[User]
Which numbered sense of "impact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the striking of one body against another
2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking
3. definition=influencing strongly | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'impact' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The word is "impact". Senses:
1. the striking of one body against another (physical collision)
2. a forceful consequence; a strong effect (example: the book had an important impact on my thinking)
3. influencing strongly (example: they resented the impingement of American values on European culture)
4. the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat (example: the armies met in the shock of battle)

In the sentence, "impact" refers to the positive effect of migration flows on economic growth, wages, and employment. This is not a physical collision, not an impingement (though 3 might be close, but "impingement" is more about encroachment), and not combat. Sense 2, "a forceful consequence; a strong effect," fits perfectly. The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" is analogous to "the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth".

So the answer is 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "migration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'migration' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

Senses:
1. definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

The sentence is about immigration and economic growth. The phrase "migration flows" refers to the movement of people across borders. So sense 1 fits perfectly. No chemistry, no animal migration, and not a specific group moving together in a time period but general flows. So answer: 1.

format: unknown

native_finish_reason: stop

provider: StreamLake

currency: USD


[User]
Which numbered sense of "flow" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases)
2. definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time
3. definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression
4. definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal
6. definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | examples=two streams of development run through American history
7. definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation

reasoning_content:
We need to determine which sense of "flow" (plural "flows") is used in the given sentence. The sentence: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

We are given seven numbered senses. We must pick the number.

The word is "flows" in the context "migration flows". Migration flows refers to the movement of people from one place to another, often in large numbers. This is a metaphorical use of "flow" as a stream of people.

Let's examine the senses:

1. the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) - literal fluid motion. Not applicable.
2. the amount of fluid that flows in a given time - literal fluid quantity. Not applicable.
3. the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression - could be abstract, but might apply to any continuous progression. Migration flows could be seen as continuous progression of people.
4. any uninterrupted stream or discharge - "stream" could be metaphorical. "uninterrupted stream" could apply.
5. something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal - This explicitly mentions "a stream of people". Perfect match for migration flows.
6. dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas - abstract course of events/ideas. Migration flows are not events/ideas, they are movements of people.
7. menstrual discharge - no.

Sense 5 explicitly mentions "a stream of people" as an example. "Migration flows" refers to the movement of people, like a stream of people. So sense 5 is the most accurate.

Thus, the answer is 5.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | examples=they are looking for employment
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | examples=he is looking for employment
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job
4. definition=the act of using | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs

reasoning_content:
We are asked to identify which sense of "employment" is used in the given sentence. The word is marked with <t>employment</t>. The sentence: "... positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants."

We need to choose the correct sense number from the provided list.

Senses:
1. the state of being employed or having a job (they are looking for employment)
2. the occupation for which you are paid (he is looking for employment)
3. the act of giving someone a job
4. the act of using (he warned against the use of narcotic drugs)

In the context, "economic growth, wages and employment" refers to employment as a general economic condition: the state of people having jobs, not a specific occupation, not the act of giving a job, and certainly not "use". So sense 1 fits best: "the state of being employed or having a job". The example for sense 1 is "they are looking for employment", which aligns with the general concept of being employed. Sense 2 is also similar but refers to "occupation for which you are paid", which is more specific, like a job title. The context is about overall employment levels, so sense 1 is the primary one.

Thus, the answer is 1.

provider: Fireworks


[User]
Which numbered sense of "country" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | examples=the state has elected a new president
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | examples=he returned to the land of his birth
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | examples=it was a mountainous area

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence with a word "countries" marked with <t></t>. We need to determine which sense from the provided numbered list applies.

Sentence: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants."

Analyze the word "countries" here. It refers to nations that admit immigrants. The phrase "in countries, which admit immigrants" clearly means political entities, i.e., nations or states that have governments and admit immigrants.

Look at the senses:
1. a politically organized body of people under a single government (e.g., the state has elected a new president)
2. the territory occupied by a nation (e.g., he returned to the land of his birth)
3. the people who live in a nation or country (e.g., a statement that sums up the nation's mood)
4. an area outside of cities and towns (e.g., his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country)
5. a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) (e.g., it was a mountainous area)

The context is about "countries, which admit immigrants". Immigrants are admitted by the government/political entity. While it could also refer to the territory (they come to the country), the act of "admitting" is an action by the state/government. The primary sense here is the political entity. Sense 1 fits perfectly: a politically organized body of people under a single government. Sense 2 is territory, but "admit immigrants" is more of a governmental action. Sense 3 is the people, but people don't "admit" immigrants; the state does. Sense 4 is rural area, not applicable. Sense 5 is a region, not applicable.

Thus, the correct sense is 1.

