number of units and installations" feels right, but not right for the Squibb example.

Confirming "social unit" examples: Yes, the "offensive unit" analogy and military unit works well. Does this include company divisions? Yes, "organization" is the genus. Squibb is an organization. Bristol-Myers Squibb is the larger social group.

Therefore, sense 4 is the definitive winner. So sense_index: 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: collaborate
Target surface form: collaborating
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are <t>collaborating</t> with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:01:: | definition=cooperate as a traitor | examples=he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris
2. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:00:: | definition=work together on a common enterprise of project | synonyms=join forces, cooperate, get together | examples=The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well; We joined forces with another research group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Collaborating"**

Okay, so the task is to pinpoint the exact sense of "collaborating" in this passage. The text mentions Squibb, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Hoffmann-La Roche are working with "gene hunters" to develop tests and therapies. Right away, I see two possible senses: the somewhat archaic "cooperate as a traitor" and the more common "work together on a common enterprise or project".

Given the pharmaceutical context, and the shared goal of developing tests and therapies, the first sense is a complete non-starter. It's obviously sense 2: "work together on a common enterprise or project."

The definition aligns perfectly with the situation: joint effort toward a shared goal. Synonyms like "join forces," "cooperate," and "get together" all reinforce this understanding. Sense 2 is the clear and unambiguous winner.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hunter
Target surface form: hunters
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who hunts game | synonyms=huntsman
2. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | definition=a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel | synonyms=Orion
3. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who searches for something | examples=a treasure hunter
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | definition=a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal | synonyms=hunting watch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Lemma "Hunters" in Context**

Okay, so the lemma I'm working with is "hunters," and the surface form is "hunters"—that's straightforward. Now, let's see, the context is mentioning scientists, specifically names like Vogelstein, White, Bodmer, and Minna, who are isolating genes involved in cancer research. Ah, the phrase "gene hunters" pops up, which immediately tells me this is about people searching for genes.

Let's break down the possible senses to confirm. Sense 1 is the most common one, the "game hunter." That's not it, clearly. Sense 2 describes the constellation Orion. Also not right. Sense 4, watch, nope, not a hunter. Sense 3, which is a person who searches for something, like a "treasure hunter," now *that's* the fit. "Gene hunters" aligns perfectly with Sense 3: people actively searching, in this case, for specific genes. Bingo.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
2. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
3. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
4. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
5. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
7. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
9. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
11. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
12. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
13. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
14. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
15. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
16. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
17. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
18. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
20. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
21. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
22. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
23. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 15}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 15}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Turn"**

Okay, so the task is to decipher the specific meaning of "turn" in this phrase: "...to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests..." The target word is "turn", and the context is clear. My initial instinct is to treat "turn into" as a phrasal verb, but I know WordNet often lumps these together under the base word. So, the object is "the anticipated cascade of discoveries," and the prepositional phrase provides the result: "into predictive tests."

The core meaning here is about causing something to transform or become something else. I need to zero in on the precise sense. Let's examine the candidate senses.

Sense 15 looks promising: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics." The examples they give, like "The princess turned the frog into a prince," and "The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold," really resonate. This fits a transitive usage, which is key. We're actively *causing* the cascade to *become* something else.

Sense 17, "undergo a change or development" (intransitive) with synonyms like "become," is close but doesn't quite capture the active transformation. The water *turning* into ice is similar to the cascade of discoveries, but it's not exactly the same; while the cascade undergoes change, something has to cause that to happen. My current understanding is that this usage is transitive ("turn the anticipated cascade... into predictive tests"), so sense 15 fits perfectly.

Yes, Sense 15 is definitely the right fit. It's `turn%2:42:13::`. The object and prepositional phrase give perfect context.

JSON: `{"sense_index": 15}`. That's the one.