Return only the number.

provider: DeepInfra


[User]
Which numbered sense of "immigration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)
2. definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'immigration' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)
2. definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony"

Need to pick the correct sense. The sentence "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment" is talking about the act or policy of immigration, i.e., the process of people coming into a country. It's not referring to the group of immigrants (the body of immigrants). "Restraining immigration" means restricting the flow of immigration, so it's sense 1: migration into a place. Sense 2 is "the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval", e.g., "the increased immigration strengthened the colony" refers to the people, not the process. So answer is 1.

provider: Together


[User]
Which numbered sense of "growth" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | examples=the increase in unemployment
4. definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees
5. definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'growth' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment."

Senses:
1. biology: process of individual organism growing organically...
2. progression from simpler to more complex forms...
3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (example: the increase in unemployment)
4. vegetation that has grown...
5. gradual beginning or coming forth...
6. pathology: abnormal proliferation of tissue...
7. something grown or growing...

The sentence is about "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment." This is likely economic growth (growth of the economy). The word "anaemic" suggests weak/poor growth. The sense that matches is sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" with example "the increase in unemployment". Here growth refers to economic growth, i.e., becoming larger/more important. The context is immigration and employment, so it's about economic or population growth, not biological/organic individual growth, vegetation, tumors, etc. So the correct sense is 3.

Return only the number: 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>.

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | examples=they are looking for employment
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | examples=he is looking for employment
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job
4. definition=the act of using | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'employment' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>."

Senses:
1. the state of being employed or having a job (examples: they are looking for employment)
2. the occupation for which you are paid (examples: he is looking for employment)
3. the act of giving someone a job
4. the act of using (examples: he warned against the use of narcotic drugs)

We need to determine which sense fits the word "employment" as used in the sentence. "harms employment" means it negatively affects the state of people having jobs, the employment rate or the condition of being employed. It refers to the general level of employment in the economy. So it's sense 1: the state of being employed or having a job. Sense 2 is a specific occupation (a job). Sense 3 is the act of hiring. Sense 4 is usage. The context is macroeconomic: restraining immigration harms economic growth and employment. That means it harms the state of people being employed. So answer is 1.

provider: WandB


[User]
Which numbered sense of "fear" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight)
2. definition=an anxious feeling | examples=care had aged him
3. definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | examples=the fear of God

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of "fear" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

The sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

Here, "Fears" is used as a noun, plural. The context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants" – these are concerns or anxieties about the future, something that might happen. Let's check the senses:

1. "an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight)" – This is the typical fear as an emotion, like being afraid of something. "Fears" in the sentence are more about concerns/worries about possible negative outcomes, not necessarily an immediate emotional response of fear with a fight-or-flight reaction. However, it could be seen as an anxious anticipation of danger (economic harm).

2. "an anxious feeling | examples=care had aged him" – This is a general anxious feeling. "Fears" could be anxieties. But the example "care had aged him" seems like worry, not fear. This sense might match "fear" as anxiety or concern.

3. "a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | examples=the fear of God" – Clearly not this one, as it's about respect, not anxiety about immigrants.

So the choice is between 1 and 2. In the sentence, "Fears about the impact" means "concerns" or "anxieties" about the impact, not a sudden emotion of fear. Sense 2 explicitly says "an anxious feeling". Sense 1 describes fear as an emotion anticipating pain or danger. In common usage, "fears" in this context is more like "concerns" or "worries", which is closer to sense 2. Also, the example of sense 2 uses "care had aged him", where "care" means worry/anxiety. That aligns with "fears" here: people are worried about immigrants' impact. So I'd select sense 2.

Let's double-check: Sense 1 mentions "specific pain or danger" and "desire to flee or fight", which is more acute fear. Here, it's more of a persistent worry about economic impact, not an immediate threat. So sense 2 fits best.

Thus, answer: 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "impact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=the striking of one body against another
2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking
3. definition=influencing strongly | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

We need to determine which numbered sense of "impact" is used. The senses are:

1. the striking of one body against another
2. a forceful consequence; a strong effect | example: the book had an important impact on my thinking
3. influencing strongly | example: they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | example: the armies met in the shock of battle

The sentence talks about "fears about the impact of immigrants" on the labor market, replacing native workers and pressuring wages. This is clearly about the effect or consequence of immigration, not physical striking, combat, or impingement (though sense 3 is "influencing strongly," but note the example uses "impingement"). Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" fits perfectly. The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" is analogous to the impact of immigrants on wages/employment. So sense 2 is correct.

I will return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "notion" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | examples=his impression of her was favorable
2. definition=a general inclusive concept
3. definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories
4. definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'notion' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

Senses provided:
1. definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | examples=his impression of her was favorable
2. definition=a general inclusive concept
3. definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories
4. definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

We need to pick the sense that best fits the usage in the sentence. The phrase "the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..." indicates a belief or idea that is held. It is not a vague idea with confidence (sense 1)? Wait, sense 1 says "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed". The example "his impression of her was favorable" suggests an impression. The sentence doesn't present it as vague; it's a specific belief/theory. Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept". That fits "the notion that..." as a general concept or idea. Sense 3 is odd/fanciful, but the sentence doesn't imply it's odd (though the author might think it's wrong, the word "notion" itself is used neutrally). Sense 4 is about sewing items, obviously not.

So it's between sense 1 and sense 2. In many dictionary definitions, "notion" meaning "a belief or idea" falls under a general concept. Sense 1 emphasizes vagueness, which is not the primary meaning here. The sentence uses "notion" to mean "idea" or "belief", often a conception. Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept" seems spot on for "notion that...". I'll choose 2.

provider: AtlasCloud


[User]
Which numbered sense of "worker" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. definition=a person who acts and gets things done | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair

reasoning_content:
We are asked: Which numbered sense of "worker" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence? Return only the number.

Sentence: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. definition=a person who acts and gets things done | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair

The sentence discusses replacing native workers, especially unskilled ones, in the context of labor market and wages. "Workers" here clearly refers to people who are employed in jobs, specifically occupations. It's about people who work at specific occupations (unskilled ones). Sense 2 mentions "member of the working class (not necessarily employed)" – but the sentence is about employment and wages, so they are employed workers being replaced. Sense 1 fits better because it's about a person who works at a specific occupation. The example "he is a good worker" aligns with the general sense of someone who works. The phrase "unskilled ones" indicates specific types of occupations. So I'd pick sense 1.

Thus the answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "one" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'one' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

The sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages."

The senses provided:
1. the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number. Example: "he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it"
2. a single person or thing. Example: "he is the best one"

We need to determine which sense is used for "ones" in "unskilled ones". Here, "ones" is plural of "one", referring back to "workers". It is a pronoun used to avoid repeating "workers" and means "unskilled workers". This usage is like "a single person or thing" but here it's plural. The sense "a single person or thing" encompasses the pronoun use referring to a person or thing. The examples given for sense 2: "he is the best one" shows that "one" can refer to a person or thing. In the given context, "ones" is simply the plural form.

Sense 1 is specifically the numeral. So the answer is sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "pressure" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | examples=he gave the button a press
4. definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | examples=the insistence of their hunger
5. definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'pressure' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | examples=he gave the button a press
4. definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | examples=the insistence of their hunger
5. definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere"

We need to find the best matching sense for "pressure" in "exerting downward pressure on wages". The phrase "downward pressure on wages" is a common economic expression meaning factors that tend to drive wages down. It's not literal physical pressure (senses 1, 3, 5, 7). It's about an economic force or influence. Sense 2: "a force that compels" – example: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government". That's about compelling action. Sense 4: "the state of demanding notice or attention" – doesn't fit. Sense 6: "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress" – "downward pressure" is not itself a condition of distress, but a force that could cause distress. However, "pressure" in economics is often metaphorical. Let's consider sense 2: "a force that compels". In economics, "pressure" often means a force that tends to cause a change (like compelling a change in wages). For example, "inflationary pressure", "downward pressure". This matches the idea of a compelling force. Sense 6 is about a state of distress (like "the pressure of poverty"). The sentence says "exerting downward pressure on wages", which means creating a force that pushes wages down. So sense 2 seems correct: a force that compels. Let's verify: "compels" means forces or drives. Downward pressure on wages is a force that drives wages down. Yes.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "experience" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience
2. definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience
3. definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'experience' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

Senses:
1. definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience
2. definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience
3. definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience

We need to determine which sense fits "experience" in the given sentence. The sentence says "experience shows that...". This means that accumulated knowledge from past events demonstrates something. It's like "experience teaches us...". That aligns with sense 1: accumulation of knowledge or skill resulting from direct participation. Sense 2 is about a specific experience (content of direct observation/participation). Sense 3 is an event itself. The phrase "experience shows" refers to the body of knowledge gained through experience. So sense 1 is correct.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "replacement" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. definition=someone who takes the place of another person
3. definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another
5. definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up
6. definition=a person who follows next in order | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'replacement' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

Senses:
1. definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. definition=someone who takes the place of another person
3. definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another
5. definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up
6. definition=a person who follows next in order | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

We need to interpret the usage: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor". Here "replacements" is a plural noun. "replacements of local labor" means people or things that replace local labor. So we are talking about immigrants being "replacements" for local labor. The meaning is that immigrants are not taking the place of local labor; they are complementary.

Let's check the senses:
Sense 1: the act of furnishing an equivalent... (this is an action, not a person/thing). "replacements" here is a noun referring to the entities, not the act. So not 1.
Sense 2: someone who takes the place of another person. This is specifically "someone" (a person). Immigrants are people, so this could fit. But "local labor" might be considered a collective group, but sense 2 says "another person". It might be too narrow?
Sense 3: an event in which one thing is substituted... (event, not a person/thing). Not 3.
Sense 4: a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another. This is broader: "a person or thing". Immigrants could be persons or considered as a factor. "replacements of local labor" means persons/things that replace local labor. This fits perfectly.
Sense 5: filling again by supplying what has been used up. Not relevant.
Sense 6: a person who follows next in order (successor). This is more about order like lineage or office. Not really about replacing in a job market sense as much as taking a position. Immigrants aren't successors in a sequence; they are substitutes.

Between 2 and 4: 2 says "someone who takes the place of another person", 4 says "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another". The phrase is "replacements of local labor", local labor is a concept/group, not a specific person. Sense 4 is more general and fits the context better. In many dictionaries, "replacement" as a noun meaning a substitute is often defined like sense 4. Sense 2 might be a subset. Given the list, sense 4 is the most accurate.

Thus, the answer is 4.

provider: SiliconFlow


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'labor' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below?" The sentence: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

We need to select the correct sense number from the list. The word "labor" is tagged with <t> and </t>. In the sentence, "local labor" refers to workers, i.e., people who do work, specifically those who perform manual or skilled work. The context: immigrants are complementary to local labor, meaning they complement the local workforce. Senses:

1. a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages; example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field"
2. productive work (especially physical work done for wages); example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill"
3. childbirth
4. organized attempt by workers (labor unions)
5. political party
6. federal department
7. any piece of work undertaken

The sentence talks about "local labor" in the context of exercising trades and shortage of local labor. That matches sense 1: a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages. It refers to the people themselves, not the work. "Local labor" means local workers. "There is a shortage of local labor" means a shortage of local workers. The example for sense 1 even includes "shortage of skilled labor". Sense 2 is the work itself, not the people. So sense 1 is correct.

provider: Alibaba


[User]
Which numbered sense of "trade" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East
2. definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | examples=it was a package deal
5. definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | examples=he represented the craft of brewers
6. definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. definition=an equal exchange | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

reasoning_content:
We need to identify which sense of "trade" is used in the sentence. The sentence: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor." The word is "trades" in plural: "exercising trades".

Look at the senses:
1. commercial exchange of goods and services
2. the skilled practice of a practical occupation (e.g., learned his trade as an apprentice)
3. business given to a commercial establishment (patronage)
4. a particular instance of buying or selling
5. people who perform a particular kind of skilled work (craft)
6. trade winds
7. an equal exchange (barter)

In the sentence: "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor." The phrase "exercising trades" suggests they are practicing specific skilled occupations. "Trades" here refers to skilled professions or crafts (like plumbing, carpentry, etc.) where there is a shortage of labor. This matches sense 2: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation". Sense 5 refers to the people, not the occupation itself. The sentence says "exercising trades", which means practicing the occupation, not representing a group of people. So sense 2.

Thus, the number is 2.

provider: Baidu


[User]
Which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence with the word "shortage" marked, and we need to choose which numbered sense fits. The senses provided are:

1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency

The sentence: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor."

We need to decide between sense 1 and sense 2. Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required". Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency". The context: "a shortage of local labor" means there is not enough local labor. It's simply an insufficiency, not necessarily "acute". But both definitions could apply. The word "shortage" often means a deficiency. However, sense 1 includes "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required", which is a more general definition of shortage. Sense 2 specifically says "acute insufficiency". The phrase "acute" implies severity. The sentence doesn't necessarily imply an acute shortage, just that there is a shortage. So sense 1 might be the more basic definition. But we must choose based on the exact numbered senses provided. Typically, in such tasks, the first sense is the primary, more general meaning, while the second is a more specific meaning. The phrase "an acute insufficiency" sounds like a medical or specific context? The example for sense 1 seems medical: "new blood vessels bud out... to make up the nutritional deficit" (note: the example uses "deficit" not "shortage", maybe a mistake). But the definition in sense 1 is "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required". The sentence "a shortage of local labor" means the quantity of local labor is less than required. That matches sense 1 perfectly. Sense 2 says "an acute insufficiency" – while shortage can mean insufficiency, the added "acute" makes it more specific. The sentence doesn't indicate acuteness. So I'd pick sense 1.

Thus answer: 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
We need to determine which sense of "labor" fits the sentence. The sentence: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

The word <t>labor</t> marks the word we're interpreting. The sentence mentions "local labor" as something that immigrants complement, not replace, and in trades where there's a shortage of local labor. This refers to workers or the workforce in a local area, specifically those doing manual or wage work. Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages", example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field". That seems to match: "shortage of local labor" mirrors the example. Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" – but the sentence says "shortage of local labor", it's referring to the people, not the work itself. "Local labor" means local workers. So sense 1 is the best match.

Thus, answer: 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "sector" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. definition=a portion of a military position
6. definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'sector' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense." The sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

We need to match the context. The sentence says: "work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor..." So "sectors" are parts of the labor market or economy. Sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector". That matches. The word "sector" here is an economic sector. So answer: 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
We are asked to identify which numbered sense of "labor" is used in the given sentence. The senses are provided with definitions and examples. We need to return only the number.

Sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

The word "labor" in the sentence refers to workers or the workforce, specifically local workers. The phrase "do not attract local labor" means they don't attract local workers. So we need to find the sense that matches this meaning.

Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" with example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field". This fits, as "local labor" means local workers.

Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" – this is the activity, not the workers themselves. The sentence says "attract local labor", which means attracting workers, not the work. So sense 1 is better.

Sense 3: pregnancy/childbirth – no.

Sense 4: organized attempt by workers (labor movement) – not in this context.

Sense 5: political party – no.

Sense 6: federal department – no.

Sense 7: any piece of work undertaken – no.

Thus, sense 1 is the correct one.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "one" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'one' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

The sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

The word is "ones", tagged with <t> and </t>. The senses given:

1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one

We need to pick the number (1 or 2) corresponding to the sense used. "ones" here refers back to "immigrants" or "skilled" (the most highly skilled ones = the most highly skilled immigrants/people). It's a pronoun meaning "people" or "individuals". So it's the sense of "a single person or thing". Sense 2 is "a single person or thing", example "he is the best one". Note that "ones" is plural, but the sense definition "a single person or thing" covers the singular "one" as a pronoun. They're asking for the sense of "one", and the word in the sentence is "ones", plural. Sense 2 is the pronoun sense. Sense 1 is the numeral. So the answer is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "sector" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. definition=a portion of a military position
6. definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'sector' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

We need to match the usage of "sectors" in this sentence to one of the numbered senses provided.

Senses:
1. geometry (plane figure)
2. social group that forms part of the society or the economy (e.g., the public sector)
3. a particular aspect of life or activity
4. computing (disk sector)
5. military position
6. measuring instrument

The sentence talks about "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors" and "dynamic sectors" related to employment, training, labor. This clearly refers to parts of the economy or job market. "Sectors" here means economic sectors (e.g., the agricultural sector, the tech sector). This matches sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector".

Sense 3 is "a particular aspect of life or activity", which might seem similar, but "sector" in the economic sense is specifically sense 2 as per the examples ("the public sector"). The sentence discusses labor and employment, so it's economic sectors. Thus, sense 2 is the correct one.

Answer: 2


[User]
Which numbered sense of "training" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=activity leading to skilled behavior
2. definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'training' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment."

Senses:
1. definition=activity leading to skilled behavior
2. definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

We need to pick 1 or 2.

The sentence has a grammatical error ("does is not linked"), but context: "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." That means training (presumably education or skill development) is not linked to job offers. So sense 1: "activity leading to skilled behavior" fits. Sense 2 is about social behavior/upbringing, like "a woman of breeding and refinement" (note: the example says "a woman of breeding and refinement" but sense definition says "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)"). That doesn't fit here.

Answer: 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "offer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the verbal act of offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. definition=a usually brief attempt | examples=he took a crack at it

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment." The word in question is "offers" (marked with <t>). We need to determine which numbered sense of "offer" (given below) is used here. Senses:

1. definition=the verbal act of offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. definition=a usually brief attempt | examples=he took a crack at it

We must return only the number of the correct sense.

Let's analyze the sentence. The phrase is "offers of employment". "Offers" here is a noun, plural of "offer". The context: "training does is not linked to offers of employment." This seems to mean that training is not connected to job offers, i.e., proposals or offers of employment. "Offers of employment" are things offered, specifically job offers. This corresponds to sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)". Sense 1 is "the verbal act of offering" – but here it's not the act, it's the thing offered (the job offer itself). Sense 3 is "a usually brief attempt", which doesn't fit.

Thus, sense 2 is correct.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>.

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | examples=they are looking for employment
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | examples=he is looking for employment
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job
4. definition=the act of using | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'employment' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>."

The word "employment" here is in "offers of employment". Let's check the senses:

1. the state of being employed or having a job. Example: they are looking for employment.
2. the occupation for which you are paid. Example: he is looking for employment.
3. the act of giving someone a job.
4. the act of using. Example: he warned against the use of narcotic drugs.

"offers of employment" means offers of jobs, or offers to employ someone. It could be sense 1 or 2? Let's analyze:

Sense 1: state of being employed. "offers of employment" would be offers of the state of being employed. That's a bit abstract. Usually "employment" in "offer of employment" means a job (an occupation) or the act of giving a job. Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job". An "offer of employment" is an offer to give someone a job. That fits sense 3: the act of giving someone a job. For example, "He received an offer of employment" means someone offered to employ him. So sense 3 is the most accurate. Senses 1 and 2 are often confused, but an "offer of employment" is a job offer, the act of hiring. Many dictionaries define "employment" in this context as "an act of employing" or the state of being employed, but "offer of employment" specifically refers to the act of offering a job, i.e., the employer's act. I'd go with sense 3.

Let's double-check: The phrase "offers of employment" implies someone is offering a job. That matches "the act of giving someone a job" (sense 3). The other senses don't fit as well: sense 1 is the state, sense 2 is the occupation itself, sense 4 is unrelated. So answer is 3.

provider: GMICloud


[User]
Which numbered sense of "effect" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: A positive <t>effect</t> on wages

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise
2. definition=an outward appearance | examples=he made a good impression
3. definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work
5. definition=(of a law) having legal validity | examples=the law is still in effect
6. definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss

reasoning_content: We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'effect' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense. Sentence: A positive <t>effect</t> on wages." Senses are numbered 1 to 6. The word is "effect". The phrase is "A positive effect on wages". This means an outcome or result that is positive regarding wages. So sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" is the most fitting. The example: "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise" shows a cause-effect relationship. "A positive effect on wages" means something caused wages to increase or be affected positively. That's a result. None of the other senses fit: 2 is outward appearance, 3 is an artificial impression, 4 is central meaning, 5 is legal validity, 6 is a symptom. So answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "way" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Senses:
1. definition=how something is done or how it happens | examples=her dignified manner
2. definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | examples=a means of control
3. definition=a line leading to a place or point | examples=he looked the other direction
4. definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is
5. definition=a course of conduct | examples=the path of virtue
6. definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. definition=space for movement | examples=room to pass
9. definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow
10. definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'way' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

We need to identify the sense of "way" in this sentence. The phrase is "In the same way as". This is a comparison structure, meaning "in the same manner as". It indicates how something happens: similarly to how a surgeon would find it difficult... So the sense is "how something is done or how it happens". That's definition 1: "how something is done or how it happens | examples=her dignified manner". The word "way" here is synonymous with "manner".

Check other senses:
2: how a result is obtained or an end is achieved (means). Could be, but "in the same way" more directly points to manner, not means to an end.
3: direction
4: condition of things
5: course of conduct
6: road/path
7: journey
8: space for movement
9: distance
10: doing as one pleases
11: in the way of
12: shares

Clearly, sense 1 is the correct match. The answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "country" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | examples=the state has elected a new president
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | examples=he returned to the land of his birth
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | examples=it was a mountainous area

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'country' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

The sentence: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

We need to pick the sense number. The word "country" appears as "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists". Here, "country" refers to a nation, a political entity with borders and a government, where a surgeon might work. That aligns with sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government". That is the definition of a nation-state. Sense 2 is the territory (physical land), sense 3 is the people, sense 4 is rural area (clearly not this), sense 5 is a vague region. The sentence says "work in a country", which implies a nation-state, so sense 1 fits best.

Thus the answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Senses:
1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'shortage' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

Senses:
1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency

We need to identify which sense is used. "shortage" in the sentence: "shortage of anaesthetists" means there is a lack or insufficiency of anaesthetists. Sense 1 defines it as the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required. Sense 2 defines it as an acute insufficiency. Both could apply, but the key difference: sense 1 emphasizes the property of being less than expected/required, sense 2 is an acute insufficiency. In the context, "shortage of anaesthetists" is simply a lack, not necessarily acute. The example for sense 1 is about nutritional deficit, which is also a shortage. "Acute insufficiency" implies severity. The sentence does not imply an acute shortage, just a shortage. Usually, "shortage" is defined as a lack or deficiency. So sense 1 fits better: it's a situation where the amount is less than required. I'll go with 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "complementarity" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Senses:
1. definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

We need to determine which numbered sense of "complementarity" is used. The senses provided are:
1. definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

Let's analyze the sentence. It uses an analogy: a surgeon needs an anaesthetist; they complement each other in their work. Then it says "the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals." This suggests that locals and immigrants have skills or roles that supplement each other, leading to mutual benefit. They are not "opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities" (that would be more like a logical binary). They are interdependent or supplementary, like the surgeon and anaesthetist. This matches sense 2: "the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other". The example given is "the complementarity of the sexes", which is a typical usage in economics or sociology where different groups complement each other's skills. So sense 2 is correct.

Thus, the answer is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "arrival" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Senses:
1. definition=accomplishment of an objective
2. definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived)

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'arrival' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

Senses:
1. definition=accomplishment of an objective
2. definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived)

We need to determine which sense matches the usage in the sentence. The phrase is "the arrival of immigrants". This refers to the act of immigrants arriving at a certain place (the country). It's not about the accomplishment of an objective (sense 1), nor about someone who arrives as a person (sense 3: "someone who arrives", e.g., "the new arrival was welcomed"). Here, "arrival" is an abstract noun referring to the act or process of arriving. So sense 2: "the act of arriving at a certain place". The example given is "they awaited her arrival", which is similar: "the arrival of immigrants" means the act of immigrants arriving.

Thus the answer is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "effect" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals.

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise
2. definition=an outward appearance | examples=he made a good impression
3. definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work
5. definition=(of a law) having legal validity | examples=the law is still in effect
6. definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'effect' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals."

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise
2. definition=an outward appearance | examples=he made a good impression
3. definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work
5. definition=(of a law) having legal validity | examples=the law is still in effect
6. definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss

We need to find the sense that matches "positive effect on the pay of locals". This means the effect is a result or consequence of the arrival of immigrants. So it is a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (the arrival of immigrants). That corresponds to sense 1. "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon".

Thus, answer is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "rise" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction
3. definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. definition=a movement upward | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. definition=the amount a salary is increased | examples=he got a 3% raise
6. definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises
7. definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground
8. definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit
9. definition=an increase in cost | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. definition=increase in price or value | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'rise' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

We have senses 1 through 10 with definitions. The word in the sentence is "rise" (spelled "rise" but the tag says <t>rise</t>; the sentence has "rise"). The sentence refers to "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow". "Migratory flow" means the movement of migrants, so a rise in this flow is an increase in its number or volume. Let's look at the senses:

1. definition=a growth in strength or number or importance -> This fits "rise in the migratory flow": it's an increase in number/amount of migration.
2. the act of changing location in an upward direction -> physical upward movement, not this.
3. an upward slope or grade -> not this.
4. a movement upward -> physical movement upward, not this.
5. the amount a salary is increased -> this is specific to salary; "rise in migratory flow" is not a salary increase.
6. property possessed by a slope or surface that rises -> not this.
7. a wave that lifts the surface... -> no.
8. theology -> no.
9. an increase in cost -> no, migratory flow is not a cost.
10. increase in price or value -> no, migratory flow is not a price or value.

The best match is sense 1: "a growth in strength or number or importance." The migratory flow increasing by 1% is a growth in number.

Answer: 1


[User]
Which numbered sense of "flow" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases)
2. definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time
3. definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression
4. definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal
6. definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | examples=two streams of development run through American history
7. definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation

reasoning_content:
We are asked: "Which numbered sense of 'flow' (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense."

Sentence: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

We need to match "migratory flow" to one of the provided senses. The senses are:

1. definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases)
2. definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time
3. definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression
4. definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal
6. definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | examples=two streams of development run through American history
7. definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation

"Migratory flow" refers to the movement of people (migrants). It's a metaphorical use of "flow" to describe a continuous movement of people, similar to a stream. Sense 5 explicitly mentions "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" with example "a stream of people emptied from the terminal". Sense 3 is "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression" which could also fit, but sense 5 specifically includes the idea of a stream of people. Sense 5's definition: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" perfectly matches "migratory flow" as a continuous movement of migrants. Also, note that "flow" in economics often refers to "stocks and flows", but here "migratory flow" is literally a flow of people. Sense 5 seems most appropriate because it explicitly mentions a stream of people. Sense 3 is more generic. Let's double-check: often WordNet-style sense listings have a sense for "the movement of people or things" as a metaphorical extension. Here, sense 5's example is about a stream of people. So the answer should be 5.

I'll output: 5


[User]
Which numbered sense of "increase" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=a quantity that is added | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year
2. definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | examples=the increase in unemployment
4. definition=the amount by which something increases | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. definition=the act of increasing something | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

reasoning_content:
We need to find which sense of "increase" (as a noun) is used in the sentence. The sentence: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay." The word "increase" is marked with <t>. The senses are numbered 1-5.

We must determine the meaning. "An increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%" means the amount by which the real long-term pay grows. It's a quantity, a specific amount of change. Sense 4: "the amount by which something increases | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" matches perfectly: "an increase of X percent". Sense 1: "a quantity that is added" could be similar but sense 1 example is "an addition to property taxes" – addition, not specifically an increase in percent. Sense 2: "a change resulting in an increase" – the increase is scheduled, not a quantity. Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger" – the process, not the amount. Sense 5: "the act of increasing something" – action. The sentence says "causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%", clearly referring to the amount by which pay increases. Thus, sense 4.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "fact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Senses:
1. definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact
4. definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence: "And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."

We need to choose which numbered sense of "fact" is used. The senses:
1. a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred
2. a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened
3. an event known to have happened or something known to have existed
4. a concept whose truth can be proved

The phrase is "the fact that...". This is a common construction. "The fact that" introduces a clause that states something that is the case. It's not just a piece of information (sense 1), nor a statement/assertion (sense 2), nor an event (sense 3). It refers to the truth of the proposition that follows. Sense 4 says "a concept whose truth can be proved". In "the fact that X", "fact" refers to the state of affairs or the true proposition X. However, let's read carefully: Sense 4 is "a concept whose truth can be proved". This seems to align with the idea that "the fact that..." is something that is true. But is it a "concept"? The example for sense 4 is "scientific hypotheses are not facts". That's about factual truth. Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" – example: "your fears have no basis in fact". That's about reality. "The fact that..." often means "the truth that..." or "the circumstance that...". Many dictionaries treat "the fact that" as a separate usage. Let's see which sense is closest. Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" – example: "first you must collect all the facts of the case". That seems to refer to discrete pieces of information. Sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information..." – "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts". That's about factual claims. Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" – "your fears have no basis in fact" – here "fact" means reality, truth, what actually is the case. Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved" – "scientific hypotheses are not facts" – this is about a proposition that is proven true.

In "the fact that the diversity contributes...", "fact" refers to the circumstance or the truth that the diversity contributes. It is not a piece of information, nor a statement/assertion, nor an event. It is closer to "something that is true" or "a true proposition". Sense 3 covers "something known to have existed" and the phrase "basis in fact" means basis in reality. Sense 4 specifically says "a concept whose truth can be proved". The clause "that the diversity contributed..." is a concept/proposition whose truth is presupposed. However, often "the fact that" is considered a nominalizer meaning "the circumstance that" or "the truth that". In some dictionaries, it is a separate sense. Let's compare: "the fact that" is often defined as "used to introduce a clause that states something that is true". I'd lean towards sense 3 or 4. But 3 says "event known to have happened or something known to have existed". The diversity contributing is not an event, but a state of affairs. Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved". The idea that diversity contributes is a concept whose truth is arguable, but in the sentence it's presented as fact. The example for sense 4 is "scientific hypotheses are not facts", which contrasts hypotheses and facts. The sentence is "And does so without taking into account the fact that...". This means they ignore the truth that diversity contributes. That aligns with sense 4: a concept whose truth can be proved (or is taken as true). However, sense 3's example "your fears have no basis in fact" uses "fact" as mass noun meaning reality. "The fact that" is a different construction. Many WordNet-based sense inventories list "fact" as having:
- a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred
- a statement or assertion of verified information
- an event known to have happened or something known to have existed
- a concept whose truth can be proved
And sometimes "fact" in "the fact that" is a separate sense or covered under "something that actually exists; reality; truth". But here it's not listed separately. Let's check the phrasing: "the fact that..." is often a complement clause. Which numbered sense best matches? I think sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" might be close because it refers to something that is the case. But "something known to have existed" – diversity contributing is not an object, it's a situation. Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved" – a concept is an idea. "The fact that..." is about the reality of the situation, not just the concept. Let's look for typical dictionary definitions of "fact" from WordNet (which these senses appear to be from). WordNet senses for "fact":
- a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
- a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
- an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
- a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"

WordNet also has a usage note or additional sense? Actually, WordNet 3.0 has these four senses for "fact". In "the fact that", it's often considered a separate grammatical use. But among these four, which is the best fit? The phrase "the fact that" is a noun clause introduced by "the fact". It typically means "the truth that" or "the state of affairs that". I'd say sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" – the example "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction" shows "fact" meaning reality. Also, "your fears have no basis in fact" means in reality. So sense 3 is about the quality of being real/true. "The fact that..." means it's a real thing that X. So I think 3 is the closest.

Alternatively, sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances..." – the clause is not a piece of information, it's the circumstance itself. Sense 2: "a statement or assertion..." – not a statement. Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved" – in "the fact that", the truth is already assumed, but it's closer to the state of affairs. I'll go with 3.

Let's double-check: The sentence: "And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes..." Here "fact" is followed by a that-clause appositive. The "fact" refers to the situation itself. This usage is often defined as "a thing that is known to have happened, to exist, or to be true." That matches "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed". Yes, "something known to have existed" can be abstract like a situation. So sense 3.

I'll answer 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "diversity" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the sentence below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Sentence: And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Senses:
1. definition=noticeable heterogeneity | examples=a diversity of possibilities
2. definition=the condition or result of being changeable

reasoning_content:
We are given a sentence with the word "diversity" tagged. We need to determine which numbered sense matches its usage.

Sentence: "And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants)."

We have two senses:
1. noticeable heterogeneity | example: a diversity of possibilities
2. the condition or result of being changeable

In context, "diversity contributed by immigrants" refers to the variety of backgrounds, ideas, cultures, etc. that immigrants bring. This is about heterogeneity. It's not about being changeable. The example in sense 1 ("a diversity of possibilities") matches the idea of a variety or heterogeneity. Sense 2 is about changeability, which doesn't fit. So the correct sense is 1.